51
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Pandori LLM, Sorte CJB. The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. M. Pandori
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697‐2525 USA
| | - Cascade J. B. Sorte
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697‐2525 USA
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52
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Adult Antarctic krill proves resilient in a simulated high CO 2 ocean. Commun Biol 2018; 1:190. [PMID: 30456311 PMCID: PMC6233221 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) have a keystone role in the Southern Ocean, as the primary prey of Antarctic predators. Decreases in krill abundance could result in a major ecological regime shift, but there is limited information on how climate change may affect krill. Increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are causing ocean acidification, as absorption of atmospheric CO2 in seawater alters ocean chemistry. Ocean acidification increases mortality and negatively affects physiological functioning in some marine invertebrates, and is predicted to occur most rapidly at high latitudes. Here we show that, in the laboratory, adult krill are able to survive, grow, store fat, mature, and maintain respiration rates when exposed to near-future ocean acidification (1000-2000 μatm pCO2) for one year. Despite differences in seawater pCO2 incubation conditions, adult krill are able to actively maintain the acid-base balance of their body fluids in near-future pCO2, which enhances their resilience to ocean acidification.
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53
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Rich WA, Schubert N, Schläpfer N, Carvalho VF, Horta ACL, Horta PA. Physiological and biochemical responses of a coralline alga and a sea urchin to climate change: Implications for herbivory. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 142:100-107. [PMID: 30293660 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct responses to rising temperatures and ocean acidification are increasingly well known for many single species, yet recent reviews have highlighted the need for climate change research to consider a broader range of species, how stressors may interact, and how stressors may affect species interactions. The latter point is important in the context of plant-herbivore interactions, as increasing evidence shows that increasing seawater temperature and/or acidification can alter algal traits that dictate their susceptibility to herbivores, and subsequently, community and ecosystem properties. To better understand how marine rocky shore environments will be affected by a changing ocean, in the present study we investigated the direct effects of short-term, co-occurring increased temperature and ocean acidification on a coralline alga (Jania rubens) and a sea urchin herbivore (Echinometra lucunter) and assessed the indirect effects of these factors on the algal-herbivore interaction. A 21-day mesocosm experiment was conducted with both algae and sea urchins exposed to ambient (24 °C, Low CO2), high-temperature (28 °C, Low CO2), acidified (24 °C, High CO2), or high-temperature plus acidified (28 °C, High CO2) conditions. Algal photosynthesis, respiration, and phenolic content were unaffected by increased temperature and CO2, but calcium carbonate content was reduced under high CO2 treatments in both temperatures, while total sugar content of the algae was reduced under acidified, lower temperature conditions. Metabolic rates of the sea urchin were elevated in the lower temperature, high CO2 treatment, and feeding assays showed that consumption rates also increased in this treatment. Despite some changes to algal chemical composition, it appears that at least under short-term exposure to climate change conditions, direct effects on herbivore metabolism dictated herbivory rates, while indirect effects caused by changes in algal palatability seemed to be of minor importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Rich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Phycology Laboratory (LaFic), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Nadine Schubert
- Phycology Laboratory (LaFic), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Nina Schläpfer
- Phycology Laboratory (LaFic), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Phycology Laboratory (LaFic), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Antonio C L Horta
- Phycology Laboratory (LaFic), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Phycology Laboratory (LaFic), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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54
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Guillaumot C, Fabri‐Ruiz S, Martin A, Eléaume M, Danis B, Féral J, Saucède T. Benthic species of the Kerguelen Plateau show contrasting distribution shifts in response to environmental changes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6210-6225. [PMID: 29988407 PMCID: PMC6024116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine life of the Southern Ocean has been facing environmental changes and the direct impact of human activities during the past decades. Benthic communities have particularly been affected by such changes although we only slowly understand the effect of environmental changes on species physiology, biogeography, and distribution. Species distribution models (SDM) can help explore species geographic responses to main environmental changes. In this work, we modeled the distribution of four echinoid species with contrasting ecological niches. Models developed for [2005-2012] were projected to different time periods, and the magnitude of distribution range shifts was assessed for recent-past conditions [1955-1974] and for the future, under scenario RCP 8.5 for [2050-2099]. Our results suggest that species distribution shifts are expected to be more important in a near future compared to the past. The geographic response of species may vary between poleward shift, latitudinal reduction, and local extinction. Species with broad ecological niches and not limited by biogeographic barriers would be the least affected by environmental changes, in contrast to endemic species, restricted to coastal areas, which are predicted to be more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Guillaumot
