51
|
Berg JA, Hermans FWK, Beenders F, Abedinpour H, Vriezen WH, Visser RGF, Bai Y, Schouten HJ. The amino acid permease (AAP) genes CsAAP2A and SlAAP5A/B are required for oomycete susceptibility in cucumber and tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:658-672. [PMID: 33934492 PMCID: PMC8126186 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit downy mildew (DM), caused by the obligate biotroph Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a destructive disease in cucumber. A valuable source of DM resistance is the Indian cucumber accession PI 197088, which harbours several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to quantitatively inherited DM resistance. With a combination of fine-mapping and transcriptomics, we identified Amino Acid Permease 2A (CsAAP2A) as a candidate gene for QTL DM4.1.3. Whole-genome and Sanger sequencing revealed the insertion of a Cucumis Mu-like element (CUMULE) transposon in the allele of the resistant near-isogenic line DM4.1.3. To confirm whether loss of CsAAP2A contributes to partial DM resistance, we performed targeting induced local lesions in genomes on a DM-susceptible cucumber genotype to identify an additional csaap2a mutant, which indeed was partially DM resistant. In view of the loss of the putative function as amino acid transporter, we measured amino acids in leaves. We found that DM-inoculated leaves of line DM4.1.3 (with the csaap2a mutation) contained significantly fewer amino acids than wild-type cucumber. The decreased flow of amino acids towards infected leaves in csaap2a plants compared to the wild type might explain the resistant phenotype of the mutant, as this would limit the available nutrients for the pathogen and thereby its fitness. To examine whether AAP genes play a conserved role as susceptibility factors in plant-oomycete interactions, we made targeted mutations in two AAP genes from tomato and studied the effect on susceptibility to Phytophthora infestans. We conclude that not only CsAAP2A but also SlAAP5A/SlAAP5B are susceptibility genes for oomycete pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A. Berg
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuling Bai
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Henk J. Schouten
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Kim JY, Symeonidi E, Pang TY, Denyer T, Weidauer D, Bezrutczyk M, Miras M, Zöllner N, Hartwig T, Wudick MM, Lercher M, Chen LQ, Timmermans MCP, Frommer WB. Distinct identities of leaf phloem cells revealed by single cell transcriptomics. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:511-530. [PMID: 33955487 PMCID: PMC8136902 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The leaf vasculature plays a key role in solute translocation. Veins consist of at least seven distinct cell types, with specific roles in transport, metabolism, and signaling. Little is known about leaf vascular cells, in particular the phloem parenchyma (PP). PP effluxes sucrose into the apoplasm as a basis for phloem loading, yet PP has been characterized only microscopically. Here, we enriched vascular cells from Arabidopsis leaves to generate a single-cell transcriptome atlas of leaf vasculature. We identified at least 19 cell clusters, encompassing epidermis, guard cells, hydathodes, mesophyll, and all vascular cell types, and used metabolic pathway analysis to define their roles. Clusters comprising PP cells were enriched for transporters, including SWEET11 and SWEET12 sucrose and UmamiT amino acid efflux carriers. We provide evidence that PP development occurs independently from ALTERED PHLOEM DEVELOPMENT, a transcription factor required for phloem differentiation. PP cells have a unique pattern of amino acid metabolism activity distinct from companion cells (CCs), explaining differential distribution/metabolism of amino acids in veins. The kinship relation of the vascular clusters is strikingly similar to the vein morphology, except for a clear separation of CC from the other vascular cells including PP. In summary, our single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis provides a wide range of information into the leaf vasculature and the role and relationship of the leaf cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Author for correspondence: (W.B.F.), (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Efthymia Symeonidi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tin Yau Pang
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Tom Denyer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Diana Weidauer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Margaret Bezrutczyk
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Manuel Miras
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Nora Zöllner
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartwig
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Michael M Wudick
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Martin Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Author for correspondence: (W.B.F.), (J.-Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Sheldrake AR. The production of auxin by dying cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2288-2300. [PMID: 33460445 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, I discuss the possibility that dying cells produce much of the auxin in vascular plants. The natural auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is derived from tryptophan by a two-step pathway via indole pyruvic acid. The first enzymes in the pathway, tryptophan aminotransferases, have a low affinity for tryptophan and break it down only when tryptophan levels rise far above normal intracellular concentrations. Such increases occur when tryptophan is released from proteins by hydrolytic enzymes as cells autolyse and die. Many sites of auxin production are in and around dying cells: in differentiating tracheary elements; in root cap cells; in nutritive tissues that break down in developing flowers and seeds; in senescent leaves; and in wounds. Living cells also produce auxin, such as those transformed genetically by the crown gall pathogen. IAA may first have served as an exogenous indicator of the presence of nutrient-rich decomposing organic matter, stimulating the production of rhizoids in bryophytes. As cell death was internalized in bryophytes and in vascular plants, IAA may have taken on a new role as an endogenous hormone.
Collapse
|
54
|
The SV, Snyder R, Tegeder M. Targeting Nitrogen Metabolism and Transport Processes to Improve Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:628366. [PMID: 33732269 PMCID: PMC7957077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.628366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural cropping systems, relatively large amounts of nitrogen (N) are applied for plant growth and development, and to achieve high yields. However, with increasing N application, plant N use efficiency generally decreases, which results in losses of N into the environment and subsequently detrimental consequences for both ecosystems and human health. A strategy for reducing N input and environmental losses while maintaining or increasing plant performance is the development of crops that effectively obtain, distribute, and utilize the available N. Generally, N is acquired from the soil in the inorganic forms of nitrate or ammonium and assimilated in roots or leaves as amino acids. The amino acids may be used within the source organs, but they are also the principal N compounds transported from source to sink in support of metabolism and growth. N uptake, synthesis of amino acids, and their partitioning within sources and toward sinks, as well as N utilization within sinks represent potential bottlenecks in the effective use of N for vegetative and reproductive growth. This review addresses recent discoveries in N metabolism and transport and their relevance for improving N use efficiency under high and low N conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wan Y, Wang Y, Shi Z, Rentsch D, Ward JL, Hassall K, Sparks CA, Huttly AK, Buchner P, Powers S, Shewry PR, Hawkesford MJ. Wheat amino acid transporters highly expressed in grain cells regulate amino acid accumulation in grain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246763. [PMID: 33606697 PMCID: PMC7894817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are delivered into developing wheat grains to support the accumulation of storage proteins in the starchy endosperm, and transporters play important roles in regulating this process. RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, and promoter-GUS assays showed that three amino acid transporters are differentially expressed in the endosperm transfer cells (TaAAP2), starchy endosperm cells (TaAAP13), and aleurone cells and embryo of the developing grain (TaAAP21), respectively. Yeast complementation revealed that all three transporters can transport a broad spectrum of amino acids. RNAi-mediated suppression of TaAAP13 expression in the starchy endosperm did not reduce the total nitrogen content of the whole grain, but significantly altered the composition and distribution of metabolites in the starchy endosperm, with increasing concentrations of some amino acids (notably glutamine and glycine) from the outer to inner starchy endosperm cells compared with wild type. Overexpression of TaAAP13 under the endosperm-specific HMW-GS (high molecular weight glutenin subunit) promoter significantly increased grain size, grain nitrogen concentration, and thousand grain weight, indicating that the sink strength for nitrogen transport was increased by manipulation of amino acid transporters. However, the total grain number was reduced, suggesting that source nitrogen remobilized from leaves is a limiting factor for productivity. Therefore, simultaneously increasing loading of amino acids into the phloem and delivery to the spike would be required to increase protein content while maintaining grain yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Wan
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Wang
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Triticeae Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- National Technology Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, and Ecology and Production in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Doris Rentsch
- University of Bern, Molecular Plant Physiology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jane L. Ward
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Hassall
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Sparks
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison K. Huttly
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Buchner
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Powers
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Hawkesford
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Fang Z, Wu B, Ji Y. The Amino Acid Transporter OsAAP4 Contributes to Rice Tillering and Grain Yield by Regulating Neutral Amino Acid Allocation through Two Splicing Variants. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:2. [PMID: 33409665 PMCID: PMC7788160 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acids, which are transported by amino acid transporters, are the major forms of organic nitrogen utilized by higher plants. Among the 19 Amino Acid Permease transporters (AAPs) in rice, only a small number of these genes have been reported to influence rice growth and development. However, whether other OsAAPs are responsible for rice growth and development is unclear. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that OsAAP4 promoter sequences are divergent between Indica and Japonica, with higher expression in the former, which produces more tillers and higher grain yield than does Japonica. Overexpression of two different splicing variants of OsAAP4 in Japonica ZH11 significantly increased rice tillering and grain yield as result of enhancing the neutral amino acid concentrations of Val, Pro, Thr and Leu. OsAAP4 RNA interference (RNAi) and mutant lines displayed opposite trends compared with overexpresing (OE) lines. In addition, exogenous Val or Pro at 0.5 mM significantly promoted the bud outgrowth of lines overexpressing an OsAAP4a splicing variant compared with ZH11, and exogenous Val or Pro at 2.0 mM significantly enhanced the bud outgrowth of lines overexpressing splicing variant OsAAP4b compared with ZH11. Of note, the results of a protoplast amino acid-uptake assay showed that Val or Pro at different concentrations was specifically transported and accumulated in these overexpressing lines. Transcriptome analysis further demonstrated that OsAAP4 may affect nitrogen transport and metabolism, and auxin, cytokinin signaling in regulating rice tillering. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that OsAAP4 contributes to rice tiller and grain yield by regulating neutral amino acid allocation through two different splicing variants and that OsAAP4 might have potential applications in rice breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Bowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
The Arabidopsis L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 5 (LAT5/PUT5) Is Expressed in the Phloem and Alters Seed Nitrogen Content When Knocked Out. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111519. [PMID: 33182302 PMCID: PMC7695346 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis L-type Amino Acid Transporter-5 (LAT5; At3g19553) was recently studied for its role in developmental responses such as flowering and senescence, under an assumption that it is a polyamine uptake transporter (PUT5). The LATs in Arabidopsis have a wide range of substrates, including amino acids and polyamines. This report extensively studied the organ and tissue-specific expression of the LAT5/PUT5 and investigated its role in mediating amino acid transport. Organ-specific quantitative RT-PCR detected LAT5/PUT5 transcripts in all organs with a relatively higher abundance in the leaves. Tissue-specific expression analysis identified GUS activity in the phloem under the LAT5/PUT5 promoter. In silico analysis identified both amino acid transporter and antiporter domains conserved in the LAT5/PUT5 protein. The physiological role of the LAT5/PUT5 was studied through analyzing a mutant line, lat5-1, under various growth conditions. The mutant lat5-1 seedlings showed increased sensitivity to exogenous leucine in Murashige and Skoog growth medium. In soil, the lat5-1 showed reduced leaf growth and altered nitrogen content in the seeds. In planta radio-labelled leucine uptake studies showed increased accumulation of leucine in the lat5-1 plants compared to the wild type when treated in the dark prior to the isotopic feeding. These studies suggest that LAT5/PUT5 plays a role in mediating amino acid transport.
