51
|
Hammes UZ. Novel roles for phytosulfokine signalling in plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1393-1395. [PMID: 26574181 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Evolutionarily distant pathogens require the Arabidopsis phytosulfokine signalling pathway to establish disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Z Hammes
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Gupta A, Sarkar AK, Senthil-Kumar M. Global Transcriptional Analysis Reveals Unique and Shared Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Combined Drought and Pathogen Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:686. [PMID: 27252712 PMCID: PMC4878317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With frequent fluctuations in global climate, plants are exposed to co-occurring drought and pathogen infection and this combination adversely affects plant survival. In the past, some studies indicated that morpho-physiological responses of plants to the combined stress are different from the individual stressed plants. However, interaction of drought stressed plants with pathogen has not been widely studied at molecular level. Such studies are important to understand the defense pathways that operate as part of combined stress tolerance mechanism. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to individual drought stress, Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infection and their combination. Using Affymetrix WT gene 1.0 ST array, global transcriptome profiling of leaves under individual drought stress and pathogen infection was compared with their combination. The results obtained from pathway mapping (KAAS and MAPMAN) demonstrated the modulation in defense pathways in A. thaliana under drought and host pathogen Pst DC3000 infection. Further, our study revealed "tailored" responses under combined stress and the time of occurrence of each stress during their concurrence has shown differences in transcriptome profile. Our results from microarray and RT-qPCR revealed regulation of 20 novel genes uniquely during the stress interaction. This study indicates that plants exposed to concurrent drought and pathogen stress experience a new state of stress. Thus, under frequently changing climatic conditions, time of occurrence of each stress in the interaction defines the plant responses and should thus be studied explicitly.
Collapse
|
53
|
Le Fevre R, Evangelisti E, Rey T, Schornack S. Modulation of host cell biology by plant pathogenic microbes. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:201-29. [PMID: 26436707 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-102314-112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions can result in dramatic visual changes in the host, such as galls, phyllody, pseudoflowers, and altered root-system architecture, indicating that the invading microbe has perturbed normal plant growth and development. These effects occur on a cellular level but range up to the organ scale, and they commonly involve attenuation of hormone homeostasis and deployment of effector proteins with varying activities to modify host cell processes. This review focuses on the cellular-reprogramming mechanisms of filamentous and bacterial plant pathogens that exhibit a biotrophic lifestyle for part, if not all, of their lifecycle in association with the host. We also highlight strategies for exploiting our growing knowledge of microbial host reprogramming to study plant processes other than immunity and to explore alternative strategies for durable plant resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Le Fevre
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Perturbations in the Primary Metabolism of Tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Infected with the Soil-Borne Fungus Verticillium dahliae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138242. [PMID: 26381754 PMCID: PMC4575037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is a major pathogen of a number of economically important crop species. Here, the metabolic response of both tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana to V. dahliae infection was analysed by first using non-targeted GC-MS profiling. The leaf content of both major cell wall components glucuronic acid and xylose was reduced in the presence of the pathogen in tomato but enhanced in A. thaliana. The leaf content of the two tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates fumaric acid and succinic acid was increased in the leaf of both species, reflecting a likely higher demand for reducing equivalents required for defence responses. A prominent group of affected compounds was amino acids and based on the targeted analysis in the root, it was shown that the level of 12 and four free amino acids was enhanced by the infection in, respectively, tomato and A. thaliana, with leucine and histidine being represented in both host species. The leaf content of six free amino acids was reduced in the leaf tissue of diseased A. thaliana plants, while that of two free amino acids was raised in the tomato plants. This study emphasizes the role of primary plant metabolites in adaptive responses when the fungus has colonized the plant.