- Marine Biology LabCP160/15 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Salomé Fabri‐Ruiz
- UMR CNRS 6282 BiogéosciencesUniversité de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
| | - Alexis Martin
- Département Adaptation du VivantMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR BOREA 7208ParisFrance
| | - Marc Eléaume
- Département Origine et ÉvolutionMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR ISYEB 7205ParisFrance
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology LabCP160/15 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Thomas Saucède
- UMR CNRS 6282 BiogéosciencesUniversité de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
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55
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Cross EL, Harper EM, Peck LS. A 120-year record of resilience to environmental change in brachiopods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2262-2271. [PMID: 29536586 PMCID: PMC6850138 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The inability of organisms to cope in changing environments poses a major threat to their survival. Rising carbon dioxide concentrations, recently exceeding 400 μatm, are rapidly warming and acidifying our oceans. Current understanding of organism responses to this environmental phenomenon is based mainly on relatively short- to medium-term laboratory and field experiments, which cannot evaluate the potential for long-term acclimation and adaptation, the processes identified as most important to confer resistance. Here, we present data from a novel approach that assesses responses over a centennial timescale showing remarkable resilience to change in a species predicted to be vulnerable. Utilising museum collections allows the assessment of how organisms have coped with past environmental change. It also provides a historical reference for future climate change responses. We evaluated a unique specimen collection of a single species of brachiopod (Calloria inconspicua) collected every decade from 1900 to 2014 from one sampling site. The majority of brachiopod shell characteristics remained unchanged over the past century. One response, however, appears to reinforce their shell by constructing narrower punctae (shell perforations) and laying down more shell. This study indicates one of the most calcium-carbonate-dependent species globally to be highly resilient to environmental change over the last 120 years and provides a new insight for how similar species might react and possibly adapt to future change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Cross
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- British Antarctic SurveyNatural Environment Research CouncilCambridgeUK
| | | | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic SurveyNatural Environment Research CouncilCambridgeUK
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56
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Chen WY, Lin HC. Probabilistic risk assessment of the effect of acidified seawater on development stages of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12947-12956. [PMID: 29478168 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that ocean acidification has a significant impact on calcifying marine organisms. However, there is a lack of exposure risk assessments for aquatic organisms under future environmentally relevant ocean acidification scenarios. The objective of this study was to investigate the probabilistic effects of acidified seawater on the life-stage response dynamics of fertilization, larvae growth, and larvae mortality of the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). We incorporated the regulation of primary body cavity (PBC) pH in response to seawater pH into the assessment by constructing an explicit model to assess effective life-stage response dynamics to seawater or PBC pH levels. The likelihood of exposure to ocean acidification was also evaluated by addressing the uncertainties of the risk characterization. For unsuccessful fertilization, the estimated 50% effect level of seawater acidification (EC50 SW ) was 0.55 ± 0.014 (mean ± SE) pH units. This life stage was more sensitive than growth inhibition and mortality, for which the EC50 values were 1.13 and 1.03 pH units, respectively. The estimated 50% effect levels of PBC pH (EC50 PBC ) were 0.99 ± 0.05 and 0.88 ± 0.006 pH units for growth inhibition and mortality, respectively. We also predicted the probability distributions for seawater and PBC pH levels in 2100. The level of unsuccessful fertilization had 50 and 90% probability risks of 5.07-24.51 (95% CI) and 0-6.95%, respectively. We conclude that this probabilistic risk analysis model is parsimonious enough to quantify the multiple vulnerabilities of the green sea urchin while addressing the systemic effects of ocean acidification. This study found a high potential risk of acidification affecting the fertilization of the green sea urchin, whereas there was no evidence for adverse effects on growth and mortality resulting from exposure to the predicted acidified environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Chieh Lin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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57