Collapse
|
58
|
Subedi U, Jayawardhane KN, Pan X, Ozga J, Chen G, Foroud NA, Singer SD. The Potential of Genome Editing for Improving Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Oilseed Crops. Lipids 2020; 55:495-512. [PMID: 32856292 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A continuous rise in demand for vegetable oils, which comprise mainly the storage lipid triacylglycerol, is fueling a surge in research efforts to increase seed oil content and improve fatty acid composition in oilseed crops. Progress in this area has been achieved using both conventional breeding and transgenic approaches to date. However, further advancements using traditional breeding methods will be complicated by the polyploid nature of many oilseed crops and associated time constraints, while public perception and the prohibitive cost of regulatory processes hinders the commercialization of transgenic oilseed crops. As such, genome editing using CRISPR/Cas is emerging as a breakthrough breeding tool that could provide a platform to keep pace with escalating demand while potentially minimizing regulatory burden. In this review, we discuss the technology itself and progress that has been made thus far with respect to its use in oilseed crops to improve seed oil content and quality. Furthermore, we examine a number of genes that may provide ideal targets for genome editing in this context, as well as new CRISPR-related tools that have the potential to be applied to oilseed plants and may allow additional gains to be made in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Subedi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Kethmi N Jayawardhane
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Ozga
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1, AB, Canada
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Tian R, Yang Y, Chen M. Genome-wide survey of the amino acid transporter gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Identification, expression analysis and response to abiotic stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1372-1387. [PMID: 32781128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs), which transport amino acids across cell membranes, play important roles in alleviating plant damage under stresses and in plant growth. To data, little is known about the AAT genes in wheat because of its complex genome. In this study, a total of 296 AAT genes were identified from the latest wheat genome sequence (IWGSC v1.1) and classified into 12 distinct subfamilies based upon their sequence composition and phylogenetic relationship. The expansion of the wheat AAT family was mainly the results of whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem events. The unequal expansion of different subfamilies brought new features to TaAATs. TaAATs were highly expressed and exhibited distinct expression patterns in different tissues. On the basis of homology and expression pattern analysis, we identified several wheat AAT family members that may affect grain quality. In addition, TaAAP3, TaATLa2 and TaATLb13 exhibited sustained expression in response to drought and high-temperature stress. These genes are involved in the response of wheat to abiotic stress by regulating the transport and distribution of amino acids. Overall, our results help to understand the complexity of TaAATs and provide a theoretical basis for further identification and utilization of AATs in wheat and other crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Tian
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Liu S, Wang D, Mei Y, Xia T, Xu W, Zhang Y, You X, Zhang X, Li L, Wang NN. Overexpression of GmAAP6a enhances tolerance to low nitrogen and improves seed nitrogen status by optimizing amino acid partitioning in soybean. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1749-1762. [PMID: 31945255 PMCID: PMC7336375 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transport via phloem is one of the major source-to-sink nitrogen translocation pathways in most plant species. Amino acid permeases (AAPs) play essential roles in amino acid transport between plant cells and subsequent phloem or seed loading. In this study, a soybean AAP gene, annotated as GmAAP6a, was cloned and demonstrated to be significantly induced by nitrogen starvation. Histochemical staining of GmAAP6a:GmAAP6a-GUS transgenic soybean revealed that GmAAP6a is predominantly expressed in phloem and xylem parenchyma cells. Growth and transport studies using toxic amino acid analogs or single amino acids as a sole nitrogen source suggest that GmAAP6a can selectively absorb and transport neutral and acidic amino acids. Overexpression of GmAAP6a in Arabidopsis and soybean resulted in elevated tolerance to nitrogen limitation. Furthermore, the source-to-sink transfer of amino acids in the transgenic soybean was markedly improved under low nitrogen conditions. At the vegetative stage, GmAAP6a-overexpressing soybean showed significantly increased nitrogen export from source cotyledons and simultaneously enhanced nitrogen import into sink primary leaves. At the reproductive stage, nitrogen import into seeds was greatly enhanced under both sufficient and limited nitrogen conditions. Collectively, our results imply that overexpression of GmAAP6a enhances nitrogen stress tolerance and source-to-sink transport and improves seed quality in soybean. Co-expression of GmAAP6a with genes specialized in source nitrogen recycling and seed loading may represent an interesting application potential in breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Dan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yuanyuan Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Tongmei Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wei Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiang You
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ning Ning Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein SciencesDepartment of Plant Biology and EcologyCollege of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Yao X, Nie J, Bai R, Sui X. Amino Acid Transporters in Plants: Identification and Function. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080972. [PMID: 32751984 PMCID: PMC7466100 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are the main mediators of nitrogen distribution throughout the plant body, and are essential for sustaining growth and development. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the identity and biological functions of amino acid transporters in plants, and discuss the regulation of amino acid transporters in response to environmental stimuli. We focus on transporter function in amino acid assimilation and phloem loading and unloading, as well as on the molecular identity of amino acid exporters. Moreover, we discuss the effects of amino acid transport on carbon assimilation, as well as their cross-regulation, which is at the heart of sustainable agricultural production.
Collapse
|
62
|
Amino Acid Transporters in Plant Cells: A Brief Review. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080967. [PMID: 32751704 PMCID: PMC7464682 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are not only a nitrogen source that can be directly absorbed by plants, but also the major transport form of organic nitrogen in plants. A large number of amino acid transporters have been identified in different plant species. Despite belonging to different families, these amino acid transporters usually exhibit some general features, such as broad expression pattern and substrate selectivity. This review mainly focuses on transporters involved in amino acid uptake, phloem loading and unloading, xylem-phloem transfer, import into seed and intracellular transport in plants. We summarize the other physiological roles mediated by amino acid transporters, including development regulation, abiotic stress tolerance and defense response. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of amino acid transporters for crop genetic improvement.
