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Ménard D, Blaschek L, Kriechbaum K, Lee CC, Serk H, Zhu C, Lyubartsev A, Nuoendagula , Bacsik Z, Bergström L, Mathew A, Kajita S, Pesquet E. Plant biomechanics and resilience to environmental changes are controlled by specific lignin chemistries in each vascular cell type and morphotype. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:koac284. [PMID: 36215679 PMCID: PMC9709985 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer lignin is deposited in the cell walls of vascular cells and is essential for long-distance water conduction and structural support in plants. Different vascular cell types contain distinct and conserved lignin chemistries, each with specific aromatic and aliphatic substitutions. Yet, the biological role of this conserved and specific lignin chemistry in each cell type remains unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of this lignin biochemical specificity for cellular functions by producing single cell analyses for three cell morphotypes of tracheary elements, which all allow sap conduction but differ in their morphology. We determined that specific lignin chemistries accumulate in each cell type. Moreover, lignin accumulated dynamically, increasing in quantity and changing in composition, to alter the cell wall biomechanics during cell maturation. For similar aromatic substitutions, residues with alcohol aliphatic functions increased stiffness whereas aldehydes increased flexibility of the cell wall. Modifying this lignin biochemical specificity and the sequence of its formation impaired the cell wall biomechanics of each morphotype and consequently hindered sap conduction and drought recovery. Together, our results demonstrate that each sap-conducting vascular cell type distinctly controls their lignin biochemistry to adjust their biomechanics and hydraulic properties to face developmental and environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ménard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Kriechbaum
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Choo Lee
- Umeå Core Facility for Electron Microscopy (UCEM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chuantao Zhu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lyubartsev
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuoendagula
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Zoltán Bacsik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aji Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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52
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Emonet A, Hay A. Development and diversity of lignin patterns. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:31-43. [PMID: 35642915 PMCID: PMC9434266 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Different patterns of lignified cell walls are associated with diverse functions in a variety of plant tissues. These functions rely on the stiffness and hydrophobicity that lignin polymers impart to the cell wall. The precise pattern of subcellular lignin deposition is critical for the structure-function relationship in each lignified cell type. Here, we describe the role of xylem vessels as water pipes, Casparian strips as apoplastic barriers, and the role of asymmetrically lignified endocarp b cells in exploding seed pods. We highlight similarities and differences in the genetic mechanisms underpinning local lignin deposition in these diverse cell types. By bringing together examples from different developmental contexts and different plant species, we propose that comparative approaches can benefit our understanding of lignin patterning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Emonet
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, 50829, Germany
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53
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Antreich SJ, Huss JC, Xiao N, Singh A, Gierlinger N. The walnut shell network: 3D visualisation of symplastic and apoplastic transport routes in sclerenchyma tissue. PLANTA 2022; 256:49. [PMID: 35881249 PMCID: PMC9325819 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High symplastic connectivity via pits was linked to the lignification of the developing walnut shell. With maturation, this network lessened, whereas apoplastic intercellular space remained and became relevant for shell drying. The shell of the walnut (Juglans regia) sclerifies within several weeks. This fast secondary cell wall thickening and lignification of the shell tissue might need metabolites from the supporting husk tissue. To reveal the transport capacity of the walnut shell tissue and its connection to the husk, we visualised the symplastic and apoplastic transport routes during shell development by serial block face-SEM and 3D reconstruction. We found an extensive network of pit channels connecting the cells within the shell tissue, but even more towards the husk tissue. Each pit channel ended in a pit field, which was occupied by multiple plasmodesmata passing through the middle lamella. During shell development, secondary cell wall formation progressed towards the interior of the cell, leaving active pit channels open. In contrast, pit channels, which had no plasmodesmata connection to a neighbouring cell, got filled by cellulose layers from the inner cell wall lamellae. A comparison with other nut species showed that an extended network during sclerification seemed to be linked to high cell wall lignification and that the connectivity between cells got reduced with maturation. In contrast, intercellular spaces between cells remained unchanged during the entire sclerification process, allowing air and water to flow through the walnut shell tissue when mature. The connectivity between inner tissue and environment was essential during shell drying in the last month of nut development to avoid mould formation. The findings highlight how connectivity and transport work in developing walnut shell tissue and how finally in the mature state these structures influence shell mechanics, permeability, conservation and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Antreich
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jessica C Huss
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nannan Xiao
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adya Singh
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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54
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Li C, Yin B, Liu X, Guo X, Zhang C, Liu D, Hwang I, Li H, Lu H. PtomtAPX is an autonomous lignification peroxidase during the earliest stage of secondary wall formation in Populus tomentosa Carr. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:828-839. [PMID: 35851622 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