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González-Aravena M, Calfio C, Mercado L, Morales-Lange B, Bethke J, De Lorgeril J, Cárdenas CA. HSP70 from the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri: molecular characterization and expression in response to heat stress. Biol Res 2018; 51:8. [PMID: 29587857 PMCID: PMC5872545 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress proteins are implicated in stabilizing and refolding denatured proteins in vertebrates and invertebrates. Members of the Hsp70 gene family comprise the cognate heat shock protein (Hsc70) and inducible heat shock protein (Hsp70). However, the cDNA sequence and the expression of Hsp70 in the Antarctic sea urchin are unknown. Methods We amplified and cloned a transcript sequence of 1991 bp from the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, experimentally exposed to heat stress (5 and 10 °C for 1, 24 and 48 h). RACE-PCR and qPCR were employed to determine Hsp70 gene expression, while western blot and ELISA methods were used to determine protein expression. Results The sequence obtained from S. neumayeri showed high identity with Hsp70 members. Several Hsp70 family features were identified in the deduced amino acid sequence and they indicate that the isolated Hsp70 is related to the cognate heat shock protein type. The corresponding 70 kDa protein, called Sn-Hsp70, was immune detected in the coelomocytes and the digestive tract of S. neumayeri using a monospecific polyclonal antibody. We showed that S. neumayeri do not respond to acute heat stress by up-regulation of Sn-Hsp70 at transcript and protein level. Furthermore, the Sn-Hsp70 protein expression was not induced in the digestive tract. Conclusions Our results provide the first molecular evidence that Sn-Hsp70 is expressed constitutively and is non-induced by heat stress in S. neumayeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo González-Aravena
- Laboratorio de Biorrecursos Antárticos, Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| | - Camila Calfio
- Laboratorio de Biorrecursos Antárticos, Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Jorn Bethke
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Julien De Lorgeril
- IFREMER, CNRS, UMR 5244 IHPE « Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements», Université de Montpellier II, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Place Eugène Bataillon CC80, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - César A Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Biorrecursos Antárticos, Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile
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58
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Wong JM, Johnson KM, Kelly MW, Hofmann G. Transcriptomics reveal transgenerational effects in purple sea urchin embryos: Adult acclimation to upwelling conditions alters the response of their progeny to differential
p
CO
2
levels. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1120-1137. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M. Wong
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Kevin M. Johnson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Morgan W. Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
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Pansch C, Hattich GSI, Heinrichs ME, Pansch A, Zagrodzka Z, Havenhand JN. Long-term exposure to acidification disrupts reproduction in a marine invertebrate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192036. [PMID: 29408893 PMCID: PMC5800648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change research is advancing to more complex and more comprehensive studies that include long-term experiments, multiple life-history stages, multi-population, and multi-trait approaches. We used a population of the barnacle Balanus improvisus known to be sensitive to short-term acidification to determine its potential for long-term acclimation to acidification. We reared laboratory-bred individuals (as singles or pairs), and field-collected assemblages of barnacles, at pH 8.1 and 7.5 (≈ 400 and 1600 μatm pCO2 respectively) for up to 16 months. Acidification caused strong mortality and reduced growth rates. Acidification suppressed respiration rates and induced a higher feeding activity of barnacles after 6 months, but this suppression of respiration rate was absent after 15 months. Laboratory-bred barnacles developed mature gonads only when they were held in pairs, but nonetheless failed to produce fertilized embryos. Field-collected barnacles reared in the laboratory for 8 months at the same pH’s developed mature gonads, but only those in pH 8.1 produced viable embryos and larvae. Because survivors of long-term acidification were not capable of reproducing, this demonstrates that B. improvisus can only partially acclimate to long-term acidification. This represents a clear and significant bottleneck in the ontogeny of this barnacle population that may limit its potential to persist in a future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pansch
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Giannina S. I. Hattich
