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Woo SL, Yang J, Hsu M, Yang A, Zhang L, Lee RP, Gilbuena I, Thames G, Huang J, Rasmussen A, Carpenter CL, Henning SM, Heber D, Wang Y, Li Z. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on glucose metabolism in obese, prediabetic men and women: a randomized, crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1569-1577. [PMID: 31005973 PMCID: PMC6900494 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are elevated in obese, insulin-resistant individuals. However, it is not known if supplementation of additional BCAAs will further impair glucose metabolism. OBJECTIVES The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effects of BCAA supplementation on glucose metabolism in obese, prediabetic individuals. METHODS This is a randomized crossover study involving 12 obese individuals with prediabetes. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a daily supplement containing either 20 g BCAA or protein low in BCAAs for 4 wk with a 2-wk washout in between. At each visit, an oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Collected blood samples were used to measure glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance-associated biomarkers. RESULTS BCAA supplementation tended to decrease the plasma glucose area under the curve (AUC) measured by the OGTT (AUC percentage change from supplementation baseline, BCAA: -3.3% ± 3%; low-BCAA: 10.0% ± 6%; P = 0.08). However, BCAA supplementation did not affect plasma insulin during OGTT challenge (BCAA: -3.9% ± 8%; low-BCAA: 14.8% ± 10%; P = 0.28). The plasma concentrations of nerve growth factor (BCAA: 4.0 ± 1 pg/mL; low-BCAA: 5.7 ± 1 pg/mL; P = 0.01) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (BCAA: -0.4% ± 9%; low-BCAA: 29.0% ± 18%; P = 0.02) were significantly lowered by BCAA supplementation compared to low-BCAA control. Plasma interleukin 1β was significantly elevated by BCAA supplementation (BCAA: 231.4% ± 187%; low-BCAA: 20.6% ± 33%; P = 0.05). BCAA supplementation did not affect the circulating concentrations of the BCAAs leucine (BCAA: 9.0% ± 12%; low-BCAA: 9.2% ± 11%), valine (BCAA: 9.1% ± 11%; low-BCAA: 12.0% ± 13%), or isoleucine (BCAA: 2.5% ± 11%; low-BCAA: 7.3% ± 11%). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that BCAA supplementation did not impair glucose metabolism in obese, prediabetic subjects. Further studies are needed to confirm the results seen in the present study. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03715010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Lung Woo
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jieping Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark Hsu
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alicia Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ru-po Lee
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Irene Gilbuena
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gail Thames
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jianjun Huang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna Rasmussen
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine L Carpenter
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susanne M Henning
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Heber
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Address correspondence to ZL (e-mail: )
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Darst BF, Lu Q, Johnson SC, Engelman CD. Integrated analysis of genomics, longitudinal metabolomics, and Alzheimer's risk factors among 1,111 cohort participants. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 43:657-674. [PMID: 31104335 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is highly heritable, genetic variants are known to be associated with AD only explain a small proportion of its heritability. Genetic factors may only convey disease risk in individuals with certain environmental exposures, suggesting that a multiomics approach could reveal underlying mechanisms contributing to complex traits, such as AD. We developed an integrated network to investigate relationships between metabolomics, genomics, and AD risk factors using Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention participants. Analyses included 1,111 non-Hispanic Caucasian participants with whole blood expression for 11,376 genes (imputed from dense genome-wide genotyping), 1,097 fasting plasma metabolites, and 17 AD risk factors. A subset of 155 individuals also had 364 fastings cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) metabolites. After adjusting each of these 12,854 variables for potential confounders, we developed an undirected graphical network, representing all significant pairwise correlations upon adjusting for multiple testing. There were many instances of genes being indirectly linked to AD risk factors through metabolites, suggesting that genes may influence AD risk through particular metabolites. Follow-up analyses suggested that glycine mediates the relationship between carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 and measures of cardiovascular and diabetes risk, including body mass index, waist-hip ratio, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Further, 38 CSF metabolites explained more than 60% of the variance of CSF levels of tau, a detrimental protein that accumulates in the brain of AD patients and is necessary for its diagnosis. These results further our understanding of underlying mechanisms contributing to AD risk while demonstrating the utility of generating and integrating multiple omics data types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu F Darst