At present, a cooperative process hypothesis is used to explain the supply of enzyme (class III peroxidases and/or laccases) and substrates during lignin polymerization. However, it remains elusive how xylem cells meet the needs of early lignin rapid polymerization during secondary cell wall formation. Here we provide evidence that a mitochondrial ascorbate peroxidase (PtomtAPX) is responsible for autonomous lignification during the earliest stage of secondary cell wall formation in Populus tomentosa. PtomtAPX was relocated to cell walls undergoing programmed cell death and catalysed lignin polymerization in vitro. Aberrant phenotypes were caused by altered PtomtAPX expression levels in P. tomentosa. These results reveal that PtomtAPX is crucial for catalysing lignin polymerization during the early stages of secondary cell wall formation and xylem development, and describe how xylem cells provide autonomous enzymes needed for lignin polymerization during rapid formation of the secondary cell wall by coupling with the programmed cell death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Conghui Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiatong Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Explosive seed dispersal depends on SPL7 to ensure sufficient copper for localized lignin deposition via laccases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202287119. [PMID: 35666865 PMCID: PMC9214497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202287119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden explosion of seed pods in popping cress (Cardamine hirsuta) takes less than 3 ms to accelerate seeds away from the plant. This explosive mechanism relies on polar deposition of the cell-wall polymer lignin. To investigate the genetic basis for polar lignin deposition, we conducted a mutant screen and identified SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 7 (SPL7)—a transcriptional regulator of copper homeostasis. We discovered three multicopper laccases, LAC4, 11, and 17, that precisely colocalize with, and are required for, the polar deposition of lignin in explosive seed pods. Activity of these three laccases depends on SPL7 to acclimate to copper deficiency. Our findings demonstrate how mineral nutrition is integrated with polar lignin deposition to facilitate dispersal. Exploding seed pods evolved in the Arabidopsis relative Cardamine hirsuta via morphomechanical innovations that allow the storage and rapid release of elastic energy. Asymmetric lignin deposition within endocarpb cell walls is one such innovation that is required for explosive seed dispersal and evolved in association with the trait. However, the genetic control of this novel lignin pattern is unknown. Here, we identify three lignin-polymerizing laccases, LAC4, 11, and 17, that precisely colocalize with, and are redundantly required for, asymmetric lignification of endocarpb cells. By screening for C. hirsuta mutants with less lignified fruit valves, we found that loss of function of the transcription factor gene SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 7 (SPL7) caused a reduction in endocarpb cell-wall lignification and a consequent reduction in seed dispersal range. SPL7 is a conserved regulator of copper homeostasis and is both necessary and sufficient for copper to accumulate in the fruit. Laccases are copper-requiring enzymes. We discovered that laccase activity in endocarpb cell walls depends on the SPL7 pathway to acclimate to copper deficiency and provide sufficient copper for lignin polymerization. Hence, SPL7 links mineral nutrition to efficient dispersal of the next generation.
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56
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Dora S, Terrett OM, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Plant-microbe interactions in the apoplast: Communication at the plant cell wall. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1532-1550. [PMID: 35157079 PMCID: PMC9048882 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
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57
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Perkins ML, Schuetz M, Unda F, Chen KT, Bally MB, Kulkarni JA, Yan Y, Pico J, Castellarin SD, Mansfield SD, Samuels AL. Monolignol export by diffusion down a polymerization-induced concentration gradient. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2080-2095. [PMID: 35167693 PMCID: PMC9048961 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer, is a promising renewable energy source and chemical feedstock. A key element of lignin biosynthesis is unknown: how do lignin precursors (monolignols) get from inside the cell out to the cell wall where they are polymerized? Modeling indicates that monolignols can passively diffuse through lipid bilayers, but this has not been tested experimentally. We demonstrate significant monolignol diffusion occurs when laccases, which consume monolignols, are present on one side of the membrane. We hypothesize that lignin polymerization could deplete monomers in the wall, creating a concentration gradient driving monolignol diffusion. We developed a two-photon microscopy approach to visualize lignifying Arabidopsis thaliana root cells. Laccase mutants with reduced ability to form lignin polymer in the wall accumulated monolignols inside cells. In contrast, active transport inhibitors did not decrease lignin in the wall and scant intracellular phenolics were observed. Synthetic liposomes were engineered to encapsulate laccases, and monolignols crossed these pure lipid bilayers to form polymer within. A sink-driven diffusion mechanism explains why it has been difficult to identify genes encoding monolignol transporters and why the export of varied phenylpropanoids occurs without specificity. It also highlights an important role for cell wall oxidative enzymes in monolignol export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel L Perkins
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mathias Schuetz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kent T Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jayesh A Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yifan Yan
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joana Pico
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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58