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Mara E. Heinrichs
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Andreas Pansch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, List, Germany
| | - Zuzanna Zagrodzka
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Jonathan N. Havenhand
- Department of Marine Sciences – Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden
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60
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Cárdenas CA, González-Aravena M, Santibañez PA. The importance of local settings: within-year variability in seawater temperature at South Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4289. [PMID: 29372123 PMCID: PMC5776021 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has undergone significant changes in air and seawater temperatures during the last 50 years. Although highly stenotherm Antarctic organisms are expected to be severely affected by the increase of seawater temperature, high-resolution datasets of seawater temperature within coastal areas of the WAP (where diverse marine communities have been reported) are not commonly available. Here we report on within-year (2016–2017) variation in seawater temperature at three sites on Doumer Island, Palmer Archipelago, WAP. Within a year, Antarctic organisms in South Bay were exposed to water temperatures in excess of 2 °C for more than 25 days and 2.5 °C for more than 10 days. We recorded a temperature range between −1.7° to 3.0 °C. Warming of seawater temperature was 3.75 times faster after October 2016 than it was before October. Results from this study indicate that organisms at South Bay are already exposed to temperatures that are being used in experimental studies to evaluate physiological responses to thermal stress in WAP organisms. Continuous measurements of short to long-term variability in seawater temperature provides important information for parametrizing meaningful experimental treatments that aim to assess the local effects of environmental variation on Antarctic organisms under future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A Cárdenas
- Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, Chile
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61
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Donelson JM, Salinas S, Munday PL, Shama LNS. Transgenerational plasticity and climate change experiments: Where do we go from here? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:13-34. [PMID: 29024256 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, both within and across generations, is an important mechanism that organisms use to cope with rapid climate change. While an increasing number of studies show that plasticity across generations (transgenerational plasticity or TGP) may occur, we have limited understanding of key aspects of TGP, such as the environmental conditions that may promote it, its relationship to within-generation plasticity (WGP) and its role in evolutionary potential. In this review, we consider how the detection of TGP in climate change experiments is affected by the predictability of environmental variation, as well as the timing and magnitude of environmental change cues applied. We also discuss the need to design experiments that are able to distinguish TGP from selection and TGP from WGP in multigenerational experiments. We conclude by suggesting future research directions that build on the knowledge to date and admit the limitations that exist, which will depend on the way environmental change is simulated and the type of experimental design used. Such an approach will open up this burgeoning area of research to a wider variety of organisms and allow better predictive capacity of the role of TGP in the response of organisms to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Donelson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Lisa N S Shama
- Coastal Ecology Section, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, List, Germany
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Heatwaves diminish the survival of a subtidal gastropod through reduction in energy budget and depletion of energy reserves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17688. [PMID: 29247164 PMCID: PMC5732251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves, are predicted to be more prevalent in future due to global climate change. The devastating impacts of heatwaves on the survival of marine organisms may be further intensified by ocean acidification. Here, we tested the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to heatwave temperatures (24 °C, +3 °C summer seawater temperature) would diminish energy budget, body condition and ultimately survival of a subtidal gastropod (Thalotia conica) by pushing close to its critical thermal maximum (CTmax). We also tested whether ocean acidification (pCO2: 1000 ppm) affects energy budget, CTmax and hence survival of this gastropod. Following the 8-week experimental period, mortality was markedly higher at 24 °C irrespective of pCO2 level, probably attributed to energy deficit (negative scope for growth) and concomitant depletion of energy reserves (reduced organ weight to flesh weight ratio). CTmax of T. conica appeared at 27 °C and was unaffected by ocean acidification. Our findings imply that prolonged exposure to heatwaves can compromise the survival of marine organisms below CTmax via disruption in energy homeostasis, which possibly explains their mass mortality in the past heatwave events. Therefore, heatwaves would have more profound effects than ocean acidification on future marine ecosystems.