Collapse
|
63
|
Guo N, Gu M, Hu J, Qu H, Xu G. Rice OsLHT1 Functions in Leaf-to-Panicle Nitrogen Allocation for Grain Yield and Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1150. [PMID: 32849708 PMCID: PMC7403224 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proper allocation of nitrogen (N) from source leaves to grains is essential step for high crop grain yield and N use efficiency. In rice (Oryza sativa) grown in flooding paddy field, amino acids are the major N compounds for N distribution and re-allocation. We have recently identified that Lysine-Histidine-type Transporter 1 (OsLHT1) is the major transporter for root uptake and root-to-shoot allocation of amino acids in rice. In this study, we planted knockout mutant lines of OsLHT1 together wild-type (WT) in paddy field for evaluating OsLHT1 function in N redistribution and grain production. OsLHT1 is expressed in vascular bundles of leaves, rachis, and flowering organs. Oslht1 plants showed lower panicle length and seed setting rate, especially lower grain number per panicle and total grain weight. The concentrations of both total N and free amino acids in the flag leaf were similar at anthesis between Oslht1 lines and WT while significantly higher in the mutants than WT at maturation. The Oslht1 seeds contained higher proteins and most of the essential free amino acids, similar total starch but less amylose with lower paste viscosity than WT seeds. The mutant seeds showed lower germination rate than WT. Knockout of OsLHT1 decreased N uptake efficiency and physiological utilization efficiency (kg-grains/kg-N) by about 55% and 72%, respectively. Taken together, we conclude that OsLHT1 plays critical role in the translocation of amino acids from vegetative to reproductive organs for grain yield and quality of nutrition and functionality.
Collapse
|
64
|
Thu SW, Lu MZ, Carter AM, Collier R, Gandin A, Sitton CC, Tegeder M. Role of ureides in source-to-sink transport of photoassimilates in non-fixing soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4495-4511. [PMID: 32188989 PMCID: PMC7475099 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N)-fixing soybean plants use the ureides allantoin and allantoic acid as major long-distance transport forms of N, but in non-fixing, non-nodulated plants amino acids mainly serve in source-to-sink N allocation. However, some ureides are still synthesized in roots of non-fixing soybean, and our study addresses the role of ureide transport processes in those plants. In previous work, legume ureide permeases (UPSs) were identified that are involved in cellular import of allantoin and allantoic acid. Here, UPS1 from common bean was expressed in the soybean phloem, which resulted in enhanced source-to-sink transport of ureides in the transgenic plants. This was accompanied by increased ureide synthesis and elevated allantoin and allantoic acid root-to-sink transport. Interestingly, amino acid assimilation, xylem transport, and phloem partitioning to sinks were also strongly up-regulated. In addition, photosynthesis and sucrose phloem transport were improved in the transgenic plants. These combined changes in source physiology and assimilate partitioning resulted in increased vegetative growth and improved seed numbers. Overall, the results support that ureide transport processes in non-fixing plants affect source N and carbon acquisition and assimilation as well as source-to-sink translocation of N and carbon assimilates with consequences for plant growth and seed development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Win Thu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ming-Zhu Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Amanda M Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ray Collier
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Anthony Gandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Ciera Chenoa Sitton
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Guo N, Hu J, Yan M, Qu H, Luo L, Tegeder M, Xu G. Oryza sativa Lysine-Histidine-type Transporter 1 functions in root uptake and root-to-shoot allocation of amino acids in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:395-411. [PMID: 32159895 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural soils, amino acids can represent vital nitrogen (N) sources for crop growth and yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying amino acid uptake and allocation are poorly understood in crop plants. This study shows that rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots can acquire aspartate at soil concentration, and that japonica subspecies take up this acidic amino acid 1.5-fold more efficiently than indica subspecies. Genetic association analyses with 68 representative japonica or indica germplasms identified rice Lysine-Histidine-type Transporter 1 (OsLHT1) as a candidate gene associated with the aspartate uptake trait. When expressed in yeast, OsLHT1 supported cell growth on a broad spectrum of amino acids, and effectively transported aspartate, asparagine and glutamate. OsLHT1 is localized throughout the rice root, including root hairs, epidermis, cortex and stele, and to the leaf vasculature. Knockout of OsLHT1 in japonica resulted in reduced root uptake of amino acids. Furthermore, in 15 N-amino acid-fed mutants versus wild-type, a higher percentage of 15 N remained in roots instead of being allocated to the shoot. 15 N-ammonium uptake and subsequently the delivery of root-synthesized amino acids to Oslht1 shoots were also significantly decreased, which was accompanied by reduced shoot growth. These results together provide evidence that OsLHT1 functions in both root uptake and root to shoot allocation of a broad spectrum of amino acids in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jinqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Hongye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Schroeder WL, Saha R. Introducing an Optimization- and explicit Runge-Kutta- based Approach to Perform Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9241. [PMID: 32514037 PMCID: PMC7280247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we introduce the generalized Optimization- and explicit Runge-Kutta-based Approach (ORKA) to perform dynamic Flux Balance Analysis (dFBA), which is numerically more accurate and computationally tractable than existing approaches. ORKA is applied to a four-tissue (leaf, root, seed, and stem) model of Arabidopsis thaliana, p-ath773, uniquely capturing the core-metabolism of several stages of growth from seedling to senescence at hourly intervals. Model p-ath773 has been designed to show broad agreement with published plant-scale properties such as mass, maintenance, and senescence, yet leaving reaction-level behavior unconstrainted. Hence, it serves as a framework to study the reaction-level behavior necessary for observed plant-scale behavior. Two such case studies of reaction-level behavior include the lifecycle progression of sulfur metabolism and the diurnal flow of water throughout the plant. Specifically, p-ath773 shows how transpiration drives water flow through the plant and how water produced by leaf tissue metabolism may contribute significantly to transpired water. Investigation of sulfur metabolism elucidates frequent cross-compartment exchange of a standing pool of amino acids which is used to regulate the proton flow. Overall, p-ath773 and ORKA serve as scaffolds for dFBA-based lifecycle modeling of plants and other systems to further broaden the scope of in silico metabolic investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wheaton L Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Rajib Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Zhang C, Kong N, Cao M, Wang D, Chen Y, Chen Q. Evolutionary significance of amino acid permease transporters in 17 plants from Chlorophyta to Angiospermae. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:391. [PMID: 32503414 PMCID: PMC7275304 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrogen is an indispensable nutrient for plant growth. It is used and transported in the form of amino acids in living organisms. Transporting amino acids to various parts of plants requires relevant transport proteins, such as amino acid permeases (AAPs), which were our focus in this study. Results We found that 5 AAP genes were present in Chlorophyte species and more AAP genes were predicted in Bryophyta and Lycophytes. Two main groups were defined and group I comprised 5 clades. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the origin of clades 2, 3, and 4 is Gymnospermae and that these clades are closely related. The members of clade 1 included Chlorophyta to Gymnospermae. Group II, as a new branch consisting of non-seed plants, is first proposed in our research. Our results also indicated that the AAP family was already present in Chlorophyta and then expanded accompanying the development of vasculature. Concurrently, the AAP family experienced multiple duplication events that promoted the generation of new functions and differentiation of sub-functions. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the AAP gene originated in Chlorophyta, and some non-seed AAP genes clustered in one group. A second group, which contained plants of all evolutionary stages, indicated the evolution of AAPs. These new findings can be used to guide future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Minxuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Wang S, Yang Y, Guo M, Zhong C, Yan C, Sun S. Targeted mutagenesis of amino acid transporter genes for rice quality improvement using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
69
|