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Wei S, Yang G, Yang Y, Yin T. Time-sequential detection of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes underlying the dynamic growth of Salix suchowensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:877-890. [PMID: 34761273 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the genetic factors underlying long-term biological processes remains challenging since the relevant genes and their effects may vary across different developmental stages. In this study, we carried out a large-scale field trial of the progeny of an F1 full-sib pedigree of Salix suchowensis and measured plant height and ground diameter periodically over a time course of 240 days. With the obtained data, we characterized plant growth rhythms and performed time-sequential analyses of quantitative trait loci underlying the dynamic growth of the plants. The dynamic mapping of quantitative trait loci revealed that stem height and ground diameter were under the control of four quantitative trait loci, and the effects of these quantitative trait loci varied greatly throughout the growth process, in which two quantitative trait loci were found to exert a pleiotropic effect determining the correlation between stem height and ground diameter. The analysis of candidate genes in the target genetic intervals showed that the pleiotropic effect of the two quantitative trait loci arises from the colocalization of genes with independent effects on stem height and ground diameter. Further examination of the expression patterns of the candidate genes indicated that height and circumference growth involve different activities of leaf and cambium tissues. This study provides unprecedented information to help us understand the dynamic growth of plants and presents an applicable strategy for elucidating the genetic mechanism underlying a long-term biological process by using plant growth as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Wei
- Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China, Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Sivilcultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China, Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Sivilcultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, 508# Huancheng West Road, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163# Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Educational Department of China, Key Lab of Tree Genetics and Sivilcultural Sciences of Jiangsu Province, Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
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59
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Eljebbawi A, Savelli B, Libourel C, Estevez JM, Dunand C. Class III Peroxidases in Response to Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana Pyrenean Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073960. [PMID: 35409333 PMCID: PMC8999671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Class III peroxidases constitute a plant-specific multigene family, where 73 genes have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. These genes are members of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory network in the whole plant, but more importantly, at the root level. In response to abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, and salinity, their expression is significantly modified. To learn more about their transcriptional regulation, an integrative phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptomic study was executed on the roots of A. thaliana Pyrenean populations. Initially, the root phenotyping highlighted 3 Pyrenean populations to be tolerant to cold (Eaux), heat (Herr), and salt (Grip) stresses. Then, the RNA-seq analyses on these three populations, in addition to Col-0, displayed variations in CIII Prxs expression under stressful treatments and between different genotypes. Consequently, several CIII Prxs were particularly upregulated in the tolerant populations, suggesting novel and specific roles of these genes in plant tolerance against abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eljebbawi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Bruno Savelli
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cyril Libourel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - José Manuel Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina;
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago CP 8370146, Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago CP 8370146, Chile
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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60
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Sun Z, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Jiang N, Hu S, Li L, Li T. Identification of Wheat LACCASEs in Response to Fusarium graminearum as Potential Deoxynivalenol Trappers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832800. [PMID: 35360333 PMCID: PMC8964265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) can cause huge yield reductions and contamination of grain with deoxynivalenol (DON), and thus is one of the most problematic pathogen of wheat worldwide. Although great efforts have been paid and great achievements have been made to control the pathogens, there is still a wide gap for understanding the mechanism underlying F. graminearum resistance. Plant LACCASEs (LACs) catalyze the oxidative polymerization of monolignols by reinforcing cell-wall of various cell types to provide mechanical support, xylem sap transportation, and defense against pest and pathogens. To date, little has been known about LAC genes in bread wheat and their potential roles in wheat-F. graminearum interaction. Through systematic analysis of the genome-wide homologs and transcriptomes of wheat, a total of 95 Triticum aestivum laccases (TaLACs) were identified, and 14 of them were responsive to F. graminearum challenge. 3D structure modelings of the 14 TaLAC proteins showed that only TaLAC78 contains the entire activity center for oxidation and the others lack the type 1 copper ion ligand (T1Cu). Both amino acid sequence alignment and three-dimensional reconstruction after amino acid mutation showed that the loss of T1Cu is not only related to variation of the key amino acid coordinating T1Cu, but also closely related to the flanking amino acids. Significantly differential temporal expression patterns of TaLACs suggested that their subfunctionalization might occur. Promoter array analysis indicated that the induction of TaLACs may be closely associated with salicylic acid signaling, dehydration, and low-oxygen stress under F. graminearum infection. Molecular docking simulation demonstrated that TaLACs can not only catalyze lignin as a substrate, but also interact with DON, which may be docked into the binding position of the monolignols, where the LACs recognize substrates. The current study provides clues for exploring the novel functions of TaLACs in wheat resistance to F. graminearum, and TaLACs maybe candidates for conferring a high level of resistance against F. graminearum in wheat.