Collapse
|
55
|
Pandey P, Ramegowda V, Senthil-Kumar M. Shared and unique responses of plants to multiple individual stresses and stress combinations: physiological and molecular mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:723. [PMID: 26442037 PMCID: PMC4584981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In field conditions, plants are often simultaneously exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in substantial yield loss. Plants have evolved various physiological and molecular adaptations to protect themselves under stress combinations. Emerging evidences suggest that plant responses to a combination of stresses are unique from individual stress responses. In addition, plants exhibit shared responses which are common to individual stresses and stress combination. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of both unique and shared responses. Specific focus of this review is on heat-drought stress as a major abiotic stress combination and, drought-pathogen and heat-pathogen as examples of abiotic-biotic stress combinations. We also comprehend the current understanding of molecular mechanisms of cross talk in relation to shared and unique molecular responses for plant survival under stress combinations. Thus, the knowledge of shared responses of plants from individual stress studies and stress combinations can be utilized to develop varieties with broad spectrum stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Witzel K, Hanschen FS, Klopsch R, Ruppel S, Schreiner M, Grosch R. Verticillium longisporum infection induces organ-specific glucosinolate degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:508. [PMID: 26217360 PMCID: PMC4498036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The species Verticillium represents a group of highly destructive fungal pathogens, responsible for vascular wilt in a number of crops. The host response to infection by Verticillium longisporum at the level of secondary plant metabolites has not been well explored. Natural variation in the glucosinolate (GLS) composition of four Arabidopsis thaliana accessions was characterized: the accessions Bur-0 and Hi-0 accumulated alkenyl GLS, while 3-hydroxypropyl GLS predominated in Kn-0 and Ler-0. With respect to GLS degradation products, Hi-0 and Kn-0 generated mainly isothiocyanates, whereas Bur-0 released epithionitriles and Ler-0 nitriles. An analysis of the effect on the composition of both GLS and its breakdown products in the leaf and root following the plants' exposure to V. longisporum revealed a number of organ- and accession-specific alterations. In the less disease susceptible accessions Bur-0 and Ler-0, colonization depressed the accumulation of GLS in the rosette leaves but accentuated it in the roots. In contrast, in the root, the level of GLS breakdown products in three of the four accessions fell, suggestive of their conjugation or binding to a fungal target molecule(s). The plant-pathogen interaction influenced both the organ- and accession-specific formation of GLS degradation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Witzel
- *Correspondence: Katja Witzel, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Nakano Y, Yamaguchi M, Endo H, Rejab NA, Ohtani M. NAC-MYB-based transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in land plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:288. [PMID: 25999964 PMCID: PMC4419676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells biosynthesize primary cell walls (PCW) in all cells and produce secondary cell walls (SCWs) in specific cell types that conduct water and/or provide mechanical support, such as xylem vessels and fibers. The characteristic mechanical stiffness, chemical recalcitrance, and hydrophobic nature of SCWs result from the organization of SCW-specific biopolymers, i.e., highly ordered cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Synthesis of these SCW-specific biopolymers requires SCW-specific enzymes that are regulated by SCW-specific transcription factors. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of SCW formation in plant cells. Advances in research on SCW biosynthesis during the past decade have expanded our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of SCW formation, particularly the functions of the NAC and MYB transcription factors. Focusing on the NAC-MYB-based transcriptional network, we discuss the regulatory systems that evolved in land plants to modify the cell wall to serve as a key component of structures that conduct water and provide mechanical support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama UniversitySaitama, Japan
- PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology AgencyKawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
| | - Nur Ardiyana Rejab
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
- Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Roos J, Bejai S, Mozūraitis R, Dixelius C. Susceptibility to Verticillium longisporum is linked to monoterpene production by TPS23/27 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:572-85. [PMID: 25640950 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne plant pathogen of increasing economic importance, and information on plant responses to it is limited. To identify the genes and components involved in the early stages of infection, transcripts in roots of V. longisporum-challenged Arabidopsis Col-0 and the susceptible NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (ndr1-1) mutant were compared using ATH1 gene chips. The analysis revealed altered transcript levels of several terpene biosynthesis genes, including the monoterpene synthase TPS23/27. When transgenic 35S:TPS23/27 and TPS23/27-amiRNA plants were monitored the over-expresser line showed enhanced fungal colonization whereas the silenced genotype was indistinguishable from Col-0. Transcript analysis of terpene biosynthesis genes suggested that only the TPS23/27 pathway is affected in the two transgenic genotypes. To confirm changes in monoterpene production, emitted volatiles were determined using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Levels of all identified TPS23/27 monoterpene products were significantly altered in the transgenic plants. A stimulatory effect on conidial germination and hyphal growth of V. longisporum was also seen in co-cultivation with 35S:TPS23/27 plants and upon exposure to 1,8-cineole, the main product of TPS23/27. Methyl jasmonate treatments of myc2-1 and myc2-2 mutants and analysis of TPS23/27:uidA in the myc2-2 background suggested a dependence on jasmonic acid mediated by the transcription factor MYC2. Taken together, our results show that TPS23/27-produced monoterpenes stimulate germination and subsequent invasion of V. longisporum in Arabidopsis roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Roos
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7080, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Zhao P, Zhao YL, Jin Y, Zhang T, Guo HS. Colonization process of Arabidopsis thaliana roots by a green fluorescent protein-tagged isolate of Verticillium dahliae. Protein Cell 2014; 5:94-8. [PMID: 24481631 PMCID: PMC3956967 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Shen D, Suhrkamp I, Wang Y, Liu S, Menkhaus J, Verreet JA, Fan L, Cai D. Identification and characterization of microRNAs in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) responsive to infection with the pathogenic fungus Verticillium longisporum using Brassica AA (Brassica rapa) and CC (Brassica oleracea) as reference genomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:577-594. [PMID: 25132374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum, a soil-borne pathogenic fungus, causes vascular disease in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). We proposed that plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the plant-V. longisporum interaction. To identify oilseed rape miRNAs, we deep-sequenced two small RNA libraries made from V. longisporum infected/noninfected roots and employed Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea genomes as references for miRNA prediction and characterization. We identified 893 B. napus miRNAs representing 360 conserved and 533 novel miRNAs, and mapped 429 and 464 miRNAs to the AA and CC genomes, respectively. Microsynteny analysis with the conserved miRNAs and their flanking protein coding sequences revealed 137 AA-CC genome syntenic miRNA pairs and 61 AA and 42 CC genome-unique miRNAs. Sixty-two miRNAs were responsive to the V. longisporum infection. We present data for specific interactions and simultaneously reciprocal changes in the expression levels of the miRNAs and their targets in the infected roots. We demonstrate that miRNAs are involved in the plant-fungus interaction and that miRNA168-Argonaute 1 (AGO1) expression modulation might act as a key regulatory module in a compatible plant-V. longisporum interaction. Our results suggest that V. longisporum may have evolved a virulence mechanism by interference with plant miRNAs to reprogram plant gene expression and achieve infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shen
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ina Suhrkamp
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Agronomy, James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences & Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shenyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jan Menkhaus
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joseph-Alexander Verreet
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Department of Agronomy, James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences & Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daguang Cai
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Rejeb IB, Pastor V, Mauch-Mani B. Plant Responses to Simultaneous Biotic and Abiotic Stress: Molecular Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:458-75. [PMID: 27135514 PMCID: PMC4844285 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly confronted to both abiotic and biotic stresses that seriously reduce their productivity. Plant responses to these stresses are complex and involve numerous physiological, molecular, and cellular adaptations. Recent evidence shows that a combination of abiotic and biotic stress can have a positive effect on plant performance by reducing the susceptibility to biotic stress. Such an interaction between both types of stress points to a crosstalk between their respective signaling pathways. This crosstalk may be synergistic and/or antagonistic and include among others the involvement of phytohormones, transcription factors, kinase cascades, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In certain cases, such crosstalk can lead to a cross-tolerance and enhancement of a plant's resistance against pathogens. This review aims at giving an insight into cross-tolerance between abiotic and biotic stress, focusing on the molecular level and regulatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ben Rejeb