Slaten ML, Yobi A, Bagaza C, Chan YO, Shrestha V, Holden S, Katz E, Kanstrup C, Lipka AE, Kliebenstein DJ, Nour-Eldin HH, Angelovici R. mGWAS Uncovers Gln-Glucosinolate Seed-Specific Interaction and its Role in Metabolic Homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:483-500. [PMID: 32317360 PMCID: PMC7271782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gln is a key player in plant metabolism. It is one of the major free amino acids that is transported into the developing seed and is central for nitrogen metabolism. However, Gln natural variation and its regulation and interaction with other metabolic processes in seeds remain poorly understood. To investigate the latter, we performed a metabolic genome-wide association study (mGWAS) of Gln-related traits measured from the dry seeds of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) diversity panel using all potential ratios between Gln and the other members of the Glu family as traits. This semicombinatorial approach yielded multiple candidate genes that, upon further analysis, revealed an unexpected association between the aliphatic glucosinolates (GLS) and the Gln-related traits. This finding was confirmed by an independent quantitative trait loci mapping and statistical analysis of the relationships between the Gln-related traits and the presence of specific GLS in seeds. Moreover, an analysis of Arabidopsis mutants lacking GLS showed an extensive seed-specific impact on Gln levels and composition that manifested early in seed development. The elimination of GLS in seeds was associated with a large effect on seed nitrogen and sulfur homeostasis, which conceivably led to the Gln response. This finding indicates that both Gln and GLS play key roles in shaping the seed metabolic homeostasis. It also implies that select secondary metabolites might have key functions in primary seed metabolism. Finally, our study shows that an mGWAS performed on dry seeds can uncover key metabolic interactions that occur early in seed development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne L Slaten
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Abou Yobi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Clement Bagaza
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Yen On Chan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Vivek Shrestha
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Samuel Holden
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Ella Katz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Christa Kanstrup
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ruthie Angelovici
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Han G, Li C, Xiang F, Zhao Q, Zhao Y, Cai R, Cheng B, Wang X, Tao F. Genome-wide association study leads to novel genetic insights into resistance to Aspergillus flavus in maize kernels. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:206. [PMID: 32393173 PMCID: PMC7216483 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungus infection in staple grains affects the food storage and threatens food security. The Aspergillus flavus is known to infect multiple grains and produce mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1, which is mutagenic, teratogenic and causes immunosuppression in animals. However, the molecular mechanism of maize resistance to A. flavus is largely unknown. RESULTS Here we used corn kernels to investigate resistance genes to A. flavus using genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 313 inbred lines. We characterized the resistance levels of kernels after inoculating with A. flavus. The GWAS with 558,529 SNPs identified four associated loci involving 29 candidate genes that were linked to seed development, resistance or infection, and involved in signal pathways, seed development, germination, dormancy, epigenetic modification, and antimicrobial activity. In addition, a few candidate genes were also associated with several G-protein signaling and phytohormones that might involve in synergistic work conferring different resistance during seed development. Expression of 16 genes out of 29 during kernel development was also associated with resistance levels. CONCLUSIONS We characterized the resistance levels of 313 maize kernels after inoculating with A. flavus, and found four associated loci and 16 candidate maize genes. The expressed 16 genes involved in kernel structure and kernel composition most likely contribute to mature maize kernels' resistance to A. flavus, and in particular, in the development of pericarp. The linked candidate genes could be experimentally transformed to validate and manipulate fungal resistance. Thus this result adds value to maize kernels in breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Cuiping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Fangzhi Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Ronghao Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 USA
| | - Fang Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Duan Y, Zhu X, Shen J, Xing H, Zou Z, Ma Y, Wang Y, Fang W. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of the amino acid permease gene family in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Genomics 2020; 112:2866-2874. [PMID: 32276039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid permeases (AAPs) are involved in transporting a broad spectrum of amino acids and regulating physiological processes in plants. In this study, 19 AAP genes were identified from the tea plants genome database and named CsAAP1-19. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the CsAAP genes were classified into three groups, having significantly different structures and conserved motifs. In addition, an expression analysis revealed that most of CsAAP genes were specifically expressed in different tissues, especially CsAAP19 was expressed only in root. These genes also were significantly expressed in the Baiye 1 and Huangjinya cultivars. Nitrogen treatments indicated that the CsAAPs were obviously expressed in root. CsAAP2, -6, -12, -13 and - 16 were significantly expressed at 6 d after the glutamate treatment, while the expression trend at 24 h after contained the ammonium. These results improve our understanding of the CsAAP genes and their functions in nitrogen utilization in tea plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiazhi Shen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongqing Xing
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhou T, Yue CP, Huang JY, Cui JQ, Liu Y, Wang WM, Tian C, Hua YP. Genome-wide identification of the amino acid permease genes and molecular characterization of their transcriptional responses to various nutrient stresses in allotetraploid rapeseed. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:151. [PMID: 32268885 PMCID: PMC7140331 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N), referred to as a "life element", is a macronutrient essential for optimal plant growth and yield production. Amino acid (AA) permease (AAP) genes play pivotal roles in root import, long-distance translocation, remobilization of organic amide-N from source organs to sinks, and other environmental stress responses. However, few systematic analyses of AAPs have been reported in Brassica napus so far. RESULTS In this study, we identified a total of 34 full-length AAP genes representing eight subgroups (AAP1-8) from the allotetraploid rapeseed genome (AnAnCnCn, 2n = 4x = 38). Great differences in the homolog number among the BnaAAP subgroups might indicate their significant differential roles in the growth and development of rapeseed plants. The BnaAAPs were phylogenetically divided into three evolutionary clades, and the members in the same subgroups had similar physiochemical characteristics, gene/protein structures, and conserved AA transport motifs. Darwin's evolutionary analysis suggested that BnaAAPs were subjected to strong purifying selection pressure. Cis-element analysis showed potential differential transcriptional regulation of AAPs between the model Arabidopsis and B. napus. Differential expression of BnaAAPs under nitrate limitation, ammonium excess, phosphate shortage, boron deficiency, cadmium toxicity, and salt stress conditions indicated their potential involvement in diverse nutrient stress responses. CONCLUSIONS The genome-wide identification of BnaAAPs will provide a comprehensive insight into their family evolution and AAP-mediated AA transport under diverse abiotic stresses. The molecular characterization of core AAPs can provide elite gene resources and contribute to the genetic improvement of crop stress resistance through the modulation of AA transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Cai-peng Yue
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Jin-yong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Jia-qian Cui
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Wen-ming Wang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Chuang Tian
- Sinochem Modern Agricultural Platform, Changchun, 130000 China
| | - Ying-peng Hua
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Sheng Y, Yu L, Shen Y, Gu R, Li J, Sun F, Zhan X. Distribution Characteristics of Phenanthrene in Wheat, Soybean and Maize Leaves. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1720748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Team 810, Jiangsu East China Geological Engineering Co. Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luyi Yu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Shen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruochen Gu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengfei Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Dellero Y. Manipulating Amino Acid Metabolism to Improve Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency for a Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602548. [PMID: 33329673 PMCID: PMC7733991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a growing worldwide food demand coupled to the need to develop a sustainable agriculture, it is crucial to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while reducing field N inputs. Classical genetic approaches based on natural allelic variations existing within crops have led to the discovery of quantitative trait loci controlling NUE under low nitrogen conditions; however, the identification of candidate genes from mapping studies is still challenging. Amino acid metabolism is the cornerstone of plant N management, which involves N uptake, assimilation, and remobilization efficiencies, and it is finely regulated during acclimation to low N conditions and other abiotic stresses. Over the last two decades, biotechnological engineering of amino acid metabolism has led to promising results for the improvement of crop NUE, and more recently under low N conditions. This review summarizes current work carried out in crops and provides perspectives on the identification of new candidate genes and future strategies for crop improvement.