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63
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Overwintering individuals of the Arctic krill Thysanoessa inermis appear tolerant to short-term exposure to low pH conditions. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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64
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Foo SA, Byrne M. Marine gametes in a changing ocean: Impacts of climate change stressors on fecundity and the egg. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:12-24. [PMID: 28237403 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In marine invertebrates, the environmental history of the mother can influence fecundity and egg size. Acclimation of females in climate change stressors, increased temperature and low pH, results in a decrease in egg number and size in many taxa, with the exception of cephalopods, where eggs increase in size. With respect to spawned eggs, near future levels of ocean acidification can interfere with the egg's block to polyspermy and intracellular pH. Reduction of the extracellular egg jelly coat seen in low pH conditions has implications for impaired egg function and fertilization. Some fast generation species (e.g. copepods, polychaetes) have shown restoration of female reproductive output after several generations in treatments. It will be important to determine if the changes to egg number and size induced by exposure to climate change stressors are heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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65
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Emerson CE, Reinardy HC, Bates NR, Bodnar AG. Ocean acidification impacts spine integrity but not regenerative capacity of spines and tube feet in adult sea urchins. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170140. [PMID: 28573022 PMCID: PMC5451823 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has resulted in a change in seawater chemistry and lowering of pH, referred to as ocean acidification. Understanding how different organisms and processes respond to ocean acidification is vital to predict how marine ecosystems will be altered under future scenarios of continued environmental change. Regenerative processes involving biomineralization in marine calcifiers such as sea urchins are predicted to be especially vulnerable. In this study, the effect of ocean acidification on regeneration of external appendages (spines and tube feet) was investigated in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus exposed to ambient (546 µatm), intermediate (1027 µatm) and high (1841 µatm) partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) for eight weeks. The rate of regeneration was maintained in spines and tube feet throughout two periods of amputation and regrowth under conditions of elevated pCO2. Increased expression of several biomineralization-related genes indicated molecular compensatory mechanisms; however, the structural integrity of both regenerating and homeostatic spines was compromised in high pCO2 conditions. Indicators of physiological fitness (righting response, growth rate, coelomocyte concentration and composition) were not affected by increasing pCO2, but compromised spine integrity is likely to have negative consequences for defence capabilities and therefore survival of these ecologically and economically important organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E. Emerson
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St George's GE 01, Bermuda
| | - Helena C. Reinardy
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St George's GE 01, Bermuda
| | - Nicholas R. Bates
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St George's GE 01, Bermuda
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrea G. Bodnar
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St George's GE 01, Bermuda
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Leung JYS, Russell BD, Connell SD. Mineralogical Plasticity Acts as a Compensatory Mechanism to the Impacts of Ocean Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2652-2659. [PMID: 28198181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcifying organisms are considered particularly susceptible to the future impacts of ocean acidification (OA), but recent evidence suggests that they may be able to maintain calcification and overall fitness. The underlying mechanism remains unclear but may be attributed to mineralogical plasticity, which modifies the energetic cost of calcification. To test the hypothesis that mineralogical plasticity enables the maintenance of shell growth and functionality under OA conditions, we assessed the biological performance of a gastropod (respiration rate, feeding rate, somatic growth, and shell growth of Austrocochlea constricta) and analyzed its shell mechanical and geochemical properties (shell hardness, elastic modulus, amorphous calcium carbonate, calcite to aragonite ratio, and magnesium to calcium ratio). Despite minor metabolic depression and no increase in feeding rate, shell growth was faster under OA conditions, probably due to increased precipitation of calcite and trade-offs against inner shell density. In addition, the resulting shell was functionally suitable for increasingly "corrosive" oceans, i.e., harder and less soluble shells. We conclude that mineralogical plasticity may act as a compensatory mechanism to maintain overall performance of calcifying organisms under OA conditions and could be a cornerstone of calcifying organisms to acclimate to and maintain their ecological functions in acidifying oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y S Leung
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bayden D Russell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
