51
|
Voiniciuc C, Pauly M, Usadel B. Monitoring Polysaccharide Dynamics in the Plant Cell Wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2590-2600. [PMID: 29487120 PMCID: PMC5884611 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
New technologies reveal the deposition and remodeling of plant cell wall polysaccharides and their impact on plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Forschungszentum Jülich, IBG-2 Plant Sciences, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhao X, Liu N, Shang N, Zeng W, Ebert B, Rautengarten C, Zeng QY, Li H, Chen X, Beahan C, Bacic A, Heazlewood JL, Wu AM. Three UDP-xylose transporters participate in xylan biosynthesis by conveying cytosolic UDP-xylose into the Golgi lumen in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1125-1134. [PMID: 29300997 PMCID: PMC6018967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) is synthesized by UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases, also termed UDP-Xyl synthases (UXSs). The Arabidopsis genome encodes six UXSs, which fall into two groups based upon their subcellular location: the Golgi lumen and the cytosol. The latter group appears to play an important role in xylan biosynthesis. Cytosolic UDP-Xyl is transported into the Golgi lumen by three UDP-Xyl transporters (UXT1, 2, and 3). However, while single mutants affected in the UDP-Xyl transporter 1 (UXT1) showed a substantial reduction in cell wall xylose content, a double mutant affected in UXT2 and UXT3 had no obvious effect on cell wall xylose deposition. This prompted us to further investigate redundancy among the members of the UXT family. Multiple uxt mutants were generated, including a triple mutant, which exhibited collapsed vessels and reduced cell wall thickness in interfascicular fiber cells. Monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, nuclear magnetic resonance, and immunolabeling studies demonstrated that both xylan biosynthesis (content) and fine structure were significantly affected in the uxt triple mutant, leading to phenotypes resembling those of the irx mutants. Pollination was also impaired in the uxt triple mutant, likely due to reduced filament growth and anther dehiscence caused by alterations in the composition of the cell walls. Moreover, analysis of the nucleotide sugar composition of the uxt mutants indicated that nucleotide sugar interconversion is influenced by the cytosolic UDP-Xyl pool within the cell. Taken together, our results underpin the physiological roles of the UXT family in xylan biosynthesis and provide novel insights into the nucleotide sugar metabolism and trafficking in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Qing-Yin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cherie Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Correspondence: ;
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence: ;
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become an important tool for the analysis of biomolecules, such as DNA, peptides, and oligosaccharides. This technique has been developed as a rapid, sensitive, and accurate means for analyzing cell wall polysaccharide structures. Here, we describe a method using mass spectrometry to provide xyloglucan composition and structure information of Brachypodium plants which will be useful for functional characterization of xyloglucan biosynthesis pathway in Brachypodium distachyon.
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Regiospecific Acetylation of Xylan is Mediated by a Group of DUF231-Containing O-Acetyltransferases. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2126-2138. [PMID: 29059346 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a major hemicellulose in the secondary walls of vessels and fibers, and its acetylation is essential for normal secondary wall assembly and properties. The acetylation of xylan can occur at multiple positions of its backbone xylosyl residues, including 2-O-monoacetylation, 3-O-monoacetylation, 2,3-di-O-acetylation and 3-O-acetylation of 2-O-glucuronic acid (GlcA)-substituted xylosyl residues, but the biochemical mechanism controlling the regiospecific acetylation of xylan is largely unknown. Here, we present biochemical characterization of a group of Arabidopsis thaliana DUF231-containing proteins, namely TBL28, ESK1/TBL29, TBL30, TBL3, TBL31, TBL32, TBL33, TBL34 and TBL35, for their roles in catalyzing the regiospecific acetylation of xylan. Acetyltransferase activity assay of recombinant proteins demonstrated that all of these proteins possessed xylan acetyltransferase activities catalyzing the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA onto xylooligomer acceptors albeit with differential specificities. Structural analysis of their reaction products revealed that TBL28, ESK1, TBL3, TBL31 and TBL34 catalyzed xylan 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation and 2,3-di-O-acetylation with differential positional preference, TBL30 carried out 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation, TBL35 catalyzed 2,3-di-O-acetylation, and TBL32 and TBL33 mediated 3-O-acetylation of 2-O-GlcA-substituted xylosyl residues. Furthermore, mutations of the conserved GDS and DXXH motifs in ESK1 were found to result in a complete loss of its acetyltransferase activity. Together, these results establish that these nine DUF231-containing proteins are xylan acetyltransferases mediating the regiospecific acetylation of xylan and that the conserved GDS and DXXH motifs are critical for their acetyltransferase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sinclair SA, Larue C, Bonk L, Khan A, Castillo-Michel H, Stein RJ, Grolimund D, Begerow D, Neumann U, Haydon MJ, Krämer U. Etiolated Seedling Development Requires Repression of Photomorphogenesis by a Small Cell-Wall-Derived Dark Signal. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3403-3418.e7. [PMID: 29103938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Etiolated growth in darkness or the irreversible transition to photomorphogenesis in the light engages alternative developmental programs operating across all organs of a plant seedling. Dark-grown Arabidopsis de-etiolated by zinc (dez) mutants exhibit morphological, cellular, metabolic, and transcriptional characteristics of light-grown seedlings. We identify the causal mutation in TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE encoding a putative acyl transferase. Pectin acetylation is decreased in dez, as previously found in the reduced wall acetylation2-3 mutant, shown here to phenocopy dez. Moreover, pectin of dez is excessively methylesterified. The addition of very short fragments of homogalacturonan, tri-galacturonate, and tetra-galacturonate, restores skotomorphogenesis in dark-grown dez and similar mutants, suggesting that the mutants are unable to generate these de-methylesterified pectin fragments. In combination with genetic data, we propose a model of spatiotemporally separated photoreceptive and signal-responsive cell types, which contain overlapping subsets of the regulatory network of light-dependent seedling development and communicate via a pectin-derived dark signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sinclair
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Camille Larue
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura Bonk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Geobotany, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Asif Khan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hiram Castillo-Michel
- ID21 Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Ricardo J Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Begerow
- Geobotany, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael J Haydon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pawar PMA, Ratke C, Balasubramanian VK, Chong SL, Gandla ML, Adriasola M, Sparrman T, Hedenström M, Szwaj K, Derba-Maceluch M, Gaertner C, Mouille G, Ezcurra I, Tenkanen M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Downregulation of RWA genes in hybrid aspen affects xylan acetylation and wood saccharification. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1491-1505. [PMID: 28257170 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High acetylation of angiosperm wood hinders its conversion to sugars by glycoside hydrolases, subsequent ethanol fermentation and (hence) its use for biofuel production. We studied the REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION (RWA) gene family of the hardwood model Populus to evaluate its potential for improving saccharification. The family has two clades, AB and CD, containing two genes each. All four genes are expressed in developing wood but only RWA-A and -B are activated by master switches of the secondary cell wall PtNST1 and PtMYB21. Histochemical analysis of promoter::GUS lines in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) showed activation of RWA-A and -B promoters in the secondary wall formation zone, while RWA-C and -D promoter activity was diffuse. Ectopic downregulation of either clade reduced wood xylan and xyloglucan acetylation. Suppressing both clades simultaneously using the wood-specific promoter reduced wood acetylation by 25% and decreased acetylation at position 2 of Xylp in the dimethyl sulfoxide-extracted xylan. This did not affect plant growth but decreased xylose and increased glucose contents in the noncellulosic monosaccharide fraction, and increased glucose and xylose yields of wood enzymatic hydrolysis without pretreatment. Both RWA clades regulate wood xylan acetylation in aspen and are promising targets to improve wood saccharification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mohan-Anupama Pawar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Christine Ratke
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Vimal K Balasubramanian
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Mathilda Adriasola
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sparrman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, S-901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Klaudia Szwaj
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA, Versailles, 78026, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA, Versailles, 78026, France
| | - Ines Ezcurra
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, S-901 87, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik V Scheller
