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The role of RAS mutations in MLL-rearranged leukaemia: A path to intervention? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:521-526. [PMID: 29056538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with MLL rearrangement (MLL-r) is an aggressive disease still associated with a high mortality rate. Recent investigations have identified co-operating mutations in the RAS pathway and although the functional consequences of these mutations are not yet fully understood, aberrant regulation of RAS pathway signalling at both transcriptional and protein levels is observed. Studies investigating the efficacy of specific inhibitors of this pathway, e.g. MEK-inhibitors, have also achieved encouraging results. In this context, this mini-review summarizes the available data surrounding MLL-r infant ALL with RAS mutation in relation to other well-known features of this intriguing disease.
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Feng Z, Ma J, Hua X. Epigenetic regulation by the menin pathway. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T147-T159. [PMID: 28811300 PMCID: PMC5612327 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a trend of increasing prevalence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and the inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome serves as a genetic model to investigate how NETs develop and the underlying mechanisms. Menin, encoded by the MEN1 gene, at least partly acts as a scaffold protein by interacting with multiple partners to regulate cellular homeostasis of various endocrine organs. Menin has multiple functions including regulation of several important signaling pathways by controlling gene transcription. Here, we focus on reviewing the recent progress in elucidating the key biochemical role of menin in epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and cell signaling, as well as posttranslational regulation of menin itself. In particular, we will review the progress in studying structural and functional interactions of menin with various histone modifiers and transcription factors such as MLL, PRMT5, SUV39H1 and other transcription factors including c-Myb and JunD. Moreover, the role of menin in regulating cell signaling pathways such as TGF-beta, Wnt and Hedgehog, as well as miRNA biogenesis and processing will be described. Further, the regulation of the MEN1 gene transcription, posttranslational modifications and stability of menin protein will be reviewed. These various modes of regulation by menin as well as regulation of menin by various biological factors broaden the view regarding how menin controls various biological processes in neuroendocrine organ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Feng
- Department of Cancer BiologyAbramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism (IDOM), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Cancer BiologyAbramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism (IDOM), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer BiologyAbramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism (IDOM), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jedwabny W, Kłossowski S, Purohit T, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J, Dyguda-Kazimierowicz E. Theoretical models of inhibitory activity for inhibitors of protein-protein interactions: targeting menin-mixed lineage leukemia with small molecules. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2216-2227. [PMID: 29456828 PMCID: PMC5774433 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A computationally affordable, non-empirical model based on electrostatic multipole and dispersion terms successfully predicts the binding affinity of inhibitors of menin–MLL protein–protein interactions.
Development and binding affinity predictions of inhibitors targeting protein–protein interactions (PPI) still represent a major challenge in drug discovery efforts. This work reports application of a predictive non-empirical model of inhibitory activity for PPI inhibitors, exemplified here for small molecules targeting the menin–mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) interaction. Systematic ab initio analysis of menin–inhibitor complexes was performed, revealing the physical nature of these interactions. Notably, the non-empirical protein–ligand interaction energy comprising electrostatic multipole and approximate dispersion terms (E(10)El,MTP + EDas) produced a remarkable correlation with experimentally measured inhibitory activities and enabled accurate activity prediction for new menin–MLL inhibitors. Importantly, this relatively simple and computationally affordable non-empirical interaction energy model outperformed binding affinity predictions derived from commonly used empirical scoring functions. This study demonstrates high relevance of the non-empirical model we developed for binding affinity prediction of inhibitors targeting protein–protein interactions that are difficult to predict using empirical scoring functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Jedwabny
- Department of Chemistry , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 , 50-370 Wrocław , Poland . ; Tel: +48 71 320 3200
| | - Szymon Kłossowski
- Department of Pathology , University of Michigan , 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, MSRBI, Rm 4510D , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA . ; ; Tel: +734 615 9319
| | - Trupta Purohit
- Department of Pathology , University of Michigan , 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, MSRBI, Rm 4510D , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA . ; ; Tel: +734 615 9319
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology , University of Michigan , 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, MSRBI, Rm 4510D , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA . ; ; Tel: +734 615 9319
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology , University of Michigan , 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, MSRBI, Rm 4510D , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA . ; ; Tel: +734 615 9319
| | - Edyta Dyguda-Kazimierowicz
- Department of Chemistry , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 , 50-370 Wrocław , Poland . ; Tel: +48 71 320 3200
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54
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Lopez CK, Malinge S, Gaudry M, Bernard OA, Mercher T. Pediatric Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia: Multitasking Fusion Proteins and Oncogenic Cooperations. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:631-642. [PMID: 28867167 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric leukemia presents specific clinical and genetic features from adult leukemia but the underpinning mechanisms of transformation are still unclear. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is the malignant accumulation of progenitors of the megakaryocyte lineage that normally produce blood platelets. AMKL is diagnosed de novo, in patients showing a poor prognosis, or in Down syndrome (DS) patients with a better prognosis. Recent data show that de novo AMKL is primarily associated with chromosomal alterations leading to the expression of fusions between transcriptional regulators. This review highlights the most recurrent genetic events found in de novo pediatric AMKL patients and, based on recent functional analyses, proposes a mechanism of leukemogenesis common to de novo and DS-AMKL.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Child
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/pathology
- Megakaryocytes/metabolism
- Megakaryocytes/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile K Lopez
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Malinge
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Gaudry
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier A Bernard
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France.
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55
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Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Andrade FG. Early-age Acute Leukemia: Revisiting Two Decades of the Brazilian Collaborative Study Group. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:593-606. [PMID: 28476187 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of leukemogenesis in early-age acute leukemia (EAL) has improved remarkably. Initiating somatic mutations detected in dried neonatal blood spots (DNBS) and in cord blood samples of affected children with leukemia have been proven to be acquired prenatally. However, to date, few epidemiological studies have been carried out exploring EAL that include infants and children 13-24 months of age at the diagnosis. Maternal exposure to transplacental DNA-damaging substances during pregnancy has been suggested to be a risk factor for EAL. Most cases of infants with acute lymphoblastic (i-ALL) or myeloid leukemia (i-AML) have KMT2A gene rearrangements (KMT2A-r), which disturb its essential role as an epigenetic regulator of hematopoiesis. Due to the short latency period for EAL and the fact that KMT2A-r resembles those found in secondary AML, exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors has been associated with transplacental risk as proxi for causality. EAL studies have been conducted in Brazil for over two decades, combining observational epidemiology, leukemia biology, and clinical data. EAL was investigated considering (i) age strata (infants vs. 13-24 months-old); (ii) somatic mutations associated with i-ALL and i-AML; (iii) ethnic-geographic variations; (iv) contribution of maternal genotypes; and (v) time latency of exposures and mutations in DNBS. Interactions of acquired and constitutive gene mutations are challenging tools to test risk factor associations for EAL. In this review we summarize the EAL scenario (including B-cell precursor-ALL, T-ALL, and AML) results combining environmental and genetic susceptibility risk factors and we raise questions that should be considered for further action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Pombo-de-Oliveira
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Francianne Gomes Andrade
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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56
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Vedadi M, Blazer L, Eram MS, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Arrowsmith CH, Hajian T. Targeting human SET1/MLL family of proteins. Protein Sci 2017; 26:662-676. [PMID: 28160335 PMCID: PMC5368065 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SET1 family of proteins, and in particular MLL1, are essential regulators of transcription and key mediators of normal development and disease. Here, we summarize the detailed characterization of the methyltransferase activity of SET1 complexes and the role of the key subunits, WDR5, RbBP5, ASH2L, and DPY30. We present new data on full kinetic characterization of human MLL1, MLL3, SET1A, and SET1B trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric complexes to elaborate on substrate specificities and compare our findings with what has been reported before. We also review exciting recent work identifying potent inhibitors of oncogenic MLL1 function through disruption of protein–protein interactions within the MLL1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8
| | - Levi Blazer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7
| | - Mohammad S Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7
| | | | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9
| | - Taraneh Hajian
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7
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57
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MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 oncofusion proteins bind a distinct enhancer repertoire and target the RUNX1 program in 11q23 acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2017; 36:3346-3356. [PMID: 28114278 PMCID: PMC5474565 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 11q23 leukemias, the N-terminal part of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene is fused to >60 different partner genes. In order to define a core set of MLL rearranged targets, we investigated the genome-wide binding of the MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 fusion proteins and associated epigenetic signatures in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines THP-1 and MV4-11. We uncovered both common as well as specific MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 target genes, which were all marked by H3K79me2, H3K27ac and H3K4me3. Apart from promoter binding, we also identified MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 binding at specific subsets of non-overlapping active distal regulatory elements. Despite this differential enhancer binding, MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 still direct a common gene program, which represents part of the RUNX1 gene program and constitutes of CD34+ and monocyte-specific genes. Comparing these data sets identified several zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) as potential MLL-AF9 co-regulators. Together, these results suggest that MLL fusions collaborate with specific subsets of TFs to deregulate the RUNX1 gene program in 11q23 AMLs.
