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Zhang L, Prabhakar PK, Bharadwaj VS, Bomble YJ, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. Glycosyltransferase family 47 (GT47) proteins in plants and animals. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:639-652. [PMID: 36960794 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are carbohydrate-active enzymes that are encoded by the genomes of organisms spanning all domains of life. GTs catalyze glycosidic bond formation, transferring a sugar monomer from an activated donor to an acceptor substrate, often another saccharide. GTs from family 47 (GT47, PF03016) are involved in the synthesis of complex glycoproteins in mammals and insects and play a major role in the synthesis of almost every class of polysaccharide in plants, with the exception of cellulose, callose, and mixed linkage β-1,3/1,4-glucan. GT47 enzymes adopt a GT-B fold and catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds through an inverting mechanism. Unlike animal genomes, which encode few GT47 enzymes, plant genomes contain 30 or more diverse GT47 coding sequences. Our current knowledge of the GT47 family across plant species brings us an interesting view, showcasing how members exhibit a great diversity in both donor and acceptor substrate specificity, even for members that are classified in the same phylogenetic clade. Thus, we discuss how plant GT47 family members represent a great case to study the relationship between substrate specificity, protein structure, and protein evolution. Most of the plant GT47 enzymes that are identified to date are involved in biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides, including xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and pectins. This indicates unique and crucial roles of plant GT47 enzymes in cell wall formation. The aim of this review is to summarize findings about GT47 enzymes and highlight new challenges and approaches on the horizon to study this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prabhakar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden CO 80401, U.S.A
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden CO 80401, U.S.A
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
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2
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Curry TM, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. An update on xylan structure, biosynthesis, and potential commercial applications. Cell Surf 2023; 9:100101. [PMID: 36748082 PMCID: PMC9898438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
•Xylan is an abundant carbohydrate component of plant cell walls that is vital for proper cell wall structure and vascular tissue development.•Xylan structure is known to vary between different tissues and species.•The role of xylan in the plant cell wall is to interact with cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses.•Xylan synthesis is directed by several types of Golgi-localized enzymes.•Xylan is being explored as an eco-friendly resource for diverse commercial applications.
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Key Words
- AGX, arabinoglucuronoxylan
- Araf, L-α-arabinofuranose, TBL, Trichome Birefringence Like
- GAX, glucuronoarabinoxylan
- GX, glucuronoxylan
- GXMT/GXM, glucuronoxylan methyltransferase
- GlcpA, glucuronic acid
- Glycosyltransferase
- Hemicellulose
- IRX10, Irregular Xylem 10
- IRX14, Irregular Xylem 14
- IRX9, Irregular Xylem 9
- MeGlcpA, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid
- NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance
- Plant cell wall
- UDP-sugar, uridine diphosphate-linked sugar
- XOATs, xylan O-acetyltransferases
- XSC, xylan synthase complex
- Xylan
- Xylan biosynthesis
- glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX)
- glucuronoxylan (GX)
- or arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX)
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Curry
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Corresponding author at: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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3
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Smith P, Curry TM, Yang JY, Barnes WJ, Ziegler SJ, Mittal A, Moremen KW, York WS, Bomble YJ, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. Enzymatic Synthesis of Xylan Microparticles with Tunable Morphologies. ACS Mater Au 2022; 2:440-452. [PMID: 35856073 PMCID: PMC9284610 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylans are a diverse family of hemicellulosic polysaccharides found in abundance within the cell walls of nearly all flowering plants. Unfortunately, naturally occurring xylans are highly heterogeneous, limiting studies of their synthesis and structure-function relationships. Here, we demonstrate that xylan synthase 1 from the charophyte alga Klebsormidium flaccidum is a powerful biocatalytic tool for the bottom-up synthesis of pure β-1,4 xylan polymers that self-assemble into microparticles in vitro. Using uridine diphosphate-xylose (UDP-xylose) and defined saccharide primers as substrates, we demonstrate that the shape, composition, and properties of the self-assembling xylan microparticles could be readily controlled via the fine structure of the xylan oligosaccharide primer used to initiate polymer elongation. Furthermore, we highlight two approaches for bottom-up and surface functionalization of xylan microparticles with chemical probes and explore the susceptibility of xylan microparticles to enzymatic hydrolysis. Together, these results provide a useful platform for structural and functional studies of xylans to investigate cell wall biosynthesis and polymer-polymer interactions and suggest possible routes to new biobased materials with favorable properties for biomedical and renewable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
J. Smith
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thomas M. Curry
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - William J. Barnes
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Samantha J. Ziegler
- Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ashutosh Mittal
- Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - William S. York
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Bioscience
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States,Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend
Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States,. Tel: +1 706-542-4419. Fax: +1 706-542-4412
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4
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Barnes WJ, Koj S, Black IM, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Urbanowicz BR, Peña MJ, O'Neill MA. Protocols for isolating and characterizing polysaccharides from plant cell walls: a case study using rhamnogalacturonan-II. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:142. [PMID: 34158109 PMCID: PMC8218411 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, a large diversity of polysaccharides comprise the cell wall. Each major type of plant cell wall polysaccharide, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, has distinct structures and functions that contribute to wall mechanics and influence plant morphogenesis. In recent years, pectin valorization has attracted much attention due to its expanding roles in biomass deconstruction, food and material science, and environmental remediation. However, pectin utilization has been limited by our incomplete knowledge of its structure. Herein, we present a workflow of principles relevant for the characterization of polysaccharide primary structure using nature's most complex polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), as a model. RESULTS We outline how to isolate RG-II from celery and duckweed cell walls and from red wine using chemical or enzymatic treatments coupled with size-exclusion chromatography. From there, we applied mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques to determine the glycosyl residue and linkage compositions of the intact RG-II and derived oligosaccharides including special considerations for labile monosaccharides. In doing so, we demonstrated that in the duckweed Wolffiella repanda the arabinopyranosyl (Arap) residue of side chain B is substituted at O-2 with rhamnose. We used electrospray-MS techniques to identify non-glycosyl modifications including methyl-ethers, methyl-esters, and acetyl-esters on RG-II-derived oligosaccharides. We then showed the utility of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) to investigate the structure of intact RG-II and to complement the RG-II dimerization studies performed using size-exclusion chromatography. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of pectic polysaccharide structures has hampered efforts aimed at their valorization. In this work, we used RG-II as a model to demonstrate the steps necessary to isolate and characterize polysaccharides using chromatographic, MS, and NMR techniques. The principles can be applied to the characterization of other saccharide structures and will help inform researchers on how saccharide structure relates to functional properties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sabina Koj
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ian M Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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5
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Soto MJ, Prabhakar PK, Wang HT, Backe J, Chapla D, Bartetzko M, Black IM, Azadi P, Peña MJ, Pfrengle F, Moremen KW, Urbanowicz BR, Hahn MG. AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 Are Arabinofuranose-Specific Fucosyltransferases. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:589518. [PMID: 33633757 PMCID: PMC7900004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.589518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of plant biomass is comprised of plant cell walls, which are complex polymeric networks, composed of diverse polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenolics, and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). Glycosyltransferases (GTs) work together to synthesize the saccharide components of the plant cell wall. The Arabidopsis thaliana fucosyltransferases (FUTs), AtFUT4, and AtFUT6, are members of the plant-specific GT family 37 (GT37). AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 transfer fucose (Fuc) onto arabinose (Ara) residues of arabinogalactan (AG) proteins (AGPs) and have been postulated to be non-redundant AGP-specific FUTs. AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 were recombinantly expressed in mammalian HEK293 cells and purified for biochemical analysis. We report an updated understanding on the specificities of AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 that are involved in the synthesis of wall localized AGPs. Our findings suggest that they are selective enzymes that can utilize various arabinogalactan (AG)-like and non-AG-like oligosaccharide acceptors, and only require a free, terminal arabinofuranose. We also report with GUS promoter-reporter gene studies that AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 gene expression is sub-localized in different parts of developing A. thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Soto
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prabhakar
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jason Backe
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Max Bartetzko
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ian M. Black
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maria J. Peña