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Zhang B, Zhang L, Li F, Zhang D, Liu X, Wang H, Xu Z, Chu C, Zhou Y. Control of secondary cell wall patterning involves xylan deacetylation by a GDSL esterase. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17017. [PMID: 28260782 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
O-acetylation, a ubiquitous modification of cell wall polymers, has striking impacts on plant growth and biomass utilization and needs to be tightly controlled. However, the mechanisms that underpin the control of cell wall acetylation remain elusive. Here, we show a rice brittle leaf sheath1 (bs1) mutant, which contains a lesion in a Golgi-localized GDSL esterase that deacetylates the prominent hemicellulose xylan. Cell wall composition, detailed xylan structure characterization and enzyme kinetics and activity assays on acetylated sugars and xylooligosaccharides demonstrate that BS1 is an esterase that cleaves acetyl moieties from the xylan backbone at O-2 and O-3 positions of xylopyranosyl residues. BS1 thus plays an important role in the maintenance of proper acetylation level on the xylan backbone, which is crucial for secondary wall formation and patterning. Our findings outline a mechanism for how plants modulate wall acetylation and endow a plethora of uncharacterized GDSL esterases with surmisable activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Le Mauff F, Loutelier‐Bourhis C, Bardor M, Berard C, Doucet A, D'Aoust M, Vezina L, Driouich A, Couture MM, Lerouge P. Cell wall biochemical alterations during Agrobacterium-mediated expression of haemagglutinin-based influenza virus-like vaccine particles in tobacco. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:285-296. [PMID: 27483398 PMCID: PMC5316917 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to induce a safe and potent immune response through both humoral and cellular responses. They represent promising novel influenza vaccines. Plant-based biotechnology allows for the large-scale production of VLPs of biopharmaceutical interest using different model organisms, including Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Through this platform, influenza VLPs bud from the plasma membrane and accumulate between the membrane and the plant cell wall. To design and optimize efficient production processes, a better understanding of the plant cell wall composition of infiltrated tobacco leaves is a major interest for the plant biotechnology industry. In this study, we have investigated the alteration of the biochemical composition of the cell walls of N. benthamiana leaves subjected to abiotic and biotic stresses induced by the Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation and the resulting high expression levels of influenza VLPs. Results show that abiotic stress due to vacuum infiltration without Agrobacterium did not induce any detectable modification of the leaf cell wall when compared to non infiltrated leaves. In contrast, various chemical changes of the leaf cell wall were observed post-Agrobacterium infiltration. Indeed, Agrobacterium infection induced deposition of callose and lignin, modified the pectin methylesterification and increased both arabinosylation of RG-I side chains and the expression of arabinogalactan proteins. Moreover, these modifications were slightly greater in plants expressing haemagglutinin-based VLP than in plants infiltrated with the Agrobacterium strain containing only the p19 suppressor of silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Le Mauff
- Laboratoire Glyco‐MEV EA 4358UNIROUENNormandie UnivRouenFrance
- Medicago Inc.QuébecQCCanada
- Present address: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and ImmunologyMcGill universityMontrealQCCanada
- Present address: Infectious Diseases in Global Health ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | | | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire Glyco‐MEV EA 4358UNIROUENNormandie UnivRouenFrance
| | | | | | | | - Louis‐Philippe Vezina
- Medicago Inc.QuébecQCCanada
- Present address: Groupe TH Inc. 1327, avenue Maguire, suite 100QuébecQCG1T 1Z2Canada
| | | | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glyco‐MEV EA 4358UNIROUENNormandie UnivRouenFrance
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Yang Y, Yoo CG, Winkeler KA, Collins CM, Hinchee MAW, Jawdy SS, Gunter LE, Engle NL, Pu Y, Yang X, Tschaplinski TJ, Ragauskas AJ, Tuskan GA, Chen JG. Overexpression of a Domain of Unknown Function 231-containing protein increases O-xylan acetylation and cellulose biosynthesis in Populus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:311. [PMID: 29299061 PMCID: PMC5744390 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domain of Unknown Function 231-containing proteins (DUF231) are plant specific and their function is largely unknown. Studies in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice suggested that some DUF231 proteins act in the process of O-acetyl substitution of hemicellulose and esterification of pectin. However, little is known about the function of DUF231 proteins in woody plant species. RESULTS This study provides evidence supporting that one member of DUF231 family proteins in the woody perennial plant Populus deltoides (genotype WV94), PdDUF231A, has a role in the acetylation of xylan and affects cellulose biosynthesis. A total of 52 DUF231-containing proteins were identified in the Populus genome. In P. deltoides transgenic lines overexpressing PdDUF231A (OXPdDUF231A), glucose and cellulose contents were increased. Consistent with these results, the transcript levels of cellulose biosynthesis-related genes were increased in the OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. Furthermore, the relative content of total acetylated xylan was increased in the OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. Enzymatic saccharification assays revealed that the rate of glucose release increased in OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. Plant biomass productivity was also increased in OXPdDUF231A transgenic lines. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PdDUF231A affects cellulose biosynthesis and plays a role in the acetylation of xylan. PdDUF231A is a promising target for genetic modification for biofuel production because biomass productivity and compositional quality can be simultaneously improved through overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongil Yang
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | | | | | | | - Sara S. Jawdy
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Lee E. Gunter
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Nancy L. Engle
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Smith PJ, Wang HT, York WS, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. Designer biomass for next-generation biorefineries: leveraging recent insights into xylan structure and biosynthesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:286. [PMID: 29213325 PMCID: PMC5708106 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylans are the most abundant noncellulosic polysaccharides in lignified secondary cell walls of woody dicots and in both primary and secondary cell walls of grasses. These polysaccharides, which comprise 20-35% of terrestrial biomass, present major challenges for the efficient microbial bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to fuels and other value-added products. Xylans play a significant role in the recalcitrance of biomass to degradation, and their bioconversion requires metabolic pathways that are distinct from those used to metabolize cellulose. In this review, we discuss the key differences in the structural features of xylans across diverse plant species, how these features affect their interactions with cellulose and lignin, and recent developments in understanding their biosynthesis. In particular, we focus on how the combined structural and biosynthetic knowledge can be used as a basis for biomass engineering aimed at developing crops that are better suited as feedstocks for the bioconversion industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Gao Y, He C, Zhang D, Liu X, Xu Z, Tian Y, Liu XH, Zang S, Pauly M, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Two Trichome Birefringence-Like Proteins Mediate Xylan Acetylation, Which Is Essential for Leaf Blight Resistance in Rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:470-481. [PMID: 27864442 PMCID: PMC5210760 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation is a ubiquitous modification on cell wall polymers, which play a structural role in plant growth and stress defenses. However, the mechanisms for how crop plants accomplish cell wall polymer O-acetylation are largely unknown. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of two trichome birefringence-like (tbl) mutants in rice (Oryza sativa), which are affected in xylan O-acetylation. ostbl1 and ostbl2 single mutant and the tbl1 tbl2 double mutant displayed a stunted growth phenotype with varied degree of dwarfism. As shown by chemical assays, the wall acetylation level is affected in the mutants and the knock-down and overexpression transgenic plants. Furthermore, NMR spectroscopy analyses showed that all those mutants have varied decreases in xylan monoacetylation. The divergent expression levels of OsTBL1 and OsTBL2 explained the chemotype difference and indicated that OsTBL1 is a functionally dominant gene. OsTBL1 was found to be Golgi-localized. The recombinant OsTBL1 protein incorporates acetyl groups onto xylan. By using xylopentaose, a preferred acceptor substrate, OsTBL1 can transfer up to four acetyl residues onto xylopentaose, and this activity showed saturable kinetics. 2D-NMR spectroscopy showed that OsTBL1 transfers acetate to both 2-O and 3-O sites of xylosyl residues. In addition, ostbl1 and tbl1 tbl2 displayed susceptibility to rice blight disease, indicating that this xylan modification is required for pathogen resistance. This study identifies the major genes responsible for xylan acetylation in rice plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Congwu He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Yanbao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Shanshan Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Markus Pauly
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.)
