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Trp residue at subsite − 5 plays a critical role in the substrate binding of two protistan GH26 β-mannanases from a termite hindgut. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1737-1747. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Xu J, Liu W, Dong W. Comparative transcriptome profiling and morphology provide insights into endocarp cleaving of apricot cultivar (Prunus armeniaca L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:72. [PMID: 28399812 PMCID: PMC5387262 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A complete and hardened endocarp is a typical trait of drupe fruits. However, the 'Liehe' (LE) apricot cultivar has a thin, soft, cleavable endocarp that represents 60.39% and 63.76% of the thickness and lignin content, respectively, of the 'Jinxihong' (JG) apricot (with normal hardened-endocarp). To understand the molecular mechanisms behind the LE apricot phenotype, comparative transcriptomes of Prunus armeniaca L. were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq™ 2500. RESULTS In this study, we identified 63,170 unigenes including 15,469 genes >1000 bp and 25,356 genes with Gene Function annotation. Pathway enrichment and expression patterns were used to characterize differentially expression genes. The DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated in LE apricot. For example, CAD gene expression levels, encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, were only 1.3%, 0.7%, 0.2% and 2.7% in LE apricot compared with JG cultivar at 15, 21, 30, 49 days after full bloom (DAFB). Furthermore, transcription factors regulating secondary wall and lignin biosynthesis were identified. Especially for SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR 1 (NST 1), its expression levels in LE apricot were merely 2.8% and 9.3% compared with JG cultivar at 15 and 21 DAFB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative transcriptome analysis was used to understand the molecular mechanisms underlie the endocarp-cleaving phenotype in LE apricot. This new apricot genomic resource and the candidate genes provide a useful reference for further investigating the lignification during development of apricot endocarp. Transcription factors such as NST1 may regulate genes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway and affect development and lignification of the endocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, 115009 China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, 115009 China
| | - Jiayu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, 115009 China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
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Hyles J, Vautrin S, Pettolino F, MacMillan C, Stachurski Z, Breen J, Berges H, Wicker T, Spielmeyer W. Repeat-length variation in a wheat cellulose synthase-like gene is associated with altered tiller number and stem cell wall composition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1519-1529. [PMID: 28369427 PMCID: PMC5444437 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The tiller inhibition gene (tin) that reduces tillering in wheat (Triticum aestivum) is also associated with large spikes, increased grain weight, and thick leaves and stems. In this study, comparison of near-isogenic lines (NILs) revealed changes in stem morphology, cell wall composition, and stem strength. Microscopic analysis of stem cross-sections and chemical analysis of stem tissue indicated that cell walls in tin lines were thicker and more lignified than in free-tillering NILs. Increased lignification was associated with stronger stems in tin plants. A candidate gene for tin was identified through map-based cloning and was predicted to encode a cellulose synthase-like (Csl) protein with homology to members of the CslA clade. Dinucleotide repeat-length polymorphism in the 5'UTR region of the Csl gene was associated with tiller number in diverse wheat germplasm and linked to expression differences of Csl transcripts between NILs. We propose that regulation of Csl transcript and/or protein levels affects carbon partitioning throughout the plant, which plays a key role in the tin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hyles
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - S Vautrin
- INRA - CNRGV, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - F Pettolino
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - C MacMillan
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Z Stachurski
- ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - J Breen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Berges
- INRA - CNRGV, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - T Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Spielmeyer
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
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Production, properties, and applications of endo-β-mannanases. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ladevèze S, Laville E, Despres J, Mosoni P, Potocki-Véronèse G. Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1969-1990. [PMID: 27995767 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannosides constitute a vast group of glycans widely distributed in nature. Produced by almost all organisms, these carbohydrates are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as cell structuration, protein maturation and signalling, mediation of protein-protein interactions and cell recognition. The ubiquitous presence of mannosides in the environment means they are a reliable source of carbon and energy for bacteria, which have developed complex strategies to harvest them. This review focuses on the various mannosides that can be found in nature and details their structure. It underlines their involvement in cellular interactions and finally describes the latest discoveries regarding the catalytic machinery and metabolic pathways that bacteria have developed to metabolize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ladevèze
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jordane Despres
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Pascale Mosoni
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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Ge J, Du R, Zhao D, Song G, Jin M, Ping W. Kinetic study of a β-mannanase from the Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-04 and its decolorization ability of twenty-two structurally different dyes. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1824. [PMID: 27818862 PMCID: PMC5074933 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbial β-mannanases have been increasingly exploited for bioconversion of biomass materials and various potential industrial applications, such as bleaching of softwood pulps, scouring and desizing, food and feed additive, and oil and textile industries. In this paper, a β-mannanase was characterization from the bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-04, which was a high β-mannanase-producing strain (576.16 ± 2.12 U/mL at 48 h during fermentation). METHODS The michaelis constant (Km ) and maximum velocity (Vmax ) of β-mannanase were determined. The effect of organic solvents, inhibitors, detergents, chelating agents, oxidizing agents and reducing agents on the stability of enzyme were determined. The degradation of twenty-two structurally different dyes by the purified β-mannanase produced by HDYM-04 was determined by full spectrum scan among 200-1000 nm at 0 min and 10 min, respectively. RESULTS β-Mannanase produced by HDYM-04 was highly specific towards glucomannan, where as exhibited low activity towards guar gum. Michaelis constant (Km ) and maximum velocity (Vmax ) of glucomannan substrate were 2.69 mg/ml and 251.41 U/mg, respectively. The activity of different organic solvents showed significantly difference (p < 0.05). It retained > 80 % activity in dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, chloroform, benzene, hexane. In the presence of solvents, citric acid, ethylene diamine teraacetic acid and potassium iodide, it retained > 80 % residual activity. Twenty-two structurally different dyes could be effectively decolourised by β-mannanase within 12 h, in which methyl orange (99.89 ± 2.87 %), aniline blue (90.23 ± 2.87 %) and alizalin (83.63 ± 2.89 %) had high decolorization rate. CONLUSION The obtained results displayed that the β-mannanase produced by HDYM-04 showed high stability under different chemical reagents and was found to be capable of decolorizing synthetic dyes with different structures. So, the reported biochemical properties of the purified β-mannanase and its rapid decolorizations of dyes suggested that it might be suitable for industrial wastewater bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Renpeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 People's Republic of China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Song
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Man Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Ping
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 People's Republic of China
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Chen J, Xie J, Chen B, Quan M, Li Y, Li B, Zhang D. Genetic variations and miRNA-target interactions contribute to natural phenotypic variations in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:150-60. [PMID: 27265357 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Variation in regulatory factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs), contributes to variation in quantitative and complex traits. However, in plants, variants in miRNAs and their target genes that contribute to natural phenotypic variation, and the underlying regulatory networks, remain poorly characterized. We investigated the associations and interactions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNAs and their target genes with phenotypes in 435 individuals from a natural population of Populus. We used RNA-seq to identify 217 miRNAs differentially expressed in a tension wood system, and identified 1196 candidate target genes; degradome sequencing confirmed 60 of the target sites. In addition, 72 miRNA-target pairs showed significant co-expression. Gene ontology (GO) term analysis showed that most of the genes in the co-regulated pairs participate in biological regulation. Genome resequencing found 5383 common SNPs (frequency ≥ 0.05) in 139 miRNAs and 31 037 SNPs in 819 target genes. Single-SNP association analyses identified 232 significant associations between wood traits (P ≤ 0.05) and SNPs in 102 miRNAs and 1387 associations with 478 target genes. Among these, 102 miRNA-target pairs associated with the same traits. Multi-SNP associations found 102 epistatic pairs associated with traits. Furthermore, a reconstructed regulatory network contained 12 significantly co-expressed pairs, including eight miRNAs and nine targets associated with traits. Lastly, both expression and genetic association showed that miR156i, miR156j, miR396a and miR6445b were involved in the formation of tension wood. This study shows that variants in miRNAs and target genes contribute to natural phenotypic variation and annotated roles and interactions of miRNAs and their target genes by genetic association analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingyang Quan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bailian Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8203, USA