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Breeanna R. Urbanowicz,
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Michael G. Hahn,
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6
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Bharadwaj VS, Crowley MF, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz B, O'Neill M. Mechanism and Reaction Energy Landscape for Apiose Cross-Linking by Boric Acid in Rhamnogalacturonan II. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10117-10125. [PMID: 33112619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)-the most complex polysaccharide known in nature-exists as a borate cross-linked dimer in the plant primary cell wall. Boric acid facilitates the formation of this cross-link on the apiosyl residues of RG-II's side chain A. Here, we detail the reaction mechanism for the cross-linking process with ab initio calculations coupled with transition state theory. We determine the formation of the first ester linkage to be the rate-limiting step of the mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that the regio- and stereospecific nature of subsequent steps in the reaction itinerary presents four distinct energetically plausible reaction pathways. This has significant implications for the overall structure of the cross-linked RG-II dimer assembly. Our transition state and reaction path analyses reveal key geometric insights that corroborate previous experimental hypotheses on borate ester formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Michael F Crowley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Malcolm O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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7
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Lunin VV, Wang HT, Bharadwaj VS, Alahuhta M, Peña MJ, Yang JY, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Himmel ME, Moremen KW, York WS, Bomble YJ, Urbanowicz BR. Molecular Mechanism of Polysaccharide Acetylation by the Arabidopsis Xylan O-acetyltransferase XOAT1. Plant Cell 2020; 32:2367-2382. [PMID: 32354790 PMCID: PMC7346548 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylans are a major component of plant cell walls. O-Acetyl moieties are the dominant backbone substituents of glucuronoxylan in dicots and play a major role in the polymer-polymer interactions that are crucial for wall architecture and normal plant development. Here, we describe the biochemical, structural, and mechanistic characterization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) xylan O-acetyltransferase 1 (XOAT1), a member of the plant-specific Trichome Birefringence Like (TBL) family. Detailed characterization of XOAT1-catalyzed reactions by real-time NMR confirms that it exclusively catalyzes the 2-O-acetylation of xylan, followed by nonenzymatic acetyl migration to the O-3 position, resulting in products that are monoacetylated at both O-2 and O-3 positions. In addition, we report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of XOAT1, which adopts a unique conformation that bears some similarities to the α/β/α topology of members of the GDSL-like lipase/acylhydrolase family. Finally, we use a combination of biochemical analyses, mutagenesis, and molecular simulations to show that XOAT1 catalyzes xylan acetylation through formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate, Ac-Ser-216, by a double displacement bi-bi mechanism involving a Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad and unconventionally uses an Arg residue in the formation of an oxyanion hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Lunin
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Vivek S Bharadwaj
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Markus Alahuhta
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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8
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Prabhakar PK, Wang HT, Smith PJ, Yang JY, Barnes WJ, Peña MJ, Moremen KW, Urbanowicz BR. Heterologous expression of plant glycosyltransferases for biochemistry and structural biology. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:145-165. [PMID: 32896313 PMCID: PMC7593805 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Much of the carbon captured by photosynthesis is converted into the polysaccharides that constitute plant cell walls. These complex macrostructures are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins, together with small amounts of structural proteins, minerals, and in many cases lignin. Wall components assemble and interact with one another to produce dynamic structures with many capabilities, including providing mechanical support to plant structures and determining plant cell shape and size. Despite their abundance, major gaps in our knowledge of the synthesis of the building blocks of these polymers remain, largely due to ineffective methods for expression and purification of active synthetic enzymes for in vitro biochemical analyses. The hemicellulosic polysaccharide, xyloglucan, comprises up to 25% of the dry weight of primary cell walls in plants. Most of the knowledge about the glycosyltransferases (GTs) involved in the xyloglucan biosynthetic pathway has been derived from the identification and carbohydrate analysis of knockout mutants, lending little information on how the catalytic biosynthesis of xyloglucan occurs in planta. In this chapter we describe methods for the heterologous expression of plant GTs using the HEK293 expression platform. As a demonstration of the utility of this platform, nine xyloglucan-relevant GTs from three different CAZy families were evaluated, and methods for expression, purification, and construct optimization are described for biochemical and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Prabhakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Peter J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - William J Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, TN, United States.
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9
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O'Neill MA, Black I, Urbanowicz B, Bharadwaj V, Crowley M, Koj S, Peña MJ. Locating Methyl-Etherified and Methyl-Esterified Uronic Acids in the Plant Cell Wall Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:329-344. [PMID: 32468908 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320923321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide that exists as a borate ester cross-linked dimer in the cell walls of all vascular plants. The glycosyl sequence of RG-II is largely conserved, but there is evidence that galacturonic acid (GalA) methyl etherification and glucuronic acid (GlcA) methyl esterification vary in the A sidechain across plant species. Methyl esterification of the galacturonan backbone has also been reported but not confirmed. Here we describe a new procedure, utilizing aq. sodium borodeuteride (NaBD4)-reduced RG-II, to identify the methyl esterification status of backbone GalAs. Our data suggest that up to two different GalAs are esterified in the RG-II backbone. We also adapted a procedure based on methanolysis and NaBD4 reduction to identify 3-, 4-, and 3,4-O-methyl GalA in RG-II. These data, together with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of sidechain A generated from selected RG-IIs and their NaBD4-reduced counterparts, suggest that methyl etherification of the β-linked GalA and methyl esterification of the GlcA are widespread. Nevertheless, the extent of these modifications varies between plant species. Our analysis of the sidechain B glycoforms in RG-II from different dicots and nonpoalean monocots suggests that this sidechain has a minimum structure of an O-acetylated hexasaccharide (Ara-[MeFuc]-Gal-AceA-Rha-Api-). To complement these studies, we provide further evidence showing that dimer formation and stability in vitro is cation and borate dependent. Taken together, our data further refine the primary sequence and sequence variation of RG-II and provide additional insight into dimer stability and factors controlling dimer self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Mike Crowley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Sabina Koj
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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10
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Yang J, Bak G, Burgin T, Barnes WJ, Mayes HB, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR, Nielsen E. Biochemical and Genetic Analysis Identify CSLD3 as a beta-1,4-Glucan Synthase That Functions during Plant Cell Wall Synthesis. Plant Cell 2020; 32:1749-1767. [PMID: 32169960 PMCID: PMC7203914 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, changes in cell size and shape during development fundamentally depend on the ability to synthesize and modify cell wall polysaccharides. The main classes of cell wall polysaccharides produced by terrestrial plants are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Members of the cellulose synthase (CESA) and cellulose synthase-like (CSL) families encode glycosyltransferases that synthesize the β-1,4-linked glycan backbones of cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. Cellulose microfibrils are the major load-bearing component in plant cell walls and are assembled from individual β-1,4-glucan polymers synthesized by CESA proteins that are organized into multimeric complexes called CESA complexes, in the plant plasma membrane. During distinct modes of polarized cell wall deposition, such as in the tip growth that occurs during the formation of root hairs and pollen tubes or de novo formation of cell plates during plant cytokinesis, newly synthesized cell wall polysaccharides are deposited in a restricted region of the cell. These processes require the activity of members of the CESA-like D subfamily. However, while these CSLD polysaccharide synthases are essential, the nature of the polysaccharides they synthesize has remained elusive. Here, we use a combination of genetic rescue experiments with CSLD-CESA chimeric proteins, in vitro biochemical reconstitution, and supporting computational modeling and simulation, to demonstrate that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CSLD3 is a UDP-glucose-dependent β-1,4-glucan synthase that forms protein complexes displaying similar ultrastructural features to those formed by CESA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gwangbae Bak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tucker Burgin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Heather B Mayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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11