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Sun C, Shao Y, Vahabi K, Lu J, Bhattacharya S, Dong S, Yeh KW, Sherameti I, Lou B, Baldwin IT, Oelmüller R. The beneficial fungus Piriformospora indica protects Arabidopsis from Verticillium dahliae infection by downregulation plant defense responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:268. [PMID: 25297988 PMCID: PMC4198706 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verticillium dahliae (Vd) is a soil-borne vascular pathogen which causes severe wilt symptoms in a wide range of plants. The microsclerotia produced by the pathogen survive in soil for more than 15 years. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that an exudate preparation induces cytoplasmic calcium elevation in Arabidopsis roots, and the disease development requires the ethylene-activated transcription factor EIN3. Furthermore, the beneficial endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica (Pi) significantly reduced Vd-mediated disease development in Arabidopsis. Pi inhibited the growth of Vd in a dual culture on PDA agar plates and pretreatment of Arabidopsis roots with Pi protected plants from Vd infection. The Pi-pretreated plants grew better after Vd infection and the production of Vd microsclerotia was dramatically reduced, all without activating stress hormones and defense genes in the host. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Pi is an efficient biocontrol agent that protects Arabidopsis from Vd infection. Our data demonstrate that Vd growth is restricted in the presence of Pi and the additional signals from Pi must participate in the regulation of the immune response against Vd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yongqi Shao
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Khabat Vahabi
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jing Lu
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- />Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Samik Bhattacharya
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sheqin Dong
- />College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- />Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Irena Sherameti
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Binggan Lou
- />Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- />Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhang B, Tremousaygue D, Denancé N, van Esse HP, Hörger AC, Dabos P, Goffner D, Thomma BPHJ, van der Hoorn RAL, Tuominen H. PIRIN2 stabilizes cysteine protease XCP2 and increases susceptibility to the vascular pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:1009-19. [PMID: 24947605 PMCID: PMC4321228 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PIRIN (PRN) is a member of the functionally diverse cupin protein superfamily. There are four members of the Arabidopsis thaliana PRN family, but the roles of these proteins are largely unknown. Here we describe a function of the Arabidopsis PIRIN2 (PRN2) that is related to susceptibility to the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Two prn2 mutant alleles displayed decreased disease development and bacterial growth in response to R. solanacearum infection. We elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism by analyzing PRN2 interactions with the papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) XCP2, RD21A, and RD21B, all of which bound to PRN2 in yeast two-hybrid assays and in Arabidopsis protoplast co-immunoprecipitation assays. We show that XCP2 is stabilized by PRN2 through inhibition of its autolysis on the basis of PLCP activity profiling assays and enzymatic assays with recombinant protein. The stabilization of XCP2 by PRN2 was also confirmed in planta. Like prn2 mutants, an xcp2 single knockout mutant and xcp2 prn2 double knockout mutant displayed decreased susceptibility to R. solanacearum, suggesting that stabilization of XCP2 by PRN2 underlies susceptibility to R. solanacearum in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dominique Tremousaygue
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 44131326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 259431326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Université de Toulouse, UPS31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 554631326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - H Peter van Esse
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anja C Hörger
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Dabos