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.);
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.G., C.H., D.Z., X.L., Z.X., Y.T., Y.Z., B.Z.); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.G., D.Z., Y.Z.);
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X-H.L, S.Z.); and
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
McKinley B, Rooney W, Wilkerson C, Mullet J. Dynamics of biomass partitioning, stem gene expression, cell wall biosynthesis, and sucrose accumulation during development of Sorghum bicolor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:662-680. [PMID: 27411301 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biomass accumulated preferentially in leaves of the sweet sorghum Della until floral initiation, then stems until anthesis, followed by panicles until grain maturity, and apical tillers. Sorghum stem RNA-seq transcriptome profiles and composition data were collected for approximately 100 days of development beginning at floral initiation. The analysis identified >200 differentially expressed genes involved in stem growth, cell wall biology, and sucrose accumulation. Genes encoding expansins and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases were differentially expressed in growing stem internodes. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of cellulose, lignin, and glucuronoarabinoxylan were expressed at elevated levels in stems until approximately 7 days before anthesis and then down-regulated. CESA genes involved in primary and secondary cell wall synthesis showed different temporal patterns of expression. Following floral initiation, the level of sucrose and other non-structural carbohydrates increased to approximately 50% of the stem's dry weight. Stem sucrose accumulation was inversely correlated with >100-fold down-regulation of SbVIN1, a gene encoding a vacuolar invertase. Accumulation of stem sucrose was also correlated with cessation of leaf and stem growth at anthesis, decreased expression of genes involved in stem cell wall synthesis, and approximately 10-fold lower expression of SbSUS4, a gene encoding sucrose synthase that generates UDP-glucose from sucrose for cell wall biosynthesis. Genes for mixed linkage glucan synthesis (CSLF) and turnover were expressed at high levels in stems throughout development. Overall, the stem transcription profile resource and the genes and regulatory dynamics identified in this study will be useful for engineering sorghum stem composition for improved conversion to biofuels and bio-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - William Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Curtis Wilkerson
- MSU-DOE laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - John Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Liu L, Hsia MM, Dama M, Vogel J, Pauly M. A Xyloglucan Backbone 6-O-Acetyltransferase from Brachypodium distachyon Modulates Xyloglucan Xylosylation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:615-7. [PMID: 26589447 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mon Mandy Hsia
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Murali Dama
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John Vogel
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Marriott PE, Gómez LD, McQueen-Mason SJ. Unlocking the potential of lignocellulosic biomass through plant science. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1366-81. [PMID: 26443261 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of producing sustainable liquid biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass remains high on the sustainability agenda, but is challenged by the costs of producing fermentable sugars from these materials. Sugars from plant biomass can be fermented to alcohols or even alkanes, creating a liquid fuel in which carbon released on combustion is balanced by its photosynthetic capture. Large amounts of sugar are present in the woody, nonfood parts of crops and could be used for fuel production without compromising global food security. However, the sugar in woody biomass is locked up in the complex and recalcitrant lignocellulosic plant cell wall, making it difficult and expensive to extract. In this paper, we review what is known about the major polymeric components of woody plant biomass, with an emphasis on the molecular interactions that contribute to its recalcitrance to enzymatic digestion. In addition, we review the extensive research that has been carried out in order to understand and reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance and enable more cost-effective production of fuel from woody plant biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poppy E Marriott
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Leonardo D Gómez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yuan Y, Teng Q, Zhong R, Ye ZH. Roles of Arabidopsis TBL34 and TBL35 in xylan acetylation and plant growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:120-30. [PMID: 26795157 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is one of the major polymers in lignocellulosic biomass and about 60% of its xylosyl residues are acetylated at O-2 and/or O-3. Because acetylation of cell wall polymers contributes to biomass recalcitrance for biofuel production, it is important to investigate the biochemical mechanism underlying xylan acetylation, the knowledge of which could be applied to custom-design biomass composition tailored for biofuel production. In this report, we investigated the functions of Arabidopsis TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE 34 (TBL34) and TBL35, two DUF231-containing proteins, in xylan acetylation. The TBL34 gene was found to be specifically expressed in xylem cells in stems and root-hypocotyls, and both TBL34 and TBL35 were shown to be localized in the Golgi, where xylan biosynthesis occurs. Chemical analysis revealed that simultaneous mutations of TBL34 and TBL35 caused a mild decrease in xylan acetyl content and a specific reduction in xylan 3-O-monoacetylation and 2,3-di-O-acetylation. Furthermore, simultaneous mutations of TBL34, TBL35 and ESKIMO1 (ESK1) resulted in severely collapsed xylem vessels with altered secondary wall structure, and an extremely retarded plant growth. These findings indicate that TBL34 and TBL35 are putative acetyltransferases required for xylan 3-O-monoacetylation and 2,3-di-O-acetylation and that xylan acetylation is essential for normal secondary wall deposition and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yuan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Quincy Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Yuan Y, Teng Q, Zhong R, Haghighat M, Richardson EA, Ye ZH. Mutations of Arabidopsis TBL32 and TBL33 Affect Xylan Acetylation and Secondary Wall Deposition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146460. [PMID: 26745802 PMCID: PMC4712945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylan is a major acetylated polymer in plant lignocellulosic biomass and it can be mono- and di-acetylated at O-2 and O-3 as well as mono-acetylated at O-3 of xylosyl residues that is substituted with glucuronic acid (GlcA) at O-2. Based on the finding that ESK1, an Arabidopsis thaliana DUF231 protein, specifically mediates xylan 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation, we previously proposed that different acetyltransferase activities are required for regiospecific acetyl substitutions of xylan. Here, we demonstrate the functional roles of TBL32 and TBL33, two ESK1 close homologs, in acetyl substitutions of xylan. Simultaneous mutations of TBL32 and TBL33 resulted in a significant reduction in xylan acetyl content and endoxylanase digestion of the mutant xylan released GlcA-substituted xylooligomers without acetyl groups. Structural analysis of xylan revealed that the tbl32 tbl33 mutant had a nearly complete loss of 3-O-acetylated, 2-O-GlcA-substituted xylosyl residues. A reduction in 3-O-monoacetylated and 2,3-di-O-acetylated xylosyl residues was also observed. Simultaneous mutations of TBL32, TBL33 and ESK1 resulted in a severe reduction in xylan acetyl level down to 15% of that of the wild type, and concomitantly, severely collapsed vessels and stunted plant growth. In particular, the S2 layer of secondary walls in xylem vessels of tbl33 esk1 and tbl32 tbl33 esk1 exhibited an altered structure, indicating abnormal assembly of secondary wall polymers. These results demonstrate that TBL32 and TBL33 play an important role in xylan acetylation and normal deposition of secondary walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yuan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Quincy Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Marziyeh Haghighat