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58
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Abstract
The spectrum of chromosomal abnormality associated with leukemogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is broad and heterogeneous when compared to chronic myeloid leukemia and other myeloid neoplasms. Recurrent chromosomal translocations such as t(8;21), t(15;17), and inv(16) are frequently detected, but hundreds of other uncommon chromosomal aberrations from AML also exist. This chapter discusses 22 chromosomal abnormalities that are common structural, numerical aberrations, and other important but infrequent (less than 1 %) translocations emphasized in the WHO classification. Brief morphologic, cytogenetic, and clinical characteristics are summarized, so as to provide a concise reference to cancer cytogenetic laboratories. Morphology based on FAB classification is used together with the current WHO classification due to frequent mentioning in a vast number of reference literatures. Characteristic chromosomal aberrations of other myeloid neoplasms such as myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm will be discussed in separate chapters-except for certain abnormalities such as t(9;22) in de novo AML. Gene mutations detected in normal karyotype AML by cutting edge next generation sequencing technology are also briefly mentioned.
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59
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Deciphering KRAS and NRAS mutated clone dynamics in MLL-AF4 paediatric leukaemia by ultra deep sequencing analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34449. [PMID: 27698462 PMCID: PMC5048141 DOI: 10.1038/srep34449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To induce and sustain the leukaemogenic process, MLL-AF4+ leukaemia seems to require very few genetic alterations in addition to the fusion gene itself. Studies of infant and paediatric patients with MLL-AF4+ B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL) have reported mutations in KRAS and NRAS with incidences ranging from 25 to 50%. Whereas previous studies employed Sanger sequencing, here we used next generation amplicon deep sequencing for in depth evaluation of RAS mutations in 36 paediatric patients at diagnosis of MLL-AF4+ leukaemia. RAS mutations including those in small sub-clones were detected in 63.9% of patients. Furthermore, the mutational analysis of 17 paired samples at diagnosis and relapse revealed complex RAS clone dynamics and showed that the mutated clones present at relapse were almost all originated from clones that were already detectable at diagnosis and survived to the initial therapy. Finally, we showed that mutated patients were indeed characterized by a RAS related signature at both transcriptional and protein levels and that the targeting of the RAS pathway could be of beneficial for treatment of MLL-AF4+ BCP-ALL clones carrying somatic RAS mutations.
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60
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Li DD, Wang ZH, Chen WL, Xie YY, You QD, Guo XK. Structure-based design of ester compounds to inhibit MLL complex catalytic activity by targeting mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1)-WDR5 interaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6109-6118. [PMID: 27720555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
WDR5 is an essential protein for enzymatic activity of MLL1. Targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between MLL1 and WDR5 represents a new potential therapeutic strategy for MLL leukemia. Based on the structure of reported inhibitor WDR5-0103, a class of ester compounds were designed and synthetized to disturb MLL1-WDR5 PPI. These inhibitors efficiently inhibited the histone methyltransferase activity in vitro. Especially, WL-15 was one of the most potent inhibitors, blocking the interaction of MLL1-WDR5 with IC50 value of 26.4nM in competitive binding assay and inhibiting the catalytic activity of MLL1 complex with IC50 value of 5.4μM. Docking model indicated that ester compounds suitably occupied the central cavity of WDR5 protein and recapitulated the interactions of WDR5-0103 and the hydrophobic groups and key amino greatly increased the activity in blocking MLL1-WDR5 PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Yue Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Ke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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61
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Zuo W, Wang SA, DiNardo C, Yabe M, Li S, Medeiros LJ, Tang G. Acute leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes with chromosomal rearrangement involving 11q23 locus, but not MLL gene. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:244-249. [PMID: 27496968 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chromosome 11q23 translocations, resulting in MLL (KMT2A) rearrangement, have been well characterised in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). However, little is known of haematopoietic neoplasms associated with 11q23 translocation but without MLL rearrangement (11q23+/MLL-). The aim of this study is to characterise such cases with 11q23+/MLL-. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively searched our database for cases with haematopoietic malignancies with 11q23+/MLL-. We identified nine patients, two with AML, two with B-lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL); two with T-lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), two with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and one with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML). The translocations included t(X;11)(p11.2;q23), t(2;11)(p21;q23), t(6;11)(q27;q23), t(8;9;11)(q13;q13;q23), t(11;11)(p15;q23), t(11;14)(q23;q24) and t(11;15)(q23;q14). Five of six patients with acute leukaemia had received chemotherapy and detection of 11q23 translocation occurred at time of disease relapse. Both patients with MDS and the patient with CMML had 11q23 translocation detected at time of initial diagnosis, all three patients progressed to AML after >1 year on hypomethylating agent therapy. All patients received risk-adapted therapies, including stem cell transplant in five patients. At the last follow-up, eight patients died with a median overall survival of 14 months. CONCLUSIONS 11q23+/MLL- occurs rarely, involving different partner chromosomes and showing clinical and pathological features and disease subtypes different from those cases with MLL rearrangement. 11q23+/MLL- appears to be associated with clonal evolution/disease progression in acute leukaemia, a high risk for AML progression in MDS/CMML and a high incidence of disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zuo
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Hematology, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Cancer Hospital/Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mariko Yabe
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shaoying Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gautam LN, Ling T, Lang W, Rivas F. Anti-proliferative evaluation of monoterpene derivatives against leukemia. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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63
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Leucemia mieloide aguda. Una perspectiva de los mecanismos moleculares del cáncer. GACETA MEXICANA DE ONCOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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64