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Corinne D Engelman
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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53
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Haydar S, Grigorescu F, Vintilă M, Cogne Y, Lautier C, Tutuncu Y, Brun JF, Robine JM, Pugeat M, Normand C, Poucheret P, Gheorghiu ML, Georgescu C, Badiu C, Băculescu N, Renard E, Ylli D, Badiou S, Sutra T, Cristol JP, Mercier J, Gomis R, Macias JM, Litvinov S, Khusnutdinova E, Poiana C, Pasquali R, Lauro D, Sesti G, Prudente S, Trischitta V, Tsatsoulis A, Abdelhak S, Barakat A, Zenati A, Ylli A, Satman I, Kanninen T, Rinato Y, Missoni S. Fine-scale haplotype mapping of MUT, AACS, SLC6A15 and PRKCA genes indicates association with insulin resistance of metabolic syndrome and relationship with branched chain amino acid metabolism or regulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214122. [PMID: 30913280 PMCID: PMC6435171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential elements of the human diet, which display increased plasma levels in obesity and regained particular interest as potential biomarkers for development of diabetes. To define determinants of insulin resistance (IR) we investigated 73 genes involved in BCAA metabolism or regulation by fine-scale haplotype mapping in two European populations with metabolic syndrome. French and Romanians (n = 465) were genotyped for SNPs (Affymetrix) and enriched by imputation (BEAGLE 4.1) at 1000 genome project density. Initial association hits detected by sliding window were refined (HAPLOVIEW 3.1 and PHASE 2.1) and correlated to homeostasis model assessment (HOMAIR) index, in vivo insulin sensitivity (SI) and BCAA plasma levels (ANOVA). Four genomic regions were associated with IR located downstream of MUT, AACS, SLC6A15 and PRKCA genes (P between 9.3 and 3.7 x 10-5). Inferred haplotypes up to 13 SNPs length were associated with IR (e.g. MUT gene with P < 4.9 x 10-5; Bonferroni 1.3 x 10-3) and synergistic to HOMAIR. SNPs in the same regions were also associated with one order of magnitude lower P values (e.g. rs20167284 in the MUT gene with P < 1.27 x 10-4) and replicated in Mediterranean samples (n = 832). In French, influential haplotypes (OR > 2.0) were correlated with in vivo insulin sensitivity (1/SI) except for SLC6A15 gene. Association of these genes with BCAA levels was variable, but influential haplotypes confirmed implication of MUT from BCAA metabolism as well as a role of regulatory genes (AACS and PRKCA) and suggested potential changes in transcriptional activity. These data drive attention towards new regulatory regions involved in IR in relation with BCAA and show the ability of haplotypes in phased DNA to detect signals complimentary to SNPs, which may be useful in designing genetic markers for clinical applications in ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Haydar
- University of Montpellier, UMR204 NUTRIPASS (IRD, UM, SupAgro), Montpellier, France
| | - Florin Grigorescu
- University of Montpellier, UMR204 NUTRIPASS (IRD, UM, SupAgro), Montpellier, France
| | - Mădălina Vintilă
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, Department of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yannick Cogne
- University of Montpellier, UMR204 NUTRIPASS (IRD, UM, SupAgro), Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Lautier
- University of Montpellier, UMR204 NUTRIPASS (IRD, UM, SupAgro), Montpellier, France
| | - Yildiz Tutuncu
- Istanbul University, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jean Frederic Brun
- University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michel Pugeat
- University Claude Bernard de Lyon 1, Lyon-Bron, France
| | - Christophe Normand
- University of Montpellier, UMR204 NUTRIPASS (IRD, UM, SupAgro), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Monica Livia Gheorghiu
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, Department of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Georgescu
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corin Badiu
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, Department of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Băculescu
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, Department of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eric Renard
- Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Montpellier, Departement d'Endocrinologie, Diabète, Nutrition, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - Dorina Ylli