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Kapsenberg L, Okamoto DK, Dutton JM, Hofmann GE. Sensitivity of sea urchin fertilization to pH varies across a natural pH mosaic. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1737-1750. [PMID: 28331584 PMCID: PMC5355180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the coastal ocean, temporal fluctuations in pH vary dramatically across biogeographic ranges. How such spatial differences in pH variability regimes might shape ocean acidification resistance in marine species remains unknown. We assessed the pH sensitivity of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in the context of ocean pH variability. Using unique male-female pairs, originating from three sites with similar mean pH but different variability and frequency of low pH (pHT ≤ 7.8) exposures, fertilization was tested across a range of pH (pHT 7.61-8.03) and sperm concentrations. High fertilization success was maintained at low pH via a slight right shift in the fertilization function across sperm concentration. This pH effect differed by site. Urchins from the site with the narrowest pH variability regime exhibited the greatest pH sensitivity. At this site, mechanistic fertilization dynamics models support a decrease in sperm-egg interaction rate with decreasing pH. The site differences in pH sensitivity build upon recent evidence of local pH adaptation in S. purpuratus and highlight the need to incorporate environmental variability in the study of global change biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kapsenberg
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6CNRS‐INSULaboratoire d'Océanographie de VillefrancheVillefranche‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - Daniel K. Okamoto
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- School of Resource and Environmental ManagementSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Jessica M. Dutton
- Wrigley Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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Parker LM, O'Connor WA, Byrne M, Coleman RA, Virtue P, Dove M, Gibbs M, Spohr L, Scanes E, Ross PM. Adult exposure to ocean acidification is maladaptive for larvae of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata in the presence of multiple stressors. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0798. [PMID: 28202683 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental effects passed from adults to their offspring have been identified as a source of rapid acclimation that may allow marine populations to persist as our surface oceans continue to decrease in pH. Little is known, however, whether parental effects are beneficial for offspring in the presence of multiple stressors. We exposed adults of the oyster Saccostrea glomerata to elevated CO2 and examined the impacts of elevated CO2 (control = 392; 856 µatm) combined with elevated temperature (control = 24; 28°C), reduced salinity (control = 35; 25) and reduced food concentration (control = full; half diet) on their larvae. Adult exposure to elevated CO2 had a positive impact on larvae reared at elevated CO2 as a sole stressor, which were 8% larger and developed faster at elevated CO2 compared with larvae from adults exposed to ambient CO2 These larvae, however, had significantly reduced survival in all multistressor treatments. This was particularly evident for larvae reared at elevated CO2 combined with elevated temperature or reduced food concentration, with no larvae surviving in some treatment combinations. Larvae from CO2-exposed adults had a higher standard metabolic rate. Our results provide evidence that parental exposure to ocean acidification may be maladaptive when larvae experience multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Parker
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,School of Medical Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Ross A Coleman
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Patti Virtue
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Dove
- Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Mitchell Gibbs
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Lorraine Spohr
- Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, New South Wales, 2258, Australia
| | - Elliot Scanes
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Pauline M Ross
- Centre for the Ecological Impacts for Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Carey N, Dupont S, Sigwart JD. Sea Hare Aplysia punctata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Can Maintain Shell Calcification under Extreme Ocean Acidification. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 231:142-151. [PMID: 27820906 DOI: 10.1086/690094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is expected to cause energetic constraints upon marine calcifying organisms such as molluscs and echinoderms, because of the increased costs of building or maintaining shell material in lower pH. We examined metabolic rate, shell morphometry, and calcification in the sea hare Aplysia punctata under short-term exposure (19 days) to an extreme ocean acidification scenario (pH 7.3, ∼2800 μatm pCO2), along with a group held in control conditions (pH 8.1, ∼344 μatm pCO2). This gastropod and its congeners are broadly distributed and locally abundant grazers, and have an internal shell that protects the internal organs. Specimens were examined for metabolic rate via closed-chamber respirometry, followed by removal and examination of the shell under confocal microscopy. Staining using calcein determined the amount of new calcification that occurred over 6 days at the end of the acclimation period. The width of new, pre-calcified shell on the distal shell margin was also quantified as a proxy for overall shell growth. Aplysia punctata showed a 30% reduction in metabolic rate under low pH, but calcification was not affected. This species is apparently able to maintain calcification rate even under extreme low pH, and even when under the energetic constraints of lower metabolism. This finding adds to the evidence that calcification is a largely autonomous process of crystallization that occurs as long as suitable haeomocoel conditions are preserved. There was, however, evidence that the accretion of new, noncalcified shell material may have been reduced, which would lead to overall reduced shell growth under longer-term exposures to low pH independent of calcification. Our findings highlight that the chief impact of ocean acidification upon the ability of marine invertebrates to maintain their shell under low pH may be energetic constraints that hinder growth of supporting structure, rather than maintenance of calcification.