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Liyanapathiranage A, Peña MJ, Sharma S, Minko S. Nanocellulose-Based Sustainable Dyeing of Cotton Textiles with Minimized Water Pollution. ACS Omega 2020; 5:9196-9203. [PMID: 32363271 PMCID: PMC7191597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This research aims at minimizing environmental pollution by effluents discharged from current textile dyeing processes. The reduction of pollution is approached with a nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) dyeing method. In the commonly used exhaust reactive dye bath cotton dyeing process, water effluents are contaminated with unreacted dyes and dyeing formulation auxiliaries amid the consumption of 20 weight units of water per weight unit of colored textile products. It was recently demonstrated that using reactive dye-colored NFC hydrogels-an aqueous dispersion of the NFC pigment-a sustainable dye carrier-results in 6-fold reduction in consumption of water and auxiliaries. Here, we report further developments of this technology. Cotton fabrics and NFC hydrogels inherit a fraction of soluble polysugars that react and conjugate with the reactive dyes. These soluble dye-conjugated polysugars are released into the wastewater, thus resulting in water pollution and also in reduced efficiency of the dyeing process. We demonstrate here that post-treatment of NFC-colored cotton textiles with polycarboxylic acid secures permanent chemical grafting of the soluble dye-labeled polysugars and forms chemical cross-links with the NFC fibers on the cotton fabric via the esterification reaction. This combination leads to the improvement of dye fixation by 30% and reduces the dye discharge in the washing stage by 60%. This enhancement is approached without compromising the stiffness and breathability of the fabrics. The advanced textile method is tested for a series of reactive dyes covering the entire visual spectrum range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Nanostructured
Materials Lab, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sergiy Minko
- Nanostructured
Materials Lab, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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12
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Smith PJ, O'Neill MA, Backe J, York WS, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. Analytical Techniques for Determining the Role of Domain of Unknown Function 579 Proteins in the Synthesis of O-Methylated Plant Polysaccharides. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:345-355. [PMID: 32204644 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320912692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix polysaccharides are a diverse group of structurally complex carbohydrates and account for a large portion of the biomass consumed as food or used to produce fuels and materials. Glucuronoxylan and arabinogalactan protein are matrix glycans that have sidechains decorated with 4-O-methyl glucuronosyl residues. Methylation is a key determinant of the physical properties of these wall glycopolymers and consequently affects both their biological function and ability to interact with other wall polymers. Indeed, there is increasing interest in determining the distribution and abundance of methyl-etherified polysaccharides in different plant species, tissues, and developmental stages. There is also a need to understand the mechanisms involved in their biosynthesis. Members of the Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) 579 family have been demonstrated to have a role in the biosynthesis of methyl-etherified glycans. Here we describe methods for the analysis of the 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid moieties that are present in sidechains of arabinogalactan proteins. These methods are then applied toward the analysis of loss-of-function mutants of two DUF579 family members that lack this modification in muro. We also present a procedure to assay DUF579 family members for enzymatic activity in vitro using acceptor oligosaccharides prepared from xylan of loss-of-function mutants. Our approach facilitates the characterization of enzymes that modify glycosyl residues during cell wall synthesis and the structures that they generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jason Backe
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN, USA
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN, USA
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13
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Avci U, Peña MJ, O'Neill MA. Changes in the abundance of cell wall apiogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan and conservation of rhamnogalacturonan II structure during the diversification of the Lemnoideae. Planta 2018; 247:953-971. [PMID: 29288327 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The diversification of the Lemnoideae was accompanied by a reduction in the abundance of cell wall apiogalacturonan and an increase in xylogalacturonan whereas rhamnogalacturonan II structure and cross-linking are conserved. The subfamily Lemnoideae is comprised of five genera and 38 species of small, fast-growing aquatic monocots. Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza belong to this subfamily and have primary cell walls that contain large amounts of apiogalacturonan and thus are distinct from the primary walls of most other flowering plants. However, the pectins in the cell walls of other members of the Lemnoideae have not been investigated. Here, we show that apiogalacturonan decreased substantially as the Lemnoideae diversified since Wolffiella and Wolffia walls contain between 63 and 88% less apiose than Spirodela, Landoltia, and Lemna walls. In Wolffia, the most derived genus, xylogalacturonan is far more abundant than apiogalacturonan, whereas in Wolffiella pectic polysaccharides have a high arabinose content, which may arise from arabinan sidechains of RG I. The apiose-containing pectin rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) exists in Lemnoideae walls as a borate cross-linked dimer and has a glycosyl sequence similar to RG-II from terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, species-dependent variations in the extent of methyl-etherification of RG-II sidechain A and arabinosylation of sidechain B are discernible. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that pectin methyl-esterification is higher in developing daughter frond walls than in mother frond walls, indicating that methyl-esterification is associated with expanding cells. Our data support the notion that a functional cell wall requires conservation of RG-II structure and cross-linking but can accommodate structural changes in other pectins. The Lemnoideae provide a model system to study the mechanisms by which wall structure and composition has changed in closely related plants with similar growth habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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14
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Urbanowicz BR, Bharadwaj VS, Alahuhta M, Peña MJ, Lunin VV, Bomble YJ, Wang S, Yang JY, Tuomivaara ST, Himmel ME, Moremen KW, York WS, Crowley MF. Structural, mutagenic and in silico studies of xyloglucan fucosylation in Arabidopsis thaliana suggest a water-mediated mechanism. Plant J 2017; 91:931-949. [PMID: 28670741 PMCID: PMC5735850 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic underpinnings of the complex process of plant polysaccharide biosynthesis are poorly understood, largely because of the resistance of glycosyltransferase (GT) enzymes to structural characterization. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a glycosyl transferase family 37 (GT37) fucosyltransferase 1 (AtFUT1) catalyzes the regiospecific transfer of terminal 1,2-fucosyl residues to xyloglucan side chains - a key step in the biosynthesis of fucosylated sidechains of galactoxyloglucan. We unravel the mechanistic basis for fucosylation by AtFUT1 with a multipronged approach involving protein expression, X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis experiments and molecular simulations. Mammalian cell culture expressions enable the sufficient production of the enzyme for X-ray crystallography, which reveals the structural architecture of AtFUT1 in complex with bound donor and acceptor substrate analogs. The lack of an appropriately positioned active site residue as a catalytic base leads us to propose an atypical water-mediated fucosylation mechanism facilitated by an H-bonded network, which is corroborated by mutagenesis experiments as well as detailed atomistic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vivek S. Bharadwaj
- Biosciences Division, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Markus Alahuhta
- Biosciences Division, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vladimir V. Lunin
- Biosciences Division, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Division, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sami T. Tuomivaara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Division, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael F. Crowley
- Biosciences Division, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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15
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Ruiz Iban MA, Tejedor A, Gil Garay E, Revenga C, Hermosa JC, Montfort J, Peña MJ, López Millán JM, Montero Matamala A, Capa Grasa A, Navarro MJ, Gobbo M, Loza E. GEDOS-SECOT consensus on the care process of patients with knee osteoarthritis and arthoplasty. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2017; 61:296-312. [PMID: 28689784 DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop recommendations on the evaluation and management procedure in patients undergoing total knee replacement based on best evidence and the experience of a panel of experts. METHODS A multidisciplinary group of 12 experts was selected that defined the scope, users and the document parts. Three systematic reviews were performed in patients undergoing knee replacement: (i)efficacy and safety of fast-tracks; (ii)efficacy and safety of cognitive interventions in patients with catastrophic pain, and (iii) efficacy and safety of acute post-surgical pain management on post-surgical outcomes. A narrative review was conducted on the evaluation and management of pain sensitization, and about the efficacy and safety of pre-surgical physiotherapy. The experts generated the recommendations and explicative text. The level of agreement was evaluated in a multidisciplinary group of 85 experts with the Delphi technique. The level of evidence was established as well for each recommendation. RESULTS A total of 20 recommendations were produced. An agreement higher than 80% was reached in all of them. We found the highest agreement on the need for a full discharge report, on providing proper information about the process and on following available guidelines. CONCLUSIONS There is consensus among professionals involved in the management of patients undergoing total knee replacement, in that it is important to protocolize the replacement process, performing a proper, integrated and coordinated patient evaluation and follow-up, paying special attention to the surgical procedure and postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ruiz Iban
- Servicio Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
| | - A Tejedor
- Especialista en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, CS Las Ciudades, Getafe, Madrid, España
| | - E Gil Garay
- Servicio de Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - C Revenga
- Servicio de Traumatología y Cirugía Ortopédica, Hospital San Juan Grande, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, España
| | - J C Hermosa
- Especialista en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, CS Las Ciudades, Getafe, Madrid, España
| | - J Montfort
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, España
| | - M J Peña
- Responsable de Enfermería de Atención Primaria del sector II, Zaragoza, España
| | - J M López Millán
- Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España
| | - A Montero Matamala
- Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
| | - A Capa Grasa
- Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - M J Navarro
- Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación Médica, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, España
| | - M Gobbo
- Positivamente Centro de Psicología, Madrid, España
| | - E Loza
- Instituto de Salud Musculoesquelética, Madrid, España.