- Mjekesise University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Stephanie Badiou
- University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Sutra
- University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Paul Cristol
- University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Mercier
- University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ramon Gomis
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Catalina Poiana
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, Department of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Renato Pasquali
- University Alma Mater Studiorum, Division of Endocrinology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sabrina Prudente
- Scientific Institute Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovani Rotondo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Trischitta
- Scientific Institute Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovani Rotondo, Italy
| | - Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Akila Zenati
- Universite d'Alger, CHU Bab-El-Oued, Alger, Algeria
| | - Agron Ylli
- Mjekesise University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Ilhan Satman
- Istanbul University, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sasa Missoni
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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Rousseau M, Guénard F, Garneau V, Allam-Ndoul B, Lemieux S, Pérusse L, Vohl MC. Associations Between Dietary Protein Sources, Plasma BCAA and Short-Chain Acylcarnitine Levels in Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010173. [PMID: 30650556 PMCID: PMC6356602 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and C3 and C5 acylcarnitines (AC) levels observed in individuals with insulin resistance (IR) might be influenced by dietary protein intakes. This study explores the associations between dietary protein sources, plasma BCAA levels and C3 and C5 ACs in normal weight (NW) or overweight (OW) individuals with or without metabolic syndrome (MS). Data from 199 men and women aged 18⁻55 years with complete metabolite profile were analyzed. Associations between metabolic parameters, protein sources, plasma BCAA and AC levels were tested. OW/MS+ consumed significantly more animal protein (p = 0.0388) and had higher plasma BCAA levels (p < 0.0001) than OW/MS- or NW/MS- individuals. Plasma BCAA levels were not associated with BCAA intakes in the whole cohort, while there was a trend for an association between plasma BCAA levels and red meat or with animal protein in OW/MS+. These associations were of weak magnitude. In NW/MS- individuals, the protein sources associated with BCAA levels varied greatly with adjustment for confounders. Plasma C3 and C5 ACs were associated with plasma BCAA levels in the whole cohort (p < 0.0001) and in subgroups based on OW and MS status. These results suggest a modest association of meat or animal protein intakes and an association of C3 and C5 ACs with plasma BCAA levels, obesity and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Rousseau
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Guénard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Véronique Garneau
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Bénédicte Allam-Ndoul
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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55
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Molecular Fingerprints of Iron Parameters among a Population-Based Sample. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111800. [PMID: 30463274 PMCID: PMC6266982 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most frequent deficiency disease and parameters of iron metabolism appear to be linked to major metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. We screened a large set of small molecules in plasma for associations with iron status among apparently healthy subjects to elucidate subclinical profiles which may provide a link between iron status and onset of diseases. Based on mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy we determined 613 plasma metabolites and lipoprotein subfractions among 820 apparently healthy individuals. Associations between ferritin, transferrin, haemoglobin and myoglobin and metabolite levels were tested by sex-specific linear regression analyses controlling for common confounders. Far more significant associations in women (82 out of 102) compared to men became obvious. The majority of the metabolites associated with serum ferritin and haemoglobin in women comprising fatty acid species, branched-chain amino acid catabolites and catabolites of heme. The latter was also obvious among men. Positive associations between serum transferrin and VLDL and IDL particle measures seen in women were observed in men with respect to serum ferritin. We observed a sexual-dimorphic fingerprint of surrogates of iron metabolism which may provide a link for the associations between those parameters and major metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
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56