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Key Words
- M, dry tissue mass
- MO2, mass-specific oxygen uptake rate
- OA, ocean acidification
- R, respiration rate
- S, salinity
- SB, shell border width
- SC, shell calcification width
- SL, shell length
- T, temperature
- TA, total alkalinity
- pHT, total scale pH
- μatm pCO2, seawater partial pressure of CO2
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Foo SA, Byrne M. Acclimatization and Adaptive Capacity of Marine Species in a Changing Ocean. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2016; 74:69-116. [PMID: 27573050 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To persist in an ocean changing in temperature, pH and other stressors related to climate change, many marine species will likely need to acclimatize or adapt to avoid extinction. If marine populations possess adequate genetic variation in tolerance to climate change stressors, species might be able to adapt to environmental change. Marine climate change research is moving away from single life stage studies where individuals are directly placed into projected scenarios ('future shock' approach), to focus on the adaptive potential of populations in an ocean that will gradually change over coming decades. This review summarizes studies that consider the adaptive potential of marine invertebrates to climate change stressors and the methods that have been applied to this research, including quantitative genetics, laboratory selection studies and trans- and multigenerational experiments. Phenotypic plasticity is likely to contribute to population persistence providing time for genetic adaptation to occur. Transgenerational and epigenetic effects indicate that the environmental and physiological history of the parents can affect offspring performance. There is a need for long-term, multigenerational experiments to determine the influence of phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation and transgenerational effects on species' capacity to persist in a changing ocean. However, multigenerational studies are only practicable for short generation species. Consideration of multiple morphological and physiological traits, including changes in molecular processes (eg, DNA methylation) and long-term studies that facilitate acclimatization will be essential in making informed predictions of how the seascape and marine communities will be altered by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - M Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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González K, Gaitán-Espitia J, Font A, Cárdenas CA, González-Aravena M. Expression pattern of heat shock proteins during acute thermal stress in the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-016-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mos B, Byrne M, Dworjanyn SA. Biogenic acidification reduces sea urchin gonad growth and increases susceptibility of aquaculture to ocean acidification. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 113:39-48. [PMID: 26595392 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing oceanic pH (ocean acidification) has emphasised the influence of carbonate chemistry on growth of calcifying marine organisms. However, calcifiers can also change carbonate chemistry of surrounding seawater through respiration and calcification, a potential limitation for aquaculture. This study examined how seawater exchange rate and stocking density of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla that were reproductively mature affected carbonate system parameters of their culture water, which in turn influenced growth, gonad production and gonad condition. Growth, relative spine length, gonad production and consumption rates were reduced by up to 67% by increased density (9-43 individuals.m(-2)) and reduced exchange rates (3.0-0.3 exchanges.hr(-1)), but survival and food conversion efficiency were unaffected. Analysis of the influence of seawater parameters indicated that reduced pH and calcite saturation state (ΩCa) were the primary factors limiting gonad production and growth. Uptake of bicarbonate and release of respiratory CO2 by T. gratilla changed the carbonate chemistry of surrounding water. Importantly total alkalinity (AT) was reduced, likely due to calcification by the urchins. Low AT limits the capacity of culture water to buffer against acidification. Direct management to counter biogenic acidification will be required to maintain productivity and reproductive output of marine calcifiers, especially as the ocean carbonate system is altered by climate driven ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mos
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia.