Collapse
|
75
|
Dong C, Li F, Yang T, Feng L, Zhang S, Li F, Li W, Xu G, Bao S, Wan X, Lucas WJ, Zhang Z. Theanine transporters identified in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:57-70. [PMID: 31461558 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Theanine, a unique non-proteinogenic amino acid, is an important component of tea, as it confers the umami taste and relaxation effect of tea as a beverage. Theanine is primarily synthesized in tea roots and is subsequently transported to young shoots, which are harvested for tea production. Currently, the mechanism for theanine transport in the tea plant remains unknown. Here, by screening a yeast mutant library, followed by functional analyses, we identified the glutamine permease, GNP1 as a specific transporter for theanine in yeast. Although there is no GNP1 homolog in the tea plant, we assessed the theanine transport ability of nine tea plant amino acid permease (AAP) family members, with six exhibiting transport activity. We further determined that CsAAP1, CsAAP2, CsAAP4, CsAAP5, CsAAP6, and CsAAP8 exhibited moderate theanine affinities and transport was H+ -dependent. The tissue-specific expression of these six CsAAPs in leaves, vascular tissues, and the root suggested their broad roles in theanine loading and unloading from the vascular system, and in targeting to sink tissues. Furthermore, expression of these CsAAPs was shown to be seasonally regulated, coincident with theanine transport within the tea plant. Finally, CsAAP1 expression in the root was highly correlated with root-to-bud transport of theanine, in seven tea plant cultivars. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that members of the CsAAP family transport theanine and participate in its root-to-shoot delivery in the tea plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shupei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Yuan J, Sun N, Du H, Muhammad U, Kang H, Du B, Yin S, Liu C. Correlated metabolic and elemental variations between the leaves and seeds of oak trees at contrasting geologically derived phosphorus sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:178-186. [PMID: 31319254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The leaves and seeds of plants frequently function as the source and sink organs for distinct metabolites, which can interactively vary in response to adverse site conditions. Subtropical soils are typically characterized as having deficient phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), with enriched aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe), while Al and manganese (Mn) are toxic at low pH. It remains largely unknown how leaf- and seed-sourced metabolites are synergistically linked to adapt to P-variable soils for trees in subtropical areas. Here we quantified the metabolic and elemental profiling in the mature leaves and immature seeds of Quercus variabilis at contrasting geologically-derived phosphorus sites in subtropical China. The results revealed that carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) based metabolites (primarily sugars and organic acids), as well as enzyme- and protein/nucleic acid-related elements (N, P, Mg, and Mn) played important roles toward characterizing the profiling of metabolites and ionomes in leaves and seeds at two site types, respectively. These metabolites (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) and elements (N, P, Mg, and Mn) of seeds were closely related to the sugars, organic acids, and elements (N, P, Mg, and Mn) of leaves at the two site types. For the most part, the content of N and P in the soil affected the accumulation of materials (such as, starchs and proteins) in seeds, as well as N and P assimilation in leaves, by influencing C- and N-containing metabolites in leaves. These results suggested that correlated disparities of C- and N-containing metabolites, along with enzyme- and protein/nucleic acid-related elements in both leaves and seeds played important roles in plants to facilitate their adaptation to nutrient-variable sites in subtropical zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Umair Muhammad
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhang Kang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Baoming Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Research Station, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, 800 Dongchuan RD., Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
de Ï Vila Silva L, Condori-Apfata JA, Costa PMDA, Martino PBO, Tavares ACA, Marcelino MM, Raimundi SBCJR, Picoli EADT, Araï Jo WL, Zsï Gï N A, Sulpice R, Nunes-Nesi A. Source Strength Modulates Fruit Set by Starch Turnover and Export of Both Sucrose and Amino Acids in Pepper. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2319-2330. [PMID: 31268146 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is an important yield-related parameter, which varies drastically due to genetic and environmental factors. Here, two commercial cultivars of Capsicum chinense (Biquinho and Habanero) were evaluated in response to light intensity (unshaded and shaded) and N supply (deficiency and sufficiency) to understand the role of source strength on fruit set at the metabolic level. We assessed the metabolic balance of primary metabolites in source leaves during the flowering period. Furthermore, we investigated the metabolic balance of the same metabolites in flowers to gain more insights into their influence on fruit set. Genotype and N supply had a strong effect on fruit set and the levels of primary metabolites, whereas light intensity had a moderate effect. Higher fruit set was mainly related to the export of both sucrose and amino acids from source leaves to flowers. Additionally, starch turnover in source leaves, but not in flowers, had a central role on the sucrose supply to sink organs at night. In flowers, our results not only confirmed the role of the daily supply of carbohydrates on fruit set but also indicated a potential role of the balance of amino acids and malate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Ï Vila Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Condori-Apfata
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Brandï O Martino
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C Azevedo Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wagner L Araï Jo
- Max-Planck Partner Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsï Gï N
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Vi�osa, Vi�osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Babst BA, Gao F, Acosta-Gamboa LM, Karve A, Schueller MJ, Lorence A. Three NPF genes in Arabidopsis are necessary for normal nitrogen cycling under low nitrogen stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:1-10. [PMID: 31473400 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Internal nitrogen (N) cycling is crucial to N use efficiency. For example, N may be remobilized from older, shaded leaves to young leaves near the apex that receive more direct sunlight, where the N can be used more effectively for photosynthesis. Yet our understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of N transport is limited. To identify relevant transporters in Arabidopsis, fifteen transporter knockout mutants were screened for defects in leaf N export using nitrogen-13 (13N) administered as 13NH3 gas to leaves. We found that three nitrate/peptide transporter family (NPF) genes were necessary for normal leaf N export under low N but not adequate soil N availability, including AtNPF7.1, which has not been previously characterized. High-throughput phenotyping revealed altered leaf area and chlorophyll fluorescence relative to wild-type plants. High AtNPF7.1 expression in flowers and large flower stalks of Atnpf7.1 mutants in low N suggests that AtNPF7.1 influences leaf N export via sink-to-source feedback, perhaps via a role in sensing plant internal N-status. We also identified previously unreported phenotypes for the mutants of the other two NPF transporters that indicate possible roles in N sensing networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA; Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Monticello, AR, 71656, USA.
| | - Fei Gao
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA; Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Monticello, AR, 71656, USA
| | - Lucia M Acosta-Gamboa
- Phenomics Facility, Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, 72467, USA
| | - Abhijit Karve
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Michael J Schueller
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Argelia Lorence
- Phenomics Facility, Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, 72467, USA; Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 419, State University, AR, 72467, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Wang J, Wu B, Lu K, Wei Q, Qian J, Chen Y, Fang Z. The Amino Acid Permease 5 (OsAAP5) Regulates Tiller Number and Grain Yield in Rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1031-1045. [PMID: 30890663 PMCID: PMC6548276 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As fundamental nutrients, amino acids are important for rice (Oryza sativa) growth and development. Here, we identified the amino acid permease 5 (OsAAP5), that regulates tiller number and grain yield in rice. The OsAAP5 promoter sequence differed between indica and japonica rice varieties. Lower expression of OsAAP5 in the young leaf blade in indica varieties than in japonica varieties was associated with more tillers in indica than in japonica Down-regulation of OsAAP5 expression in japonica using RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats led to increases in tiller number and grain yield, whereas OsAAP5 overexpression (OE) had the opposite effect. Both a protoplast amino acid uptake assay and HPLC analysis indicated that more basic (Lys, Arg) and neutral (Val, Ala) amino acids were transported and accumulated in the OE lines than in the wild type, but the opposite was observed in the RNAi lines. Furthermore, exogenous application of Lys, Arg, Val, and Ala in the OE lines substantially inhibited tiller bud elongation, but the effect was lost in the RNAi lines. Notably, concentrations of the cytokinins cis-zeatin and dihydrozeatin were much lower in the OE lines than in the wild type, whereas concentrations in the RNAi lines were higher. Thus, OsAAP5 could regulate tiller bud outgrowth by affecting cytokinin levels, and knockout of OsAAP5 could be valuable for japonica breeding programs seeking high yield and grain quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
| | - Junjie Qian
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongming Fang
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the AAAP family in Medicago truncatula. Genetica 2019; 147:185-196. [PMID: 30905050 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-019-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) gene family plays an important role in the long-distance amino acid transport pathway and takes part in various stages of plant growth and development. However, little is known about the AAAP gene family in Medicago truncatula. Here, we identified 86 putative MtAAAP family members using genome sequence information. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these MtAAAP genes were categorized into eight distinct subfamilies. The MtAAAP genes were mapped on 8 chromosomes and duplication events appeared widely, with 19 and 21 pairs of MtAAAP genes showing segment and tandem duplication events, respectively. Ratio of Ka/Ks indicated that duplicated genes underwent purifying selection. Analysis of RNA-seq data showed that MtAAAP genes exhibited specific expression patterns among different tissues and abiotic stress, indicating that MtAAAP members were involved in plant developmental regulation and stress responses. Expression patterns of 16 MtAAAP genes under abiotic stress were verified by qRT-PCR. The present study provides a foundation for the functional analysis of MtAAAPs in developmental regulation and stress responses.