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Kahleova H, Fleeman R, Hlozkova A, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. A plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant protein. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:58. [PMID: 30405108 PMCID: PMC6221888 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives A plant-based diet is an effective strategy in the treatment of obesity. In this 16-week randomized clinical trial, we tested the effect of a plant-based diet on body composition and insulin resistance. As a part of this trial, we investigated the role of plant protein on these outcomes. Subjects and methods Overweight participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a plant-based (n = 38) or a control diet (n = 37). Dual X-ray Absorptiometry assessed body composition, Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) assessed insulin resistance, and a linear regression model was used to test the relationship between protein intake, body composition, and insulin resistance. Results The plant-based vegan diet proved to be superior to the control diet in improving body weight, fat mass, and insulin resistance markers. Only the vegan group showed significant reductions in body weight (treatment effect −6.5 [95% CI −8.9 to −4.1] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001), fat mass (treatment effect −4.3 [95% CI −5.4 to −3.2] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (treatment effect −1.0 [95% CI −1.2 to −0.8]; Gxt, p = 0.004). The decrease in fat mass was associated with an increased intake of plant protein and decreased intake of animal protein (r = -0.30, p = 0.011; and r = +0.39, p = 0.001, respectively). In particular, decreased % leucine intake was associated with a decrease in fat mass (r = +0.40; p < 0.001), in both unadjusted and adjusted models for changes in BMI and energy intake. In addition, decreased % histidine intake was associated with a decrease in insulin resistance (r = +0.38; p = 0.003), also independent of changes in BMI and energy intake. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that plant protein, as a part of a plant-based diet, and the resulting limitation of leucine and histidine intake are associated with improvements in body composition and reductions in both body weight and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kahleova
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave, N.W. Ste.400, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
| | - Rebecca Fleeman
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave, N.W. Ste.400, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
| | - Adela Hlozkova
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave, N.W. Ste.400, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
| | - Richard Holubkov
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Neal D Barnard
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave, N.W. Ste.400, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.,Adjunct Faculty, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
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Okekunle AP, Wu X, Feng R, Li Y, Sun C. Higher intakes of energy-adjusted dietary amino acids are inversely associated with obesity risk. Amino Acids 2018; 51:373-382. [PMID: 30377838 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the relationship between energy-adjusted amino acids (EAA) intakes and obesity risk using data on nutrient intakes derived from the Chinese food composition tables to determine dietary intakes (DI) among 1109 obese and 3009 normal weight subjects. Dietary patterns (DP) were identified using principal component analysis, multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of obesity risk by quartiles of EAA intakes was estimated using logistic regression with two-sided P < 0.05. Multivariable-adjusted OR and 95% CI for obesity risk were 1.00, 0.801 (0.573, 1.119), 0.718 (0.504, 1.024) and 0.532 (0.353, 0.803) P-trend = 0.003 across energy-adjusted quartiles of total AA intakes. Similarly, higher DI of 13 AA; isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, and serine were associated with lower risk of obesity. Furthermore, six DP; 'Wheaten food and Rice', 'Fruit, Vegetables and Milk', 'Snack, Beverage and Ice cream', 'Potatoes, Soybean & Egg', 'Livestock & Poultry meat' and 'Fish' were identified. Multivariable-adjusted OR and 95% CI across quartiles of DP adherence for obesity risk were 1.00, 0.737 (0.535, 1.017), 0.563 (0.406, 0.779), 0.724 (0.518, 1.011) P-trend = 0.018 for 'Fruit, Vegetables and Milk', 1.00, 0.734 (0.531, 1.013), 0.841(0.609, 1.161), 0.657 (0.478, 0.904) P-trend = 0.027 for 'Potatoes, Soybean & Egg' and 1.00, 1.106 (0.791, 1.548), 1.367(0.975, 1.917), 1.953 (1.399, 2.726) P-trend = 0.000 for 'Fish'. Additionally, lower adherence to 'Snack, Beverage and Ice cream' and 'Fish' patterns is associated with a protective higher AA intake-obesity risk relationship. Energy-adjusted AA intakes were inversely associated with obesity risk, but the associations appear modifiable by DP adherence of respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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58