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Li DD, Chen WL, Xu XL, Jiang F, Wang L, Xie YY, Zhang XJ, Guo XK, You QD, Sun HP. Structure-based design and synthesis of small molecular inhibitors disturbing the interaction of MLL1-WDR5. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:1-8. [PMID: 27116709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MLL1 complex catalyzes the methylation of H3K4, and plays important roles in the development of acute leukemia harboring MLL fusion proteins. Targeting MLL1-WDR5 protein-protein interaction (PPI) to inhibit the activity of histone methyltransferase of MLL1 complex is a novel strategy for treating of acute leukemia. WDR5-47 (IC50 = 0.3 μM) was defined as a potent small molecule to disturb the interaction of MLL1-WDR5. Here, we described structure-based design and synthesis of small molecular inhibitors to block MLL1-WDR5 PPI. Especially, compound 23 (IC50 = 104 nM) was the most potent small molecular, and about 3-times more potent than WDR5-47. We also discussed the SAR of these series of compounds with docking study, which may stimulate more potent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fen Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Yue Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hao-Peng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Borkin D, Pollock J, Kempinska K, Purohit T, Li X, Wen B, Zhao T, Miao H, Shukla S, He M, Sun D, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J. Property Focused Structure-Based Optimization of Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Protein-Protein Interaction between Menin and Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL). J Med Chem 2016; 59:892-913. [PMID: 26744767 PMCID: PMC5092235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of potent small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions with optimized druglike properties represents a challenging task in lead optimization process. Here, we report synthesis and structure-based optimization of new thienopyrimidine class of compounds, which block the protein-protein interaction between menin and MLL fusion proteins that plays an important role in acute leukemias with MLL translocations. We performed simultaneous optimization of both activity and druglike properties through systematic exploration of substituents introduced to the indole ring of lead compound 1 (MI-136) to identify compounds suitable for in vivo studies in mice. This work resulted in the identification of compound 27 (MI-538), which showed significantly increased activity, selectivity, polarity, and pharmacokinetic profile over 1 and demonstrated a pronounced effect in a mouse model of MLL leukemia. This study, which reports detailed structure-activity and structure-property relationships for the menin-MLL inhibitors, demonstrates challenges in optimizing inhibitors of protein-protein interactions for potential therapeutic applications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caco-2 Cells
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/chemistry
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/chemistry
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/chemistry
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Small Molecule Libraries/administration & dosage
- Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Thiophenes/administration & dosage
- Thiophenes/chemistry
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Borkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan Pollock
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katarzyna Kempinska
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Trupta Purohit
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ting Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hongzhi Miao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shirish Shukla
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Miao He
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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66
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Huang HP, Liu WJ, Guo QL, Bai YQ. Effect of silencing HOXA5 gene expression using RNA interference on cell cycle and apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:669-78. [PMID: 26846409 PMCID: PMC4771120 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a common malignant tumor with a high morbidity rate among children, accounting for approximately 80% of leukemia cases. Although there have been improvements in the treatment of patients frequent relapse lead to a poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to determine whether HOXA5 may be used as a target for gene therapy in leukemia in order to provide a new treatment. Mononuclear cells were extracted from the bone marrow according to the clinical research aims. After testing for ALL in the acute stage, the relative mRNA and protein expression of HOXA5 was detected in the ALL remission groups (n=25 cases per group) and the control group [n=20 cases, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)]. Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) was used to investigate the effect of silencing HOXA5 after small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection to Jurkat cells. The HOXA5-specific siRNA was transfected to Jurkat cells using lipofectamine. The experiment was divided into the experimental group (liposomal transfection of HOXA5 targeting siRNA), the negative control group (liposomal transfection of cells with negative control siRNA) and the control group (plus an equal amount of cells and culture media only). Western blotting and quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF‑PCR) were used to detect the relative HOXA5 mRNA expression and protein distribution in each cell group. Cell distribution in the cell cycle and the rate of cells undergoing apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry. The expression of HOXA5 at the mRNA and protein levels in the acute phase of ALL was significantly higher than that in ALL in the remission and control groups. In cells transfected with HOXA5-specific siRNA, the expression of HOXA5 at the mRNA and protein levels decreased significantly (P<0.05). The distribution of cells in the cell cycle was also altered. Specifically, more cells were present in the G0/G1 phase compared to the S phase (P<0.05). In addition, the apoptotic rate was significantly higher in cells transfected with HOXA5‑specific siRNA (P<0.05). In conclusion, high expression levels of HOXA5 mRNA and protein in children with ALL indicate that HOXA5 is closely associated with childhood ALL. In addition, HOXA5-specific siRNA effectively silences HOXA5 gene expression and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in Jurkat cells, thus inhibiting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qu-Lian Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qi Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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67
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Revisiting the biology of infant t(4;11)/MLL-AF4+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:2676-85. [PMID: 26463423 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-667378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for 10% of childhood ALL. The genetic hallmark of most infant B-ALL is chromosomal rearrangements of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. Despite improvement in the clinical management and survival (∼85-90%) of childhood B-ALL, the outcome of infants with MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) B-ALL remains dismal, with overall survival <35%. Among MLL-r infant B-ALL, t(4;11)+ patients harboring the fusion MLL-AF4 (MA4) display a particularly poor prognosis and a pro-B/mixed phenotype. Studies in monozygotic twins and archived blood spots have provided compelling evidence of a single cell of prenatal origin as the target for MA4 fusion, explaining the brief leukemia latency. Despite its aggressiveness and short latency, current progress on its etiology, pathogenesis, and cellular origin is limited as evidenced by the lack of mouse/human models recapitulating the disease phenotype/latency. We propose this is because infant cancer is from an etiologic and pathogenesis standpoint distinct from adult cancer and should be seen as a developmental disease. This is supported by whole-genome sequencing studies suggesting that opposite to the view of cancer as a "multiple-and-sequential-hit" model, t(4;11) alone might be sufficient to spawn leukemia. The stable genome of these patients suggests that, in infant developmental cancer, one "big-hit" might be sufficient for overt disease and supports a key contribution of epigenetics and a prenatal cell of origin during a critical developmental window of stem cell vulnerability in the leukemia pathogenesis. Here, we revisit the biology of t(4;11)+ infant B-ALL with an emphasis on its origin, genetics, and disease models.