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61
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Zexer N, Elbaum R. Hydrogen peroxide modulates silica deposits in sorghum roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1450-1463. [PMID: 34791152 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O) aggregates in the root endodermis of grasses. Application of soluble silicates (Si) to roots is associated with variations in the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased tolerance to a broad range of stresses affecting ROS concentrations, and early lignin deposition. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), silica aggregation is patterned in an active silicification zone (ASZ) by a special type of aromatic material forming a spotted pattern. The deposition has a signature typical of lignin. Since lignin polymerization is mediated by ROS, we studied the formation of root lignin and silica controlled by ROS via modulating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations in the growth medium. Sorghum seedlings were grown hydroponically and supplemented with Si, H2O2, and KI, an ionic compound that catalyses H2O2 decomposition. Lignin and silica deposits in the endodermis were studied by histology, scanning electron and Raman microscopies. Cell wall composition was quantified by thermal gravimetric analysis. Endodermal H2O2 concentration correlated to the extent of lignin-like deposition along the root, but did not affect its patterning in spots. Our results show that the ASZ spots were necessary for root silica aggregation, and suggest that silicification is intensified under oxidative stress as a result of increased ASZ lignin-like deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerya Zexer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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62
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Cornelis S, Hazak O. Understanding the root xylem plasticity for designing resilient crops. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:664-676. [PMID: 34971462 PMCID: PMC9303747 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylem is the main route for transporting water, minerals and a myriad of signalling molecules within the plant. With its onset during early embryogenesis, the development of the xylem relies on hormone gradients, the activity of unique transcription factors, the distribution of mobile microRNAs, and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and together contribute to the plasticity of this water-conducting tissue. Environmental stresses, such as drought and salinity, have a great impact on xylem patterning. A better understanding of how the structural properties of the xylem are regulated in normal and stress conditions will be instrumental in developing crops of the future. In addition, vascular wilt pathogens that attack the xylem are becoming increasingly problematic. Further knowledge of xylem development in response to these pathogens will bring new solutions against these diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation that largely come from Arabidopsis research with additional insights from tomato and monocot species. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and the urgent need to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the multidisciplinary approach to model xylem capacities in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salves Cornelis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ora Hazak
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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Morel O, Lion C, Neutelings G, Stefanov J, Baldacci‐Cresp F, Simon C, Biot C, Hawkins S, Spriet C. REPRISAL: mapping lignification dynamics using chemistry, data segmentation, and ratiometric analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:816-830. [PMID: 34687294 PMCID: PMC8825451 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a methodology for detailed mapping of the lignification capacity of plant cell walls that we have called "REPRISAL" for REPorter Ratiometrics Integrating Segmentation for Analyzing Lignification. REPRISAL consists of the combination of three separate approaches. In the first approach, H*, G*, and S* monolignol chemical reporters, corresponding to p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, are used to label the growing lignin polymer in a fluorescent triple labeling strategy based on the sequential use of three main bioorthogonal chemical reactions. In the second step, an automatic parametric and/or artificial intelligence segmentation algorithm is developed that assigns fluorescent image pixels to three distinct cell wall zones corresponding to cell corners, compound middle lamella and secondary cell walls. The last step corresponds to the exploitation of a ratiometric approach enabling statistical analyses of differences in monolignol reporter distribution (ratiometric method [RM] 1) and proportions (RM 2) within the different cell wall zones. We first describe the use of this methodology to map developmentally related changes in the lignification capacity of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) interfascicular fiber cells. We then apply REPRISAL to analyze the Arabidopsis peroxidase (PRX) mutant prx64 and provide further evidence for the implication of the AtPRX64 protein in floral stem lignification. In addition, we also demonstrate the general applicability of REPRISAL by using it to map lignification capacity in poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba), flax (Linum usitatissimum), and maize (Zea mays). Finally, we show that the methodology can be used to map the incorporation of a fucose reporter into noncellulosic cell wall polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Morel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cedric Lion
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
| | - Jonathan Stefanov
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41—UMS 2014—PLBS, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Fabien Baldacci‐Cresp
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
| | - Clemence Simon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41—UMS 2014—PLBS, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Christophe Biot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
- Author for communication:
| | - Simon Hawkins
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F 59000, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41—UMS 2014—PLBS, Lille F-59000, France
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Yang L, Wang H, Wang P, Gao M, Huang L, Cui X, Liu Y. De novo and comparative transcriptomic analysis explain morphological differences in Panax notoginseng taproots. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:86. [PMID: 35100996 PMCID: PMC8802446 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (PN) belonging to the genus Panax of family Araliaceae is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various diseases. PN taproot, as the most vital organ for the accumulation of bioactive components, presents a variable morphology (oval or long), even within the same environment. However, no related studies have yet explained the molecular mechanism of phenotypic differences. To investigate the cause of differences in the taproot phenotype, de novo and comparative transcriptomic analysis on PN taproot was performed. Results A total of 133,730,886 and 114,761,595 paired-end clean reads were obtained based on high-throughput sequencing from oval and long taproot samples, respectively. 121,955 unigenes with contig N50 = 1,774 bp were generated by using the de novo assembly transcriptome, 63,133 annotations were obtained with the BLAST. And then, 42 genes belong to class III peroxidase (PRX) gene family, 8 genes belong to L-Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) gene family, and 55 genes belong to a series of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family were identified based on integrated annotation results. Differentially expressed genes analysis indicated substantial up-regulation of PnAPX3 and PnPRX45, which are related to reactive oxygen species metabolism, and the PnMPK3 gene, which is related to cell proliferation and plant root development, in long taproots compared with that in oval taproots. Furthermore, the determination results of real-time quantitative PCR, enzyme activity, and H2O2 content verified transcriptomic analysis results. Conclusion These results collectively demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the PnMPK3 gene may play vital roles in regulating the taproot phenotype of PN. This study provides further insights into the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic differences in other species of the genus Panax. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08283-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hanye Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Mingju Gao
- Wenshan University, Wenshan, 663000, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China.,Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650000, China.,Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, 650000, China.,Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650000, China.