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
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Zhang JX, Chen ZT, Meng XL, Mu GY, Hu WB, Zhao J, Nie GX. Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel β
-mannanase from the endophyte Paenibacillus
sp. CH-3. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 64:471-481. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Zhang
- College of Fisheries; Henan Normal University; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control; Xinxiang People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Tian Chen
- College of Fisheries; Henan Normal University; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control; Xinxiang People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Meng
- College of Fisheries; Henan Normal University; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control; Xinxiang People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ya Mu
- College of Fisheries; Henan Normal University; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control; Xinxiang People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Hu
- College of Fisheries; Henan Normal University; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control; Xinxiang People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Fisheries; Henan Normal University; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control; Xinxiang People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xing Nie
- College of Fisheries; Henan Normal University; Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation; Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control; Xinxiang People's Republic of China
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Structural and immunological feature of rhamnogalacturonan I-rich polysaccharide from Korean persimmon vinegar. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:319-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fu S, Shao J, Zhou C, Hartung JS. Transcriptome analysis of sweet orange trees infected with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and two strains of Citrus Tristeza Virus. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:349. [PMID: 27169471 PMCID: PMC4865098 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huanglongbing (HLB) and tristeza, are diseases of citrus caused by a member of the α-proteobacteria, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CaLas), and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) respectively. HLB is a devastating disease, but CTV strains vary from very severe to very mild. Both CaLas and CTV are phloem-restricted. The CaLas-B232 strain and CTV-B6 cause a wide range of severe and similar symptoms. The mild strain CTV-B2 doesn't induce significant symptoms or damage to plants. RESULTS Transcriptome profiles obtained through RNA-seq revealed 611, 404 and 285 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) after infection with CaLas-B232, CTV-B6 and CTV-B2. These DETs were components of a wide range of pathways involved in circadian rhythm, cell wall modification and cell organization, as well as transcription factors, transport, hormone response and secondary metabolism, signaling and stress response. The number of transcripts that responded to both CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232 was much larger than the number of transcripts that responded to both strains of CTV or to both CTV-B2 and CaLas-B232. A total of 38 genes were assayed by RT-qPCR and the correlation coefficients between Gfold and RT-qPCR were 0.82, 0.69, 0.81 for sweet orange plants infected with CTV-B2, CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The number and composition of DETs reflected the complexity of symptoms caused by the pathogens in established infections, although the leaf tissues sampled were asymptomatic. There were greater similarities between the sweet orange in response to CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232 than between the two CTV strains, reflecting the similar physiological changes caused by both CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232. The circadian rhythm system of plants was perturbed by all three pathogens, especially by CTV-B6, and the ion balance was also disrupted by all three pathogens, especially by CaLas-B232. Defense responses related to cell wall modification, transcriptional regulation, hormones, secondary metabolites, kinases and stress were activated by all three pathogens but with different patterns. The transcriptome profiles of Citrus sinensis identified host genes whose expression is affected by the presence of a pathogen in the phloem without producing symptoms (CTV-B2), and host genes whose expression leads to induction of symptoms in the plant (CTV-B6, CaLas-B232).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Fu
- College of Plant Protection/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjian, China
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Changyong Zhou
- College of Plant Protection/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - John S Hartung
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Berry EA, Tran ML, Dimos CS, Budziszek MJ, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Roberts AW. Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:248. [PMID: 27014284 PMCID: PMC4781868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homeohydric vascular plants, mosses employ a poikilohydric strategy for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection for different survival strategies. The model moss species Physcomitrella patens has a predominantly haploid lifecycle consisting of protonemal filaments that regenerate from protoplasts and enlarge by tip growth, and leafy gametophores composed of cells that enlarge by diffuse growth and differentiate into several different types. Advantages for genetic studies include methods for efficient targeted gene modification and extensive genomic resources. Immuno and affinity cytochemical labeling were used to examine the distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in regenerated protoplasts, protonemal filaments, rhizoids, and sectioned gametophores of P. patens. The cell wall composition of regenerated protoplasts was also characterized by flow cytometry. Crystalline cellulose was abundant in the cell walls of regenerating protoplasts and protonemal cells that developed on media of high osmolarity, whereas homogalactuonan was detected in the walls of protonemal cells that developed on low osmolarity media and not in regenerating protoplasts. Mannan was the major hemicellulose detected in all tissues tested. Arabinogalactan proteins were detected in different cell types by different probes, consistent with structural heterogneity. The results reveal developmental and cell type specific differences in cell wall composition and provide a basis for analyzing cell wall phenotypes in knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode IslandKingston, RI, USA
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Kučerová D, Kollárová K, Vatehová Z, Lišková D. Interaction of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides with auxin involves changes in flavonoid accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:155-161. [PMID: 26691060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) are signalling molecules originating from plant cell walls influencing plant growth and defence reactions. The present study focused on their interaction with exogenous IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). GGMOs acted as auxin antagonists and diminished the effect of IAA on Arabidopsis primary root growth. Their effect is associated with meristem enlargement and prolongation of the elongation zone. Reduction of the elongation zone was a consequence of the IAA action, but IAA did not affect the size of the meristem. In the absence of auxin, GGMOs stimulated root growth, meristem enlargement and elongation zone prolongation. It is assumed that the effect of GGMOs in the absence of exogenous auxin resulted from their interaction with the endogenous form. In the presence of auxin transport inhibitor GGMOs did not affect root growth. It is known that flavonoids are auxin transport modulators but this is the first study suggesting the role of flavonoids in GGMOs' signalling. The accumulation of flavonoids in the meristem and elongation zone decreased in GGMOs' treatments in comparison with the control. These oligosaccharides also diminished the effect of IAA on the flavonoids' elevation. The fact that GGMOs decreased the accumulation of flavonoids, known to be modulators of auxin transport, and the loss of GGMOs' activity in the presence of the auxin transport inhibitor indicates that the root growth stimulation caused by GGMOs could be related to changes in auxin transport, possibly mediated by flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Kučerová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Vatehová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Desana Lišková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
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Marchetti R, Berrin JG, Couturier M, Ul Qader SA, Molinaro A, Silipo A. NMR analysis of the binding mode of two fungal endo-β-1,4-mannanases from GH5 and GH26 families. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:314-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01851j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A different mode of action among two endo-β-1,4 mannanases from Podospora anserina has been revealed through an accurate NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo
- Naples
- Italy
| | | | | | - Shah Ali Ul Qader
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo
- Naples
- Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo
- Naples
- Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Università di Napoli Federico II
- Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo
- Naples
- Italy
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Tavares EQP, Buckeridge MS. Do plant cell walls have a code? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:286-94. [PMID: 26706079 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A code is a set of rules that establish correspondence between two worlds, signs (consisting of encrypted information) and meaning (of the decrypted message). A third element, the adaptor, connects both worlds, assigning meaning to a code. We propose that a Glycomic Code exists in plant cell walls where signs are represented by monosaccharides and phenylpropanoids and meaning is cell wall architecture with its highly complex association of polymers. Cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms, structure, architecture and properties are addressed according to Code Biology perspective, focusing on how they oppose to cell wall deconstruction. Cell wall hydrolysis is mainly focused as a mechanism of decryption of the Glycomic Code. Evidence for encoded information in cell wall polymers fine structure is highlighted and the implications of the existence of the Glycomic Code are discussed. Aspects related to fine structure are responsible for polysaccharide packing and polymer-polymer interactions, affecting the final cell wall architecture. The question whether polymers assembly within a wall display similar properties as other biological macromolecules (i.e. proteins, DNA, histones) is addressed, i.e. do they display a code?