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68
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Wu Z, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Yagi C, Iwabuki H, Gao W, Tauchi H, Inukai T, Sugita K, Ishii E, Eguchi M. HMGA2 as a potential molecular target in KMT2A-AFF1-positive infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:818-29. [PMID: 26403224 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in infants is an intractable cancer in childhood. Although recent intensive chemotherapy progress has considerably improved ALL treatment outcome, disease cure is often accompanied by undesirable long-term side effects, and efficient, less toxic molecular targeting therapies have been anticipated. In infant ALL cells with KMT2A (MLL) fusion, the microRNA let-7b (MIRLET7B) is significantly downregulated by DNA hypermethylation of its promoter region. We show here that the expression of HMGA2, one of the oncogenes repressed by MIRLET7B, is reversely upregulated in infant ALL leukaemic cells, particularly in KMT2A-AFF1 (MLL-AF4) positive ALL. In addition to the suppression of MIRLET7B, KMT2A fusion proteins positively regulate the expression of HMGA2. HMGA2 is one of the negative regulators of CDKN2A gene, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4A) . The HMGA2 inhibitor netropsin, when combined with demethylating agent 5-azacytidine, upregulated and sustained the expression of CDKN2A, which resulted in growth suppression of KMT2A-AFF1-expressing cell lines. This effect was more apparent compared to treatment with 5-azacytidine alone. These results indicate that the MIRLET7B-HMGA2-CDKN2A axis plays an important role in cell proliferation of leukaemic cells and could be a possible molecular target for the therapy of infant ALL with KMT2A-AFF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Yagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Iwabuki
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Wenming Gao
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hisamichi Tauchi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishii
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mariko Eguchi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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69
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This session of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology Workshop focused on acute leukemias of ambiguous origin. METHODS We provide an overview of mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) as recognized in the current World Health Organization classification and summarize diagnostic criteria for major categories of MPAL: B/myeloid, T/myeloid, B/T, and B/T/myeloid. RESULTS Most MPAL cases submitted were B/myeloid and T/myeloid MPAL, the most frequent types, but three cases of B/T MPAL were also submitted, and examples of all categories are illustrated. We emphasize that a comprehensive approach to immunophenotyping is required to accurately establish the diagnosis of MPAL. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping using a large panel of antibodies is needed as well as confirmatory immunohistochemical analysis and cytochemistry studies for myeloperoxidase and nonspecific esterase. We discuss technical issues in determining blast lineage and possible pitfalls in MPAL diagnosis. In particular, rare cases of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) can express myeloperoxidase but are otherwise consistent with B-ALL and should be treated as such. Last, we review the differential diagnosis between acute undifferentiated leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation. CONCLUSIONS There was an agreement that diagnosis of MPAL can be challenging, especially if applied flow cytometry panels are not comprehensive enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Porwit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and
| | - Marie C. Béné
- Immunology Laboratory, University Hospital of Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France
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70
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Cierpicki T, Grembecka J. Targeting protein-protein interactions in hematologic malignancies: still a challenge or a great opportunity for future therapies? Immunol Rev 2015; 263:279-301. [PMID: 25510283 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, there has been an increasing research effort focused on inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) to develop novel therapeutic approaches for cancer, including hematologic malignancies. These efforts have led to development of small molecule inhibitors of PPIs, some of which already advanced to the stage of clinical trials while others are at different stages of preclinical optimization, emphasizing PPIs as an emerging and attractive class of drug targets. Here, we review several examples of recently developed inhibitors of PPIs highly relevant to hematologic cancers. We address the existing skepticism about feasibility of targeting PPIs and emphasize potential therapeutic benefit from blocking PPIs in hematologic malignancies. We then use these examples to discuss the approaches for successful identification of PPI inhibitors and provide analysis of the protein-protein interfaces, with the goal to address 'druggability' of new PPIs relevant to hematology. We discuss lessons learned to improve the success of targeting new PPIs and evaluate prospects and limits of the research in this field. We conclude that not all PPIs are equally tractable for blocking by small molecules, and detailed analysis of PPI interfaces is critical for selection of those with the highest chance of success. Together, our analysis uncovers patterns that should help to advance drug discovery in hematologic malignancies by successful targeting of new PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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71
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Eriksson A, Lennartsson A, Lehmann S. Epigenetic aberrations in acute myeloid leukemia: Early key events during leukemogenesis. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:609-24. [PMID: 26118500 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the introduction of new sequencing technologies, the molecular landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rapidly evolving. From karyotyping, which detects only large genomic aberrations of metaphase chromosomes, we have moved into an era when sequencing of each base pair allows us to define the AML genome at highest resolution. This has revealed a new complex landscape of genetic aberrations where addition of mutations in epigenetic regulators has been one of the most important contributions to the understanding of the pathogenesis of AML. These findings, together with new insights into epigenetic mechanisms, have placed dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms at the forefront of AML development. Not only have several new mutations in genes directly involved in epigenetic regulatory mechanisms been discovered, but also previously well-known gene fusions have been found to exert aberrant effects through epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, mutations in epigenetic regulators such as DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1 have recently been found to be the earliest known events during AML evolution and to be present as preleukemic lesions before the onset of AML. In this article, we review epigenetic changes in AML also in relation to what is known about their mechanism of action and their prognostic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lennartsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre of Hematology, HERM, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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72
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Menin-MLL inhibitors block oncogenic transformation by MLL-fusion proteins in a fusion partner-independent manner. Leukemia 2015; 30:508-13. [PMID: 26084867 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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73
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Senter T, Gogliotti RD, Han C, Locuson CW, Morrison R, Daniels JS, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J, Lindsley CW, Stauffer SR. Progress towards small molecule menin-mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) interaction inhibitors with in vivo utility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2720-5. [PMID: 25987377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of substituted hydroxymethyl piperidine small molecule inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction between menin and mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) are described. Initial members of the series showed good inhibitory disruption of the menin-MLL1 interaction but demonstrated poor physicochemical and DMPK properties. Utilizing a structure-guided and iterative optimization approach key substituents were optimized leading to inhibitors with cell-based activity, improved in vitro DMPK parameters, and improved half-lives in rodent PK studies leading to MLPCN probe ML399. Ancillary off-target activity remains a parameter for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Senter
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rocco D Gogliotti
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Changho Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles W Locuson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, MI 48109, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, MI 48109, USA.
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74
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Yamamoto K, Kawamoto S, Kakiuchi S, Yakushijin K, Matsuoka H, Minami H. Translocation t(11;19)(q23;q13.1) without MLL Rearrangement in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Heterogeneity of the 11q23 Breakpoints. Acta Haematol 2015; 134:76-9. [PMID: 25895667 DOI: 10.1159/000371832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
MESH Headings
- Aclarubicin/therapeutic use
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Chromosome Breakpoints
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Induction Chemotherapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/physiopathology
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/etiology
- Recurrence
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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75
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Borkin D, He S, Miao H, Kempinska K, Pollock J, Chase J, Purohit T, Malik B, Zhao T, Wang J, Wen B, Zong H, Jones M, Danet-Desnoyers G, Guzman ML, Talpaz M, Bixby DL, Sun D, Hess JL, Muntean AG, Maillard I, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J. Pharmacologic inhibition of the Menin-MLL interaction blocks progression of MLL leukemia in vivo. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:589-602. [PMID: 25817203 PMCID: PMC4415852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations affecting mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL) result in acute leukemias resistant to therapy. The leukemogenic activity of MLL fusion proteins is dependent on their interaction with menin, providing basis for therapeutic intervention. Here we report the development of highly potent and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitors of the menin-MLL interaction, MI-463 and MI-503, and show their profound effects in MLL leukemia cells and substantial survival benefit in mouse models of MLL leukemia. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of these compounds in primary samples derived from MLL leukemia patients. Overall, we demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of the menin-MLL interaction represents an effective treatment for MLL leukemias in vivo and provide advanced molecular scaffold for clinical lead identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Borkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shihan He
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongzhi Miao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Pollock
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Chase
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Trupta Purohit
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bhavna Malik
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingya Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongliang Zong
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Morgan Jones
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gwenn Danet-Desnoyers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica L Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dale L Bixby
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jay L Hess
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrew G Muntean
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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76
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Marschalek R. MLL Leukemia and Future Treatment Strategies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:221-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology; Goethe-University; Frankfurt/Main Germany
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77
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Abstract
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents 15%-20% of all pediatric acute leukemias. Survival rates have increased over the past few decades to ~70%, due to improved supportive care, optimized risk stratification and intensified chemotherapy. In most children, AML presents as a de novo entity, but in a minority, it is a secondary malignancy. The diagnostic classification of pediatric AML includes a combination of morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping and molecular genetics. Outcome is mainly dependent on the initial response to treatment and molecular and cytogenetic aberrations. Treatment consists of a combination of intensive anthracycline- and cytarabine-containing chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in selected genetic high-risk cases or slow responders. In general, ~30% of all pediatric AML patients will suffer from relapse, whereas 5%-10% of the patients will die due to disease complications or the side-effects of the treatment. Targeted therapy may enhance anti-leukemic efficacy and minimize treatment-related morbidity and mortality, but requires detailed knowledge of the genetic abnormalities and aberrant pathways involved in leukemogenesis. These efforts towards future personalized therapy in a rare disease, such as pediatric AML, require intensive international collaboration in order to enhance the survival rates of pediatric AML, while aiming to reduce long-term toxicity.