Collapse
|
81
|
Aubry E, Dinant S, Vilaine F, Bellini C, Le Hir R. Lateral Transport of Organic and Inorganic Solutes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E20. [PMID: 30650538 PMCID: PMC6358943 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic (e.g., sugars and amino acids) and inorganic (e.g., K⁺, Na⁺, PO₄2-, and SO₄2-) solutes are transported long-distance throughout plants. Lateral movement of these compounds between the xylem and the phloem, and vice versa, has also been reported in several plant species since the 1930s, and is believed to be important in the overall resource allocation. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have provided us with a better knowledge of the anatomical framework in which the lateral transport takes place, and have highlighted the role of specialized vascular and perivascular cells as an interface for solute exchanges. Important breakthroughs have also been made, mainly in Arabidopsis, in identifying some of the proteins involved in the cell-to-cell translocation of solutes, most notably a range of plasma membrane transporters that act in different cell types. Finally, in the future, state-of-art imaging techniques should help to better characterize the lateral transport of these compounds on a cellular level. This review brings the lateral transport of sugars and inorganic solutes back into focus and highlights its importance in terms of our overall understanding of plant resource allocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Sui X, Nie J, Li X, Scanlon MJ, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Ma S, Shan N, Fei Z, Turgeon R, Zhang Z. Transcriptomic and functional analysis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit phloem during early development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:982-996. [PMID: 30194881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The phloem of the Cucurbitaceae has long been a subject of interest due to its complex nature and the economic importance of the family. As in a limited number of other families, cucurbit phloem is bicollateral, i.e. with sieve tubes on both sides of the xylem. To date little is known about the specialized functions of the internal phloem (IP) and external phloem (EP). Here, a combination of microscopy, fluorescent dye transport analysis, micro-computed tomography, laser capture microdissection and RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) were used to study the functions of IP and EP in the vascular bundles (VBs) of cucumber fruit. There is one type of VB in the peduncle, but four in the fruit: peripheral (PeVB), main (MVB), carpel (CVB) and placental (PlVB). The VBs are bicollateral, except for the CVB and PlVB. Phloem mobile tracers and 14 C applied to leaves are transported primarily in the EP, and to a lesser extent in the IP. RNA-Seq data indicate preferential gene transcription in the IP related to differentiation/development, hormone transport, RNA or protein modification/processing/transport, and nitrogen compound metabolism and transport. The EP preferentially expresses genes for stimulus/stress, defense, ion transport and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The MVB phloem is preferentially involved in photoassimilate transport, unloading and long-distance signaling, while the PeVB plays a more substantial role in morphogenesis and/or development and defense response. CVB and PlVB transcripts are biased toward development of reproductive organs. These findings provide an integrated view of the differentiated structure and function of the vascular tissue in cucumber fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Shan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Besnard J, Zhao C, Avice JC, Vitha S, Hyodo A, Pilot G, Okumoto S. Arabidopsis UMAMIT24 and 25 are amino acid exporters involved in seed loading. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5221-5232. [PMID: 30312461 PMCID: PMC6184519 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phloem-derived amino acids are the major source of nitrogen supplied to developing seeds. Amino acid transfer from the maternal to the filial tissue requires at least one cellular export step from the maternal tissue prior to the import into the symplasmically isolated embryo. Some members of UMAMIT (usually multiple acids move in an out transporter) family (UMAMIT11, 14, 18, 28, and 29) have previously been implicated in this process. Here we show that additional members of the UMAMIT family, UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25, also function in amino acid transfer in developing seeds. Using a recently published yeast-based assay allowing detection of amino acid secretion, we showed that UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25 promote export of a broad range of amino acids in yeast. In plants, UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25 are expressed in distinct tissues within developing seeds; UMAMIT24 is mainly expressed in the chalazal seed coat and localized on the tonoplast, whereas the plasma membrane-localized UMAMIT25 is expressed in endosperm cells. Seed amino acid contents of umamit24 and umamit25 knockout lines were both decreased during embryogenesis compared with the wild type, but recovered in the mature seeds without any deleterious effect on yield. The results suggest that UMAMIT24 and 25 play different roles in amino acid translocation from the maternal to filial tissue; UMAMIT24 could have a role in temporary storage of amino acids in the chalaza, while UMAMIT25 would mediate amino acid export from the endosperm, the last step before amino acids are taken up by the developing embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Besnard
- Department of Soil and Crop, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- UMR INRA - UCBN 950 EVA, UFR des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen cedex, France
| | - Stanislav Vitha
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ayumi Hyodo
- Stable Isotopes for Biosphere Science Laboratory, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Soil and Crop, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Garneau MG, Tan Q, Tegeder M. Function of pea amino acid permease AAP6 in nodule nitrogen metabolism and export, and plant nutrition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5205-5219. [PMID: 30113690 PMCID: PMC6184819 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with bacteroids in root nodules. Following fixation in pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules, nitrogen is reduced to amino acids that are exported via the nodule xylem to the shoot, and in the phloem to roots in support of growth. However, the mechanisms involved in amino acid movement towards the nodule vasculature, and their importance for nodule function and plant nutrition, were unknown. We found that in pea nodules the apoplasmic pathway is an essential route for amino acid partitioning from infected cells to the vascular bundles, and that amino acid permease PsAAP6 is a key player in nitrogen retrieval from the apoplasm into inner cortex cells for nodule export. Using an miRNA interference (miR) approach, it was demonstrated that PsAAP6 function in nodules, and probably in roots, and affects both shoot and root nitrogen supply, which were strongly decreased in PsAAP6-miR plants. Further, reduced transporter function resulted in increased nodule levels of ammonium, asparagine, and other amino acids. Surprisingly, nitrogen fixation and nodule metabolism were up-regulated in PsAAP6-miR plants, indicating that under shoot nitrogen deficiency, or when plant nitrogen demand is high, systemic signaling leads to an increase in nodule activity, independent of the nodule nitrogen status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Garneau
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Qiumin Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Lu K, Wu B, Wang J, Zhu W, Nie H, Qian J, Huang W, Fang Z. Blocking amino acid transporter OsAAP3 improves grain yield by promoting outgrowth buds and increasing tiller number in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1710-1722. [PMID: 29479779 PMCID: PMC6131477 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) play indispensable roles in nutrient allocation during plant development. In this study, we demonstrated that inhibiting expression of the rice amino acid transporter OsAAP3 increased grain yield due to a formation of larger numbers of tillers as a result of increased bud outgrowth. Elevated expression of OsAAP3 in transgenic plants resulted in significantly higher amino acid concentrations of Lys, Arg, His, Asp, Ala, Gln, Gly, Thr and Tyr, and inhibited bud outgrowth and rice tillering. However, RNAi of OsAAP3 decreased significantly Arg, Lys, Asp and Thr concentrations to a small extent, and thus promoted bud outgrowth, increased significantly tiller numbers and effective panicle numbers per plant, and further enhanced significantly grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The promoter sequences of OsAAP3 showed some divergence between Japonica and Indica rice, and expression of the gene was higher in Japonica, which produced fewer tillers than Indica. We generated knockout lines of OsAAP3 on Japonica ZH11 and KY131 using CRISPR technology and found that grain yield could be increased significantly. These results suggest that manipulation of OsAAP3 expression could be used to increase grain yield in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
| | - Bowen Wu
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
| | - Wei Zhu
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
| | - Haipeng Nie
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Junjie Qian
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Weiting Huang
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
| | - Zhongming Fang
- Center of Applied BiotechnologyWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Perchlik M, Tegeder M. Leaf Amino Acid Supply Affects Photosynthetic and Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Nitrogen Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:174-188. [PMID: 30082496 PMCID: PMC6130036 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated distribution of nitrogen to source leaves and sinks is essential for supporting leaf metabolism while also supplying sufficient nitrogen to seeds for development. This study aimed to understand how regulated amino acid allocation to leaves affects photosynthesis and overall plant nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and how soil nitrogen availability influences these processes. Arabidopsis plants with a knockout of AAP2, encoding an amino acid permease involved in xylem-to-phloem transfer of root-derived amino acids, were grown in low-, moderate-, and high-nitrogen environments. We analyzed nitrogen allocation to shoot tissues, photosynthesis, and photosynthetic and plant nitrogen use efficiency in these knockout plants. Our results demonstrate that, independent of nitrogen conditions, aap2 plants allocate more nitrogen to leaves than wild-type plants. Increased leaf nitrogen supply positively affected chlorophyll and Rubisco levels, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, and carbon assimilation and transport to sinks. The aap2 plants outperformed wild-type plants with respect to growth, seed yield and carbon storage pools, and nitrogen use efficiency in both high and deficient nitrogen environments. Overall, this study demonstrates that increasing nitrogen allocation to leaves represents an effective strategy for improving carbon fixation and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicate that an optimized coordination of nitrogen and carbon partitioning processes is critical for high oilseed production in Arabidopsis, including in plants exposed to limiting nitrogen conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Perchlik