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Q P Tavares
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Buckeridge
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Muthamilarasan M, Khan Y, Jaishankar J, Shweta S, Lata C, Prasad M. Integrative analysis and expression profiling of secondary cell wall genes in C4 biofuel model Setaria italica reveals targets for lignocellulose bioengineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:965. [PMID: 26583030 PMCID: PMC4631826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several underutilized grasses have excellent potential for use as bioenergy feedstock due to their lignocellulosic biomass. Genomic tools have enabled identification of lignocellulose biosynthesis genes in several sequenced plants. However, the non-availability of whole genome sequence of bioenergy grasses hinders the study on bioenergy genomics and their genomics-assisted crop improvement. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.; Si) is a model crop for studying systems biology of bioenergy grasses. In the present study, a systematic approach has been used for identification of gene families involved in cellulose (CesA/Csl), callose (Gsl) and monolignol biosynthesis (PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3H, CCoAOMT, F5H, COMT, CCR, CAD) and construction of physical map of foxtail millet. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of identified proteins showed that monolignol biosynthesis proteins were highly diverse, whereas CesA/Csl and Gsl proteins were homologous to rice and Arabidopsis. Comparative mapping of foxtail millet lignocellulose biosynthesis genes with other C4 panicoid genomes revealed maximum homology with switchgrass, followed by sorghum and maize. Expression profiling of candidate lignocellulose genes in response to different abiotic stresses and hormone treatments showed their differential expression pattern, with significant higher expression of SiGsl12, SiPAL2, SiHCT1, SiF5H2, and SiCAD6 genes. Further, due to the evolutionary conservation of grass genomes, the insights gained from the present study could be extrapolated for identifying genes involved in lignocellulose biosynthesis in other biofuel species for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf Khan
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Shweta Shweta
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Charu Lata
- Division of Plant-Microbe Interactions, CSIR-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
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Muszyński A, O'Neill MA, Ramasamy E, Pattathil S, Avci U, Peña MJ, Libault M, Hossain MS, Brechenmacher L, York WS, Barbosa RM, Hahn MG, Stacey G, Carlson RW. Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls. PLANTA 2015; 242:1123-38. [PMID: 26067758 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Chemical analyses and glycome profiling demonstrate differences in the structures of the xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I isolated from soybean ( Glycine max ) roots and root hair cell walls. The root hair is a plant cell that extends only at its tip. All other root cells have the ability to grow in different directions (diffuse growth). Although both growth modes require controlled expansion of the cell wall, the types and structures of polysaccharides in the walls of diffuse and tip-growing cells from the same plant have not been determined. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the few plants whose root hairs can be isolated in amounts sufficient for cell wall chemical characterization. Here, we describe the structural features of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, xyloglucan, glucomannan, and 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the cell walls of soybean root hairs and roots stripped of root hairs. Irrespective of cell type, rhamnogalacturonan II exists as a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate ester. Root hair rhamnogalacturonan I contains more neutral oligosaccharide side chains than its root counterpart. At least 90% of the glucuronic acid is 4-O-methylated in root glucuronoxylan. Only 50% of this glycose is 4-O-methylated in the root hair counterpart. Mono O-acetylated fucose-containing subunits account for at least 60% of the neutral xyloglucan from root and root hair walls. By contrast, a galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan was detected only in root hair cell walls. Soybean homologs of the Arabidopsis xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase are highly expressed only in root hairs. A mannose-rich polysaccharide was also detected only in root hair cell walls. Our data demonstrate that the walls of tip-growing root hairs cells have structural features that distinguish them from the walls of other roots cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Easwaran Ramasamy
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Laurent Brechenmacher
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Southern Alberta Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rommel M Barbosa
- Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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67
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Zhang R, Song Z, Wu Q, Zhou J, Li J, Mu Y, Tang X, Xu B, Ding J, Deng S, Huang Z. A novel surfactant-, NaCl-, and protease-tolerant β-mannanase from Bacillus sp. HJ14. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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68
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Yamabhai M, Sak-Ubol S, Srila W, Haltrich D. Mannan biotechnology: from biofuels to health. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:32-42. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.923372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Voiniciuc C, Schmidt MHW, Berger A, Yang B, Ebert B, Scheller HV, North HM, Usadel B, Günl M. MUCILAGE-RELATED10 Produces Galactoglucomannan That Maintains Pectin and Cellulose Architecture in Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:403-420. [PMID: 26220953 PMCID: PMC4577422 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants invest a lot of their resources into the production of an extracellular matrix built of polysaccharides. While the composition of the cell wall is relatively well characterized, the functions of the individual polymers and the enzymes that catalyze their biosynthesis remain poorly understood. We exploited the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat epidermis (SCE) to study cell wall synthesis. SCE cells produce mucilage, a specialized secondary wall that is rich in pectin, at a precise stage of development. A coexpression search for MUCILAGE-RELATED (MUCI) genes identified MUCI10 as a key determinant of mucilage properties. MUCI10 is closely related to a fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) enzyme that has in vitro galactomannan α-1,6-galactosyltransferase activity. Our detailed analysis of the muci10 mutants demonstrates that mucilage contains highly branched galactoglucomannan (GGM) rather than unbranched glucomannan. MUCI10 likely decorates glucomannan, synthesized by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A2, with galactose residues in vivo. The degree of galactosylation is essential for the synthesis of the GGM backbone, the structure of cellulose, mucilage density, as well as the adherence of pectin. We propose that GGM scaffolds control mucilage architecture along with cellulosic rays and show that Arabidopsis SCE cells represent an excellent model in which to study the synthesis and function of GGM. Arabidopsis natural varieties with defects similar to muci10 mutants may reveal additional genes involved in GGM synthesis. Since GGM is the most abundant hemicellulose in the secondary walls of gymnosperms, understanding its biosynthesis may facilitate improvements in the production of valuable commodities from softwoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Maximilian Heinrich-Wilhelm Schmidt
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Adeline Berger
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Berit Ebert
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Helen M North
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Biosciences and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.U., M.G.);Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioEconomy Science Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany (C.V., M.H.-W.S., B.Y., B.U.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France (A.B., H.M.N.);Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702 (B.E., H.V.S.); andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (H.V.S.)