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Haydar S, Paillot T, Fagot C, Cogne Y, Fountas A, Tutuncu Y, Vintila M, Tsatsoulis A, Thanh Chi P, Garandeau P, Chetea D, Badiu C, Gheorghiu M, Ylli D, Lautier C, Jarec M, Monnier L, Normand C, Šarac J, Barakat A, Missoni S, Pugeat M, Poucheret P, Hanzu F, Gomis R, Macias JM, Litvinov S, Khusnutdinova E, Poiana C, Pasquali R, Lauro D, Sesti G, Trischitta V, Abdelhak S, Zenati A, Ylli A, Satman I, Kanninen T, Rinato Y, Grigorescu F. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Database Integrated in MEDIPAD Software as a Tool for Nutritional Investigation of Mediterranean Populations. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1392. [PMID: 30275383 PMCID: PMC6213539 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chained amino acids (BCAA) are essential dietary components for humans and can act as potential biomarkers for diabetes development. To efficiently estimate dietary intake, we developed a BCAA database for 1331 food items found in the French Centre d'Information sur la Qualité des Aliments (CIQUAL) food table by compiling BCAA content from international tables, published measurements, or by food similarity as well as by calculating 267 items from Greek, Turkish, Romanian, and Moroccan mixed dishes. The database embedded in MEDIPAD software capable of registering 24 h of dietary recalls (24HDR) with clinical and genetic data was evaluated based on archived 24HDR of the Saint Pierre Institute (France) from 2957 subjects, which indicated a BCAA content up to 4.2 g/100 g of food and differences among normal weight and obese subjects across BCAA quartiles. We also evaluated the database of 119 interviews of Romanians, Turkish and Albanians in Greece (27⁻65 years) during the MEDIGENE program, which indicated mean BCAA intake of 13.84 and 12.91 g/day in males and females, respectively, comparable to other studies. The MEDIPAD is user-friendly, multilingual, and secure software and with the BCAA database is suitable for conducting nutritional assessment in the Mediterranean area with particular facilities for food administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Haydar
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | - Yannick Cogne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Athanasios Fountas
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Yildiz Tutuncu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Madalina Vintila
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, 011863 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Pham Thanh Chi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Patrick Garandeau
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Dan Chetea
- Nicolae Paulescu National Institute, 020475 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Corin Badiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, 011863 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Monica Gheorghiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, 011863 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Dorina Ylli
- Faculty of Medicine, Mjekesise University of Tirana, 1005 Tirana, Albania.
| | - Corinne Lautier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Morana Jarec
- Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Louis Monnier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Christophe Normand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Jelena Šarac
- Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Sasa Missoni
- Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Michel Pugeat
- Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Cardio-Neuro Hospital, University Claude Bernard de Lyon 1, 69677 Lyon-Bron, France.
| | - Patrick Poucheret
- Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 95 Qualisud, University of Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Felicia Hanzu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ramon Gomis
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Catalina Poiana
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila, 011863 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Division of Endocrinology, University Alma Mater Studiorum, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00173 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | | | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Akila Zenati
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Génétique, CHU Bab-El-Oued, Université d'Alger, Alger 16000, Algeria.
| | - Agron Ylli
- Faculty of Medicine, Mjekesise University of Tirana, 1005 Tirana, Albania.
| | - Ilhan Satman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Yves Rinato
- Intactile Design SA, 34000 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florin Grigorescu
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)204 NUTRIPASS (Nutrition et Alimentation des Populations aux Suds, IRD, UM, SupAgro), Molecular Endocrinology, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France.