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 44131326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 259431326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Université de Toulouse, UPS31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 554631326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Evangelisti E, Rey T, Schornack S. Cross-interference of plant development and plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:118-26. [PMID: 24922556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are host to a multitude of filamentous microorganisms. Among these, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide benefits to plants, while pathogens trigger diseases resulting in significant crop yield losses. It is therefore imperative to study processes which allow plants to discriminate detrimental and beneficial interactions in order to protect crops from diseases while retaining the ability for sustainable bio-fertilisation strategies. Accumulating evidence suggests that some symbiosis processes also affect plant-pathogen interactions. A large part of this overlap likely constitutes plant developmental processes. Moreover, microbes utilise effector proteins to interfere with plant development. Here we list relevant recent findings on how plant-microbe interactions intersect with plant development and highlight future research leads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Luo X, Xie C, Dong J, Yang X, Sui A. Interactions between Verticillium dahliae and its host: vegetative growth, pathogenicity, plant immunity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6921-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
66
|
Kissoudis C, van de Wiel C, Visser RGF, van der Linden G. Enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection of physiological and molecular crosstalk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:207. [PMID: 24904607 PMCID: PMC4032886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in their natural habitats are often challenged simultaneously by multiple stress factors, both abiotic and biotic. Research has so far been limited to responses to individual stresses, and understanding of adaptation to combinatorial stress is limited, but indicative of non-additive interactions. Omics data analysis and functional characterization of individual genes has revealed a convergence of signaling pathways for abiotic and biotic stress adaptation. Taking into account that most data originate from imposition of individual stress factors, this review summarizes these findings in a physiological context, following the pathogenesis timeline and highlighting potential differential interactions occurring between abiotic and biotic stress signaling across the different cellular compartments and at the whole plant level. Potential effects of abiotic stress on resistance components such as extracellular receptor proteins, R-genes and systemic acquired resistance will be elaborated, as well as crosstalk at the levels of hormone, reactive oxygen species, and redox signaling. Breeding targets and strategies are proposed focusing on either manipulation and deployment of individual common regulators such as transcription factors or pyramiding of non- (negatively) interacting components such as R-genes with abiotic stress resistance genes. We propose that dissection of broad spectrum stress tolerance conferred by priming chemicals may provide an insight on stress cross regulation and additional candidate genes for improving crop performance under combined stress. Validation of the proposed strategies in lab and field experiments is a first step toward the goal of achieving tolerance to combinatorial stress in crops.
Collapse
|
67
|
König S, Feussner K, Kaever A, Landesfeind M, Thurow C, Karlovsky P, Gatz C, Polle A, Feussner I. Soluble phenylpropanoids are involved in the defense response of Arabidopsis against Verticillium longisporum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:823-837. [PMID: 24483326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne vascular pathogen causing economic loss in rape. Using the model plant Arabidopsis this study analyzed metabolic changes upon fungal infection in order to identify possible defense strategies of Brassicaceae against this fungus. Metabolite fingerprinting identified infection-induced metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Targeted analysis confirmed the accumulation of sinapoyl glucosides, coniferin, syringin and lignans in leaves from early stages of infection on. At later stages, the amounts of amino acids increased. To test the contribution of the phenylpropanoid pathway, mutants in the pathway were analyzed. The sinapate-deficient mutant fah1-2 showed stronger infection symptoms than wild-type plants, which is most likely due to the lack of sinapoyl esters. Moreover, the coniferin accumulating transgenic plant UGT72E2-OE was less susceptible. Consistently, sinapoyl glucose, coniferyl alcohol and coniferin inhibited fungal growth and melanization in vitro, whereas sinapyl alcohol and syringin did not. The amount of lignin was not significantly altered supporting the notion that soluble derivatives of the phenylpropanoid pathway contribute to defense. These data show that soluble phenylpropanoids are important for the defense response of Arabidopsis against V. longisporum and that metabolite fingerprinting is a valuable tool to identify infection-relevant metabolic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie König
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kaever