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Richardson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Chateigner-Boutin AL, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ, Alvarado C, Bouchet B, Durand S, Verhertbruggen Y, Barrière Y, Saulnier L. Developing Pericarp of Maize: A Model to Study Arabinoxylan Synthesis and Feruloylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1476. [PMID: 27746801 PMCID: PMC5043055 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are comprised of networks of entangled polymers that differ considerably between species, tissues and developmental stages. The cell walls of grasses, a family that encompasses major crops, contain specific polysaccharide structures such as xylans substituted with feruloylated arabinose residues. Ferulic acid is involved in the grass cell wall assembly by mediating linkages between xylan chains and between xylans and lignins. Ferulic acid contributes to the physical properties of cell walls, it is a hindrance to cell wall degradability (thus biomass conversion and silage digestibility) and may contribute to pest resistance. Many steps leading to the formation of grass xylans and their cross-linkages remain elusive. One explanation might originate from the fact that many studies were performed on lignified stem tissues. Pathways leading to lignins and feruloylated xylans share several steps, and lignin may impede the release and thus the quantification of ferulic acid. To overcome these difficulties, we used the pericarp of the maize B73 line as a model to study feruloylated xylan synthesis and crosslinking. Using Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy and biochemical analyses, we show that this tissue has a low lignin content and is composed of approximately 50% heteroxylans and approximately 5% ferulic acid. Our study shows that, to date, maize pericarp contains the highest level of ferulic acid reported in plant tissue. The detection of feruloylated xylans with a polyclonal antibody shows that the occurrence of these polysaccharides is developmentally regulated in maize grain. We used the genomic tools publicly available for the B73 line to study the expression of genes within families involved or suggested to be involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, xylan formation, feruloylation and their oxidative crosslinking. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that the feruloylated moiety of xylans originated from feruloylCoA and is transferred by a member of the BAHD acyltransferase family. We propose candidate genes for functional characterization that could subsequently be targeted for grass crop breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José J. Ordaz-Ortiz
- BIA, INRANantes, France
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio-CINVESTAV), Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics LabIrapuato, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Yuan Y, Teng Q, Zhong R, Ye ZH. TBL3 and TBL31, Two Arabidopsis DUF231 Domain Proteins, are Required for 3-O-Monoacetylation of Xylan. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:35-45. [PMID: 26556650 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xylan, a major constituent of secondary cell walls, is made of a linear chain of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues that are often substituted with glucuronic acid/methylglucuronic acid side chains and acetylated at O-2 and O-3. Previous studies have shown that ESK1, an Arabidopsis DUF231 protein, is an acetyltransferase catalyzing 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylan. However, the esk1 mutation only causes a partial loss of xylan 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation, suggesting that additional xylan acetyltransferase activities are involved. In this report, we demonstrated the essential roles of two other Arabidopsis DUF231 genes, TBL3 and TBL31, in xylan acetylation. The expression of both TBL3 and TBL31 was shown to be induced by overexpression of the secondary wall master transcriptional regulator SND1 (secondary wall-associated NAC domain protein1) and down-regulated by simultaneous mutations of SND1 and its paralog NST1, indicating their involvement in secondary wall biosynthesis. β-Glucurondase (GUS) reporter gene analysis showed that TBL3 and TBL31 were specifically expressed in the xylem and interfascicular fibers in stems and the secondary xylem in root hypocotyls. Expression of fluorescent protein-tagged TBL3 and TBL31 in protoplasts revealed their localization in the Golgi, where xylan biosynthesis occurs. Although mutation of either TBL3 or TBL31 alone did not cause any apparent alterations in cell wall composition, their simultaneous mutations were found to result in a reduction in xylan acetylation. Further structural analysis demonstrated that the tbl3 tbl31 double mutant had a specific reduction in 3-O-acetylation of xylan. In addition, the tbl3 tbl31 esk1 triple mutant displayed a much more drastic decrease in 3-O-acetylation of xylan, indicating their functional redundancy in xylan 3-O-acetylation. These findings indicate that TBL3 and TBL31 are secondary wall-associated DUF231 genes specifically involved in xylan 3-O-acetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yuan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Quincy Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Pawar PMA, Derba-Maceluch M, Chong SL, Gómez LD, Miedes E, Banasiak A, Ratke C, Gaertner C, Mouille G, McQueen-Mason SJ, Molina A, Sellstedt A, Tenkanen M, Mellerowicz EJ. Expression of fungal acetyl xylan esterase in Arabidopsis thaliana improves saccharification of stem lignocellulose. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:387-97. [PMID: 25960248 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall hemicelluloses and pectins are O-acetylated at specific positions, but the significance of these substitutions is poorly understood. Using a transgenic approach, we investigated how reducing the extent of O-acetylation in xylan affects cell wall chemistry, plant performance and the recalcitrance of lignocellulose to saccharification. The Aspergillus niger acetyl xylan esterase AnAXE1 was expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of either the constitutively expressed 35S CAMV promoter or a woody-tissue-specific GT43B aspen promoter, and the protein was targeted to the apoplast by its native signal peptide, resulting in elevated acetyl esterase activity in soluble and wall-bound protein extracts and reduced xylan acetylation. No significant alterations in cell wall composition were observed in the transgenic lines, but their xylans were more easily digested by a β-1,4-endoxylanase, and more readily extracted by hot water, acids or alkali. Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose after hot water and alkali pretreatments produced up to 20% more reducing sugars in several lines. Fermentation by Trametes versicolor of tissue hydrolysates from the line with a 30% reduction in acetyl content yielded ~70% more ethanol compared with wild type. Plants expressing 35S:AnAXE1 and pGT43B:AnAXE1 developed normally and showed increased resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, probably due to constitutive activation of defence pathways. However, unintended changes in xyloglucan and pectin acetylation were only observed in 35S:AnAXE1-expressing plants. This study demonstrates that postsynthetic xylan deacetylation in woody tissues is a promising strategy for optimizing lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mohan-Anupama Pawar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonardo D Gómez
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Christine Ratke
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Sciences, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anita Sellstedt
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umea University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mattiello L, Riaño-Pachón DM, Martins MCM, da Cruz LP, Bassi D, Marchiori PER, Ribeiro RV, Labate MTV, Labate CA, Menossi M. Physiological and transcriptional analyses of developmental stages along sugarcane leaf. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:300. [PMID: 26714767 PMCID: PMC4696237 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane is one of the major crops worldwide. It is cultivated in over 100 countries on 22 million ha. The complex genetic architecture and the lack of a complete genomic sequence in sugarcane hamper the adoption of molecular approaches to study its physiology and to develop new varieties. Investments on the development of new sugarcane varieties have been made to maximize sucrose yield, a trait dependent on photosynthetic capacity. However, detailed studies on sugarcane leaves are scarce. In this work, we report the first molecular and physiological characterization of events taking place along a leaf developmental gradient in sugarcane. RESULTS Photosynthetic response to CO2 indicated divergence in photosynthetic capacity based on PEPcase activity, corroborated by activity quantification (both in vivo and in vitro) and distinct levels of carbon discrimination on different segments along leaf length. Additionally, leaf segments had contrasting amount of chlorophyll, nitrogen and sugars. RNA-Seq data indicated a plethora of biochemical pathways differentially expressed along the leaf. Some transcription factors families were enriched on each segment and their putative functions corroborate with the distinct developmental stages. Several genes with higher expression in the middle segment, the one with the highest photosynthetic rates, were identified and their role in sugarcane productivity is discussed. Interestingly, sugarcane leaf segments had a different transcriptional behavior compared to previously published data from maize. CONCLUSION This is the first report of leaf developmental analysis in sugarcane. Our data on sugarcane is another source of information for further studies aiming to understand and/or improve C4 photosynthesis. The segments used in this work were distinct in their physiological status allowing deeper molecular analysis. Although limited in some aspects, the comparison to maize indicates that all data acquired on one C4 species cannot always be easily extrapolated to other species. However, our data indicates that some transcriptional factors were segment-specific and the sugarcane leaf undergoes through the process of suberizarion, photosynthesis establishment and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mattiello
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Genoma Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil.