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Wang P, Guo L, Jaini R, Klempien A, McCoy RM, Morgan JA, Dudareva N, Chapple C. A 13C isotope labeling method for the measurement of lignin metabolic flux in Arabidopsis stems. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:51. [PMID: 29977324 PMCID: PMC6015466 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic fluxes represent the functional phenotypes of biochemical pathways and are essential to reveal the distribution of precursors among metabolic networks. Although analysis of metabolic fluxes, facilitated by stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry detection, has been applied in the studies of plant metabolism, we lack experimental measurements for carbon flux towards lignin, one of the most abundant polymers in nature. RESULTS We developed a feeding strategy of excised Arabidopsis stems with 13C labeled phenylalanine (Phe) for the analysis of lignin biosynthetic flux. We optimized the feeding methods and found the stems continued to grow and lignify. Consistent with lignification profiles along the stems, higher levels of phenylpropanoids and activities of lignin biosynthetic enzymes were detected in the base of the stem. In the feeding experiments, 13C labeled Phe was quickly accumulated and used for the synthesis of phenylpropanoid intermediates and lignin. The intermediates displayed two different patterns of labeling kinetics during the feeding period. Analysis of lignin showed rapid incorporation of label into all three subunits in the polymers. CONCLUSIONS Our feeding results demonstrate the effectiveness of the stem feeding system and suggest a potential application for the investigations of other aspects in plant metabolism. The supply of exogenous Phe leading to a higher lignin deposition rate indicates the availability of Phe is a determining factor for lignification rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Rohit Jaini
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Antje Klempien
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Rachel M. McCoy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - John A. Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Tegeder M, Hammes UZ. The way out and in: phloem loading and unloading of amino acids. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:16-21. [PMID: 29278790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids represent the major transport form of reduced nitrogen in plants. Long-distance transport of amino acids occurs in the xylem and the phloem. However, the phloem is the main transport route for bulk flow of the organic nitrogen from source leaves to sink tissues. Phloem loading in leaves of most annual plant species follows an apoplasmic transport path and requires the coordinated activity of transport protein mediating cellular export or import of amino acids. Phloem unloading of amino acids is generally a symplasmic process but apoplasmic transport is additionally required for efficient post-phloem nitrogen transport. In this review we summarize the current data on the physiology of amino acid phloem loading and unloading, and the molecular players involved. We discuss the implications of amino acid transporters in nitrogen signaling and highlight the necessity to investigate the coordination of symplasmic and apoplasmic transport processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
De Frenne P, Blondeel H, Brunet J, Carón MM, Chabrerie O, Cougnon M, Cousins SAO, Decocq G, Diekmann M, Graae BJ, Hanley ME, Heinken T, Hermy M, Kolb A, Lenoir J, Liira J, Orczewska A, Shevtsova A, Vanneste T, Verheyen K. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition on petals enhances seed quality of the forest herb Anemone nemorosa. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:619-626. [PMID: 29323793 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric input of nitrogen (N) is currently affecting plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The growth and survival of numerous plant species is known to respond strongly to N fertilisation. Yet, few studies have assessed the effects of N deposition on seed quality and reproductive performance, which is an important life-history stage of plants. Here we address this knowledge gap by assessing the effects of atmospheric N deposition on seed quality of the ancient forest herb Anemone nemorosa using two complementary approaches. By taking advantage of the wide spatiotemporal variation in N deposition rates in pan-European temperate and boreal forests over 2 years, we detected positive effects of N deposition on the N concentration (percentage N per unit seed mass, increased from 2.8% to 4.1%) and N content (total N mass per seed more than doubled) of A. nemorosa seeds. In a complementary experiment, we applied ammonium nitrate to aboveground plant tissues and the soil surface to determine whether dissolved N sources in precipitation could be incorporated into seeds. Although the addition of N to leaves and the soil surface had no effect, a concentrated N solution applied to petals during anthesis resulted in increased seed mass, seed N concentration and N content. Our results demonstrate that N deposition on the petals enhances bioaccumulation of N in the seeds of A. nemorosa. Enhanced atmospheric inputs of N can thus not only affect growth and population dynamics via root or canopy uptake, but can also influence seed quality and reproduction via intake through the inflorescences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P De Frenne
- Department of Plant & Crops, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - H Blondeel
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - J Brunet
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - M M Carón
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - O Chabrerie
- Unité de recherche "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN, FRE3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - M Cougnon
- Department of Plant & Crops, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
| | - S A O Cousins
- Biogeography and Geomatics, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Decocq
- Unité de recherche "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN, FRE3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - M Diekmann
- Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - B J Graae
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - M E Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - T Heinken
- General Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Hermy
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Kolb
- Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - J Lenoir
- Unité de recherche "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés" (EDYSAN, FRE3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - J Liira
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Orczewska
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - A Shevtsova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Vanneste
- Department of Plant & Crops, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - K Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Jin X, Feng B, Xu Z, Fan X, liu J, Liu Q, Zhu P, Wang T. TaAAP6-3B, a regulator of grain protein content selected during wheat improvement. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:71. [PMID: 29685104 PMCID: PMC5914022 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The content of grain protein (GPC) in cereals is an important part of total protein in human food. Exploring and utilizing new GPC genes is one of the most effective approaches for wheat quality breeding. RESULTS Three homoeologues of TaAAP6(-3A, 3B, 3D)were cloned by homology cloning from OsAAP6.Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that TaAAP6homoeologues were preferentially expressed in developing grains, and TaAAP6-3B may play a major role in regulating GPC in wheat. Association analysis indicated thatTaAAP6-3B-I is significantly correlated with higher GPC than that of TaAAP6-3B-II for 115 wheat lines in all five environments. TaAAP6-3B-I, the favored allele of TaAAP6-3B, was preferentially expressed in preliminary developing grain stage. Two functional markers were developed to discriminate 197F2populations and the result showed that TaAAP6-3B-I (high-protein content) was completely dominant. Two cis-regulatory elements appear to be associated with high GPC were found in the 5'UTR of TaAAP6-3B-I.The change of the TaAAP6-3B locus types indicated that the gene was subjected to selection pressures during long process of artificial selection. CONCLUSIONS TaAAP6-3B is a regulator of GPC and its favored allele TaAAP6-3B-I exhibits an obvious potential application in wheat high-GPC breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Jin
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Gacek K, Bartkowiak-Broda I, Batley J. Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Seed Storage Proteins (SSPs) to Improve Protein Nutritional Value of Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.) Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:890. [PMID: 30013586 PMCID: PMC6036235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The world-wide demand for additional protein sources for human nutrition and animal feed keeps rising due to rapidly growing world population. Oilseed rape is a second important oil producing crop and the by-product of the oil production is a protein rich meal. The protein in rapeseed meal finds its application in animal feed and various industrial purposes, but its improvement is of great interest, especially for non-ruminants and poultry feed. To be able to manipulate the quality and quantity of seed protein in oilseed rape, understanding genetic architecture of seed storage protein (SSPs) synthesis and accumulation in this crop species is of great interest. For this, application of modern molecular breeding tools such as whole genome sequencing, genotyping, association mapping, and genome editing methods implemented in oilseed rape seed protein improvement would be of great interest. This review examines current knowledge and opportunities to manipulate of SSPs in oilseed rape to improve its quality, quantity and digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gacek
- Oilseed Crops Research Centre, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Bartkowiak-Broda
- Oilseed Crops Research Centre, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jacqueline Batley,
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Tegeder M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Source and sink mechanisms of nitrogen transport and use. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:35-53. [PMID: 29120059 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 35 I. Introduction 35 II. Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation 36 III. Root-to-shoot transport of nitrogen 38 IV. Nitrogen storage pools in vegetative tissues 39 V. Nitrogen transport from source leaf to sink 40 VI. Nitrogen import into sinks 42 VII. Relationship between source and sink nitrogen transport processes and metabolism 43 VIII. Regulation of nitrogen transport 43 IX. Strategies for crop improvement 44 X. Conclusions 46 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 SUMMARY: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth. World-wide, large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizer are applied to ensure maximum crop productivity. However, nitrogen fertilizer application is expensive and negatively affects the environment, and subsequently human health. A strategy to address this problem is the development of crops that are efficient in acquiring and using nitrogen and that can achieve high seed yields with reduced nitrogen input. This review integrates the current knowledge regarding inorganic and organic nitrogen management at the whole-plant level, spanning from nitrogen uptake to remobilization and utilization in source and sink organs. Plant partitioning and transient storage of inorganic and organic nitrogen forms are evaluated, as is how they affect nitrogen availability, metabolism and mobilization. Essential functions of nitrogen transporters in source and sink organs and their importance in regulating nitrogen movement in support of metabolism, and vegetative and reproductive growth are assessed. Finally, we discuss recent advances in plant engineering, demonstrating that nitrogen transporters are effective targets to improve crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. While inorganic and organic nitrogen transporters were examined separately in these studies, they provide valuable clues about how to successfully combine approaches for future crop engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Nakano Y, Naito Y, Nakano T, Ohtsuki N, Suzuki K. NSR1/MYR2 is a negative regulator of ASN1 expression and its possible involvement in regulation of nitrogen reutilization in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:219-225. [PMID: 28818378 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a major macronutrient that is essential for plant growth. It is important for us to understand the key genes that are involved in the regulation of N utilization. In this study, we focused on a GARP-type transcription factor known as NSR1/MYR2, which has been reported to be induced under N-deficient conditions. Our results demonstrated that NSR1/MYR2 has a transcriptional repression activity and is specifically expressed in vascular tissues, especially in phloem throughout the plant under daily light-dark cycle regulation. The overexpression of NSR1/MYR2 delays nutrient starvation- and dark-triggered senescence in the mature leaves of excised whole aerial parts of Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, the expression of asparagine synthetase 1 (ASN1), which plays an important role in N remobilization and reallocation, i.e. N reutilization, in Arabidopsis, is negatively regulated by NSR1/MYR2, since the expressions of NSR1/MYR2 and ASN1 were reciprocally regulated during the light-dark cycle and ASN1 expression was down-regulated in overexpressors of NSR1/MYR2 and up-regulated in T-DNA insertion mutants of NSR1/MYR2. Therefore, the present results suggest that NSR1/MYR2 plays a role in N reutilization as a negative regulator through controlling ASN1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakano