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Häffner E, Karlovsky P, Splivallo R, Traczewska A, Diederichsen E. ERECTA, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid modulate quantitative disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Verticillium longisporum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:85. [PMID: 24690463 PMCID: PMC4021371 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne vascular pathogen infecting cruciferous hosts such as oilseed rape. Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is the major control means, but its molecular basis is poorly understood so far. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed using a new (Bur×Ler) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytohormone measurements and analyses in defined mutants and near-isogenic lines (NILs) were used to identify genes and signalling pathways that underlie different resistance QTL. RESULTS QTL for resistance to V. longisporum-induced stunting, systemic colonization by the fungus and for V. longisporum-induced chlorosis were identified. Stunting resistance QTL were contributed by both parents. The strongest stunting resistance QTL was shown to be identical with Erecta. A functional Erecta pathway, which was present in Bur, conferred partial resistance to V. longisporum-induced stunting. Bur showed severe stunting susceptibility in winter. Three stunting resistance QTL of Ler origin, two co-localising with wall-associated kinase-like (Wakl)-genes, were detected in winter. Furthermore, Bur showed a much stronger induction of salicylic acid (SA) by V. longisporum than Ler. Systemic colonization was controlled independently of stunting. The vec1 QTL on chromosome 2 had the strongest effect on systemic colonization. The same chromosomal region controlled the level of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in response to V. longisporum: The level of ABA was higher in colonization-susceptible Ler than in colonization-resistant Bur after V. longisporum infection. JA was down-regulated in Bur after infection, but not in Ler. These differences were also demonstrated in NILs, varying only in the region containing vec1. All phytohormone responses were shown to be independent of Erecta. CONCLUSIONS Signalling systems with a hitherto unknown role in the QDR of A. thaliana against V. longisporum were identified: Erecta mediated resistance against V. longisporum-induced stunting. Independent of Erecta, stunting was caused in a light-dependent manner with possible participation of SA and Wakl genes. ABA and JA showed a genotype-specific response that corresponded with systemic colonization by the fungus. Understanding the biological basis of phenotypic variation in A. thaliana with respect to V. longisporum resistance will provide new approaches for implementing durable resistance in cruciferous crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Häffner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Angewandte Genetik, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Traczewska
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Angewandte Genetik, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Diederichsen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Angewandte Genetik, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Escamez S, Tuominen H. Programmes of cell death and autolysis in tracheary elements: when a suicidal cell arranges its own corpse removal. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1313-21. [PMID: 24554761 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tracheary element (TE) differentiation represents a unique system to study plant developmental programmed cell death (PCD). TE PCD occurs after deposition of the secondary cell walls when an unknown signal induces tonoplast rupture and the arrest of cytoplasmic streaming. TE PCD is tightly followed by autolysis of the protoplast and partial hydrolysis of the primary cell walls. This review integrates TE differentiation, programmed cell death (PCD), and autolysis in a biological and evolutionary context. The collective evidence from the evolutionary and molecular studies suggests that TE differentiation consists primarily of a programme for cell death and autolysis under the direct control of the transcriptional master switches VASCULAR NAC DOMAIN 6 (VND6) and VND7. In this scenario, secondary cell walls represent a later innovation to improve the water transport capacity of TEs which necessitates transcriptional regulators downstream of VND6 and VND7. One of the most fascinating features of TEs is that they need to prepare their own corpse removal by expression and accumulation of hydrolases that are released from the vacuole after TE cell death. Therefore, TE differentiation involves, in addition to PCD, a programmed autolysis which is initiated before cell death and executed post-mortem. It has recently become clear that TE PCD and autolysis are separate processes with separate molecular regulation. Therefore, the importance of distinguishing between the cell death programme per se and autolysis in all plant PCD research and of careful description of the morphological, biochemical, and molecular sequences in each of these processes, is advocated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Escamez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Yadeta KA, Valkenburg DJ, Hanemian M, Marco Y, Thomma BPHJ. The Brassicaceae-specific EWR1 gene provides resistance to vascular wilt pathogens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88230. [PMID: 24505441 PMCID: PMC3914955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne vascular wilt diseases caused by Verticillium spp. are among the most destructive diseases worldwide in a wide range of plant species. The most effective means of controlling Verticillium wilt diseases is the use of genetic resistance. We have previously