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marina Camara Mattos Martins
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Prado da Cruz
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denis Bassi
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas "Coaracy M. Franco", Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Ecofisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto Agronômico, Caixa Postal 28, Campinas, 13020-902, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia de Plantas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, 13083-970, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mônica T Veneziano Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 83, Piracicaba, 13400-970, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 83, Piracicaba, 13400-970, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Laboratório de Genoma Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Levesque-Tremblay G, Pelloux J, Braybrook SA, Müller K. Tuning of pectin methylesterification: consequences for cell wall biomechanics and development. PLANTA 2015; 242:791-811. [PMID: 26168980 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent publications have increased our knowledge of how pectin composition and the degree of homogalacturonan methylesterification impact the biochemical and biomechanical properties of plant cell walls, plant development, and plants' interactions with their abiotic and biotic environments. Experimental observations have shown that the relationships between the DM, the pattern of de-methylesterificaton, its effect on cell wall elasticity, other biomechanical parameters, and growth are not straightforward. Working towards a detailed understanding of these relationships at single cell resolution is one of the big tasks of pectin research. Pectins are highly complex polysaccharides abundant in plant primary cell walls. New analytical and microscopy techniques are revealing the composition and mechanical properties of the cell wall and increasing our knowledge on the topic. Progress in plant physiological research supports a link between cell wall pectin modifications and plant development and interactions with the environment. Homogalacturonan pectins, which are major components of the primary cell wall, have a potential for modifications such as methylesterification, as well as an ability to form cross-linked structures with divalent cations. This contributes to changing the mechanical properties of the cell wall. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the pectin component homogalacturonan, including its synthesis, modification, regulation and role in the plant cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levesque-Tremblay
- Energy Bioscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Nafisi M, Stranne M, Fimognari L, Atwell S, Martens HJ, Pedas PR, Hansen SF, Nawrath C, Scheller HV, Kliebenstein DJ, Sakuragi Y. Acetylation of cell wall is required for structural integrity of the leaf surface and exerts a global impact on plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:550. [PMID: 26257757 PMCID: PMC4510344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis on leaves protects plants from pathogen invasion and provides a waterproof barrier. It consists of a layer of cells that is surrounded by thick cell walls, which are partially impregnated by highly hydrophobic cuticular components. We show that the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION 2 (rwa2), previously identified as having reduced O-acetylation of both pectins and hemicelluloses, exhibit pleiotrophic phenotype on the leaf surface. The cuticle layer appeared diffused and was significantly thicker and underneath cell wall layer was interspersed with electron-dense deposits. A large number of trichomes were collapsed and surface permeability of the leaves was enhanced in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. A massive reprogramming of the transcriptome was observed in rwa2 as compared to the wild type, including a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in responses to abiotic stress, particularly detoxification of reactive oxygen species and defense against microbial pathogens (e.g., lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases). In accordance, peroxidase activities were found to be elevated in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. These results indicate that cell wall acetylation is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of leaf epidermis, and that reduction of cell wall acetylation leads to global stress responses in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majse Nafisi
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maria Stranne
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lorenzo Fimognari
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pai R. Pedas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sara F. Hansen
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Danish National Research Foundation Center DynaMOFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Carpita NC, McCann MC. Characterizing visible and invisible cell wall mutant phenotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4145-63. [PMID: 25873661 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
About 10% of a plant's genome is devoted to generating the protein machinery to synthesize, remodel, and deconstruct the cell wall. High-throughput genome sequencing technologies have enabled a reasonably complete inventory of wall-related genes that can be assembled into families of common evolutionary origin. Assigning function to each gene family member has been aided immensely by identification of mutants with visible phenotypes or by chemical and spectroscopic analysis of mutants with 'invisible' phenotypes of modified cell wall composition and architecture that do not otherwise affect plant growth or development. This review connects the inference of gene function on the basis of deviation from the wild type in genetic functional analyses to insights provided by modern analytical techniques that have brought us ever closer to elucidating the sequence structures of the major polysaccharide components of the plant cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of Biological Sciences, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, 915 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Liu L, Paulitz J, Pauly M. The presence of fucogalactoxyloglucan and its synthesis in rice indicates conserved functional importance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:549-60. [PMID: 25869654 PMCID: PMC4453794 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The predominant structure of the hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) found in the cell walls of dicots is a fucogalactoXyG with an XXXG core motif, whereas in the Poaceae (grasses and cereals), the structure of XyG is less xylosylated (XXGGn core motif) and lacks fucosyl residues. However, specialized tissues of rice (Oryza sativa) also contain fucogalactoXyG. Orthologous genes of the fucogalactoXyG biosynthetic machinery of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are present in the rice genome. Expression of these rice genes, including fucosyl-, galactosyl-, and acetyltransferases, in the corresponding Arabidopsis mutants confirmed their activity and substrate specificity, indicating that plants in the Poaceae family have the ability to synthesize fucogalactoXyG in vivo. The data presented here provide support for a functional conservation of XyG structure in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Energy Biosciences Institute (L.L., J.P., M.P.) andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jonathan Paulitz
- Energy Biosciences Institute (L.L., J.P., M.P.) andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Markus Pauly
- Energy Biosciences Institute (L.L., J.P., M.P.) andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Loqué D, Scheller HV, Pauly M. Engineering of plant cell walls for enhanced biofuel production. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:151-61. [PMID: 26051036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The biomass of plants consists predominately of cell walls, a sophisticated composite material composed of various polymer networks including numerous polysaccharides and the polyphenol lignin. In order to utilize this renewable, highly abundant resource for the production of commodity chemicals such as biofuels, major hurdles have to be surpassed to reach economical viability. Recently, major advances in the basic understanding of the synthesis of the various wall polymers and its regulation has enabled strategies to alter the qualitative composition of wall materials. Such emerging strategies include a reduction/alteration of the lignin network to enhance polysaccharide accessibility, reduction of polymer derived processing inhibitors, and increases in polysaccharides with a high hexose/pentose ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Schultink A, Naylor D, Dama M, Pauly M. The role of the plant-specific ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN9 protein in Arabidopsis cell wall polysaccharide O-acetylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1271-83. [PMID: 25681330 PMCID: PMC4378174 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.256479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A mutation in the ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN9 (AXY9) gene was found to be causative for the decreased xyloglucan acetylation phenotype of the axy9.1 mutant, which was identified in a forward genetic screen for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants. The axy9.1 mutant also exhibits decreased O-acetylation of xylan, implying that the AXY9 protein has a broad role in polysaccharide acetylation. An axy9 insertional mutant exhibits severe growth defects and collapsed xylem, demonstrating the importance of wall polysaccharide O-acetylation for normal plant growth and development. Localization and topological experiments indicate that the active site of the AXY9 protein resides within the Golgi lumen. The AXY9 protein appears to be a component of the plant cell wall polysaccharide acetylation pathway, which also includes the REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION and TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE proteins. The AXY9 protein is distinct from the TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE proteins, reported to be polysaccharide acetyltransferases, but does share homology with them and other acetyltransferases, suggesting that the AXY9 protein may act to produce an acetylated intermediate that is part of the O-acetylation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schultink
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Dan Naylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Murali Dama