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Symon A Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
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73
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Carey N, Harianto J, Byrne M. Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1178-86. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Body-size and temperature are the major factors explaining metabolic rate, and the additional factor of pH is a major driver at the biochemical level. These three factors have frequently been found to interact, complicating the formulation of broad models predicting metabolic rates and hence ecological functioning. In this first study of the effects of warming and ocean acidification, and their potential interaction, on metabolic rate across a broad body-size range (two-to-three orders of magnitude difference in body mass) we addressed the impact of climate change on the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma in context with climate projections for east Australia, an ocean warming hotspot. Urchins were gradually introduced to two temperatures (18 and 23 °C) and two pH (7.5 and 8.0), and maintained for two months. That a new physiological steady-state had been reached, otherwise know as acclimation, was validated through identical experimental trials separated by several weeks. The relationship between body-size, temperature and acidification on the metabolic rate of H. erythrogramma was strikingly stable. Both stressors caused increases in metabolic rate; 20% for temperature and 19% for pH. Combined effects were additive; a 44% increase in metabolism. Body-size had a highly stable relationship with metabolic rate regardless of temperature or pH. None of these diverse drivers of metabolism interacted or modulated the effects of the others, highlighting the partitioned nature of how each influences metabolic rate, and the importance of achieving a full acclimation state. Despite these increases in energetic demand there was very limited capacity for compensatory modulating of feeding rate; food consumption increased only in the very smallest specimens, and only in response to temperature, and not pH. Our data show that warming, acidification and body-size all substantially affect metabolism and are highly consistent and partitioned in their effects, and for H. erythrogramma near-future climate change will incur a substantial energetic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Carey
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Januar Harianto
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Sandersfeld T, Davison W, Lamare MD, Knust R, Richter C. Elevated temperature causes metabolic trade-offs at the whole-organism level in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2373-81. [PMID: 26056241 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As a response to ocean warming, shifts in fish species distribution and changes in production have been reported that have been partly attributed to temperature effects on the physiology of animals. The Southern Ocean hosts some of the most rapidly warming regions on earth and Antarctic organisms are reported to be especially temperature sensitive. While cellular and molecular organismic levels appear, at least partially, to compensate for elevated temperatures, the consequences of acclimation to elevated temperature for the whole organism are often less clear. Growth and reproduction are the driving factors for population structure and abundance. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term acclimation to elevated temperature on energy budget parameters in the high-Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Our results show a complete temperature compensation for routine metabolic costs after 9 weeks of acclimation to 4°C. However, an up to 84% reduction in mass growth was measured at 2 and 4°C compared with the control group at 0°C, which is best explained by reduced food assimilation rates at warmer temperatures. With regard to a predicted temperature increase of up to 1.4°C in the Ross Sea by 2200, such a significant reduction in growth is likely to affect population structures in nature, for example by delaying sexual maturity and reducing production, with severe impacts on Antarctic fish communities and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sandersfeld
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven and University of Bremen, Germany
| | - William Davison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 30 Castle Street, Dunedin 9022, New Zealand
| | - Rainer Knust
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Claudio Richter
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven and University of Bremen, Germany
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75
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Peck LS, Clark MS, Power D, Reis J, Batista FM, Harper EM. Acidification effects on biofouling communities: winners and losers. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1907-1913. [PMID: 25626420 PMCID: PMC5006883 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
How ocean acidification affects marine life is a major concern for science and society. However, its impacts on encrusting biofouling communities, that are both the initial colonizers of hard substrata and of great economic importance, are almost unknown. We showed that community composition changed significantly, from 92% spirorbids, 3% ascidians and 4% sponges initially to 47% spirorbids, 23% ascidians and 29% sponges after 100 days in acidified conditions (pH 7.7). In low pH, numbers of the spirorbid Neodexiospira pseudocorrugata were reduced ×5 compared to controls. The two ascidians present behaved differently with Aplidium sp. decreasing ×10 in pH 7.7, whereas Molgula sp. numbers were ×4 higher in low pH than controls. Calcareous sponge (Leucosolenia sp.) numbers increased ×2.5 in pH 7.7 over controls. The diatom and filamentous algal community was also more poorly developed in the low pH treatments compared to controls. Colonization of new surfaces likewise showed large decreases in spirorbid numbers, but numbers of sponges and Molgula sp. increased. Spirorbid losses appeared due to both recruitment failure and loss of existing tubes. Spirorbid tubes are comprised of a loose prismatic fabric of calcite crystals. Loss of tube materials appeared due to changes in the binding matrix and not crystal dissolution, as SEM analyses showed crystal surfaces were not pitted or dissolved in low pH conditions. Biofouling communities face dramatic future changes with reductions in groups with hard exposed exoskeletons and domination by soft-bodied ascidians and sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic SurveyHigh Cross, Madingley RdCambridgeCB3 0ETUK
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic SurveyHigh Cross, Madingley RdCambridgeCB3 0ETUK
| | - Deborah Power
- University of the AlgarveCtr Ciencias MarP‐8000139FaroPortugal
| | - João Reis
- University of the AlgarveCtr Ciencias MarP‐8000139FaroPortugal
| | - Frederico M. Batista
- University of the AlgarveCtr Ciencias MarP‐8000139FaroPortugal
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA)Estação Experimental de Moluscicultura de TaviraVale Caranguejo8800TaviraPortugal
| | - Elizabeth M. Harper
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EQUK
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