reported the identification of four activation-tagged Arabidopsis mutants which showed enhanced resistance to Verticillium wilt. Among these, one mutant also showed enhanced resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum, a bacterial vascular wilt pathogen. Cloning of the activation tag revealed an insertion upstream of gene At3g13437, which we designated as EWR1 (for Enhancer of vascular Wilt Resistance 1) that encodes a putatively secreted protein of unknown function. The search for homologs of Arabidopsis EWR1 (AtEWR1) in public databases only identified homologs within the Brassicaceae family. We subsequently cloned the EWR1 homolog from Brassica oleracea (BoEWR1) and show that over-expression in Arabidopsis results in V. dahliae resistance. Moreover, over-expression of AtEWR1 and BoEWR1 in N. benthamiana, a member of the Solanaceae family, results in V. dahliae resistance, suggesting that EWR1 homologs can be used to engineer Verticillium wilt resistance in non-Brassicaceae crops as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koste A. Yadeta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Valkenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Hanemian
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Marco
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Roos J, Bejai S, Oide S, Dixelius C. RabGAP22 is required for defense to the vascular pathogen Verticillium longisporum and contributes to stomata immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88187. [PMID: 24505423 PMCID: PMC3913773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne pathogen with a preference for plants within the family Brassicaceae. Following invasion of the roots, the fungus proliferates in the plant vascular system leading to stunted plant growth, chlorosis and premature senescence. RabGTPases have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in regulating multiple responses in plants. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of the Rab GTPase-activating protein RabGAP22 gene from Arabidopsis, as an activator of multiple components in the immune responses to V. longisporum. RabGAP22Pro :GUS transgenic lines showed GUS expression predominantly in root meristems, vascular tissues and stomata, whereas the RabGAP22 protein localized in the nucleus. Reduced RabGAP22 transcript levels in mutants of the brassinolide (BL) signaling gene BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1, together with a reduction of fungal proliferation following BL pretreatment, suggested RabGAP22 to be involved in BL-mediated responses. Pull-down assays revealed serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT1) as an interacting partner during V. longisporum infection and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) showed the RabGAP22-AGT1 protein complex to be localized in the peroxisomes. Further, fungal-induced RabGAP22 expression was found to be associated with elevated endogenous levels of the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). An inadequate ABA response in rabgap22-1 mutants, coupled with a stomata-localized expression of RabGAP22 and impairment of guard cell closure in response to V. longisporum and Pseudomonas syringae, suggest that RabGAP22 has multiple roles in innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Roos
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarosh Bejai
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shinichi Oide
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhao P, Zhao YL, Jin Y, Zhang T, Guo HS. Colonization process of Arabidopsis thaliana roots by a green fluorescent protein-tagged isolate of Verticillium dahliae. Protein Cell 2013. [PMID: 24006186 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant gene research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Yadeta KA, J. Thomma BPH. The xylem as battleground for plant hosts and vascular wilt pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:97. [PMID: 23630534 PMCID: PMC3632776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilts are among the most destructive plant diseases that occur in annual crops as well as in woody perennials. These diseases are generally caused by soil-borne bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes that infect through the roots and enter the water-conducting xylem vessels where they proliferate and obstruct the transportation of water and minerals. As a consequence, leaves wilt and die, which may lead to impairment of the whole plant and eventually to death of the plant. Cultural, chemical, and biological measures to control this group of plant pathogens are generally ineffective, and the most effective control strategy is the use of genetic resistance. Owing to the fact that vascular wilt pathogens live deep in the interior of their host plants, studies into the biology of vascular pathogens are complicated. However, to design novel strategies to combat vascular wilt diseases, understanding the (molecular) biology of vascular pathogens and the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense against these pathogens is crucial. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on interactions of vascular wilt pathogens with their host plants, with emphasis on host defense responses against this group of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koste A. Yadeta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|