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16
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Alcaide F, Peña MJ, Pérez-Risco D, Camprubi D, Gonzalez-Luquero L, Grijota-Camino MD, Dorca J, Santin M. Increasing isolation of rapidly growing mycobacteria in a low-incidence setting of environmental mycobacteria, 1994-2015. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1425-1432. [PMID: 28321580 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine trends in incidence and clinical relevance of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) in a low-prevalence region of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. We retrospectively identified all patients with RGM-positive cultures between January 1994 and December 2015. Trends in incidence, clinical significance, and outcomes were assessed. One hundred and forty patients had RGM-positive cultures (116 respiratory and 24 extra-respiratory sources). The incidence of RGM isolates increased steadily from 2003 (0.34 per 100,000) to 2015 (1.73 per 100,000), with an average annual increase of 8.3%. Thirty-two patients (22.9%) had clinical disease, which trended to cluster in the second half of the study period. A positive acid-fast bacilli smear (odds ratio [OR] 97.7, 95 % CI 13.8-689.4), the presence of extra-respiratory isolates (OR 19.4, 95 % CI 5.2-72.7), and female gender (OR 5.9, 95 % CI 1.9-19.1) were independently associated with clinical disease. Cure rates were 73.3 and 87.5% for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary disease respectively. Although the burden of disease remains low, the presence of RGM isolates is increasing in our geographical setting. Whether this rise will be sustained over time and will coincide with an increase in clinical disease, or whether it is merely a cycle in the poorly understood epidemiological behaviour of environmental mycobacteria, will be seen in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alcaide
- Service of Microbiology, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Peña
- Service of Microbiology, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Pérez-Risco
- Service of Microbiology, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Camprubi
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Gonzalez-Luquero
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M D Grijota-Camino
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Dorca
- Service of Pneumology, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Santin
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
- University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Smith PJ, Wang HT, York WS, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR. Designer biomass for next-generation biorefineries: leveraging recent insights into xylan structure and biosynthesis. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:286. [PMID: 29213325 PMCID: PMC5708106 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylans are the most abundant noncellulosic polysaccharides in lignified secondary cell walls of woody dicots and in both primary and secondary cell walls of grasses. These polysaccharides, which comprise 20-35% of terrestrial biomass, present major challenges for the efficient microbial bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to fuels and other value-added products. Xylans play a significant role in the recalcitrance of biomass to degradation, and their bioconversion requires metabolic pathways that are distinct from those used to metabolize cellulose. In this review, we discuss the key differences in the structural features of xylans across diverse plant species, how these features affect their interactions with cellulose and lignin, and recent developments in understanding their biosynthesis. In particular, we focus on how the combined structural and biosynthetic knowledge can be used as a basis for biomass engineering aimed at developing crops that are better suited as feedstocks for the bioconversion industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Lab Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
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18
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Peña MJ, Kulkarni AR, Backe J, Boyd M, O'Neill MA, York WS. Structural diversity of xylans in the cell walls of monocots. Planta 2016; 244:589-606. [PMID: 27105886 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylans in the cell walls of monocots are structurally diverse. Arabinofuranose-containing glucuronoxylans are characteristic of commelinids. However, other structural features are not correlated with the major transitions in monocot evolution. Most studies of xylan structure in monocot cell walls have emphasized members of the Poaceae (grasses). Thus, there is a paucity of information regarding xylan structure in other commelinid and in non-commelinid monocot walls. Here, we describe the major structural features of the xylans produced by plants selected from ten of the twelve monocot orders. Glucuronoxylans comparable to eudicot secondary wall glucuronoxylans are abundant in non-commelinid walls. However, the α-D-glucuronic acid/4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronic acid is often substituted at O-2 by an α-L-arabinopyranose residue in Alismatales and Asparagales glucuronoxylans. Glucuronoarabinoxylans were the only xylans detected in the cell walls of five different members of the Poaceae family (grasses). By contrast, both glucuronoxylan and glucuronoarabinoxylan are formed by the Zingiberales and Commelinales (commelinids). At least one species of each monocot order, including the Poales, forms xylan with the reducing end sequence -4)-β-D-Xylp-(1,3)-α-L-Rhap-(1,2)-α-D-GalpA-(1,4)-D-Xyl first identified in eudicot and gymnosperm glucuronoxylans. This sequence was not discernible in the arabinopyranose-containing glucuronoxylans of the Alismatales and Asparagales or the glucuronoarabinoxylans of the Poaceae. Rather, our data provide additional evidence that in Poaceae glucuronoarabinoxylan, the reducing end xylose residue is often substituted at O-2 with 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid or at O-3 with arabinofuranose. The variations in xylan structure and their implications for the evolution and biosynthesis of monocot cell walls are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ameya R Kulkarni
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Jason Backe
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael Boyd
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Willis JD, Smith JA, Mazarei M, Zhang JY, Turner GB, Decker SR, Sykes RW, Poovaiah CR, Baxter HL, Mann DGJ, Davis MF, Udvardi MK, Peña MJ, Backe J, Bar-Peled M, Stewart CN. Downregulation of a UDP-Arabinomutase Gene in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) Results in Increased Cell Wall Lignin While Reducing Arabinose-Glycans. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1580. [PMID: 27833622 PMCID: PMC5081414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a C4 perennial prairie grass and a dedicated feedstock for lignocellulosic biofuels. Saccharification and biofuel yields are inhibited by the plant cell wall's natural recalcitrance against enzymatic degradation. Plant hemicellulose polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans structurally support and cross-link other cell wall polymers. Grasses predominately have Type II cell walls that are abundant in arabinoxylan, which comprise nearly 25% of aboveground biomass. A primary component of arabinoxylan synthesis is uridine diphosphate (UDP) linked to arabinofuranose (Araf). A family of UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM)/reversible glycosylated polypeptides catalyze the interconversion between UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-Araf. Results: The expression of a switchgrass arabinoxylan biosynthesis pathway gene, PvUAM1, was decreased via RNAi to investigate its role in cell wall recalcitrance in the feedstock. PvUAM1 encodes a switchgrass homolog of UDP-arabinose mutase, which converts UDP-Arap to UDP-Araf. Southern blot analysis revealed each transgenic line contained between one to at least seven T-DNA insertions, resulting in some cases, a 95% reduction of native PvUAM1 transcript in stem internodes. Transgenic plants had increased pigmentation in vascular tissues at nodes, but were otherwise similar in morphology to the non-transgenic control. Cell wall-associated arabinose was decreased in leaves and stems by over 50%, but there was an increase in cellulose. In addition, there was a commensurate change in arabinose side chain extension. Cell wall lignin composition was altered with a concurrent increase in lignin content and transcript abundance of lignin biosynthetic genes in mature tillers. Enzymatic saccharification efficiency was unchanged in the transgenic plants relative to the control. Conclusion: Plants with attenuated PvUAM1 transcript had increased cellulose and lignin in cell walls. A decrease in cell wall-associated arabinose was expected, which was likely caused by fewer Araf residues in the arabinoxylan. The decrease in arabinoxylan may cause a compensation response to maintain cell wall integrity by increasing cellulose and lignin biosynthesis. In cases in which increased lignin is desired, e.g., feedstocks for carbon fiber production, downregulated UAM1 coupled with altered expression of other arabinoxylan biosynthesis genes might result in even higher production of lignin in biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Willis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