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78
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de Rooij JDE, Zwaan CM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink M. Pediatric AML: From Biology to Clinical Management. J Clin Med 2015; 4:127-49. [PMID: 26237023 PMCID: PMC4470244 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents 15%–20% of all pediatric acute leukemias. Survival rates have increased over the past few decades to ~70%, due to improved supportive care, optimized risk stratification and intensified chemotherapy. In most children, AML presents as a de novo entity, but in a minority, it is a secondary malignancy. The diagnostic classification of pediatric AML includes a combination of morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping and molecular genetics. Outcome is mainly dependent on the initial response to treatment and molecular and cytogenetic aberrations. Treatment consists of a combination of intensive anthracycline- and cytarabine-containing chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in selected genetic high-risk cases or slow responders. In general, ~30% of all pediatric AML patients will suffer from relapse, whereas 5%–10% of the patients will die due to disease complications or the side-effects of the treatment. Targeted therapy may enhance anti-leukemic efficacy and minimize treatment-related morbidity and mortality, but requires detailed knowledge of the genetic abnormalities and aberrant pathways involved in leukemogenesis. These efforts towards future personalized therapy in a rare disease, such as pediatric AML, require intensive international collaboration in order to enhance the survival rates of pediatric AML, while aiming to reduce long-term toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn D E de Rooij
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C Michel Zwaan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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79
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Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic mechanisms that result in altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. The exact role of methylation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. However, aberrations (e.g. loss-/gain-of-function or up-/down-regulation) in components of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in general, and of the methylation machinery in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, many of these components have been identified as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS/AML, and are also being assessed as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The HMAs 5-azacitidine (AZA) and 2'-deoxy-5-azacitidine (decitabine, DAC) inhibit DNA methylation and have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with myeloid malignancies. Despite being viewed as mechanistically similar drugs, AZA and DAC have differing mechanisms of action. DAC is incorporated 100% into DNA, whereas AZA is incorporated into RNA (80-90%) as well as DNA (10-20%). As such, both drugs inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs; dependently or independently of DNA replication) resulting in the re-expression of tumor-suppressor genes; however, AZA also has an impact on mRNA and protein metabolism via its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in apoptosis. Herein, we first give an overview of transcriptional regulation, including DNA methylation, post-translational histone-tail modifications, the role of micro-RNA and long-range epigenetic gene silencing. We place special emphasis on epigenetic transcriptional regulation and discuss the implication of various components in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their therapeutic modulation by HMAs and other substances (if known). The main focus of this review is laid on dissecting the rapidly evolving knowledge of AZA and DAC with a special focus on their differing mechanisms of action, and the effect of HMAs on transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute , Salzburg , Austria
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80
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Wright RL, Slemmons KK, Vaughan ATM. Estradiol induces gene proximity and MLL-MLLT3 fusion in an activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated pathway. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1460-5. [PMID: 25130479 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.954112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data have linked birth control formulations to an increased risk of infant acute leukemia involving MLL rearrangements. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies showed that 10 nM estradiol enhanced MLL transcription in addition to its common translocation partners, MLLT2 (AF4) and MLLT3 (AF9). The same concentration of estradiol triggered MLL and MLLT3 co-localization without affecting the interaction of genes located on the same chromosomes. Estradiol also stimulated the generation of MLL-MLLT3 fusion transcripts as seen by RT-PCR. RNAi knockdown of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) suppressed the induction of MLL-MLLT3 fusion transcript formation observed with estradiol. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed estradiol dependent localization of AICDA in MLL intron 11, upstream of a hotspot for both DNA cleavage and rearrangement, but not downstream within intron 12. Combined, these studies show that levels of estradiol consistent with that observed during pregnancy have the potential to initiate MLL fusions through an AICDA-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wright
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Davis , Sacramento, CA , USA
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81
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Gindin T, Murty V, Alobeid B, Bhagat G. MLL/KMT2Atranslocations in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2014; 33:239-46. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Gindin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Vundavalli Murty
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Bachir Alobeid
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York NY 10032 USA
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82
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Wächter K, Kowarz E, Marschalek R. Functional characterisation of different MLL fusion proteins by using inducible Sleeping Beauty vectors. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:196-202. [PMID: 25016062 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our focus is the identification, characterisation and functional analysis of different MLL fusions. In general, MLL fusion proteins are encoded by large cDNA cassettes that are difficult to transduce into haematopoietic stem cells. This is due to the size limitations of the packaging process of those vector-encoded RNAs into retro- or lentiviral particles. Here, we present our efforts in establishing a universal vector system to analyse different MLL fusions. The universal cloning system was embedded into the backbone of the Sleeping Beauty transposable element. This transposon has no size limitation and displays no integration preference, thereby avoiding the integration into active genes or their promoter regions. We utilised this novel system to test different MLL fusion alleles (MLL-NEBL, NEBL-MLL, MLL-LASP1, LASP1-MLL, MLL-MAML2, MAML2-MLL, MLL-SMAP1 and SMAP1-MLL) in appropriate cell lines. Stable cell lines were analysed for their growth behaviour, focus formation and colony formation capacity and ectopic Hoxa gene transcription. Our results show that only 1/4 tested direct MLL fusions, but 3/4 tested reciprocal MLL fusions exhibit oncogenic functions. From these pilot experiments, we conclude that a systematic analysis of more MLL fusions will result in a more differentiated picture about the oncogenic capacity of distinct MLL fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wächter
- Institute of Pharm. Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - E Kowarz
- Institute of Pharm. Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - R Marschalek
- Institute of Pharm. Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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83
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Strom SP, Lozano R, Lee H, Dorrani N, Mann J, O'Lague PF, Mans N, Deignan JL, Vilain E, Nelson SF, Grody WW, Quintero-Rivera F. De Novo variants in the KMT2A (MLL) gene causing atypical Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome in two unrelated individuals identified by clinical exome sequencing. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:49. [PMID: 24886118 PMCID: PMC4072606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome (WSS) is characterized by short stature, a variety of dysmorphic facial and skeletal features, characteristic hypertrichosis cubiti (excessive hair on the elbows), mild-to-moderate developmental delay and intellectual disability. [MIM#: 605130]. Here we report two unrelated children for whom clinical exome sequencing of parent-proband trios was performed at UCLA, resulting in a molecular diagnosis of WSS and atypical clinical presentation. Case presentation For patient 1, clinical features at 9 years of age included developmental delay, craniofacial abnormalities, and multiple minor anomalies. Patient 2 presented at 1 year of age with developmental delay, microphthalmia, partial 3–4 left hand syndactyly, and craniofacial abnormalities. A de novo missense c.4342T>C variant and a de novo splice site c.4086+G>A variant were identified in the KMT2A gene in patients 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions Based on the clinical and molecular findings, both patients appear to have novel presentations of WSS. As the hallmark hypertrichosis cubiti was not initially appreciated in either case, this syndrome was not suspected during the clinical evaluation. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of the clinical phenotypes and KMT2A variants associated with WSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabiola Quintero-Rivera
- Clinical Genomics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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84
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Rousseau M, Ferraiuolo MA, Crutchley JL, Wang XQ, Miura H, Blanchette M, Dostie J. Classifying leukemia types with chromatin conformation data. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R60. [PMID: 24995990 PMCID: PMC4038739 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-4-r60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although genetic or epigenetic alterations have been shown to affect the three-dimensional organization of genomes, the utility of chromatin conformation in the classification of human disease has never been addressed. Results Here, we explore whether chromatin conformation can be used to classify human leukemia. We map the conformation of the HOXA gene cluster in a panel of cell lines with 5C chromosome conformation capture technology, and use the data to train and test a support vector machine classifier named 3D-SP. We show that 3D-SP is able to accurately distinguish leukemias expressing MLL-fusion proteins from those expressing only wild-type MLL, and that it can also classify leukemia subtypes according to MLL fusion partner, based solely on 5C data. Conclusions Our study provides the first proof-of-principle demonstration that chromatin conformation contains the information value necessary for classification of leukemia subtypes.