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Hernandez-Gomez MC, Runavot JL, Guo X, Bourot S, Benians TAS, Willats WGT, Meulewaeter F, Knox JP. Heteromannan and Heteroxylan Cell Wall Polysaccharides Display Different Dynamics During the Elongation and Secondary Cell Wall Deposition Phases of Cotton Fiber Cell Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1786-97. [PMID: 26187898 PMCID: PMC4562070 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The roles of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in cotton fiber development are poorly understood. Combining glycan microarrays and in situ analyses with monoclonal antibodies, polysaccharide linkage analyses and transcript profiling, the occurrence of heteromannan and heteroxylan polysaccharides and related genes in developing and mature cotton (Gossypium spp.) fibers has been determined. Comparative analyses on cotton fibers at selected days post-anthesis indicate different temporal and spatial regulation of heteromannan and heteroxylan during fiber development. The LM21 heteromannan epitope was more abundant during the fiber elongation phase and localized mainly in the primary cell wall. In contrast, the AX1 heteroxylan epitope occurred at the transition phase and during secondary cell wall deposition, and localized in both the primary and the secondary cell walls of the cotton fiber. These developmental dynamics were supported by transcript profiling of biosynthetic genes. Whereas our data suggest a role for heteromannan in fiber elongation, heteroxylan is likely to be involved in the regulation of cellulose deposition of secondary cell walls. In addition, the relative abundance of these epitopes during fiber development varied between cotton lines with contrasting fiber characteristics from four species (G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. herbaceum), suggesting that these non-cellulosic polysaccharides may be involved in determining final fiber quality and suitability for industrial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes C Hernandez-Gomez
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jean-Luc Runavot
- Bayer CropScience NV-Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Bourot
- Bayer CropScience NV-Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Thomas A S Benians
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- Bayer CropScience NV-Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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71
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Abstract
Wood (also termed secondary xylem) is the most abundant biomass produced by plants, and is one of the most important sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The development of wood begins with the differentiation of the lateral meristem, vascular cambium, into secondary xylem mother cells followed by cell expansion, secondary wall deposition, programmed cell death, and finally heartwood formation. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in uncovering the molecular players involved in various developmental stages of wood formation in tree species. Hormonal signalling has been shown to play critical roles in vascular cambium cell proliferation and a peptide-receptor-transcription factor regulatory mechanism similar to that controlling the activity of apical meristems is proposed to be involved in the maintenance of vascular cambium activity. It has been demonstrated that the differentiation of vascular cambium into xylem mother cells is regulated by plant hormones and HD-ZIP III transcription factors, and the coordinated activation of secondary wall biosynthesis genes during wood formation is mediated by a transcription network encompassing secondary wall NAC and MYB master switches and their downstream transcription factors. Most genes encoding the biosynthesis enzymes for wood components (cellulose, xylan, glucomannan, and lignin) have been identified in poplar and a number of them have been functionally characterized. With the availability of genome sequences of tree species from both gymnosperms and angiosperms, and the identification of a suite of wood-associated genes, it is expected that our understanding of the molecular control of wood formation in trees will be greatly accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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72
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Perlin MH, Amselem J, Fontanillas E, Toh SS, Chen Z, Goldberg J, Duplessis S, Henrissat B, Young S, Zeng Q, Aguileta G, Petit E, Badouin H, Andrews J, Razeeq D, Gabaldón T, Quesneville H, Giraud T, Hood ME, Schultz DJ, Cuomo CA. Sex and parasites: genomic and transcriptomic analysis of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, the biotrophic and plant-castrating anther smut fungus. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:461. [PMID: 26076695 PMCID: PMC4469406 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Microbotryum includes plant pathogenic fungi afflicting a wide variety of hosts with anther smut disease. Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae infects Silene latifolia and replaces host pollen with fungal spores, exhibiting biotrophy and necrosis associated with altering plant development. Results We determined the haploid genome sequence for M. lychnidis-dioicae and analyzed whole transcriptome data from plant infections and other stages of the fungal lifecycle, revealing the inventory and expression level of genes that facilitate pathogenic growth. Compared to related fungi, an expanded number of major facilitator superfamily transporters and secretory lipases were detected; lipase gene expression was found to be altered by exposure to lipid compounds, which signaled a switch to dikaryotic, pathogenic growth. In addition, while enzymes to digest cellulose, xylan, xyloglucan, and highly substituted forms of pectin were absent, along with depletion of peroxidases and superoxide dismutases that protect the fungus from oxidative stress, the repertoire of glycosyltransferases and of enzymes that could manipulate host development has expanded. A total of 14 % of the genome was categorized as repetitive sequences. Transposable elements have accumulated in mating-type chromosomal regions and were also associated across the genome with gene clusters of small secreted proteins, which may mediate host interactions. Conclusions The unique absence of enzyme classes for plant cell wall degradation and maintenance of enzymes that break down components of pollen tubes and flowers provides a striking example of biotrophic host adaptation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1660-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Perlin
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Joelle Amselem
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche Génomique Info (URGI), Versailles, France. .,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biologie et gestion des risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Eric Fontanillas
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France. .,CNRS, F-91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Su San Toh
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Zehua Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | - Sebastien Duplessis
- INRA, UMR 1136, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, France. .,UMR 1136, Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7257, Université Aix-Marseille, 13288, Marseille, France. .,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah Young
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Qiandong Zeng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | - Elsa Petit
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France. .,CNRS, F-91405, Orsay, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7257, Université Aix-Marseille, 13288, Marseille, France.
| | - Helene Badouin
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France. .,CNRS, F-91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Jared Andrews
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Dominique Razeeq
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,Institució Catalana d'Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Hadi Quesneville
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche Génomique Info (URGI), Versailles, France.
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France. .,CNRS, F-91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA.
| | - David J Schultz
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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73
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Utz D, Handford M. VvGONST-A and VvGONST-B are Golgi-localised GDP-sugar transporters in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:191-7. [PMID: 25576004 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-sugar transporters (NSTs) are responsible for the import of nucleotide-sugar substrates into the Golgi lumen, for subsequent use in glycosylation reactions. NSTs are specific for either GDP- or UDP-sugars, and almost all transporters studied to date have been isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana L. In order to determine the conservation of the import mechanism in other higher plant species, here we report the identification and characterisation of VvGONST-A and VvGONST-B from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless), which are the orthologues of the GDP-sugar transporters GONST3 and GONST4 in Arabidopsis. Both grapevine NSTs possess the molecular features characteristic of GDP-sugar transporters, including a GDP-binding domain (GXL/VNK) towards the C-terminal. VvGONST-A and VvGONST-B expression is highest at berry setting and decreases throughout berry development and ripening. Moreover, we show using green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged versions and brefeldin A treatments, that both are localised in the Golgi apparatus. Additionally, in vitro transport assays after expression of both NSTs in tobacco leaves indicate that VvGONST-A and VvGONST-B are capable of transporting GDP-mannose and GDP-glucose, respectively, but not a range of other UDP- and GDP-sugars. The possible functions of these NSTs in glucomannan synthesis and/or glycosylation of sphingolipids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Utz
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Michael Handford
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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74
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Bai X, Hu H, Chen H, Wei Q, Yang Z, Huang Q. Expression of a β-mannosidase from Paenibacillus polymyxa A-8 in Escherichia coli and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111622. [PMID: 25423086 PMCID: PMC4244029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus polymyxa A-8, which secretes β-mannosidase, was isolated from the soil sample under a pine tree located in the "Laoban" mountain region of Sichuan, China. The β-mannosidase gene (MANB) was isolated from P. polymyxa A-8, using primers according to the complete genome. The MANB (2,550 bp) encoding 849 amino acid residues was expressed in Escherichia coli. The specific activities of β-mannosidase produced by P. polymyxa A-8 and E. coli pET30a-MANB were 12 nkat/mg and 635 nkat/mg respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the molecular mass of the recombinant MANB was approximately 96 kDa. The recombinant MANB was active between pH 7.0-8.5 with the maximum activity at pH 7.0. It had good pH stability and adaptability. The MANB had the optimal temperature of 35°C and was relatively stable at 35-40°C. In addition, the MANB activity was enhanced by K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ and inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Bai
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Hu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625000, P. R. China
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui 233100, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Chen
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625000, P. R. China
| | - Quanbin Wei
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625000, P. R. China
| | - Zeshen Yang
- Liang Shan Zhong Ze New Technology Development Co., Ltd, Xichang, Sichuan 615000, P. R. China
| | - Qianming Huang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625000, P. R. China
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75
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Zhong R, Ye ZH. Secondary Cell Walls: Biosynthesis, Patterned Deposition and Transcriptional Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:195-214. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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76
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Ribas-Agustí A, Van Buggenhout S, Palmero P, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. Investigating the role of pectin in carrot cell wall changes during thermal processing: A microscopic approach. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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77
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Biochemical properties and atomic resolution structure of a proteolytically processed β-mannanase from cellulolytic Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94166. [PMID: 24710170 PMCID: PMC3978015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Mannanase SACTE_2347 from cellulolytic Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E is abundantly secreted into the culture medium during growth on cellulosic materials. The enzyme is composed of domains from the glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5), fibronectin type-III (Fn3), and carbohydrate binding module family 2 (CBM2). After secretion, the enzyme is proteolyzed into three different, catalytically active variants with masses of 53, 42 and 34 kDa corresponding to the intact protein, loss of the CBM2 domain, or loss of both the Fn3 and CBM2 domains. The three variants had identical N-termini starting with Ala51, and the positions of specific proteolytic reactions in the linker sequences separating the three domains were identified. To conduct biochemical and structural characterizations, the natural proteolytic variants were reproduced by cloning and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Each SACTE_2347 variant hydrolyzed only β-1,4 mannosidic linkages, and also reacted with pure mannans containing partial galactosyl- and/or glucosyl substitutions. Examination of the X-ray crystal structure of the GH5 domain of SACTE_2347 suggests that two loops adjacent to the active site channel, which have differences in position and length relative to other closely related mannanases, play a role in producing the observed substrate selectivity.