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Chou YH, Pogorelko G, Young ZT, Zabotina OA. Protein-protein interactions among xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes and formation of Golgi-localized multiprotein complexes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:255-67. [PMID: 25392066 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana xyloglucan has an XXXG structure, with branches of xylosyl residues, β-D-galacosyl-(1,2)-α-d-xylosyl motifs and fucosylated β-D-galactosyl-(1,2)-α-D-xylosyl motifs. Most of the enzymes involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis have been identified, including the glucan synthase CSLC4 (cellulose synthase-like C4), three xylosyltransferases (XXT1, XXT2 and XXT5), two galactosyltransferases (MUR3 and XLT2) and the fucosyltransferase FUT1. The XXTs and CSLC4 form homo- and heterocomplexes and were proposed to co-localize in the same complex, but the organization of the other xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes remains unclear. Here we investigate whether the glycosyltransferases MUR3, XLT2 and FUT1 interact with the XXT-CSLC4 complexes in the Arabidopsis Golgi. We used co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, with signal quantification by flow cytometry, to demonstrate that CSLC4 interacts with MUR3, XLT2 and FUT1. FUT1 forms homocomplexes and interacts with MUR3, XLT2, XXT2 and XXT5. XLT2 interacts with XXT2 and XXT5, but MUR3 does not. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that FUT1 forms a homocomplex through disulfide bonds, and formation of the heterocomplexes does not involve covalent interactions. In vitro pull-down assays indicated that interactions in the FUT1-MUR3 and FUT1-XXT2 complexes occur through the protein catalytic domains. We propose that enzymes involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis are functionally organized in multiprotein complexes localized in the Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsiang Chou
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gennady Pogorelko
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Zachary T Young
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Park YB, Cosgrove DJ. Xyloglucan and its Interactions with Other Components of the Growing Cell Wall. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:180-94. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
81
|
de Souza AJ, Pauly M. Comparative genomics of pectinacetylesterases: Insight on function and biology. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1055434. [PMID: 26237162 PMCID: PMC4883895 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1055434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pectin acetylation influences the gelling ability of this important plant polysaccharide for the food industry. Plant apoplastic pectinacetylesterases (PAEs) play a key role in regulating the degree of pectin acetylation and modifying their expression thus represents one way to engineer plant polysaccharides for food applications. Identifying the major active enzymes within the PAE gene family will aid in our understanding of this biological phenomena as well as provide the tools for direct trait manipulation. Using comparative genomics we propose that there is a minimal set of 4 distinct PAEs in plants. Possible functional diversification of the PAE family in the grasses is also explored with the identification of 3 groups of PAE genes specific to grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amancio José de Souza
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; Energy Biosciences Institute; University of California; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; Energy Biosciences Institute; University of California; Berkeley, CA USA
- Correspondence to: Markus Pauly;
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
|
83
|
Rubio-Senent F, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez G, Lama-Muñoz A, Fernández-Bolaños J. Pectin extracted from thermally treated olive oil by-products: Characterization, physico-chemical properties, in vitro bile acid and glucose binding. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
84
|
Colaneri AC, Jones AM. The wiring diagram for plant G signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:56-64. [PMID: 25282586 PMCID: PMC4676402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Like electronic circuits, the modular arrangement of cell-signaling networks decides how inputs produce outputs. Animal heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) operate as switches in the circuits that signal between extracellular agonists and intracellular effectors. There still is no biochemical evidence for a receptor or its agonist in the plant G-protein pathways. Plant G-proteins deviate in many important ways from the animal paradigm. This review covers important discoveries from the last two years that enlighten these differences and ends describing alternative wiring diagrams for the plant signaling circuits regulated by G-proteins. We propose that plant G-proteins are integrated in the signaling circuits as variable resistor rather than switches, controlling the flux of information in response to the cell's metabolic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan M Jones
- The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Structural Diversity and Function of Xyloglucan Sidechain Substituents. PLANTS 2014; 3:526-42. [PMID: 27135518 PMCID: PMC4844278 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a hemicellulose found in the cell walls of all land plants including early-divergent groups such as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The basic structure of XyG, a xylosylated glucan, is similar in all of these plants but additional substituents can vary depending on plant family, tissue, and developmental stage. A comprehensive list of known XyG sidechain substituents is assembled including their occurrence within plant families, thereby providing insight into the evolutionary origin of the various sidechains. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have enabled comparative genomics approaches for the identification of XyG biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in non-model plant species. Characterization of these biosynthetic genes not only allows the determination of their substrate specificity but also provides insights into the function of the various substituents in plant growth and development.
Collapse
|
86
|
de Souza A, Hull PA, Gille S, Pauly M. Identification and functional characterization of the distinct plant pectin esterases PAE8 and PAE9 and their deletion mutants. PLANTA 2014; 240:1123-38. [PMID: 25115560 PMCID: PMC4200376 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PAE8 and PAE9 have pectin acetylesterase activity and together remove one-third of the cell wall acetate associated with pectin formation in Arabidopsis leaves. In pae8 and pae9 mutants, substantial amounts of acetate accumulate in cell walls. In addition, the inflorescence stem height is decreased. Pectic polysaccharides constitute a significant part of the primary cell walls in dicotyledonous angiosperms. This diverse group of polysaccharides has been implicated in several physiological processes including cell-to-cell adhesion and pathogenesis. Several pectic polysaccharides contain acetyl-moieties directly affecting their physical properties such as gelling capacity, an important trait for the food industry. In order to gain further insight into the biological role of pectin acetylation, a reverse genetics approach was used to investigate the function of genes that are members of the Pectin AcetylEsterase gene family (PAE) in Arabidopsis. Mutations in two members of the PAE family (PAE8 and PAE9) lead to cell walls with an approximately 20 % increase in acetate content. High-molecular-weight fractions enriched in pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) extracted from the mutants had increased acetate content. In addition, the pae8 mutant displayed increased acetate content also in low-molecular-weight pectic fractions. The pae8/pae9-2 double mutant exhibited an additive effect by increasing wall acetate content by up to 37 %, suggesting that the two genes are not redundant and act on acetyl-substituents of different pectic domains. The pae8 and pae8/pae9-2 mutants exhibit reduced inflorescence growth underscoring the role of pectic acetylation in plant development. When heterologously expressed and purified, both gene products were shown to release acetate from the corresponding mutant pectic fractions in vitro. PAEs play a significant role in modulating the acetylation state of pectic polymers in the wall, highlighting the importance of apoplastic metabolism for the plant cell and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amancio de Souza
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
| | - Philip A. Hull
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, PO Box 419100, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100 USA
| | - Sascha Gille
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
- Bayer CropScience, Weed Control Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 65929 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Urbanowicz BR, Peña MJ, Moniz HA, Moremen KW, York WS. Two Arabidopsis proteins synthesize acetylated xylan in vitro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:197-206. [PMID: 25141999 PMCID: PMC4184958 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the third most abundant glycopolymer on earth after cellulose and chitin. As a major component of wood, grain and forage, this natural biopolymer has far-reaching impacts on human life. This highly acetylated cell wall polysaccharide is a vital component of the plant cell wall, which functions as a molecular scaffold, providing plants with mechanical strength and flexibility. Mutations that impair synthesis of the xylan backbone give rise to plants that fail to grow normally because of collapsed xylem cells in the vascular system. Phenotypic analysis of these mutants has implicated many proteins in xylan biosynthesis; however, the enzymes directly responsible for elongation and acetylation of the xylan backbone have not been unambiguously identified. Here we provide direct biochemical evidence that two Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, IRREGULAR XYLEM 10-L (IRX10-L) and ESKIMO1/TRICOME BIREFRINGENCE 29 (ESK1/TBL29), catalyze these respective processes in vitro. By identifying the elusive xylan synthase and establishing ESK1/TBL29 as the archetypal plant polysaccharide O-acetyltransferase, we have resolved two long-standing questions in plant cell wall biochemistry. These findings shed light on integral steps in the molecular pathways used by plants to synthesize a major component of the world's biomass and expand our toolkit for producing glycopolymers with valuable properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding authors: Maria J. Peña, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4419, William S. York, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4628 ,