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85
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Ahlmann M, Meyer C, Marschalek R, Burkhardt B, Koehler G, Klapper W, Juergens H, Rossig C. Complex MLLrearrangement in non-infiltrated bone marrow in an infant with stage II precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:349-53. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ahlmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Children's Hospital Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - Claus Meyer
- Goethe-University of Frankfurt; Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia Leukemia (DCAL); Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology; ZAFES; Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Goethe-University of Frankfurt; Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia Leukemia (DCAL); Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology; ZAFES; Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Birgit Burkhardt
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Children's Hospital Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - Gabriele Koehler
- University of Muenster; Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology; Muenster Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Pathology; Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Heribert Juergens
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Children's Hospital Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Children's Hospital Muenster; Muenster Germany
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86
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He S, Senter TJ, Pollock J, Han C, Upadhyay SK, Purohit T, Gogliotti RD, Lindsley CW, Cierpicki T, Stauffer SR, Grembecka J. High-affinity small-molecule inhibitors of the menin-mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) interaction closely mimic a natural protein-protein interaction. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1543-56. [PMID: 24472025 PMCID: PMC3983337 DOI: 10.1021/jm401868d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protein-protein interaction (PPI) between menin and mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) plays a critical role in acute leukemias, and inhibition of this interaction represents a new potential therapeutic strategy for MLL leukemias. We report development of a novel class of small-molecule inhibitors of the menin-MLL interaction, the hydroxy- and aminomethylpiperidine compounds, which originated from HTS of ∼288000 small molecules. We determined menin-inhibitor co-crystal structures and found that these compounds closely mimic all key interactions of MLL with menin. Extensive crystallography studies combined with structure-based design were applied for optimization of these compounds, resulting in MIV-6R, which inhibits the menin-MLL interaction with IC50 = 56 nM. Treatment with MIV-6 demonstrated strong and selective effects in MLL leukemia cells, validating specific mechanism of action. Our studies provide novel and attractive scaffold as a new potential therapeutic approach for MLL leukemias and demonstrate an example of PPI amenable to inhibition by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan He
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West
Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Timothy J. Senter
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan Pollock
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West
Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Changho Han
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sunil Kumar Upadhyay
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West
Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Trupta Purohit
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West
Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Rocco D. Gogliotti
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West
Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Specialized Chemistry Center for Probe Development (MLPCN), Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1150 West
Medical Center Drive, MSRBI, Room 4510D, Michigan, 48109, United States
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Lim JH, Jang S, Park CJ, Chi HS, Lee JO, Seo EJ. FISH analysis of MLL gene rearrangements: detection of the concurrent loss or gain of the 3' signal and its prognostic significance. Int J Lab Hematol 2014; 36:571-9. [PMID: 24612538 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rearrangement of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene occurs through translocations and insertions involving a variety of partner chromosome genes. However, there are few studies on aberrant MLL signal patterns such as concurrent 3' MLL deletion. METHODS A total of 84 patients with acute leukemia (AL) who had MLL rearrangements detected by florescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were enrolled in the study. The distribution of MLL fusion partner genes was analyzed, and aberrant MLL signals were evaluated. RESULTS Seventy-seven (91.7%) patients had MLL rearrangements, involving previously described translocation partner genes (TPGs). Among these TPGs, the frequencies of MLLT3, AFF1, MLLT4, and ELL were 29.8%, 17.9%, 15.5%, and 13.1%, respectively. A high frequency of MLLT4 in our study was due to the high proportion of acute myeloid leukemia cases in pediatric and adult patients. Aberrant MLL signals were found in 18 patients: 11 (61.1%) with 3' MLL signal loss and 7 with 3' MLL signal gain. All cases with 3' MLL signal gain were due to an extra derivative partner chromosome. The median overall survival period of patients with 3' MLL gain was shorter than that in patients without aberrant MLL signal patterns. CONCLUSION Aberrant MLL signals were frequently detected by FISH analysis. The 3' MLL gain was associated with poor prognosis in patients with AL. Therefore, it is important to detect aberrant MLL signal patterns using FISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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88
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Pendleton M, Lindsey RH, Felix CA, Grimwade D, Osheroff N. Topoisomerase II and leukemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1310:98-110. [PMID: 24495080 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases are essential enzymes that modulate DNA under- and overwinding, knotting, and tangling. Beyond their critical physiological functions, these enzymes are the targets for some of the most widely prescribed anticancer drugs (topoisomerase II poisons) in clinical use. Topoisomerase II poisons kill cells by increasing levels of covalent enzyme-cleaved DNA complexes that are normal reaction intermediates. Drugs such as etoposide, doxorubicin, and mitoxantrone are frontline therapies for a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Unfortunately, their use also is associated with the development of specific leukemias. Regimens that include etoposide or doxorubicin are linked to the occurrence of acute myeloid leukemias that feature rearrangements at chromosomal band 11q23. Similar rearrangements are seen in infant leukemias and are associated with gestational diets that are high in naturally occurring topoisomerase II-active compounds. Finally, regimens that include mitoxantrone and epirubicin are linked to acute promyelocytic leukemias that feature t(15;17) rearrangements. The first part of this article will focus on type II topoisomerases and describe the mechanism of enzyme and drug action. The second part will discuss how topoisomerase II poisons trigger chromosomal breaks that lead to leukemia and potential approaches for dissociating the actions of drugs from their leukemogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryjean Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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89
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A chromatin modifier genetic screen identifies SIRT2 as a modulator of response to targeted therapies through the regulation of MEK kinase activity. Oncogene 2014; 34:531-6. [PMID: 24469059 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to targeted therapies is a major problem in cancer treatment. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody drugs are effective in a subset of colorectal cancers, but the molecular mechanisms of resistance are understood poorly. Genes involved in epigenetic regulation are frequently deregulated in cancer, raising the possibility that such genes also contribute to drug resistance. Using a focused RNA interference library for genes involved in epigenetic regulation, we identify sirtuin2 (SIRT2), an NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase, as a modulator of the response to EGFR inhibitors in colon and lung cancer. SIRT2 loss also conferred resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF mutant melanoma and KRAS mutant colon cancers, respectively. These results warrant further investigation into the potential role of SIRT2 in resistance to drugs that act in the receptor tyrosine kinase-RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway.