| | - James A. Smith
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, AthensGA, USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
| | - Ji-Yi Zhang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, USA
| | - Geoffrey B. Turner
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Decker
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Robert W. Sykes
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Charleson R. Poovaiah
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
| | - Holly L. Baxter
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
| | - David G. J. Mann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
| | - Mark F. Davis
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, GoldenCO, USA
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, AthensGA, USA
| | - Jason Backe
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, AthensGA, USA
| | - Maor Bar-Peled
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, AthensGA, USA
- Plant Biology, University of Georgia, AthensGA, USA
- *Correspondence: Maor Bar-Peled, C. N. Stewart Jr.,
| | - C. N. Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak RidgeTN, USA
- *Correspondence: Maor Bar-Peled, C. N. Stewart Jr.,
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Muszyński A, O'Neill MA, Ramasamy E, Pattathil S, Avci U, Peña MJ, Libault M, Hossain MS, Brechenmacher L, York WS, Barbosa RM, Hahn MG, Stacey G, Carlson RW. Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls. Planta 2015; 242:1123-38. [PMID: 26067758 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Chemical analyses and glycome profiling demonstrate differences in the structures of the xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I isolated from soybean ( Glycine max ) roots and root hair cell walls. The root hair is a plant cell that extends only at its tip. All other root cells have the ability to grow in different directions (diffuse growth). Although both growth modes require controlled expansion of the cell wall, the types and structures of polysaccharides in the walls of diffuse and tip-growing cells from the same plant have not been determined. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the few plants whose root hairs can be isolated in amounts sufficient for cell wall chemical characterization. Here, we describe the structural features of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, xyloglucan, glucomannan, and 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the cell walls of soybean root hairs and roots stripped of root hairs. Irrespective of cell type, rhamnogalacturonan II exists as a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate ester. Root hair rhamnogalacturonan I contains more neutral oligosaccharide side chains than its root counterpart. At least 90% of the glucuronic acid is 4-O-methylated in root glucuronoxylan. Only 50% of this glycose is 4-O-methylated in the root hair counterpart. Mono O-acetylated fucose-containing subunits account for at least 60% of the neutral xyloglucan from root and root hair walls. By contrast, a galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan was detected only in root hair cell walls. Soybean homologs of the Arabidopsis xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase are highly expressed only in root hairs. A mannose-rich polysaccharide was also detected only in root hair cell walls. Our data demonstrate that the walls of tip-growing root hairs cells have structural features that distinguish them from the walls of other roots cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Easwaran Ramasamy
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Laurent Brechenmacher
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Southern Alberta Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rommel M Barbosa
- Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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21
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Cuskin F, Lowe EC, Temple MJ, Zhu Y, Cameron EA, Pudlo NA, Porter NT, Urs K, Thompson AJ, Cartmell A, Rogowski A, Hamilton BS, Chen R, Tolbert TJ, Piens K, Bracke D, Vervecken W, Hakki Z, Speciale G, Munōz-Munōz JL, Day A, Peña MJ, McLean R, Suits MD, Boraston AB, Atherly T, Ziemer CJ, Williams SJ, Davies GJ, Abbott DW, Martens EC, Gilbert HJ. Corrigendum: Human gut Bacteroidetes can utilize yeast mannan through a selfish mechanism. Nature 2015; 520:388. [PMID: 25739504 DOI: 10.1038/nature14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Kong Y, Peña MJ, Renna L, Avci U, Pattathil S, Tuomivaara ST, Li X, Reiter WD, Brandizzi F, Hahn MG, Darvill AG, York WS, O'Neill MA. Galactose-depleted xyloglucan is dysfunctional and leads to dwarfism in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2015; 167:1296-306. [PMID: 25673778 PMCID: PMC4378170 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is a polysaccharide that has important roles in the formation and function of the walls that surround growing land plant cells. Many of these plants synthesize xyloglucan that contains galactose in two different side chains (L and F), which exist in distinct molecular environments. However, little is known about the contribution of these side chains to xyloglucan function. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants devoid of the F side chain galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) form xyloglucan that lacks F side chains and contains much less galactosylated xylose than its wild-type counterpart. The galactose-depleted xyloglucan is dysfunctional, as it leads to mutants that are dwarfed with curled rosette leaves, short petioles, and short inflorescence stems. Moreover, cell wall matrix polysaccharides, including xyloglucan and pectin, are not properly secreted and instead accumulate within intracellular aggregates. Near-normal growth is restored by generating mur3 mutants that produce no detectable amounts of xyloglucan. Thus, cellular processes are affected more by the presence of the dysfunctional xyloglucan than by eliminating xyloglucan altogether. To identify structural features responsible for xyloglucan dysfunction, xyloglucan structure was modified in situ by generating mur3 mutants that lack specific xyloglucan xylosyltransferases (XXTs) or that overexpress the XYLOGLUCAN L-SIDE CHAIN GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE2 (XLT2) gene. Normal growth was restored in the mur3-3 mutant overexpressing XLT2 and in mur3-3 xxt double mutants when the dysfunctional xyloglucan was modified by doubling the amounts of galactosylated side chains. Our study assigns a role for galactosylation in normal xyloglucan function and demonstrates that altering xyloglucan side chain structure disturbs diverse cellular and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Kong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Luciana Renna
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Sami T Tuomivaara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Xuemei Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Wolf-Dieter Reiter
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Alan G Darvill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
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23