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Teymoori F, Asghari G, Farhadnejad H, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Do dietary amino acid ratios predict risk of incident hypertension among adults? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:387-395. [PMID: 30246590 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1515183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the association between dietary amino acid ratios and the 3-year incidence of hypertension, conducted in the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study with 4287 adults(41.9% men), aged 20-70 y. Dietary intakes of amino acids were assessed using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire and reported as percentage of protein. Then amino acid ratios including Leu.Ser/Thr.Trp, Leu/Trp, Leu/Thr, and Ser/Thr were calculated. We identified 429(10%) cases of hypertension during 3.1 y of follow up. The adjusted OR of the highest quartile of dietary Leu.Ser/Thr.Trp intake was 1.48 (95%CI:1.04-2.09, P for trend:0.02) compared with the lowest one. Furthermore, the OR of hypertension in the highest, compared with the lowest quartile of the leu/Thr ratio(2.19 vs 2.02) was 1.46(1.01-2.12), P for trend = 0.07. Our findings suggest that high dietary intakes of Leu.Ser/Thr.Trp ratio were associated with higher risk of incident hypertension and BP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Teymoori
- a Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid , Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Golaleh Asghari
- a Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid , Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hossein Farhadnejad
- a Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid , Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- b Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- c Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Sircana A, Framarin L, Leone N, Berrutti M, Castellino F, Parente R, De Michieli F, Paschetta E, Musso G. Altered Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes: Just a Coincidence? Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:98. [PMID: 30215149 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last decade many studies have suggested an association between the altered gut microbiota and multiple systemic diseases including diabetes. In this review, we will discuss potential pathophysiological mechanisms, the latest findings regarding the mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and the results obtained with experimental modulation of microbiota. RECENT FINDINGS In T2D, gut dysbiosis contributes to onset and maintenance of insulin resistance. Different strategies that reduce dysbiosis can improve glycemic control. Evidence in animals and humans reveals differences between the gut microbial composition in healthy individuals and those with T2D. Changes in the intestinal ecosystem could cause inflammation, alter intestinal permeability, and modulate metabolism of bile acids, short-chain fatty acids and metabolites that act synergistically on metabolic regulation systems contributing to insulin resistance. Interventions that restore equilibrium in the gut appear to have beneficial effects and improve glycemic control. Future research should examine in detail and in larger studies other possible pathophysiological mechanisms to identify specific pathways modulated by microbiota modulation and identify new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Framarin
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Leone
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Berrutti
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Castellino
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Renato Parente
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco De Michieli
- Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Paschetta
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musso
- HUMANITAS Gradenigo, University of Turin, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10132, Turin, Italy.
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Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have increasingly been studied as playing a role in diabetes, with the PubMed search string "diabetes" AND "branched chain amino acids" showing particular growth in studies of the topic over the past decade (Fig. ). In the Young Finn's Study, BCAA and, to a lesser extent, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine were associated with insulin resistance (IR) in men but not in women, whereas the gluconeogenic amino acids alanine, glutamine, or glycine, and several other amino acids (i.e. histidine, arginine, and tryptophan) did not show an association with IR. Obesity may track more strongly than metabolic syndrome and diabetes with elevated BCAA. In a study of 1302 people aged 40-79; higher levels of BCAA tracked with older age, male sex, and metabolic syndrome, as well as with obesity, cardiovascular risk, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and uric acid. Medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines, by-products of mitochondrial catabolism of BCAAs, as well as branched-chain keto acids and the BCAA themselves distinguished obese people having versus not having features of IR, and in a study of 898 patients with essential hypertension, the BCAA and tyrosine and phenylalanine were associated with metabolic syndrome and impaired fasting glucose. In a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies, elevations in BCAA and, to a lesser extent, in alanine tracked with IR, whereas higher levels of glutamine and glycine were