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90
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Downregulation of RUNX1/CBFβ by MLL fusion proteins enhances hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. Blood 2014; 123:1729-38. [PMID: 24449215 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-489575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX1/CBFβ (core binding factor [CBF]) is a heterodimeric transcription factor complex that is frequently involved in chromosomal translocations, point mutations, or deletions in acute leukemia. The mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene is also frequently involved in chromosomal translocations or partial tandem duplication in acute leukemia. The MLL protein interacts with RUNX1 and prevents RUNX1 from ubiquitin-mediated degradation. RUNX1/CBFβ recruits MLL to regulate downstream target genes. However, the functional consequence of MLL fusions on RUNX1/CBFβ activity has not been fully understood. In this report, we show that MLL fusion proteins and the N-terminal MLL portion of MLL fusions downregulate RUNX1 and CBFβ protein expression via the MLL CXXC domain and flanking regions. We confirmed this finding in Mll-Af9 knock-in mice and human M4/M5 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, with or without MLL translocations, showing that MLL translocations cause a hypomorph phenotype of RUNX1/CBFβ. Overexpression of RUNX1 inhibits the development of AML in Mll-Af9 knock-in mice; conversely, further reducing Runx1/Cbfβ levels accelerates MLL-AF9-mediated AML in bone marrow transplantation assays. These data reveal a newly defined negative regulation of RUNX1/CBFβ by MLL fusion proteins and suggest that targeting RUNX1/CBFβ levels may be a potential therapy for MLLs.
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Largeot A, Paggetti J, Broséus J, Aucagne R, Lagrange B, Martin RZ, Berthelet J, Quéré R, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Bastie JN, Delva L. Symplekin, a polyadenylation factor, prevents MOZ and MLL activity on HOXA9 in hematopoietic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3054-3063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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CD2-positive B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with an early switch to the monocytic lineage. Leukemia 2013; 28:609-20. [PMID: 24270736 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Switches from the lymphoid to myeloid lineage during B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) treatment are considered rare and thus far have been detected in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Here, we describe a novel BCP-ALL subset, switching BCP-ALL or swALL, which demonstrated monocytosis early during treatment. Despite their monocytic phenotype, 'monocytoids' share immunoreceptor gene rearrangements with leukemic B lymphoblasts. All swALLs demonstrated BCP-ALL with CD2 positivity and no MLL alterations, and the proportion of swALLs cases among BCP-ALLs was unexpectedly high (4%). The upregulation of CEBPα and demethylation of the CEBPA gene were significant in blasts at diagnosis, prior to the time when most of the switching occurs. Intermediate stages between CD14(neg)CD19(pos)CD34(pos) B lymphoblasts and CD14(pos)CD19(neg)CD34(neg) 'monocytoids' were detected, and changes in the expression of PAX5, PU1, M-CSFR, GM-CSFR and other genes accompanied the switch. Alterations in the Ikaros and ERG genes were more frequent in swALL patients; however, both were altered in only a minority of swALLs. Moreover, switching could be recapitulated in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Although children with swALL respond slowly to initial therapy, risk-based ALL therapy appears the treatment of choice for swALL. SwALL shows that transdifferentiating into monocytic lineage is specifically associated with CEBPα changes and CD2 expression.
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93
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Montes R, Ayllón V, Prieto C, Bursen A, Prelle C, Romero-Moya D, Real PJ, Navarro-Montero O, Chillón C, Marschalek R, Bueno C, Menendez P. Ligand-independent FLT3 activation does not cooperate with MLL-AF4 to immortalize/transform cord blood CD34+ cells. Leukemia 2013; 28:666-74. [PMID: 24240202 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MLL-AF4 fusion is hallmark in high-risk infant pro-B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pro-B-ALL). Our limited understanding of MLL-AF4-mediated transformation reflects the absence of human models reproducing this leukemia. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) constitute likely targets for transformation. We previously reported that MLL-AF4 enhanced hematopoietic engraftment and clonogenic potential in cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ HSPCs but was not sufficient for leukemogenesis, suggesting that additional oncogenic lesions are required for MLL-AF4-mediated transformation. MLL-AF4+ pro-B-ALL display enormous levels of FLT3, and occasionally FLT3-activating mutations, thus representing a candidate cooperating event in MLL-AF4+ pro-B-ALL. We have explored whether FLT3.TKD (tyrosine kinase domain) mutation or increased expression of FLT3.WT (wild type) cooperates with MLL-AF4 to immortalize/transform CB-CD34+ HSPCs. In vivo, FLT3.TKD/FLT3.WT alone, or in combination with MLL-AF4, enhances hematopoietic repopulating function of CB-CD34+ HSPCs without impairing migration or hematopoietic differentiation. None of the animals transplanted with MLL-AF4+FLT3.TKD/WT-CD34+ HSPCs showed any sign of disease after 16 weeks. In vitro, enforced expression of FLT3.TKD/FLT3.WT conveys a transient overexpansion of MLL-AF4-expressing CD34+ HSPCs associated to higher proportion of cycling cells coupled to lower apoptotic levels, but does not augment clonogenic potential nor confer stable replating. Together, FLT3 activation does not suffice to immortalize/transform MLL-AF4-expressing CB-CD34+ HSPCs, suggesting the need of alternative (epi)-genetic cooperating oncogenic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - V Ayllón
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - C Prieto
- 1] GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain [2] Faculty of Medicine, Department of Stem Cells, Development and Cancer, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bursen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/ZAFES/DCAL, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Biocenter, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Prelle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/ZAFES/DCAL, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Biocenter, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Romero-Moya
- 1] GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain [2] Faculty of Medicine, Department of Stem Cells, Development and Cancer, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P J Real
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - O Navarro-Montero
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - C Chillón
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Servicio de Hematología, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/ZAFES/DCAL, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Biocenter, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Bueno
- 1] GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain [2] Faculty of Medicine, Department of Stem Cells, Development and Cancer, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Menendez
- 1] GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain [2] Faculty of Medicine, Department of Stem Cells, Development and Cancer, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain [3] Instituciò Catalana de Reserca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
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94
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Yamamoto K, Yakushijin K, Okamura A, Ueda S, Nakamachi Y, Kawano S, Matsuoka H, Minami H. Hyperdiploidy and duplication of der(11)ins(10;11)(p12;q23q14) in acute myeloid leukemia with MLL/MLLT10fusion gene. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2055-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.762094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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95