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Jang JH, Seo HS, Lee OR. Overexpression of pPLAIIIγ in Arabidopsis Reduced Xylem Lignification of Stem by Regulating Peroxidases. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11020200. [PMID: 35050088 PMCID: PMC8777835 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patatin-related phospholipases A (pPLAs) are a group of plant-specific acyl lipid hydrolases that share less homology with phospholipases than that observed in other organisms. Out of the three known subfamilies (pPLAI, pPLAII, and pPLAIII), the pPLAIII member of genes is particularly known for modifying the cell wall structure, resulting in less lignin content. Overexpression of pPLAIIIα and ginseng-derived PgpPLAIIIβ in Arabidopsis and hybrid poplar was reported to reduce the lignin content. Lignin is a complex racemic phenolic heteropolymer that forms the key structural material supporting most of the tissues in plants and plays an important role in the adaptive strategies of vascular plants. However, lignin exerts a negative impact on the utilization of plant biomass in the paper and pulp industry, forage digestibility, textile industry, and production of biofuel. Therefore, the overexpression of pPLAIIIγ in Arabidopsis was analyzed in this study. This overexpression led to the formation of dwarf plants with altered anisotropic growth and reduced lignification of the stem. Transcript levels of lignin biosynthesis-related genes, as well as lignin-specific transcription factors, decreased. Peroxidase-mediated oxidation of monolignols occurs in the final stage of lignin polymerization. Two secondary cell wall-specific peroxidases were downregulated following lowered H2O2 levels, which suggests a functional role of peroxidase in the reduction of lignification by pPLAIIIγ when overexpressed in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hoon Jang
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hae Seong Seo
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(0)-62-530-2054; Fax: +82-(0)-62-530-2059
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Mishra S, Sahu G, Shaw BP. Integrative small RNA and transcriptome analysis provides insight into key role of miR408 towards drought tolerance response in cowpea. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:75-94. [PMID: 34570259 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress response studies and overexpression of vun-miR408 proved it to be essential for abiotic stress tolerance in cowpea. Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing of an elite high-yielding drought-tolerant Indian cowpea cultivar, Pusa Komal revealed a differential expression of 198 highly conserved, 21 legume-specific, 14 less-conserved, and 10 novel drought-responsive microRNAs (miRNAs) along with 3391 (up-regulated) and 3799 (down-regulated) genes, respectively, in the leaf and root libraries. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs, vun-miR408-3p, showed an up-regulation of 3.53-log2-fold change under drought stress. Furthermore, laccase 12 (LAC 12) was identified as the potential target of vun-miR408-3p using 5' RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The stable transgenic cowpea lines overexpressing artificial vun-miR408-3p (OX-amiR408) displayed enhanced drought and salinity tolerance as compared to the wild-type plants. An average increase of 30.17% in chlorophyll, 26.57% in proline, and 27.62% in relative water content along with lesser cellular H2O2 level was observed in the transgenic lines in comparison with the wild-type plants under drought stress. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopic study revealed a decrease in the stomatal aperture and an increase in the trichome density in the transgenic lines. The expression levels of laccase 3 and laccase 12, the potential targets of miR408, related to lipid catabolic processes showed a significant reduction in the wild-type plants under drought stress and the transgenic lines, indicating the regulation of lignin content as a plausibly essential trait related to the drought tolerance in cowpea. Taken together, this study primarily focused on identification of drought-responsive miRNAs and genes in cowpea, and functional validation of role of miR408 towards drought stress response in cowpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Mishra
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Gyanasri Sahu
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Birendra Prasad Shaw
- Abiotic Stress and Agro-Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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Zhu Y, Li L. Multi-layered Regulation of Plant Cell Wall Thickening. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1867-1873. [PMID: 34698856 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to develop thickened cell walls with appropriate localization through precise regulation during the process of growth and development in order to support their body weight and to build long distance transportation systems. Wall thickening is achieved through a multitude of regulatory networks in various tissues under changeable environments. In this mini-review, we summarize current understanding of the regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in cell wall thickening. Regulation of cell wall thickening is not only mechanistically essential to understand the plant structure accretion but also has applicable significance to plant cell wall biomass utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Christie N, Mannapperuma C, Ployet R, van der Merwe K, Mähler N, Delhomme N, Naidoo S, Mizrachi E, Street NR, Myburg AA. qtlXplorer: an online systems genetics browser in the Eucalyptus Genome Integrative Explorer (EucGenIE). BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:595. [PMID: 34911434 PMCID: PMC8672637 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affordable high-throughput DNA and RNA sequencing technologies are allowing genomic analysis of plant and animal populations and as a result empowering new systems genetics approaches to study complex traits. The availability of intuitive tools to