associated with lesser likelihood of IR. Given these associations with IR, it is not surprising that a number of studies have shown higher BCAA levels in people with and prior to development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), although this has particularly been shown in Caucasian and Asian ethnic groups while not appearing to occur in African Americans. Similarly, higher BCAA levels track with cardiovascular disease. [Figure: see text] The metabolism of BCAA involves two processes: (i) a reversible process catalysed by a branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT), either cytosolic or mitochondrial, requiring pyridoxal to function as an amino group carrier, by which the BCAA with 2-ketoglutarate produce a branched-chain keto acid plus glutamate; and (ii) the irreversible mitochondrial process catalysed by branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) leading to formation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), propionyl-CoA, and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA from leucine, valine, and isoleucine, respectively, which enter the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle as acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA, respectively, leading to ATP formation. The BCAA stimulate secretion of both insulin and glucagon and, when given orally, of both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), with oral administration leading to greater and more prolonged insulin and glucagon secretion. Insulin may particularly reduce BCAA turnover to a greater extent than that of other amino acids, and decreases the appearance and increases the uptake of amino acids. However, older studies of the effect of glucose or insulin on BCAA concentrations and rates of leucine appearance and oxidation showed no reduction in T2D, although the higher baseline levels of BCAA in obesity have long been recognized. Impaired function of BCAT and BCKDH has been posited, either as a primary genetic abnormality or due to effects of elevated fatty acids, proinflammatory cytokines, or insulin levels with consequent accumulation of branched-chain keto acids and metabolites such as diacylglycerol and ceramide, potentially contributing to the development of further insulin resistance, and decreased skeletal muscle BCAT and BCKDH expression has been shown in people with diabetes, supporting this concept. A Mendelian randomization study used measured variation in genes involved in BCAA metabolism to test the hypothesis of a causal effect of modifiable exposure on IR, showing that variants in protein phosphatase, Mg2+ /Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), a gene encoding the mitochondrial phosphatase activating the BCKDH complex, are associated with T2D, but another such study suggested that genetic variations associated with IR are causally related to higher BCAA levels. Another hypothesis involves the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is activated by BCAA, as well as by insulin and glucose via cellular ATP availability. If this is the relevant pathway, BCAA overload may cause insulin resistance by activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as by leading to increases in acylcarnitines, with mTOR seen in this scenario as a central signal of cross-talk between the BCAA and insulin. At this point, whether whole-body or tissue-specific BCAA metabolism is increased or decreased in states of insulin-resistant obesity and T2D is uncertain. Insulin action in the hypothalamus induces but overfeeding decreases hepatic BCKDH, leading to the concept that hypothalamic insulin resistance impairs BCAA metabolism in obesity and diabetes, so that plasma BCAAs may be markers of hypothalamic insulin action rather than direct mediators of changes in IR. A way to address this may be to understand the effects of changes in diet and other interventions on BCAA, as well as on IR and T2D. In an animal model, lowering dietary BCAA increased energy expenditure and improved insulin sensitivity. Two large human population studies showed an association of estimated dietary BCAA intake with T2D risk, although another population study showed higher dietary BCAA to be associated with lower T2D risk. Ethnic differences, reflecting underlying differences in genetic variants, may be responsible for such differences. In the study of Asghari et al. in the current issue of the Journal of Diabetes, BCAA intake was associated with the development of subsequent IR. Studies of bariatric surgery suggest lower basal and post-insulin infusion BCAA levels are associated with greater insulin sensitivity, with reductions in BCAA not seen with weight loss per se with gastric band procedures, but occurring after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, an intervention that may have metabolic benefits over and above those from reduction in body weight. The gut microbiota may be important for the supply of the BCAA to mammalian hosts, either by de novo biosynthesis or by modifying nutrient absorption. A final fascinating preliminary set of observations is that of the effects of empagliflozin on metabolomics; evidence of increased Krebs cycle activation and of higher levels of BCAA metabolites, such as acylcarnitines, suggests that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition may, to some extent, involve BCAA metabolism. Certainly, we do not yet have a full understanding of these complex associations. However, the suggestion of multiple roles of BCAA in the development of IR promises to be important and to lead to the development of novel effective T2D therapies.
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