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78
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Yu L, Shi D, Li J, Kong Y, Yu Y, Chai G, Hu R, Wang J, Hahn MG, Zhou G. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A2, a glucomannan synthase, is involved in maintaining adherent mucilage structure in Arabidopsis seed. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1842-56. [PMID: 24569843 PMCID: PMC3982747 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides that are considered to have both structural and storage functions in the plant cell wall. However, it is not yet known how mannans function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed mucilage. In this study, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A2 (CSLA2; At5g22740) expression was observed in several seed tissues, including the epidermal cells of developing seed coats. Disruption of CSLA2 resulted in thinner adherent mucilage halos, although the total amount of the adherent mucilage did not change compared with the wild type. This suggested that the adherent mucilage in the mutant was more compact compared with that of the wild type. In accordance with the role of CSLA2 in glucomannan synthesis, csla2-1 mucilage contained 30% less mannosyl and glucosyl content than did the wild type. No appreciable changes in the composition, structure, or macromolecular properties were observed for nonmannan polysaccharides in mutant mucilage. Biochemical analysis revealed that cellulose crystallinity was substantially reduced in csla2-1 mucilage; this was supported by the removal of most mucilage cellulose through treatment of csla2-1 seeds with endo-β-glucanase. Mutation in CSLA2 also resulted in altered spatial distribution of cellulose and an absence of birefringent cellulose microfibrils within the adherent mucilage. As with the observed changes in crystalline cellulose, the spatial distribution of pectin was also modified in csla2-1 mucilage. Taken together, our results demonstrate that glucomannans synthesized by CSLA2 are involved in modulating the structure of adherent mucilage, potentially through altering cellulose organization and crystallization.
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79
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Kim WC, Reca IB, Kim Y, Park S, Thomashow MF, Keegstra K, Han KH. Transcription factors that directly regulate the expression of CSLA9 encoding mannan synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:577-87. [PMID: 24243147 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides that have a structural role and serve as storage reserves during plant growth and development. Previous studies led to the conclusion that mannan synthase enzymes in several plant species are encoded by members of the cellulose synthase-like A (CSLA) gene family. Arabidopsis has nine members of the CSLA gene family. Earlier work has shown that CSLA9 is responsible for the majority of glucomannan synthesis in both primary and secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. Little is known about how expression of the CLSA9 gene is regulated. Sequence analysis of the CSLA9 promoter region revealed the presence of multiple copies of a cis-regulatory motif (M46RE) recognized by transcription factor MYB46, leading to the hypothesis that MYB46 (At5g12870) is a direct regulator of the mannan synthase CLSA9. We obtained several lines of experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis. First, the expression of CSLA9 was substantially upregulated by MYB46 overexpression. Second, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to demonstrate the direct binding of MYB46 to the promoter of CSLA9 in vitro. This interaction was further confirmed in vivo by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, over-expression of MYB46 resulted in a significant increase in mannan content. Considering the multifaceted nature of MYB46-mediated transcriptional regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis, we reasoned that additional transcription factors are involved in the CSLA9 regulation. This hypothesis was tested by carrying out yeast-one hybrid screening, which identified ANAC041 and bZIP1 as direct regulators of CSLA9. Transcriptional activation assays and EMSA were used to confirm the yeast-one hybrid results. Taken together, we report that transcription factors ANAC041, bZIP1 and MYB46 directly regulate the expression of CSLA9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Chan Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 126 Natural Resources, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1222, USA
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80
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Wang Y, Vilaplana F, Brumer H, Aspeborg H. Enzymatic characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 7 (GH5_7) mannanase from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2014; 239:653-65. [PMID: 24327260 PMCID: PMC3928506 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Each plant genome contains a repertoire of β-mannanase genes belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 7 (GH5_7), putatively involved in the degradation and modification of various plant mannan polysaccharides, but very few have been characterized at the gene product level. The current study presents recombinant production and in vitro characterization of AtMan5-1 as a first step towards the exploration of the catalytic capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana β-mannanase. The target enzyme was expressed in both E. coli (AtMan5-1e) and P. pastoris (AtMan5-1p). The main difference between the two forms was a higher observed thermal stability for AtMan5-1p, presumably due to glycosylation of that particular variant. AtMan5-1 displayed optimal activity at pH 5 and 35 °C and hydrolyzed polymeric carob galactomannan, konjac glucomannan, and spruce galactoglucomannan as well as oligomeric mannopentaose and mannohexaose. However, the galactose-rich and highly branched guar gum was not as efficiently degraded. AtMan5-1 activity was enhanced by Co(2+) and inhibited by Mn(2+). The catalytic efficiency values for carob galactomannan were 426.8 and 368.1 min(-1) mg(-1) mL for AtMan5-1e and AtMan5-1p, respectively. Product analysis of AtMan5-1p suggested that at least five substrate-binding sites were required for manno-oligosaccharide hydrolysis, and that the enzyme also can act as a transglycosylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Brumer
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Henrik Aspeborg
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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81
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Kim WC, Reca IB, Kim Y, Park S, Thomashow MF, Keegstra K, Han KH. Transcription factors that directly regulate the expression of CSLA9 encoding mannan synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:577-587. [PMID: 24243147 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0154-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are hemicellulosic polysaccharides that have a structural role and serve as storage reserves during plant growth and development. Previous studies led to the conclusion that mannan synthase enzymes in several plant species are encoded by members of the cellulose synthase-like A (CSLA) gene family. Arabidopsis has nine members of the CSLA gene family. Earlier work has shown that CSLA9 is responsible for the majority of glucomannan synthesis in both primary and secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. Little is known about how expression of the CLSA9 gene is regulated. Sequence analysis of the CSLA9 promoter region revealed the presence of multiple copies of a cis-regulatory motif (M46RE) recognized by transcription factor MYB46, leading to the hypothesis that MYB46 (At5g12870) is a direct regulator of the mannan synthase CLSA9. We obtained several lines of experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis. First, the expression of CSLA9 was substantially upregulated by MYB46 overexpression. Second, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to demonstrate the direct binding of MYB46 to the promoter of CSLA9 in vitro. This interaction was further confirmed in vivo by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, over-expression of MYB46 resulted in a significant increase in mannan content. Considering the multifaceted nature of MYB46-mediated transcriptional regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis, we reasoned that additional transcription factors are involved in the CSLA9 regulation. This hypothesis was tested by carrying out yeast-one hybrid screening, which identified ANAC041 and bZIP1 as direct regulators of CSLA9. Transcriptional activation assays and EMSA were used to confirm the yeast-one hybrid results. Taken together, we report that transcription factors ANAC041, bZIP1 and MYB46 directly regulate the expression of CSLA9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Chan Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 126 Natural Resources, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1222, USA
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82
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Application of Endo-β-1,4,d-mannanase and Cellulase for the Release of Mannooligosaccharides from Steam-Pretreated Spent Coffee Ground. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3538-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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83
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Yuan Y, Teng Q, Zhong R, Ye ZH. Identification and biochemical characterization of four wood-associated glucuronoxylan methyltransferases in Populus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87370. [PMID: 24523868 PMCID: PMC3921138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood is one of the promising bioenergy feedstocks for lignocellulosic biofuel production. Understanding how wood components are synthesized will help us design strategies for better utilization of wood for biofuel production. One of the major wood components is xylan, in which about 10% of xylosyl residues are substituted with glucuronic acid (GlcA) side chains. All the GlcA side chains of xylan in wood of Populus trichocarpa are methylated, which is different from Arabidopsis xylan in which about 60% of GlcA side chains are methylated. Genes responsible for methylation of GlcA side chains in Populus xylan have not been identified. Here, we report genetic and biochemical analyses of four DUF579 domain-containing proteins, PtrGXM1, PtrGXM2, PtrGXM3 and PtrGXM4, from Populus trichocarpa and their roles in GlcA methylation in xylan. The PtrGXM genes were found to be highly expressed in wood-forming cells and their encoded proteins were shown to be localized in the Golgi. When overexpressed in the Arabidopsis gxm1/2/3 triple mutant, PtrGXMs were able to partially complement the mutant phenotypes including defects in glucuronoxylan methyltransferase activity and GlcA methylation in xylan, indicating that PtrGXMs most likely function as glucuronoxylan methyltransferases. Direct evidence was provided by enzymatic analysis of recombinant PtrGXM proteins showing that they possessed a methyltransferase activity capable of transferring the methyl group onto GlcA-substituted xylooligomers. Kinetic analysis showed that PtrGXMs exhibited differential affinities toward the GlcA-substituted xylooligomer acceptor with PtrGXM3 and PtrGXM4 having 10 times higher Km values than PtrGXM1 and PtrGXM2. Together, these findings indicate that PtrGXMs are methyltransferases mediating GlcA methylation in Populus xylan during wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yuan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Quincy Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Zhang X, Rogowski A, Zhao L, Hahn MG, Avci U, Knox JP, Gilbert HJ. Understanding how the complex molecular architecture of mannan-degrading hydrolases contributes to plant cell wall degradation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:2002-12. [PMID: 24297170 PMCID: PMC3900950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of plant cell walls is a central component of the carbon cycle and is of increasing importance in environmentally significant industries. Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes have a complex molecular architecture consisting of catalytic modules and, frequently, multiple non-catalytic carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). It is currently unclear whether the specificities of the CBMs or the topology of the catalytic modules are the primary drivers for the specificity of these enzymes against plant cell walls. Here, we have evaluated the relationship between CBM specificity and their capacity to enhance the activity of GH5 and GH26 mannanases and CE2 esterases against intact plant cell walls. The data show that cellulose and mannan binding CBMs have the greatest impact on the removal of mannan from tobacco and Physcomitrella cell walls, respectively. Although the action of the GH5 mannanase was independent of the context of mannan in tobacco cell walls, a significant proportion of the polysaccharide was inaccessible to the GH26 enzyme. The recalcitrant mannan, however, was fully accessible to the GH26 mannanase appended to a cellulose binding CBM. Although CE2 esterases display similar specificities against acetylated substrates in vitro, only CjCE2C was active against acetylated mannan in Physcomitrella. Appending a mannan binding CBM27 to CjCE2C potentiated its activity against Physcomitrella walls, whereas a xylan binding CBM reduced the capacity of esterases to deacetylate xylan in tobacco walls. This work provides insight into the biological significance for the complex array of hydrolytic enzymes expressed by plant cell wall-degrading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhang
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE 4HH, United Kingdom
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
| | - Artur Rogowski
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J. Gilbert
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE 4HH, United Kingdom
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
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85
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De Caroli M, Lenucci MS, Di Sansebastiano GP, Tunno M, Montefusco A, Dalessandro G, Piro G. Cellular localization and biochemical characterization of a chimeric fluorescent protein fusion of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like A2 inserted into Golgi membrane. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:792420. [PMID: 24558328 PMCID: PMC3914377 DOI: 10.1155/2014/792420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes are believed to encode enzymes for the synthesis of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The subfamily of CslA is putatively involved in the biosynthesis of β -mannans. Here we report a study on the cellular localization and the enzyme activity of an Arabidopsis CslA family member, AtCslA2. We show that the fluorescent protein fusion AtCslA2-GFP, transiently expressed in tobacco leaf protoplasts, is synthesized in the ER and it accumulates in the Golgi stacks. The chimera is inserted in the Golgi membrane and is functional since membrane preparations obtained by transformed protoplasts carry out the in vitro synthesis of a 14C-mannan starting from GDP-D-[U-14C]mannose as substrate. The enzyme specific activity is increased by approximately 38% in the transformed protoplasts with respect to wild-type. Preliminary tests with proteinase K, biochemical data, and TM domain predictions suggest that the catalytic site of AtCslA2 faces the Golgi lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Michela Tunno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Montefusco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dalessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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86
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Zhang Q, Cheetamun R, Dhugga KS, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV, Shirley NJ, Taylor J, Hayes K, Beatty M, Bacic A, Burton RA, Fincher GB. Spatial gradients in cell wall composition and transcriptional profiles along elongating maize internodes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:27. [PMID: 24423166 PMCID: PMC3927872 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elongating maize internode represents a useful system for following development of cell walls in vegetative cells in the Poaceae family. Elongating internodes can be divided into four developmental zones, namely the basal intercalary meristem, above which are found the elongation, transition and maturation zones. Cells in the basal meristem and elongation zones contain mainly primary walls, while secondary cell wall deposition accelerates in the transition zone and predominates in the maturation zone. RESULTS The major wall components cellulose, lignin and glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) increased without any abrupt changes across the elongation, transition and maturation zones, although GAX appeared to increase more between the elongation and transition zones. Microarray analyses show that transcript abundance of key glycosyl transferase genes known to be involved in wall synthesis or re-modelling did not match the increases in cellulose, GAX and lignin. Rather, transcript levels of many of these genes were low in the meristematic and elongation zones, quickly increased to maximal levels in the transition zone and lower sections of the maturation zone, and generally decreased in the upper maturation zone sections. Genes with transcript profiles showing this pattern included secondary cell wall CesA genes, GT43 genes, some β-expansins, UDP-Xylose synthase and UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase, some xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases, genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, and NAM and MYB transcription factor genes. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that the enzymic products of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and modification remain active right along the maturation zone of elongating maize internodes, despite the fact that corresponding transcript levels peak earlier, near or in the transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Zhang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - J Antoni Rafalski
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, 198803 Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Scott V Tingey
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, 198803 Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian Taylor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Hayes
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Mary Beatty
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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87
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Pauly M, Gille S, Liu L, Mansoori N, de Souza A, Schultink A, Xiong G. Hemicellulose biosynthesis. PLANTA 2013; 238:627-42. [PMID: 23801299 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
One major component of plant cell walls is a diverse group of polysaccharides, the hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses constitute roughly one-third of the wall biomass and encompass the heteromannans, xyloglucan, heteroxylans, and mixed-linkage glucan. The fine structure of these polysaccharides, particularly their substitution, varies depending on the plant species and tissue type. The hemicelluloses are used in numerous industrial applications such as food additives as well as in medicinal applications. Their abundance in lignocellulosic feedstocks should not be overlooked, if the utilization of this renewable resource for fuels and other commodity chemicals becomes a reality. Fortunately, our understanding of the biosynthesis of the various hemicelluloses in the plant has increased enormously in recent years mainly through genetic approaches. Taking advantage of this knowledge has led to plant mutants with altered hemicellulosic structures demonstrating the importance of the hemicelluloses in plant growth and development. However, while we are on a solid trajectory in identifying all necessary genes/proteins involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis, future research is required to combine these single components and assemble them to gain a holistic mechanistic understanding of the biosynthesis of this important class of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,
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88
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Kim MK, An YJ, Jeong CS, Song JM, Kang MH, Lee YH, Cha SS. Expression at 279 K, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a novel cold-active β-1,4-D-mannanase from the Antarctic springtail Cryptopygus antarcticus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1007-10. [PMID: 23989150 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113020538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The CaMan gene product from Cryptopygus antarcticus, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 5 type β-1,4-D-mannanases, has been crystallized using a precipitant solution consisting of 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 25%(w/v) polyethylene glycol 3350 by the microbatch crystallization method at 295 K. The CaMan protein crystal belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 73.40, b = 83.81, c = 163.55 Å. Assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the solvent content was estimated to be about 61.29%. CaMan-mannopentaose (M5) complex crystals that were isomorphous to the CaMan crystals were obtained using the same mother liquor containing 1 mM M5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kim
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
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89
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Structure of novel enzyme in mannan biodegradation process 4-O-β-D-mannosyl-D-glucose phosphorylase MGP. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4468-78. [PMID: 23954514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a novel component of the mannan biodegradation system, 4-O-β-D-mannosyl-D-glucose phosphorylase (MGP), was determined to a 1.68-Å resolution. The structure of the enzyme revealed a unique homohexameric structure, which was formed by using two helices attached to the N-terminus and C-terminus as a tab for sticking between subunits. The structures of MGP complexes with genuine substrates, 4-O-β-D-mannosyl-D-glucose and phosphate, and the product D-mannose-1-phosphate were also determined. The complex structures revealed that the invariant residue Asp131, which is supposed to be the general acid/base, did not exist close to the glycosidic Glc-O4 atom, which should be protonated in the catalytic reaction. Also, no solvent molecule that might mediate a proton transfer from Asp131 was observed in the substrate complex structure, suggesting that the catalytic mechanism of MGP is different from those of known disaccharide phosphorylases.