| | - Heather A. Moniz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding authors: Maria J. Peña, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4419, William S. York, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4628 ,
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Zhu XF, Sun Y, Zhang BC, Mansoori N, Wan JX, Liu Y, Wang ZW, Shi YZ, Zhou YH, Zheng SJ. TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE27 affects aluminum sensitivity by modulating the O-acetylation of xyloglucan and aluminum-binding capacity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:181-9. [PMID: 25006026 PMCID: PMC4149705 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) has been reported to contribute to the aluminum (Al)-binding capacity of the cell wall in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the influence of O-acetylation of XyG, accomplished by the putative O-acetyltransferase TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE27 (TBL27 [AXY4]), on its Al-binding capacity is not known. In this study, we found that the two corresponding TBL27 mutants, axy4-1 and axy4-3, were more Al sensitive than wild-type Columbia-0 plants. TBL27 was expressed in roots as well as in leaves, stems, flowers, and siliques. Upon Al treatment, even within 30 min, TBL27 transcript accumulation was strongly down-regulated. The mutants axy4-1 and axy4-3 accumulated significantly more Al in the root and wall, which could not be correlated with pectin content or pectin methylesterase activity, as no difference in the mutants was observed compared with the wild type when exposed to Al stress. The increased Al accumulation in the wall of the mutants was found to be in the hemicellulose fraction. While the total sugar content of the hemicellulose fraction did not change, the O-acetylation level of XyG was reduced by Al treatment. Taken together, we conclude that modulation of the O-acetylation level of XyG influences the Al sensitivity in Arabidopsis by affecting the Al-binding capacity in the hemicellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Bao Cai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Nasim Mansoori
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Jiang Xue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Zhi Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Yuan Zhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Yi Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., Y.S, J.X.W., Y.L., Z.W.W., S.J.Z.), and State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (B.C.Z., Y.H.Z), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 (N.M.);Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Mewalal R, Mizrachi E, Mansfield SD, Myburg AA. Cell wall-related proteins of unknown function: missing links in plant cell wall development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1031-43. [PMID: 24683037 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an important feedstock for the pulp and paper industry as well as emerging biofuel and biomaterial industries. However, the recalcitrance of the secondary cell wall to chemical or enzymatic degradation remains a major hurdle for efficient extraction of economically important biopolymers such as cellulose. It has been estimated that approximately 10-15% of about 27,000 protein-coding genes in the Arabidopsis genome are dedicated to cell wall development; however, only about 130 Arabidopsis genes thus far have experimental evidence validating cell wall function. While many genes have been implicated through co-expression analysis with known genes, a large number are broadly classified as proteins of unknown function (PUFs). Recently the functionality of some of these unknown proteins in cell wall development has been revealed using reverse genetic approaches. Given the large number of cell wall-related PUFs, how do we approach and subsequently prioritize the investigation of such unknown genes that may be essential to or influence plant cell wall development and structure? Here, we address the aforementioned question in two parts; we first identify the different kinds of PUFs based on known and predicted features such as protein domains. Knowledge of inherent features of PUFs may allow for functional inference and a concomitant link to biological context. Secondly, we discuss omics-based technologies and approaches that are helping identify and prioritize cell wall-related PUFs by functional association. In this way, hypothesis-driven experiments can be designed for functional elucidation of many proteins that remain missing links in our understanding of plant cell wall biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Mewalal
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Veličković D, Ropartz D, Guillon F, Saulnier L, Rogniaux H. New insights into the structural and spatial variability of cell-wall polysaccharides during wheat grain development, as revealed through MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2079-91. [PMID: 24600018 PMCID: PMC3991742 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) and (1→3),(1→4)-β-glucans (BG) are the major components of wheat grain cell walls. Although incompletely described at the molecular level, it is known that the chemical and distributional heterogeneity of these compounds impacts the quality and use of wheat. In this work, an emerging technique based on MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was employed to map variations in the quantity, localization, and structure of these polysaccharides in the endosperm during wheat maturation. MALDI MSI couples detailed structural information with the spatial localization observed at the micrometer scale. The enzymic hydrolysis of AX and BG was performed directly on the grain sections, resulting in the efficient formation of smaller oligosaccharides that are easily measurable through MS, with no relocation across the grain. The relative quantification of the generated oligosaccharides was achieved. The method was validated by confirming data previously obtained using other analytical techniques. Furthermore, in situ analysis of grain cell walls through MSI revealed previously undetectable intense acetylation of AX in young compared to mature grains, together with findings concerning the feruloylation of AX and different structural features of BG. These results provide new insights into the physiological roles of these polysaccharides in cell walls and the specificity of the hydrolytic enzymes involved.
Collapse
|
91
|
Discovery of LPMO activity on hemicelluloses shows the importance of oxidative processes in plant cell wall degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6287-92. [PMID: 24733907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323629111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are known to carry out oxidative cleavage of glycoside bonds in chitin and cellulose, thus boosting the activity of well-known hydrolytic depolymerizing enzymes. Because biomass-degrading microorganisms tend to produce a plethora of LPMOs, and considering the complexity and copolymeric nature of the plant cell wall, it has been speculated that some LPMOs may act on other substrates, in particular the hemicelluloses that tether to cellulose microfibrils. We demonstrate that an LPMO from Neurospora crassa, NcLPMO9C, indeed degrades various hemicelluloses, in particular xyloglucan. This activity was discovered using a glycan microarray-based screening method for detection of substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes, and further explored using defined oligomeric hemicelluloses, isolated polymeric hemicelluloses and cell walls. Products generated by NcLPMO9C were analyzed using high performance anion exchange chromatography and multidimensional mass spectrometry. We show that NcLPMO9C generates oxidized products from a variety of substrates and that its product profile differs from those of hydrolytic enzymes acting on the same substrates. The enzyme particularly acts on the glucose backbone of xyloglucan, accepting various substitutions (xylose, galactose) in almost all positions. Because the attachment of xyloglucan to cellulose hampers depolymerization of the latter, it is possible that the beneficial effect of the LPMOs that are present in current commercial cellulase mixtures in part is due to hitherto undetected LPMO activities on recalcitrant hemicellulose structures.
Collapse
|
92
|
Chong SL, Virkki L, Maaheimo H, Juvonen M, Derba-Maceluch M, Koutaniemi S, Roach M, Sundberg B, Tuomainen P, Mellerowicz EJ, Tenkanen M. O-Acetylation of glucuronoxylan in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and its change in xylan biosynthesis mutants. Glycobiology 2014; 24:494-506. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
93
|
Hao Z, Mohnen D. A review of xylan and lignin biosynthesis: Foundation for studying Arabidopsisirregular xylemmutants with pleiotropic phenotypes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:212-41. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.889651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
94
|
Sorek N, Yeats TH, Szemenyei H, Youngs H, Somerville CR. The Implications of Lignocellulosic Biomass Chemical Composition for the Production of Advanced Biofuels. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bit037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
95
|
Arabidopsis JAGGED links floral organ patterning to tissue growth by repressing Kip-related cell cycle inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2830-5. [PMID: 24497510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320457111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis requires coordinated cytoplasmic growth, oriented cell wall extension, and cell cycle progression, but it is debated which of these processes are primary drivers for tissue growth and directly targeted by developmental genes. Here, we used ChIP high-throughput sequencing combined with transcriptome analysis to identify global target genes of the Arabidopsis transcription factor JAGGED (JAG), which promotes growth of the distal region of floral organs. Consistent with the roles of JAG during organ initiation and subsequent distal organ growth, we found that JAG directly repressed genes involved in meristem development, such as CLAVATA1 and HANABA TARANU, and genes involved in the development of the basal region of shoot organs, such as BLADE ON PETIOLE 2 and the GROWTH REGULATORY FACTOR pathway. At the same time, JAG regulated genes involved in tissue polarity, cell wall modification, and cell cycle progression. In particular, JAG directly repressed KIP RELATED PROTEIN 4 (KRP4) and KRP2, which control the transition to the DNA synthesis phase (S-phase) of the cell cycle. The krp2 and krp4 mutations suppressed jag defects in organ growth and in the morphology of petal epidermal cells, showing that the interaction between JAG and KRP genes is functionally relevant. Our work reveals that JAG is a direct mediator between genetic pathways involved in organ patterning and cellular functions required for tissue growth, and it shows that a regulatory gene shapes plant organs by releasing a constraint on S-phase entry.