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Cuskin F, Lowe EC, Temple MJ, Zhu Y, Cameron E, Pudlo NA, Porter NT, Urs K, Thompson AJ, Cartmell A, Rogowski A, Hamilton BS, Chen R, Tolbert TJ, Piens K, Bracke D, Vervecken W, Hakki Z, Speciale G, Munōz-Munōz JL, Day A, Peña MJ, McLean R, Suits MD, Boraston AB, Atherly T, Ziemer CJ, Williams SJ, Davies GJ, Abbott DW, Martens EC, Gilbert HJ. Human gut Bacteroidetes can utilize yeast mannan through a selfish mechanism. Nature 2015; 517:165-169. [PMID: 25567280 PMCID: PMC4978465 DOI: 10.1038/nature13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts, which have been a component of the human diet for at least 7000 years, possess an elaborate cell wall α-mannan. The influence of yeast mannan on the ecology of the human microbiota is unknown. Here we show that yeast α-mannan is a viable food source for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), a dominant member of the microbiota. Detailed biochemical analysis and targeted gene disruption studies support a model whereby limited cleavage of α-mannan on the surface generates large oligosaccharides that are subsequently depolymerized to mannose by the action of periplasmic enzymes. Co-culturing studies showed that metabolism of yeast mannan by Bt presents a ‘selfish’ model for the catabolism of this recalcitrant polysaccharide. This report shows how a cohort of highly successful members of the microbiota has evolved to consume sterically-restricted yeast glycans, an adaptation that may reflect the incorporation of eukaryotic microorganisms into the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Cuskin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elisabeth C Lowe
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Max J Temple
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Pudlo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathan T Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karthik Urs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Alan Cartmell
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Artur Rogowski
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Brian S Hamilton
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Thomas J Tolbert
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zalihe Hakki
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gaetano Speciale
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jose L Munōz-Munōz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Andrew Day
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard McLean
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Michael D Suits
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd Atherly
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Cherie J Ziemer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Harry J Gilbert
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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24
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Srivastava AC, Chen F, Ray T, Pattathil S, Peña MJ, Avci U, Li H, Huhman DV, Backe J, Urbanowicz B, Miller JS, Bedair M, Wyman CE, Sumner LW, York WS, Hahn MG, Dixon RA, Blancaflor EB, Tang Y. Loss of function of folylpolyglutamate synthetase 1 reduces lignin content and improves cell wall digestibility in Arabidopsis. Biotechnol Biofuels 2015; 8:224. [PMID: 26697113 PMCID: PMC4687376 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-carbon (C1) metabolism is important for synthesizing a range of biologically important compounds that are essential for life. In plants, the C1 pathway is crucial for the synthesis of a large number of secondary metabolites, including lignin. Tetrahydrofolate and its derivatives, collectively referred to as folates, are crucial co-factors for C1 metabolic pathway enzymes. Given the link between the C1 and phenylpropanoid pathways, we evaluated whether folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a glutamate tail to folates to form folylpolyglutamates, can be a viable target for reducing cell wall recalcitrance in plants. RESULTS Consistent with its role in lignocellulosic formation, FPGS1 was preferentially expressed in vascular tissues. Total lignin was low in fpgs1 plants leading to higher saccharification efficiency of the mutant. The decrease in total lignin in fpgs1 was mainly due to lower guaiacyl (G) lignin levels. Glycome profiling revealed subtle alterations in the cell walls of fpgs1. Further analyses of hemicellulosic polysaccharides by NMR showed that the degree of methylation of 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan was reduced in the fpgs1 mutant. Microarray analysis and real-time qRT-PCR revealed that transcripts of a number of genes in the C1 and lignin pathways had altered expression in fpgs1 mutants. Consistent with the transcript changes of C1-related genes, a significant reduction in S-adenosyl-l-methionine content was detected in the fpgs1 mutant. The modified expression of the various methyltransferases and lignin-related genes indicate possible feedback regulation of C1 pathway-mediated lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our observations provide genetic and biochemical support for the importance of folylpolyglutamates in the lignocellulosic pathway and reinforces previous observations that targeting a single FPGS isoform for down-regulation leads to reduced lignin in plants. Because fpgs1 mutants had no dramatic defects in above ground biomass, selective down-regulation of individual components of C1 metabolism is an approach that should be explored further for the improvement of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C. Srivastava
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Fang Chen
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Tui Ray
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Utku Avci
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Hongjia Li
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - David V. Huhman
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Jason Backe
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Miller
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Mohamed Bedair
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - William S. York
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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25
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Urbanowicz BR, Peña MJ, Moniz HA, Moremen KW, York WS. Two Arabidopsis proteins synthesize acetylated xylan in vitro. Plant J 2014; 80:197-206. [PMID: 25141999 PMCID: PMC4184958 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the third most abundant glycopolymer on earth after cellulose and chitin. As a major component of wood, grain and forage, this natural biopolymer has far-reaching impacts on human life. This highly acetylated cell wall polysaccharide is a vital component of the plant cell wall, which functions as a molecular scaffold, providing plants with mechanical strength and flexibility. Mutations that impair synthesis of the xylan backbone give rise to plants that fail to grow normally because of collapsed xylem cells in the vascular system. Phenotypic analysis of these mutants has implicated many proteins in xylan biosynthesis; however, the enzymes directly responsible for elongation and acetylation of the xylan backbone have not been unambiguously identified. Here we provide direct biochemical evidence that two Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, IRREGULAR XYLEM 10-L (IRX10-L) and ESKIMO1/TRICOME BIREFRINGENCE 29 (ESK1/TBL29), catalyze these respective processes in vitro. By identifying the elusive xylan synthase and establishing ESK1/TBL29 as the archetypal plant polysaccharide O-acetyltransferase, we have resolved two long-standing questions in plant cell wall biochemistry. These findings shed light on integral steps in the molecular pathways used by plants to synthesize a major component of the world's biomass and expand our toolkit for producing glycopolymers with valuable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding authors: Maria J. Peña, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4419, William S. York, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4628 ,
| | - Heather A. Moniz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding authors: Maria J. Peña, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4419, William S. York, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, +01 (706) 542-4628 ,
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26