browse and analyze the resulting large-scale genetic and genomic datasets remain a significant challenge. Furthermore, these integrative genomics approaches require innovative methods to dissect the flow and interconnectedness of biological information underlying complex trait variation. The Plant Genome Integrative Explorer (PlantGenIE.org) is a multi-species database and domain that houses online tools for model and woody plant species including Eucalyptus. Since the Eucalyptus Genome Integrative Explorer (EucGenIE) is integrated within PlantGenIE, it shares genome and expression analysis tools previously implemented within the various subdomains (ConGenIE, PopGenIE and AtGenIE). Despite the success in setting up integrative genomics databases, online tools for systems genetics modelling and high-resolution dissection of complex trait variation in plant populations have been lacking. RESULTS We have developed qtlXplorer ( https://eucgenie.org/QTLXplorer ) for visualizing and exploring systems genetics data from genome-wide association studies including quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and expression-based QTL (eQTL) associations. This module allows users to, for example, find co-located QTLs and eQTLs using an interactive version of Circos, or explore underlying genes using JBrowse. It provides users with a means to build systems genetics models and generate hypotheses from large-scale population genomics data. We also substantially upgraded the EucGenIE resource and show how it enables users to combine genomics and systems genetics approaches to discover candidate genes involved in biotic stress responses and wood formation by focusing on two multigene families, laccases and peroxidases. CONCLUSIONS qtlXplorer adds a new dimension, population genomics, to the EucGenIE and PlantGenIE environment. The resource will be of interest to researchers and molecular breeders working in Eucalyptus and other woody plant species. It provides an example of how systems genetics data can be integrated with functional genetics data to provide biological insight and formulate hypotheses. Importantly, integration within PlantGenIE enables novel comparative genomics analyses to be performed from population-scale data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Christie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Chanaka Mannapperuma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 907 81, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raphael Ployet
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Karen van der Merwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Niklas Mähler
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 907 81, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 907 81, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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The Laccase Gene Family Mediate Multi-Perspective Trade-Offs during Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Development and Defense Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212554. [PMID: 34830436 PMCID: PMC8618718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase (LAC) plays important roles in different plant development and defense processes. In this study, we identified laccase genes (CsLACs) in Camellia sinensis cv ‘Longjing43′ cultivars, which were classified into six subclades. The expression patterns of CsLACs displayed significant spatiotemporal variations across different tissues and developmental stages. Most members in subclades II, IV and subclade I exhibited contrasting expression patterns during leaf development, consistent with a trade-off model for preferential expression in the early and late developmental stages. The extensive transcriptional changes of CsLACs under different phytohormone and herbivore treatment were observed and compared, with the expression of most genes in subclades I, II and III being downregulated but genes in subclades IV, V and VI being upregulated, suggesting a growth and defense trade-off model between these subclades. Taken together, our research reveal that CsLACs mediate multi-perspective trade-offs during tea plant development and defense processes and are involved in herbivore resistance in tea plants. More in-depth research of CsLACs upstream regulation and downstream targets mediating herbivore defense should be conducted in the future.
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Assessment of the Role of PAL in Lignin Accumulation in Wheat ( Tríticum aestívum L.) at the Early Stage of Ontogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189848. [PMID: 34576012 PMCID: PMC8470810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluates the role of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the associated metabolic complex in the accumulation of lignin in common wheat plants (Tríticum aestívum L.) at the early stages of ontogenesis. The data analysis was performed using plant samples that had reached Phases 4 and 5 on the Feekes scale—these phases are characterized by a transition to the formation of axial (stem) structures in cereal plants. We have shown that the substrate stimulation of PAL with key substrates, such as L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, leads to a significant increase in lignin by an average of 20% in experimental plants compared to control plants. In addition, the presence of these compounds in the nutrient medium led to an increase in the number of gene transcripts associated with lignin synthesis (PAL6, C4H1, 4CL1, C3H1). Inhibition was the main tool of the study. Potential competitive inhibitors of PAL were used: the optical isomer of L-phenylalanine—D-phenylalanine—and the hydroxylamine equivalent of phenylalanine—O-Benzylhydroxylamine. As a result, plants incubated on a medium supplemented with O-Benzylhydroxylamine were characterized by reduced PAL activity (almost one third). The lignin content of the cell wall in plants treated with O-Benzylhydroxylamine was almost halved. In contrast, D-phenylalanine did not lead to significant changes in the lignin-associated metabolic complex, and its effect was similar to that of specific substrates.