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Zhang J, Seet CS, Sun C, Li J, You D, Volk A, Breslin P, Li X, Wei W, Qian Z, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Zhang Z, Zhang J. p27kip1 maintains a subset of leukemia stem cells in the quiescent state in murine MLL-leukemia. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:1069-82. [PMID: 23988911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia)-fusion genes induce the development of leukemia through deregulation of normal MLL target genes, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1. Both HOXA9 and MEIS1 are required for MLL-fusion gene-induced leukemogenesis. Co-expression of HOXA9 and MEIS1 induces acute myeloid leukemia (AML) similar to that seen in mice in which MLL-fusion genes are over-expressed. p27(kip1) (p27 hereafter), a negative regulator of the cell cycle, has also been defined as an MLL target, the expression of which is up-regulated in MLL leukemic cells (LCs). To investigate whether p27 plays a role in the pathogenesis of MLL-leukemia, we examined the effects of p27 deletion (p27(-/-)) on MLL-AF9 (MA9)-induced murine AML development. HOXA9/MEIS1 (H/M)-induced, p27 wild-type (p27(+/+)) and p27(-/-) AML were studied in parallel as controls. We found that LCs from both MA9-AML and H/M-AML can be separated into three fractions, a CD117(-)CD11b(hi) differentiated fraction as well as CD117(+)CD11b(hi) and CD117(+)CD11b(lo), two less differentiated fractions. The CD117(+)CD11b(lo) fraction, comprising only 1-3% of total LCs, expresses higher levels of early hematopoietic progenitor markers but lower levels of mature myeloid cell markers compared to other populations of LCs. p27 is expressed and is required for maintaining the quiescent and drug-resistant states of the CD117(+)CD11b(lo) fraction of MA9-LCs but not of H/M-LCs. p27 deletion significantly compromises the leukemogenic capacity of CD117(+)CD11b(lo) MA9-LCs by reducing the frequency of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) but does not do so in H/M-LCs. In addition, we found that p27 is highly expressed and required for cell cycle arrest in the CD117(-)CD11b(hi) fraction in both types of LCs. Furthermore, we found that c-Myc expression is required for maintaining LCs in an undifferentiated state independently of proliferation. We concluded that p27 represses the proliferation of LCs, which is specifically required for maintaining the quiescent and drug-resistant states of a small subset of MA9-LSCs in collaboration with the differentiation blockage function of c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, PR China; Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
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96
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Gutierrez SE, Romero-Oliva FA. Epigenetic changes: a common theme in acute myelogenous leukemogenesis. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:57. [PMID: 23938080 PMCID: PMC3751780 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rather common disease, characterized by the presence of a clonal population of hematopoietic progenitor cells with impaired differentiation. Although traditionally AML has been considered the result of genetic alterations, more recently experimental evidence have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications are important in development and maintenance of leukemia cells. In this review we summarize current scientific knowledge of epigenetic alterations involved in leukemogenesis. We also highlight the developing of new technological strategies that are based on epigenetic processes and have been registered as Patents of Inventions in the United Nations dependent World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) and the main Patent offices worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya E Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160 C, 4089100, Concepcion, Chile.
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97
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Delineating the mixed lineage leukemia gene expression network in hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11670-1. [PMID: 23824294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310349110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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98
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Abstract
The histone methyltransferase Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) is essential to maintain hematopoietic stem cells and is a leukemia protooncogene. Although clustered homeobox genes are well-characterized targets of MLL and MLL fusion oncoproteins, the range of Mll-regulated genes in normal hematopoietic cells remains unknown. Here, we identify and characterize part of the Mll-dependent transcriptional network in hematopoietic stem cells with an integrated approach by using conditional loss-of-function models, genomewide expression analyses, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and functional rescue assays. The Mll-dependent transcriptional network extends well beyond the previously appreciated Hox targets, is comprised of many characterized regulators of self-renewal, and contains target genes that are both dependent and independent of the MLL cofactor, Menin. Interestingly, PR-domain containing 16 emerged as a target gene that is uniquely effective at partially rescuing Mll-deficient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. This work highlights the tissue-specific nature of regulatory networks under the control of MLL/Trithorax family members and provides insight into the distinctions between the participation of MLL in normal hematopoiesis and in leukemia.
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99
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Launay E, Henry C, Meyer C, Chappé C, Taque S, Boulland ML, Ben Abdelali R, Dugay F, Marschalek R, Bastard C, Fest T, Gandemer V, Belaud-Rotureau MA. MLL-SEPT5 fusion transcript in infant acute myeloid leukemia with t(11;22)(q23;q11). Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:662-7. [PMID: 23725386 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.809528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements involving the MLL gene at band 11q23 are the most common genetic alteration encountered in infant acute myeloid leukemia. Reciprocal translocation represents the most frequent form of MLL rearrangement. Currently, more than 60 partner genes have been identified. We report here a case of de novo acute myeloid leukemia with a t(11;22)(q23;q11) in a 23-month-old child. Fluorescence in situ hybridization study revealed that the 3'MLL segment was translocated onto the derivative chromosome 22 and the breakpoint on chromosome 22 was located in or near the SEPT5 gene at 22q11.21. Long distance inverse-polymerase chain reaction was used to identify precisely the MLL partner gene and confirmed the MLL-SEPT5 fusion transcript. Involvement of the SEPT5 gene in MLL rearrangement occurs very rarely. Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular features of acute myeloid leukemia with a MLL-SEPT5 fusion gene are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Launay
- Service de Cytogénétique et de Biologie Cellulaire
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100
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Marks DI, Moorman AV, Chilton L, Paietta E, Enshaie A, DeWald G, Harrison CJ, Fielding AK, Foroni L, Goldstone AH, Litzow MR, Luger SM, McMillan AK, Racevskis J, Rowe JM, Tallman MS, Wiernik P, Lazarus HM. The clinical characteristics, therapy and outcome of 85 adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and t(4;11)(q21;q23)/MLL-AFF1 prospectively treated in the UKALLXII/ECOG2993 trial. Haematologica 2013; 98:945-52. [PMID: 23349309 PMCID: PMC3669452 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and outcome of adult t(4;11)(q21;q23)/MLL-AFF1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia are poorly understood. We describe the outcome and delineate prognostic factors and optimal post-remission therapy in 85 consecutive patients (median age 38 years) treated uniformly in the prospective trial UKALLXII/ECOG2993. The immunophenotype of this leukemia was pro-B (CD10(NEG)). Immaturity was further suggested by high expression of the stem-cell antigens, CD133 and CD135, although CD34 expression was significantly lower than in t(4;11)-negative patients. Complete remission was achieved in 77 (93%) patients but only 35% survived 5 years (95% CI: 25-45%); the relapse rate was 45% (95% CI: 33-58%). Thirty-one patients underwent allogeneic transplantation in first remission (15 sibling donors and 16 unrelated donors): with 5-year survival rates of 56% and 67% respectively, only 2/31 patients relapsed. This compares with a 24% survival rate and 59% relapse rate in 46 patients who received post-remission chemotherapy. A major determinant of outcome was age with 71% of patients aged <25 years surviving. Younger patients had lower relapse rates (19%) but most received allografts in first complete remission. In conclusion, multivariate analysis did not demonstrate an advantage of allografting over chemotherapy but only five younger patients received chemotherapy. Prospective trials are required to determine whether poor outcomes in older patients can be improved by reduced-intensity conditioning allografts. NCT00002514 www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Marks
- Adult BMT Unit, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.
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