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Peña MJ, Kong Y, York WS, O’Neill MA. A galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan is involved in Arabidopsis root hair tip growth. Plant Cell 2012; 24:4511-24. [PMID: 23175743 PMCID: PMC3531849 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs provide a model system to study plant cell growth, yet little is known about the polysaccharide compositions of their walls or the role of these polysaccharides in wall expansion. We report that Arabidopsis thaliana root hair walls contain a previously unidentified xyloglucan that is composed of both neutral and galacturonic acid-containing subunits, the latter containing the β-D-galactosyluronic acid-(1→2)-α-D-xylosyl-(1→ and/or α-L-fucosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactosyluronic acid-(1→2)-α-D-xylosyl-(1→) side chains. Arabidopsis mutants lacking root hairs have no acidic xyloglucan. A loss-of-function mutation in At1g63450, a root hair-specific gene encoding a family GT47 glycosyltransferase, results in the synthesis of xyloglucan that lacks galacturonic acid. The root hairs of this mutant are shorter than those of the wild type. This mutant phenotype and the absence of galacturonic acid in the root xyloglucan are complemented by At1g63450. The leaf and stem cell walls of wild-type Arabidopsis contain no acidic xyloglucan. However, overexpression of At1g63450 led to the synthesis of galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan in these tissues. We propose that At1g63450 encodes XYLOGLUCAN-SPECIFIC GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE1, which catalyzes the formation of the galactosyluronic acid-(1→2)-α-D-xylopyranosyl linkage and that the acidic xyloglucan is present only in root hair cell walls. The role of the acidic xyloglucan in root hair tip growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Malcolm A. O’Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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27
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Peña MJ, Tuomivaara ST, Urbanowicz BR, O'Neill MA, York WS. Methods for Structural Characterization of the Products of Cellulose- and Xyloglucan-Hydrolyzing Enzymes. Methods Enzymol 2012; 510:121-39. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415931-0.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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28
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Kulkarni AR, Peña MJ, Avci U, Mazumder K, Urbanowicz BR, Pattathil S, Yin Y, O'Neill MA, Roberts AW, Hahn MG, Xu Y, Darvill AG, York WS. The ability of land plants to synthesize glucuronoxylans predates the evolution of tracheophytes. Glycobiology 2011; 22:439-51. [PMID: 22048859 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronoxylans with a backbone of 1,4-linked β-D-xylosyl residues are ubiquitous in the secondary walls of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Xylans have been reported to be present in hornwort cell walls, but their structures have not been determined. In contrast, the presence of xylans in the cell walls of mosses and liverworts remains a subject of debate. Here we present data that unequivocally establishes that the cell walls of leafy tissue and axillary hair cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens contain a glucuronoxylan that is structurally similar to glucuronoxylans in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants. Some of the 1,4-linked β-D-xylopyranosyl residues in the backbone of this glucuronoxylan bear an α-D-glucosyluronic acid (GlcpA) sidechain at O-2. In contrast, the lycopodiophyte Selaginella kraussiana synthesizes a glucuronoxylan substituted with 4-O-Me-α-D-GlcpA sidechains, as do many hardwood species. The monilophyte Equisetum hyemale produces a glucuronoxylan with both 4-O-Me-α-D-GlcpA and α-D-GlcpA sidechains, as does Arabidopsis. The seedless plant glucuronoxylans contain no discernible amounts of the reducing-end sequence that is characteristic of gymnosperm and eudicot xylans. Phylogenetic studies showed that the P. patens genome contains genes with high sequence similarity to Arabidopsis CAZy family GT8, GT43 and GT47 glycosyltransferases that are likely involved in xylan synthesis. We conclude that mosses synthesize glucuronoxylan that is structurally similar to the glucuronoxylans present in the secondary cell walls of lycopodiophytes, monilophytes, and many seed-bearing plants, and that several of the glycosyltransferases required for glucuronoxylan synthesis evolved before the evolution of tracheophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya R Kulkarni
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and US Department of Energy Bioenergy Science Center, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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29
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Cartmell A, McKee LS, Peña MJ, Larsbrink J, Brumer H, Kaneko S, Ichinose H, Lewis RJ, Viksø-Nielsen A, Gilbert HJ, Marles-Wright J. The structure and function of an arabinan-specific alpha-1,2-arabinofuranosidase identified from screening the activities of bacterial GH43 glycoside hydrolases. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15483-95. [PMID: 21339299 PMCID: PMC3083193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.215962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflecting the diverse chemistry of plant cell walls, microorganisms that degrade these composite structures synthesize an array of glycoside hydrolases. These enzymes are organized into sequence-, mechanism-, and structure-based families. Genomic data have shown that several organisms that degrade the plant cell wall contain a large number of genes encoding family 43 (GH43) glycoside hydrolases. Here we report the biochemical properties of the GH43 enzymes of a saprophytic soil bacterium, Cellvibrio japonicus, and a human colonic symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The data show that C. japonicus uses predominantly exo-acting enzymes to degrade arabinan into arabinose, whereas B. thetaiotaomicron deploys a combination of endo- and side chain-cleaving glycoside hydrolases. Both organisms, however, utilize an arabinan-specific α-1,2-arabinofuranosidase in the degradative process, an activity that has not previously been reported. The enzyme can cleave α-1,2-arabinofuranose decorations in single or double substitutions, the latter being recalcitrant to the action of other arabinofuranosidases. The crystal structure of the C. japonicus arabinan-specific α-1,2-arabinofuranosidase, CjAbf43A, displays a five-bladed β-propeller fold. The specificity of the enzyme for arabinan is conferred by a surface cleft that is complementary to the helical backbone of the polysaccharide. The specificity of CjAbf43A for α-1,2-l-arabinofuranose side chains is conferred by a polar residue that orientates the arabinan backbone such that O2 arabinose decorations are directed into the active site pocket. A shelflike structure adjacent to the active site pocket accommodates O3 arabinose side chains, explaining how the enzyme can target O2 linkages that are components of single or double substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cartmell
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lauren S. McKee
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Maria J. Peña
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Johan Larsbrink
- the School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Brumer
- the School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- the Food Biotechnology Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan, and
| | - Hitomi Ichinose
- the Food Biotechnology Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan, and
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harry J. Gilbert
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jon Marles-Wright
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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30
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Sitges-Serra A, García L, Prieto R, Peña MJ, Nogués X, Sancho JJ. Effect of parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Br J Surg 2010; 97:1013-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The bone mineral density (BMD) response to parathyroidectomy is heterogeneous and difficult to predict. Available data come from mixed populations of men and women, of different age and degrees of disease severity, and preoperative BMD loss.
Methods
This was a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of 103 postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis at the femoral neck site, successfully operated on for primary hyper parathyroidism. BMD and metabolic variables were recorded before and 1 year after parathyroidectomy.
Results
After surgery, there was a 1·3 per cent increase in the median BMD at the femoral neck site (0·615 versus 0·623 g/cm2; P = 0·001). Overall, positive responses were also observed at total hip (0·4 per cent) and lumbar spine (2·3 per cent) sites. Analysing the individual responses, however, only 45 (46 per cent) of 97 patients showed a significant (at least 3·7 per cent) increase in BMD at the femoral neck site compared with the preoperative value and 52 had a decreased (15) or unchanged (37) femoral neck BMD. Patients who gained BMD were younger, had more severe hyperparathyroidism and better renal function.