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Du B, Zhang Q, Cao Q, Xing Y, Qin L, Fang K. Morphological observation and protein expression of fertile and abortive ovules in Castanea mollissima. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11756. [PMID: 34327054 PMCID: PMC8308611 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima Blume.) contain 12-18 ovules in one ovary, but only one ovule develops into a seed, indicating a high ovule abortion rate. In this study, the Chinese chestnut 'Huaihuang' was used to explore the possible mechanisms of ovule abortion with respect to morphology and proteomics. The morphology and microstructure of abortive ovules were found to be considerably different from those of fertile ovules at 20 days after anthesis (20 DAA). The fertile ovules had completely formed tissues, such as the embryo sac, embryo and endosperm. By contrast, in the abortive ovules, there were no embryo sacs, and wide spaces between the integuments were observed, with few nucelli. Fluorescence labelling of the nuclei and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that cells of abortive ovules were abnormally shaped and had thickened cell walls, folded cell membranes, condensed cytoplasm, ruptured nuclear membranes, degraded nucleoli and reduced mitochondria. The iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) results showed that in the abortive ovules, low levels of soluble protein with small molecular weights were found, and most of differently expressed proteins (DEPs) were related to protein synthesis, accumulation of active oxygen free radical, energy synthesis and so on. These DEPs might be associated with abnormal ovules formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshuai Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqin Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kefeng Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China, Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China), Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Hiraide H, Tobimatsu Y, Yoshinaga A, Lam PY, Kobayashi M, Matsushita Y, Fukushima K, Takabe K. Localised laccase activity modulates distribution of lignin polymers in gymnosperm compression wood. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2186-2199. [PMID: 33570753 PMCID: PMC8252379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The woody stems of coniferous gymnosperms produce specialised compression wood to adjust the stem growth orientation in response to gravitropic stimulation. During this process, tracheids develop a compression-wood-specific S2 L cell wall layer with lignins highly enriched with p-hydroxyphenyl (H)-type units derived from H-type monolignol, whereas lignins produced in the cell walls of normal wood tracheids are exclusively composed of guaiacyl (G)-type units from G-type monolignol with a trace amount of H-type units. We show that laccases, a class of lignin polymerisation enzymes, play a crucial role in the spatially organised polymerisation of H-type and G-type monolignols during compression wood formation in Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). We performed a series of chemical-probe-aided imaging analysis on C. obtusa compression wood cell walls, together with gene expression, protein localisation and enzymatic assays of C. obtusa laccases. Our data indicated that CoLac1 and CoLac3 with differential oxidation activities towards H-type and G-type monolignols were precisely localised to distinct cell wall layers in which H-type and G-type lignin units were preferentially produced during the development of compression wood tracheids. We propose that, not only the spatial localisation of laccases, but also their biochemical characteristics dictate the spatial patterning of lignin polymerisation in gymnosperm compression wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Hiraide
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKitashirakawa‐oiwakechoKyoto606‐8502Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityGokasho, Uji611‐0011Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityGokasho, Uji611‐0011Japan
| | - Arata Yoshinaga
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKitashirakawa‐oiwakechoKyoto606‐8502Japan
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityGokasho, Uji611‐0011Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKitashirakawa‐oiwakechoKyoto606‐8502Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityFuro‐choNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityFuro‐choNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Keiji Takabe
- Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKitashirakawa‐oiwakechoKyoto606‐8502Japan
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Bilal M, Bagheri AR, Vilar DS, Aramesh N, Eguiluz KIB, Ferreira LFR, Ashraf SS, Iqbal HMN. Oxidoreductases as a versatile biocatalytic tool to tackle pollutants for clean environment – a review. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian 223003 China
| | | | - Débora S Vilar
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry Yasouj University Yasouj Iran
| | - Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP) Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences Monterrey 64849 Mexico
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74
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Subcellular coordination of plant cell wall synthesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:933-948. [PMID: 33761322 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organelles of the plant cell cooperate to synthesize and secrete a strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based extracellular matrix: the cell wall. Cell wall composition varies among plant species, across cell types within a plant, within different regions of a single cell wall, and in response to intrinsic or extrinsic signals. This diversity in cell wall makeup is underpinned by common cellular mechanisms for cell wall production. Cellulose synthase complexes function at the plasma membrane and deposit their product into the cell wall. Matrix polysaccharides are synthesized by a multitude of glycosyltransferases in hundreds of mobile Golgi stacks, and an extensive set of vesicle trafficking proteins govern secretion to the cell wall. In this review, we discuss the different subcellular locations at which cell wall synthesis occurs, review the molecular mechanisms that control cell wall biosynthesis, and examine how these are regulated in response to different perturbations to maintain cell wall homeostasis.
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75
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Zhu X, Jiang L, Cai Y, Cao Y. Functional analysis of four Class III peroxidases from Chinese pear fruit: a critical role in lignin polymerization. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:515-522. [PMID: 33854280 PMCID: PMC7981345 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pear fruit could be used as good medicine to relieve coughs, promote salivation, nourish lungs, and reduce the risk of many diseases for its phytochemical action. Lignin is a major secondary metabolite in Chinese pear fruit. Class III peroxidase (Class III PRX) is an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of lignin in plants. However, we poorly understand the role of PRXs in lignin biosynthesis in Chinese pear fruit. In our study, we cloned five PRXs from Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri), namely PbPRX2, PbPRX22, PbPRX34, PbPRX64, and PbPRX75, which contained 978 bp encoded 326 amino acids (AA), 2607 bp encoded 869 AA, 972 bp encoded 324 AA, 687 bp encoded 229 AA, and 1020 bp encoded 340 AA, respectively. Enzyme activity analysis showed that four recombinant PbPRX proteins had catalytic activities for pyrogallol, guaiacol, ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Subcellular localization experiments showed that these genes were located in the cell wall or cell membrane. Enzyme activity and kinetics of PbPRX2 revealed its role in polymerization of lignin in Chinese pear fruit. The present study suggested that PbPRXs played critical roles in lignin biosynthesis in Chinese pear fruit. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00949-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhu
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lan Jiang
- Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000 Anhui China
| | - Yongping Cai
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
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76
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Eljebbawi A, Guerrero YDCR, Dunand C, Estevez JM. Highlighting reactive oxygen species as multitaskers in root development. iScience 2021; 24:101978. [PMID: 33490891 PMCID: PMC7808913 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are naturally produced by several redox reactions during plant regular metabolism such as photosynthesis and respiration. Due to their chemical properties and high reactivity, ROS were initially described as detrimental for cells during oxidative stress. However, they have been further recognized as key players in numerous developmental and physiological processes throughout the plant life cycle. Recent studies report the important role of ROS as growth regulators during plant root developmental processes such as in meristem maintenance, in root elongation, and in lateral root, root hair, endodermis, and vascular tissue differentiation. All involve multifaceted interplays between steady-state levels of ROS with transcriptional regulators, phytohormones, and nutrients. In this review, we attempt to summarize recent findings about how ROS are involved in multiple stages of plant root development during cell proliferation, elongation, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eljebbawi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - José Manuel Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCsV), Universidad Andres Bello and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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77
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Dou L, Tian Z, Zhao Q, Xu M, Zhu Y, Luo X, Qiao X, Ren R, Zhang X, Li H. Transcriptomic Characterization of the Effects of Selenium on Maize Seedling Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:737029. [PMID: 34887883 PMCID: PMC8650135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral element in soils that can be beneficial to plants in small amounts. Although maize is among the most economically important crops, there are few reports on the effects of Se on maize seedling growth at the molecular level. In this study, the growth of maize seedlings treated with different concentrations of Na2SeO3 was investigated, and the physiological characteristics were measured. Compared with the control, a low Se concentration promoted seedling growth, whereas a high Se concentration inhibited it. To illustrate the transcriptional effects of Se on maize seedling growth, samples from control plants and those treated with low or high concentrations of Se were subjected to RNA sequencing. The differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis revealed that there were 239 upregulated and 106 downregulated genes in the low Se treatment groups, while there were 845 upregulated and 1,686 downregulated DEGs in the high Se treatment groups. Both the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation analyses showed a low concentration of the Se-stimulated expression of "DNA replication" and "glutathione (GSH) metabolism"-related genes. A high concentration of Se repressed the expression of auxin signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis-related genes. The real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that in the low Se treatment, "auxin signal transduction," "DNA replication," and lignin biosynthesis-related genes were upregulated 1.4- to 57.68-fold compared to the control, while, in the high Se concentration treatment, auxin signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis-related genes were downregulated 1.6- to 16.23-fold compared to the control. Based on these transcriptional differences and qRT-PCR validation, it was found that a low dosage of Se may promote maize seedling growth but becomes inhibitory to growth at higher concentrations. This study lays a foundation for the mechanisms underlying the effects of Se on maize seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Dou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zailong Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yiran Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoyue Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinxing Qiao
- Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Ren
- Shaanxi Hygrogeology Engineering Geology and Environment Geology Survey Center, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Ren,
| | - Xianliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Xianliang Zhang,
| | - Huaizhu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China
- Huaizhu Li,
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High-order mutants reveal an essential requirement for peroxidases but not laccases in Casparian strip lignification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29166-29177. [PMID: 33139576 PMCID: PMC7682338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012728117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a defining polymer of vascular plants and of great physiological, ecological, and economical importance. Yet, its polymerization in the cell wall is still not understood. Lignin polymerizing enzymes, laccases and peroxidases, exist in vast numbers in plant genomes. By focusing on a specific lignin structure, the ring-like Casparian strips (CSs), we reduced candidate numbers and abolished essentially all laccases with detectable endodermal expression. Yet, not even slight defects in CS formation were detected. By contrast, a quintuple peroxidase mutant displayed a complete absence of CS. Our findings suggest that cells lignify differently depending on whether lignin is localized or ubiquitous and whether cells stay alive during and after lignification, as well as the composition of the cell wall. Lignin has enabled plants to colonize land, grow tall, transport water within their bodies, and protect themselves against various stresses. Consequently, this polyphenolic polymer, impregnating cellulosic plant cell walls, is the second most abundant polymer on Earth. Yet, despite its great physiological, ecological, and economical importance, our knowledge of lignin biosynthesis in vivo, especially the polymerization steps within the cell wall, remains vague—specifically, the respective roles of the two polymerizing enzymes classes, laccases and peroxidases. One reason for this lies in the very high numbers of laccases and peroxidases encoded by 17 and 73 homologous genes, respectively, in Arabidopsis. Here, we have focused on a specific lignin structure, the ring-like Casparian strips (CSs) within the root endodermis. By reducing candidate numbers using cellular resolution expression and localization data and by boosting stacking of mutants using CRISPR-Cas9, we mutated the majority of laccases in Arabidopsis in a nonuple mutant—essentially abolishing laccases with detectable endodermal expression. Yet, we were unable to detect even slight defects in CS formation. By contrast, we were able to induce a complete absence of CS formation in a quintuple peroxidase mutant. Our findings are in stark contrast to the strong requirement of xylem vessels for laccase action and indicate that lignin in different cell types can be polymerized in very distinct ways. We speculate that cells lignify differently depending on whether lignin is localized or ubiquitous and whether cells stay alive during and after lignification, as well as the composition of the cell wall.
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Somssich M. Lignification and Oxidative Enzymes: Localization, Localization, Localization! PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:554-555. [PMID: 33020318 PMCID: PMC7536666 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melboure, Victoria 3010, Australia
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