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yuki Naito
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Nakano
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Namie Ohtsuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Perchlik M, Tegeder M. Improving Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency through Alteration of Amino Acid Transport Processes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:235-247. [PMID: 28733388 PMCID: PMC5580756 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Improving the efficiency of nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization in plants could potentially increase crop yields while reducing N fertilization and, subsequently, environmental pollution. Within most plants, N is transported primarily as amino acids. In this study, pea (Pisum sativum) plants overexpressing AMINO ACID PERMEASE1 (AAP1) were used to determine if and how genetic manipulation of amino acid transport from source to sink affects plant N use efficiency. The modified plants were grown under low, moderate, or high N fertilization regimes. The results showed that, independent of the N nutrition, the engineered plants allocate more N via the vasculature to the shoot and seeds and produce more biomass and higher seed yields than wild-type plants. Dependent on the amount of N supplied, the AAP1-overexpressing plants displayed improved N uptake or utilization efficiency, or a combination of the two. They also showed significantly increased N use efficiency in N-deficient as well as in N-rich soils and, impressively, required half the amount of N to produce as many fruits and seeds as control plants. Together, these data support that engineering N allocation from source to sink presents an effective strategy to produce crop plants with improved productivity as well as N use efficiency in a range of N environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Perchlik
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Chang TG, Zhu XG, Raines C. Source-sink interaction: a century old concept under the light of modern molecular systems biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4417-4431. [PMID: 28338782 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many approaches to engineer source strength have been proposed to enhance crop yield potential. However, a well-co-ordinated source-sink relationship is required finally to realize the promised increase in crop yield potential in the farmer's field. Source-sink interaction has been intensively studied for decades, and a vast amount of knowledge about the interaction in different crops and under different environments has been accumulated. In this review, we first introduce the basic concepts of source, sink and their interactions, then summarize current understanding of how source and sink can be manipulated through both environmental control and genetic manipulations. We show that the source-sink interaction underlies the diverse responses of crops to the same perturbations and argue that development of a molecular systems model of source-sink interaction is required towards a rational manipulation of the source-sink relationship for increased yield. We finally discuss both bottom-up and top-down routes to develop such a model and emphasize that a community effort is needed for development of this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Gen Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Spatiotemporal expression patterns of wheat amino acid transporters reveal their putative roles in nitrogen transport and responses to abiotic stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5461. [PMID: 28710348 PMCID: PMC5511167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters have roles in amino acid uptake from soil, long-distance transport, remobilization from vegetative tissues and accumulation in grain. Critically, the majority of wheat grain nitrogen is derived from amino acids remobilized from vegetative organs. However, no systematic analysis of wheat AAT genes has been reported to date. Here, 283 full length wheat AAT genes representing 100 distinct groups of homeologs were identified and curated by selectively consolidating IWGSC CSSv2 and TGACv1 Triticum aestivum genome assemblies and reassembling or mapping of IWGSC CSS chromosome sorted reads to fill any gaps. Gene expression profiling was performed using public RNA-seq data from root, leaf, stem, spike, grain and grain cells (transfer cell (TC), aleurone cell (AL), and starchy endosperm (SE)). AATs highly expressed in roots are good candidates for amino acid uptake from soil whilst AATs highly expressed in senescing leaves and stems may be involved in translocation to grain. AATs in TC (TaAAP2 and TaAAP19) and SE (TaAAP13) may play important roles in determining grain protein content and grain yield. The expression levels of AAT homeologs showed unequal contributions in response to abiotic stresses and development, which may aid wheat adaptation to a wide range of environments.
Collapse
|
97
|
Wan Y, King R, Mitchell RAC, Hassani-Pak K, Hawkesford MJ. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of wheat amino acid transporters reveal their putative roles in nitrogen transport and responses to abiotic stress. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28710348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04473-4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters have roles in amino acid uptake from soil, long-distance transport, remobilization from vegetative tissues and accumulation in grain. Critically, the majority of wheat grain nitrogen is derived from amino acids remobilized from vegetative organs. However, no systematic analysis of wheat AAT genes has been reported to date. Here, 283 full length wheat AAT genes representing 100 distinct groups of homeologs were identified and curated by selectively consolidating IWGSC CSSv2 and TGACv1 Triticum aestivum genome assemblies and reassembling or mapping of IWGSC CSS chromosome sorted reads to fill any gaps. Gene expression profiling was performed using public RNA-seq data from root, leaf, stem, spike, grain and grain cells (transfer cell (TC), aleurone cell (AL), and starchy endosperm (SE)). AATs highly expressed in roots are good candidates for amino acid uptake from soil whilst AATs highly expressed in senescing leaves and stems may be involved in translocation to grain. AATs in TC (TaAAP2 and TaAAP19) and SE (TaAAP13) may play important roles in determining grain protein content and grain yield. The expression levels of AAT homeologs showed unequal contributions in response to abiotic stresses and development, which may aid wheat adaptation to a wide range of environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Wan
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Robert King
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Rowan A C Mitchell
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Keywan Hassani-Pak
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Dinkeloo K, Boyd S, Pilot G. Update on amino acid transporter functions and on possible amino acid sensing mechanisms in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:105-113. [PMID: 28705659 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential components of plant metabolism, not only as constituents of proteins, but also as precursors of important secondary metabolites and as carriers of organic nitrogen between the organs of the plant. Transport across intracellular membranes and translocation of amino acids within the plant is mediated by membrane amino acid transporters. The past few years have seen the identification of a new family of amino acid transporters in Arabidopsis, the characterization of intracellular amino acid transporters, and the discovery of new roles for already known proteins. While amino acid metabolism needs to be tightly coordinated with amino acid transport activity and carbohydrate metabolism, no gene involved in amino acid sensing in plants has been unequivocally identified to date. This review aims at summarizing the recent data accumulated on the identity and function of amino acid transporters in plants, and discussing the possible identity of amino acid sensors based on data from other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Dinkeloo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Shelton Boyd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Santiago JP, Tegeder M. Implications of nitrogen phloem loading for carbon metabolism and transport during Arabidopsis development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:409-421. [PMID: 28296149 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite transport processes and primary metabolism are highly interconnected. This study examined the importance of source-to-sink nitrogen partitioning, and associated nitrogen metabolism for carbon capture, transport and usage. Specifically, Arabidopsis aap8 (AMINO ACID PERMEASE 8) mutant lines were analyzed to resolve the consequences of reduced amino acid phloem loading for source leaf carbon metabolism, sucrose phloem transport and sink development during vegetative and reproductive growth phase. Results showed that decreased amino acid transport had a negative effect on sink development of aap8 lines throughout the life cycle, leading to an overall decrease in plant biomass. During vegetative stage, photosynthesis and carbohydrate levels were decreased in aap8 leaves, while expression of carbon metabolism and transport genes, as well as sucrose phloem transport were not affected despite reduced sink strength. However, when aap8 plants transitioned to reproductive phase, carbon fixation and assimilation as well as sucrose partitioning to siliques were strongly decreased. Overall, this work demonstrates that phloem loading of nitrogen has varying implications for carbon fixation, assimilation and source-to-sink allocation depending on plant growth stage. It further suggests alterations in source-sink relationships, and regulation of carbon metabolism and transport by sink strength in a development-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Santiago
- School of Biological Sciences and Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences and Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Havé M, Marmagne A, Chardon F, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Nitrogen remobilization during leaf senescence: lessons from Arabidopsis to crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2513-2529. [PMID: 27707774 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As a result of climate changes, land use and agriculture have to adapt to new demands. Agriculture is responsible for a large part of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that have to be urgently reduced in order to protect the environment. At the same time, agriculture has to cope with the challenges of sustainably feeding a growing world population. Reducing the use of the ammonia-nitrate fertilizers that are responsible for a large part of the GHGs released and that have a negative impact on carbon balance is one of the objectives of precision agriculture. One way to reduce N fertilizers without dramatically affecting grain yields is to improve the nitrogen recycling and remobilization performances of plants. Mechanisms involved in nitrogen recycling, such as autophagy, are essential for nutrient remobilization at the whole-plant level and for seed quality. Studies on leaf senescence and nutrient recycling provide new perspectives for improvement. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the mechanisms involved in nitrogen recycling and remobilization during leaf senescence and to present the different approaches undertaken to improve nitrogen remobilization efficiency using both model plants and crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marien Havé
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Fabien Chardon
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| |
Collapse
|