Conclusion
Almost half of the postmenopausal women with hyperparathyroidism and low BMD have a significant remineralization response 1 year after parathyroidectomy. Differential mineralization responses of BMD after surgery appear to be related to severity of primary hyperparathyroidism, age and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sitges-Serra
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L García
- Bone Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Prieto
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Peña
- Bone Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Nogués
- Bone Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Sancho
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Peña MJ, Darvill AG, Eberhard S, York WS, O’Neill MA. Moss and liverwort xyloglucans contain galacturonic acid and are structurally distinct from the xyloglucans synthesized by hornworts and vascular plants*. Glycobiology 2008; 18:891-904. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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32
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Peña MJ, Zhong R, Zhou GK, Richardson EA, O'Neill MA, Darvill AG, York WS, Ye ZH. Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. Plant Cell 2007; 19:549-63. [PMID: 17322407 PMCID: PMC1867335 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.049320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of Arabidopsis thaliana IRREGULAR XYLEM8 (IRX8) and IRX9 were previously shown to cause a collapsed xylem phenotype and decreases in xylose and cellulose in cell walls. In this study, we characterized IRX8 and IRX9 and performed chemical and structural analyses of glucuronoxylan (GX) from irx8 and irx9 plants. IRX8 and IRX9 are expressed specifically in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening, and their encoded proteins are targeted to the Golgi, where GX is synthesized. 1H-NMR spectroscopy showed that the reducing end of Arabidopsis GX contains the glycosyl sequence 4-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-D-GalpA-(1-->4)-D-Xylp, which was previously identified in birch (Betula verrucosa) and spruce (Picea abies) GX. This indicates that the reducing end structure of GXs is evolutionarily conserved in woody and herbaceous plants. This sequence is more abundant in irx9 GX than in the wild type, whereas irx8 and fragile fiber8 (fra8) plants are nearly devoid of it. The number of GX chains increased and the GX chain length decreased in irx9 plants. Conversely, the number of GX chains decreased and the chain length heterodispersity increased in irx8 and fra8 plants. Our results suggest that IRX9 is required for normal GX elongation and indicate roles for IRX8 and FRA8 in the synthesis of the glycosyl sequence at the GX reducing end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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33
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Zhong R, Peña MJ, Zhou GK, Nairn CJ, Wood-Jones A, Richardson EA, Morrison WH, Darvill AG, York WS, Ye ZH. Arabidopsis fragile fiber8, which encodes a putative glucuronyltransferase, is essential for normal secondary wall synthesis. Plant Cell 2005; 17:3390-408. [PMID: 16272433 PMCID: PMC1315377 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.035501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Secondary walls in vessels and fibers of dicotyledonous plants are mainly composed of cellulose, xylan, and lignin. Although genes involved in biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin have been intensively studied, little is known about genes participating in xylan synthesis. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana fragile fiber8 (fra8) is defective in xylan synthesis. The fra8 mutation caused a dramatic reduction in fiber wall thickness and a decrease in stem strength. FRA8 was found to encode a member of glycosyltransferase family 47 and exhibits high sequence similarity to tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) pectin glucuronyltransferase. FRA8 is expressed specifically in developing vessels and fiber cells, and FRA8 is targeted to Golgi. Comparative analyses of cell wall polysaccharide fractions from fra8 and wild-type stems showed that the xylan and cellulose contents are drastically reduced in fra8, whereas xyloglucan and pectin are elevated. Further structural analysis of cell walls revealed that although wild-type xylans contain both glucuronic acid and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid residues, xylans from fra8 retain only 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, indicating that the fra8 mutation results in a specific defect in the addition of glucuronic acid residues onto xylans. These findings suggest that FRA8 is a glucuronyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of glucuronoxylan during secondary wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
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Hoffman M, Jia Z, Peña MJ, Cash M, Harper A, Blackburn AR, Darvill A, York WS. Structural analysis of xyloglucans in the primary cell walls of plants in the subclass Asteridae. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1826-40. [PMID: 15975566 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structures of xyloglucans from several plants in the subclass Asteridae were examined to determine how their structures vary in different taxonomic orders. Xyloglucans, solubilized from plant cell walls by a sequential (enzymatic and chemical) extraction procedure, were isolated, and their structures were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All campanulids examined, including Lactuca sativa (lettuce, order Asterales), Tenacetum ptarmiciflorum (dusty miller, order Asterales), and Daucus carota (carrot, order Apiales), produce typical xyloglucans that have an XXXG-type branching pattern and contain alpha-d-Xylp-, beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Xylp-, and alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Xylp- side chains. However, the lamiids produce atypical xyloglucans. For example, previous analyses showed that Capsicum annum (pepper) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), two species in the order Solanales, and Olea europaea (olive, order Lamiales) produce xyloglucans that contain arabinosyl and galactosyl residues, but lack fucosyl residues. The XXGG-type xyloglucans produced by Solanaceous species are less branched than the XXXG-type xyloglucan produced by Olea europaea. This study shows that Ipomoea pupurea (morning glory, order Solanales), Ocimum basilicum (basil, order Lamiales), and Plantago major (plantain, order Lamiales) all produce xyloglucans that lack fucosyl residues and have an unusual XXGGG-type branching pattern in which the basic repeating core contains five glucose subunits in the backbone. Furthermore, Neruim oleander (order Gentianales) produces an XXXG-type xyloglucan that contains arabinosyl, galactosyl, and fucosyl residues. The appearance of this intermediate xyloglucan structure in oleander has implications regarding the evolutionary development of xyloglucan structure and its role in primary plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Hoffman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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Sabate A, Peña MJ, Vila C, Alemany O. [Analysis of cost minimization of epidural anesthesia compared with general anesthesia in oncologic coloproctologic surgery]. An Med Interna 1997; 14:291-6. [PMID: 9410100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined general and epidural anaesthesia in abdominal surgery has shown, both, protective and no effect on final outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate combined epidural and general anesthesia. METHODS One hundred and eighty four patients, diagnosed of neoplastic process, in whom an elective procedure of coloproctologic resection and reconstruction was scheduled during the period between January-1993 and December 1994, were studied. In thirty consecutive patients a combined general-epidural anaesthesia (EA) was performed. These patients were compared to thirty general anaesthesia patients (GA), selected randomly from the same period. RESULTS Both groups were comparable for demographic characteristics and for the type and duration of the surgical procedure. Red Blood Cells units transfused were 1.7 +/- 3 in the EA group and 1.4 +/- 1.9 in the GA group. After the operation, most of patients went to SICU. The length of the hospital stay was 13 +/- 6 days for GA group, while for EA group was .13 +/- 5. The hospital mortality for all operated patients (N = 184) was 1.1%, which were directly related to failure of surgical anastomosis. The need for mechanical ventilation and pulmonary complications were similar in both groups. When analyzing costs, EA group represented a value (pesetas) of 433,501 +/- 183,337 for GA group and 437,735 +/- 149,572 for EA group. CONCLUSIONS As shown, in the actual context, we conclude that the anaesthetic technique did not have any influence on outcome or on cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sabate
- Department d'Anestesia i Reanimació, Ciutat Sanitària de Bellvitge, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona
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Galofré MJ, Supervía A, Peña MJ, Knobel H. [Benign retroperitoneal schwannoma]. An Med Interna 1996; 13:568. [PMID: 9019226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Jiménez JM, Ballesteros A, Peña MJ, Huelva E, Noci MV, Lluch M. [Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema as a complication of laparoscopic hiatal hernia surgery]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1996; 43:76-7. [PMID: 8869657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Galofré N, Cirera I, Supervía A, Peña MJ. [Fever and hypotension following oral administration of mesalazine]. Med Clin (Barc) 1995; 104:358. [PMID: 7731308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Knobel H, Galofré N, Peña MJ, Shaat M, Salvado M, Díez A. [Characteristics and factors associated to the presence of fever in tuberculosis]. An Med Interna 1994; 11:123-5. [PMID: 8011871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and factors associated to the presence of fever in the tuberculous disease. One hundred and three patients were included in the study (29 infected by the HIV, 24 old patients with more than 65 years of age and 50 adults). Fever was present in 59.2% of the patients, in 89.7% of the HIV positives, 52% of the adults and 37.5% of the old patients (p < 0.001). The factors associated to the absence of fever were advanced age and localized pulmonary disease, being almost always present in the HIV-positive patients, in the disseminated disease and in the tuberculous pleuritis. It showed a non-specific pattern and was greater than 38.5% in 52% of the HIV-positive patients and in 23.3% of the HIV-negative patients (p < 0.01). The average duration of fever before starting the treatment was 32.6% +/- 27.7 days and we did not observe any differences between subgroups. Fever may be absent in a high percentage of the patients with active tuberculosis, specifically in the aged patients, although it is almost always present in the HIV-positive patients. The delay period between the onset of this symptom and the beginning of the treatment is still too long.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Knobel
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de la Esperanza, Barcelona
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Galofré N, Arnau MD, Campodarve I, Peña MJ. [Thrombocytopenia secondary to treatment with chlorpromazine]. Rev Clin Esp 1993; 192:303. [PMID: 8497735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Jalón M, Peña MJ, Rivas JC. Liquid chromatographic determination of carminic acid in yogurt. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1989; 72:231-4. [PMID: 2708269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of carminic acid in yogurt. A C18 column is used with acetonitrile-1.19M formic acid (19 + 81) as mobile phase and diode array detection. Sample preparation includes deproteinization with papain and purification in a polyamide column. The relative standard deviation for repeated determinations of carminic acid in a commercial strawberry-flavored yogurt was 3.0%. Recoveries of carminic acid added to a natural-flavored yogurt ranged from 87.2 to 95.3% with a mean of 90.2%. The method permits measurement of amounts as low as 0.10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jalón
- Universidad de Salamanca, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, España
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