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90
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Xu X, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Meng K, Zhang W, Zhou X, Luo H, Chen R, Yang P, Yao B. Overexpression of a fungal β-mannanase from Bispora sp. MEY-1 in maize seeds and enzyme characterization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56146. [PMID: 23409143 PMCID: PMC3569411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannans and heteromannans are widespread in plants cell walls and are well-known as anti-nutritional factors in animal feed. To remove these factors, it is common practice to incorporate endo-β-mannanase into feed for efficient nutrition absorption. The objective of this study was to overexpress a β-mannanase gene directly in maize, the main ingredient of animal feed, to simplify the process of feed production. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The man5A gene encoding an excellent β-mannanase from acidophilic Bispora sp. MEY-1 was selected for heterologous overexpression. Expression of the modified gene (man5As) was driven by the embryo-specific promoter ZM-leg1A, and the transgene was transferred to three generations by backcrossing with commercial inbred Zheng58. Its exogenous integration into the maize embryonic genome and tissue specific expression in seeds were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot and Western blot analysis, respectively. Transgenic plants at BC3 generation showed agronomic traits statistically similar to Zheng58 except for less plant height (154.0 cm vs 158.3 cm). The expression level of MAN5AS reached up to 26,860 units per kilogram of maize seeds. Compared with its counterpart produced in Pichia pastoris, seed-derived MAN5AS had higher temperature optimum (90°C), and remained more β-mannanase activities after pelleting at 80°C, 100°C or 120°C. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study shows the genetically stable overexpression of a fungal β-mannanase in maize and offers an effective and economic approach for transgene containment in maize for direct utilization without any purification or supplementation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Meng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rumei Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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91
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Chua M, Hocking TJ, Chan K, Baldwin TC. Temporal and spatial regulation of glucomannan deposition and mobilization in corms of Amorphophallus konjac (Araceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:337-45. [PMID: 23347975 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Konjac glucomannan (KGM), the main biologically active constituent of konjac flour extracted from corms of Amorphophallus konjac (konjac), has potential to be used as a nutraceutical (satiety agent) to combat obesity. Here we present the results of an immunocytochemical investigation of the developmental regulation of the deposition and mobilization of glucomannan in corm tissues of konjac, using an antiheteromannan (mannan/glucomannan) antiserum. METHODS The intensity of antibody binding to glucomannan idioblasts at six developmental stages (i.e., dormancy, leaf bud emergence, leaf bud elongation, leaflet emergence, leaf expansion, and shoot senescence) was compared. KEY RESULTS A temporally regulated pattern of glucomannan deposition and mobilization within the glucomannan idioblasts was observed. A source-sink transition in the corm was shown to occur after leaflet emergence, prior to complete expansion of the leaves. Our data also suggest that the mobilization of KGM initiates at the periphery of the corm and proceeds inward toward the center of the corm. CONCLUSIONS This study represents a significant milestone in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the physiological and biochemical control of KGM biosynthesis, partitioning, storage, and remobilization. Moreover, this information and the methodology presented provide valuable data for future improvement of the yield and productivity of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Chua
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom
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92
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93
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Wang Y, Mortimer JC, Davis J, Dupree P, Keegstra K. Identification of an additional protein involved in mannan biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:105-17. [PMID: 22966747 PMCID: PMC3558879 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Galactomannans comprise a β-1,4-mannan backbone substituted with α-1,6-galactosyl residues. Genes encoding the enzymes that are primarily responsible for backbone synthesis and side-chain addition of galactomannans were previously identified and characterized. To identify additional genes involved in galactomannan biosynthesis, we previously performed deep EST profiling of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed endosperm, which accumulates large quantities of galactomannans as a reserve carbohydrate during seed development. One of the candidate genes encodes a protein that is likely to be a glycosyltransferase. Because this protein is involved in mannan biosynthesis, we named it 'mannan synthesis-related' (MSR). Here, we report the characterization of a fenugreek MSR gene (TfMSR) and its two Arabidopsis homologs, AtMSR1 and AtMSR2. TfMSR was highly and specifically expressed in the endosperm. TfMSR, AtMSR1 and AtMSR2 proteins were all determined to be localized to the Golgi by fluorescence confocal microscopy. The level of mannosyl residues in stem glucomannans decreased by approximately 40% for Arabidopsis msr1 single T-DNA insertion mutants and by more than 50% for msr1 msr2 double mutants, but remained unchanged for msr2 single mutants. In addition, in vitro mannan synthase activity from the stems of msr1 single and msr1 msr2 double mutants also decreased. Expression of AtMSR1 or AtMSR2 in the msr1 msr2 double mutant completely or partially restored mannosyl levels. From these results, we conclude that the MSR protein is important for mannan biosynthesis, and offer some ideas about its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Davis
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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94
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Dotsenko GS, Semenova MV, Sinitsyna OA, Hinz SWA, Wery J, Zorov IN, Kondratieva EG, Sinitsyn AP. Cloning, purification, and characterization of galactomannan-degrading enzymes from Myceliophthora thermophila. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1303-11. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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95
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Kumar V, Sinha AK, Makkar HPS, de Boeck G, Becker K. Dietary roles of non-starch polysaccharides in human nutrition: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:899-935. [PMID: 22747080 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.512671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs) occur naturally in many foods. The physiochemical and biological properties of these compounds correspond to dietary fiber. Nonstarch polysaccharides show various physiological effects in the small and large intestine and therefore have important health implications for humans. The remarkable properties of dietary NSPs are water dispersibility, viscosity effect, bulk, and fermentibility into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These features may lead to diminished risk of serious diet related diseases which are major problems in Western countries and are emerging in developing countries with greater affluence. These conditions include coronary heart disease, colo-rectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, breast cancer, tumor formation, mineral related abnormalities, and disordered laxation. Insoluble NSPs (cellulose and hemicellulose) are effective laxatives whereas soluble NSPs (especially mixed-link β-glucans) lower plasma cholesterol levels and help to normalize blood glucose and insulin levels, making these kinds of polysaccharides a part of dietary plans to treat cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes. Moreover, a major proportion of dietary NSPs escapes the small intestine nearly intact, and is fermented into SCFAs by commensal microflora present in the colon and cecum and promotes normal laxation. Short chain fatty acids have a number of health promoting effects and are particularly effective in promoting large bowel function. Certain NSPs through their fermented products may promote the growth of specific beneficial colonic bacteria which offer a prebiotic effect. Various modes of action of NSPs as therapeutic agent have been proposed in the present review. In addition, NSPs based films and coatings for packaging and wrapping are of commercial interest because they are compatible with several types of food products. However, much of the physiological and nutritional impact of NSPs and the mechanism involved is not fully understood and even the recommendation on the dose of different dietary NSPs intake among different age groups needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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96
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Kim JS, Daniel G. Immunolocalization of hemicelluloses in Arabidopsis thaliana stem. Part II: Mannan deposition is regulated by phase of development and its patterns of temporal and spatial distribution differ between cell types. PLANTA 2012; 236:1367-1379. [PMID: 22718312 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microdistribution of mannans in Arabidopsis stem was examined using immunolocalization with mannan-specific monoclonal antibodies (LM21 and LM22). Mannan labeling in secondary xylem cells (except for protoxylem vessels) was initially detected in the cell wall during S(2) formation and increased gradually during development. Labeling in metaxylem vessels (vessels) was detected earlier than that in xylary fibers (fibers), but was much weaker than fibers. The S(1) layer of vessels and fibers showed much less labeling than the S(2) layer. Some strong labeling was also detected in pit membranes of vessel pits. Interfascicular fibers (If-fibers) showed more heterogeneous labeling patterns than fibers by LM21. Unlike fibers, If-fibers also revealed some strong labeling in the cell corner of the S(1) layer, indicating different mannan labeling patterns between If-fibers and fibers. Interestingly, protoxylem vessels (proto-vessels) showed strong labeling at the early stage of secondary xylem formation with more intense labeling in the outer- than inner cell wall even though fibers and vessels showed no or very low labeling at this stage. Labeling intensity of proto-vessels was also much stronger than vessels and stronger or slightly weaker than fibers by LM21 and LM22, respectively. Using pectinase and mild alkali treatment, the presence of mannans in parenchymatous cells was also confirmed. Together our observations indicate that there are temporal and spatial variations in mannan labeling between cell types in the secondary xylem of Arabidopsis stems. Some similar features of mannan labeling between Arabidopsis and poplar are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Sik Kim