Collapse
|
96
|
Miedes E, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Molina A. The role of the secondary cell wall in plant resistance to pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:358. [PMID: 25161657 PMCID: PMC4122179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to pathogens relies on a complex network of constitutive and inducible defensive barriers. The plant cell wall is one of the barriers that pathogens need to overcome to successfully colonize plant tissues. The traditional view of the plant cell wall as a passive barrier has evolved to a concept that considers the wall as a dynamic structure that regulates both constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms, and as a source of signaling molecules that trigger immune responses. The secondary cell walls of plants also represent a carbon-neutral feedstock (lignocellulosic biomass) for the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Therefore, engineering plants with improved secondary cell wall characteristics is an interesting strategy to ease the processing of lignocellulosic biomass in the biorefinery. However, modification of the integrity of the cell wall by impairment of proteins required for its biosynthesis or remodeling may impact the plants resistance to pathogens. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of the plant cell wall in pathogen resistance with a focus on the contribution of lignin to this biological process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology)Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology)Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonio Molina, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, M40 (Km. 38), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Joët T, Laffargue A, Salmona J, Doulbeau S, Descroix F, Bertrand B, Lashermes P, Dussert S. Regulation of galactomannan biosynthesis in coffee seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:323-337. [PMID: 24203356 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The seed of Coffea arabica accumulates large amounts of cell wall storage polysaccharides (CWSPs) of the mannan family in the cell walls of the endosperm. The variability induced by the growing environment and extensive pairwise correlation analysis with stringent significance thresholds was used to investigate transcript-transcript and transcript-metabolite relationships among 26 sugar-related genes, and the amount of CWSPs and seven soluble low molecular weight carbohydrates in the developing coffee endosperm. A dense module of nine quantitatively co-expressed genes was detected at the mid-developmental stage when CWSPs accumulate. This module included the five genes of the core galactomannan synthetic machinery, namely genes coding for the enzymes needed to assemble the mannan backbone (mannan synthase, ManS), and genes that introduce the galactosyl side chains (galactosyltransferase, GMGT), modulate the post-depositional degree of galactose substitution (α-galactosidase), and produce the nucleotide sugar building blocks GDP-mannose and UDP-galactose (mannose-1P guanyltransferase and UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase, respectively). The amount of CWSPs stored in the endosperm at the onset of their accumulation was primarily and quantitatively modulated at the transcriptional level (i.e. positively correlated with the expression level of these key galactomannan biosynthetic genes). This analysis also suggests a role for sorbitol and raffinose family oligosaccharides as transient auxiliary sources of building blocks for galactomannan synthesis. Finally, a microarray-based analysis of the developing seed transcriptome revealed that all genes of the core galactomannan synthesis machinery grouped in a single cluster of 209 co-expressed genes. Analysis of the gene composition of this cluster revealed remarkable functional coherence and identified transcription factors that putatively control galactomannan biosynthesis in coffee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Joët
- IRD, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Structure and Biosynthesis. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_73-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
99
|
Lee C, Teng Q, Zhong R, Ye ZH. Alterations of the degree of xylan acetylation in Arabidopsis xylan mutants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e27797. [PMID: 24518588 PMCID: PMC4091231 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide in secondary walls of dicot plants and one of its structural features is the high degree of acetylation of xylosyl residues. In Arabidopsis, about 60% of xylosyl residues in xylan are acetylated and the biochemical mechanisms controlling xylan acetylation are largely unknown. A recent report by Yuan et al. (2013) revealed the essential role of a DUF231 domain-containing protein, ESKIMO1 (ESK1), in xylan acetylation in Arabidopsis as the esk1 mutation caused specific reductions in the degree of xylan 2-O or 3-O-monoacetylation and in the activity of xylan acetyltransferase. Interestingly, the esk1 mutation also resulted in an elevation of glucuronic acid (GlcA) substitutions in xylan. Since GlcA substitutions in xylan occur at the O-2 position of xylosyl residues, it is plausible that the increase in GlcA substitutions in the esk1 mutant is attributed to the reduction in acetylation at O-2 of xylosyl residues, which renders more O-2 positions available for GlcA substitutions. Here, we investigated the effect of removal of GlcA substitutions on the degree of xylan acetylation. We found that a complete loss of GlcA substitutions in the xylan of the gux1/2/3 triple mutant led to a significant increase in the degree of xylan acetylation, indicating that xylan acetyltransferases and glucuronyltransferases compete with each other for xylosyl residues for their acetylation or GlcA substitutions in planta. In addition, detailed structure analysis of xylan from the rwa1/2/3/4 quadruple mutant revealed that it had a uniform reduction of acetyl substitutions at different positions of the xylosyl residues, which is consistent with the proposed role of RWAs as acetyl coenzyme A transporters. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources; Kyung Hee University; Yongin, South Korea
| | - Quincy Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
- Correspondence to: Zheng-Hua Ye,
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Manabe Y, Verhertbruggen Y, Gille S, Harholt J, Chong SL, Pawar PMA, Mellerowicz EJ, Tenkanen M, Cheng K, Pauly M, Scheller HV. Reduced Wall Acetylation proteins play vital and distinct roles in cell wall O-acetylation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1107-17. [PMID: 24019426 PMCID: PMC3813637 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.225193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Reduced Wall Acetylation (RWA) proteins are involved in cell wall acetylation in plants. Previously, we described a single mutant, rwa2, which has about 20% lower level of O-acetylation in leaf cell walls and no obvious growth or developmental phenotype. In this study, we generated double, triple, and quadruple loss-of-function mutants of all four members of the RWA family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In contrast to rwa2, the triple and quadruple rwa mutants display severe growth phenotypes revealing the importance of wall acetylation for plant growth and development. The quadruple rwa mutant can be completely complemented with the RWA2 protein expressed under 35S promoter, indicating the functional redundancy of the RWA proteins. Nevertheless, the degree of acetylation of xylan, (gluco)mannan, and xyloglucan as well as overall cell wall acetylation is affected differently in different combinations of triple mutants, suggesting their diversity in substrate preference. The overall degree of wall acetylation in the rwa quadruple mutant was reduced by 63% compared with the wild type, and histochemical analysis of the rwa quadruple mutant stem indicates defects in cell differentiation of cell types with secondary cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuki Manabe
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | - Yves Verhertbruggen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | | | - Jesper Harholt
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | - Sun-Li Chong
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | - Prashant Mohan-Anupama Pawar
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | - Kun Cheng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | - Markus Pauly
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, California 94608 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.); Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Y.M., Y.V., H.V.S.)
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.G., K.C., M.P.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK–1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark (J.H.)
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI–00014 Helsinki, Finland (S.-L.C., M.T.)
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden (P.M.-A.P., E.J.M); and
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (M.P., H.V.S.)
| | | |
Collapse
|