- Wood Science, Department of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7008, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lee KJ, Dekkers BJ, Steinbrecher T, Walsh CT, Bacic A, Bentsink L, Leubner-Metzger G, Knox JP. Distinct cell wall architectures in seed endosperms in representatives of the Brassicaceae and Solanaceae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1551-66. [PMID: 22961130 PMCID: PMC3490593 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.203661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In some species, a crucial role has been demonstrated for the seed endosperm during germination. The endosperm has been shown to integrate environmental cues with hormonal networks that underpin dormancy and seed germination, a process that involves the action of cell wall remodeling enzymes (CWREs). Here, we examine the cell wall architectures of the endosperms of two related Brassicaceae, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the close relative Lepidium (Lepidium sativum), and that of the Solanaceous species, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The Brassicaceae species have a similar cell wall architecture that is rich in pectic homogalacturonan, arabinan, and xyloglucan. Distinctive features of the tobacco endosperm that are absent in the Brassicaceae representatives are major tissue asymmetries in cell wall structural components that reflect the future site of radicle emergence and abundant heteromannan. Cell wall architecture of the micropylar endosperm of tobacco seeds has structural components similar to those seen in Arabidopsis and Lepidium endosperms. In situ and biomechanical analyses were used to study changes in endosperms during seed germination and suggest a role for mannan degradation in tobacco. In the case of the Brassicaceae representatives, the structurally homogeneous cell walls of the endosperm can be acted on by spatially regulated CWRE expression. Genetic manipulations of cell wall components present in the Arabidopsis seed endosperm demonstrate the impact of cell wall architectural changes on germination kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J.D. Lee
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.); Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D–79104 Freiburg, Germany (T.S., G.L.-M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (C.T.W., A.B.)
| | - Bas J.W. Dekkers
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.); Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D–79104 Freiburg, Germany (T.S., G.L.-M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (C.T.W., A.B.)
| | | | - Cherie T. Walsh
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.); Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D–79104 Freiburg, Germany (T.S., G.L.-M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (C.T.W., A.B.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.); Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D–79104 Freiburg, Germany (T.S., G.L.-M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (C.T.W., A.B.)
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.); Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D–79104 Freiburg, Germany (T.S., G.L.-M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (C.T.W., A.B.)
| | | | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (K.J.D.L., J.P.K.); Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.J.W.D., L.B.); University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, D–79104 Freiburg, Germany (T.S., G.L.-M.); and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (C.T.W., A.B.)
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Prakash R, Johnston SL, Boldingh HL, Redgwell RJ, Atkinson RG, Melton LD, Brummell DA, Schröder R. Mannans in tomato fruit are not depolymerized during ripening despite the presence of endo-β-mannanase. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1125-1133. [PMID: 22658221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls of tomato fruit contain hemicellulosic mannans that may fulfill a structural role. Two populations were purified from cell walls of red ripe tomato tissue and named galactoglucomannan-glucuronoxylan I and II (GGM-GX I and II), respectively. Both polysaccharides not only consisted of mannose, glucose and galactose, indicating the presence of GGM, but also contained xylose and glucuronic acid, indicating the presence of GX. Treatment of both polysaccharides with xylanase or endo-β-mannanase showed that the GX and the GGM were associated in a complex. The composition of GGM-GX II changed slightly during tomato ripening, but both GGM-GX I and II showed no change in molecular weight, indicating that they were not hydrolyzed during ripening. Ripe tomato fruit also possess an endo-β-mannanase, an enzyme that in vitro was capable of either hydrolyzing GGM-GX I and II (endo-β-mannanase activity), or transglycosylating them in the presence of mannan oligosaccharides (mannan transglycosylase activity). The lack of evidence for hydrolysis of these potential substrates in vivo suggests either that the enzyme and potential substrates are not accessible to each other for some reason, or that the main activity of endo-β-mannanase is not hydrolysis but transglycosylation, a reaction in which polysaccharide substrates and end-products are indistinguishable. Transglycosylation would remodel rather than weaken the cell wall and allow the fruit epidermis to possibly retain flexibility and plasticity to resist cracking and infection when the fruit is ripe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Roberts AW, Roberts EM, Haigler CH. Moss cell walls: structure and biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:166. [PMID: 22833752 PMCID: PMC3400098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens has stimulated new research examining the cell wall polysaccharides of mosses and the glycosyl transferases that synthesize them as a means to understand fundamental processes of cell wall biosynthesis and plant cell wall evolution. The cell walls of mosses and vascular plants are composed of the same classes of polysaccharides, but with differences in side chain composition and structure. Similarly, the genomes of P. patens and angiosperms encode the same families of cell wall glycosyl transferases, yet, in many cases these families have diversified independently in each lineage. Our understanding of land plant evolution could be enhanced by more complete knowledge of the relationships among glycosyl transferase functional diversification, cell wall structural and biochemical specialization, and the roles of cell walls in plant adaptation. As a foundation for these studies, we review the features of P. patens as an experimental system, analyses of cell wall composition in various moss species, recent studies that elucidate the structure and biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides in P. patens, and phylogenetic analysis of P. patens genes potentially involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island,Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Eric M. Roberts
- Department of Biology, Rhodes Island College,Providence, RI, USA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University,Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University,Raleigh, NC, USA
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Wilson SM, Burton RA, Collins HM, Doblin MS, Pettolino FA, Shirley N, Fincher GB, Bacic A. Pattern of deposition of cell wall polysaccharides and transcript abundance of related cell wall synthesis genes during differentiation in barley endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:655-70. [PMID: 22510768 PMCID: PMC3375932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunolabeling, combined with chemical analyses and transcript profiling, have provided a comprehensive temporal and spatial picture of the deposition and modification of cell wall polysaccharides during barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain development, from endosperm cellularization at 3 d after pollination (DAP) through differentiation to the mature grain at 38 DAP. (1→3)-β-D-Glucan appears transiently during cellularization but reappears in patches in the subaleurone cell walls around 20 DAP. (1→3, 1→4)-β-Glucan, the most abundant polysaccharide of the mature barley grain, accumulates throughout development. Arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylan is deposited significantly earlier than we previously reported. This was attributable to the initial deposition of the polysaccharide in a highly substituted form that was not recognized by antibodies commonly used to detect arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans in sections of plant material. The epitopes needed for antibody recognition were exposed by pretreatment of sections with α-L-arabinofuranosidase; this procedure showed that arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans were deposited as early as 5 DAP and highlighted their changing structures during endosperm development. By 28 DAP labeling of hetero-(1→4)-β-D-mannan is observed in the walls of the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone walls. Although absent in mature endosperm cell walls we now show that xyloglucan is present transiently from 3 until about 6 DAP and disappears by 8 DAP. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of transcripts for GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE, Cellulose Synthase, and CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE genes were consistent with the patterns of polysaccharide deposition. Transcript profiling of some members from the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes database glycosyl transferase families GT61, GT47, and GT43, previously implicated in arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan biosynthesis, confirms their presence during grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wilson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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