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Pan JYY, Parolia A, Chuah SR, Bhatia S, Mutalik S, Pau A. Root canal morphology of permanent teeth in a Malaysian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:14. [PMID: 30642318 PMCID: PMC6332542 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the root canal morphology of human permanent maxillary and mandibular teeth in a Malaysian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods A total of 208 CBCT images were examined retrospectively. Prevalence of an extra root/canal and internal morphology based on Vertucci’s classification were observed in human maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth. Variations in the external and internal morphology were compared in relation to gender and tooth side (left vs right) using Pearson Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests with significance level set at p < 0.05. Results In the maxillary arch, the prevalence of three canals were observed in 0.3% of first premolars and two canals in 46.5% of second premolars. Males displayed significantly higher prevalence of two canals in maxillary second premolars than females (p < 0.05). The prevalence of a second mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first and second molars were 36.3 and 8.5%, respectively. Males displayed significantly higher prevalence of a second mesiobuccal canal in maxillary second molars than females (p < 0.05). The prevalence of a second palatal canal in maxillary first and second molars were 0.9 and 0.6%, respectively. In the mandibular arch, the prevalence of two canals were observed in 5.1% of central incisors, 12.3% of lateral incisors, 6.1% of canines, 18.7% of first premolars and 0.5% of second premolars. The prevalence of a middle mesial canal, second distal canal and extra root (radix entomolaris) were detected in 1.9, 19.5 and 21.4% of mandibular first molars, respectively. The prevalence of a C-shaped canal was observed in 48.7% of mandibular second molars. Females displayed significantly higher prevalence of a C-shaped canal in the right mandibular second molars than males (p < 0.05). No other statistically significant differences in root anatomy and root canal morphology were observed in relation to gender and tooth side. Conclusions Wide variations in the root canal morphology exist among Malaysians. CBCT is a clinically useful tool in the identification of external and internal morphological variations in the human teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yen Yee Pan
- School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siong Ren Chuah
- School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shekhar Bhatia
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Mutalik
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Allan Pau
- Dean, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Roy A, Astekar M, Bansal R, Gurtu A, Kumar M, Agarwal LK. Racial predilection of C-shaped canal configuration in the mandibular second molar. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:133-138. [PMID: 31142981 PMCID: PMC6519192 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_369_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this article is to determine the racial predilection of C-shaped canal configuration in a mandibular second molar. Background: Unusual root canal anatomy always poses a diagnostic and treatment challenge. Identification of such variation is important for the success of root canal treatment outcome. C-shaped canal configuration is such an aberrant morphology of molar teeth that vary in different population and is commonly seen in a mandibular second molar. Thus, knowledge of racial predilection of C-shaped canal configuration in different population for early diagnosis is obligatory. Materials and Methods: An exhaustive search was undertaken to identify published research articles related to C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular second molars. Forty-three research articles were analyzed which included 12,481 mandibular second molars. Chi-square test using value of P < 0.05 was performed to assess the statistical significance of this anomalous anatomic variation among the different population. Results: Statistical test revealed a significant variation between the Asian and nonAsian population. The highest incidence of racial predilection was observed in China (Asia) with 93.1%, and the minimum was observed in America with 2.7%. Conclusion: This research reported that racial predilection of C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular second molar varies significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Roy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhusudan Astekar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuraag Gurtu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mrityunjay Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lalit Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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A cone-beam computed tomography study of C-shaped root canal systems in mandibular second premolars in a Taiwan Chinese subpopulation. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 117:1086-1092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Kim Y, Lee D, Kim DV, Kim SY. Analysis of Cause of Endodontic Failure of C-Shaped Root Canals. SCANNING 2018; 2018:2516832. [PMID: 30595786 PMCID: PMC6286757 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2516832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze various characteristics and classification of C-shaped root canals and evaluate the causes of endodontic failure of C-shaped root canals by examining the resected root surface with an endodontic microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Forty-two teeth with C-shaped root canals were included in this study and had undergone intentional replantation surgery. Before surgery, periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography were taken. The root canal configuration was analyzed and classified according to Melton's classification at coronal and apical level. After injection of 1 : 100,000 epinephrine with 2% lidocaine, the tooth was carefully extracted. After the root-end resection, the resected root surface was examined using an operating microscope and SEM. Mandibular second molars were most frequently involved teeth (90.4%). The most frequently observed root canal configurations were C1 at the coronal level (45.2%) and C3 at the apical 3 mm level (45.2%). The most common cause of failure for a C-shaped root canal treatment was a leaky canal (45.2%), followed by an isthmus (23.8%), missing canal, overfilling, and iatrogenic problems. In conclusion, C-shaped root canals were most frequently found in mandibular second molars. The most common cause of failure was a leaky canal and isthmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemi Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Vin Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Young Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim HS, Jung D, Lee H, Han YS, Oh S, Sim HY. C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: a CBCT analysis. Restor Dent Endod 2018; 43:e42. [PMID: 30483466 PMCID: PMC6237723 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2018.43.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the C-shaped root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars in a Korean population. Materials and Methods A total of 542 teeth were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The canal shapes were classified according to a modified version of Melton's method at the level where the pulp chamber floor became discernible. Results Of the 542 mandibular second molars, 215 (39.8%) had C-shaped canals, 330 (53%) had 3 canals, 17 (3.3%) had 2 canals, 12 (2.2%) had 4 canals, and 8 (1.7%) had 1 canal. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 47.8% in females and 28.4% in males. Seventy-seven percent of the C-shaped canals showed a bilateral appearance. The prevalence of C-shaped canals showed no difference according to age or tooth position. Most teeth with a C-shaped canal system presented Melton's type II (45.6%) and type III (32.1%) configurations. Conclusions There was a high prevalence of C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars of the Korean population studied. CBCT is expected to be useful for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning of mandibular second molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Daun Jung
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Sic Han
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biostatics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Sim
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
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Tomaszewska IM, Jarzębska A, Skinningsrud B, Pękala PA, Wroński S, Iwanaga J. An original micro-CT study and meta-analysis of the internal and external anatomy of maxillary molars-implications for endodontic treatment. Clin Anat 2018; 31:838-853. [PMID: 29732629 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to conduct a radiological micro-CT study and meta-analysis to determine the morphological features of the root canal anatomy of the maxillary molars. The radiological study included micro-CT scans of 110 maxillary first molars and 98 maxillary second molars. To identify articles eligible for inclusion in our meta-analysis, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were search comprehensively. The following data were extracted: study type (cadaveric, intraoperative or imaging), Vertucci types of canal configuration, presence/number of canals, roots, apical foramina, apical deltas, and inter-canal communications. The mesiobuccal root was the most variable with respect to canal configuration, type I being the most common configuration followed by type II and type IV. Type I was the most common canal configuration in the distobuccal and palatal root. Regarding the number of canals in the maxillary first and second molars, one canal was most prevalent in all roots of the three molars, except for the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar, in which two canals were most prevalent. The most prevalent number of roots in all maxillary molars was three. Knowledge of endodontic anatomy determines the parameters of root canal treatment and significantly affects the probability of success. It is therefore especially important to know the morphology of the root canal system in order to perform endodontic treatment correctly. Clin. Anat. 31:838-853, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona M Tomaszewska
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Jarzębska
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bendik Skinningsrud
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław A Pękala
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Wroński
- Micro- and Nanotomography Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Kurume University School of Medicine, Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tomaszewska IM, Skinningsrud B, Jarzębska A, Pękala JR, Tarasiuk J, Iwanaga J. Internal and external morphology of mandibular molars: An original micro-CT study and meta-analysis with review of implications for endodontic therapy. Clin Anat 2018; 31:797-811. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona M. Tomaszewska
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group; Krakow Poland
| | - Bendik Skinningsrud
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group; Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Jarzębska
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Jakub R. Pękala
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group; Krakow Poland
| | - Jacek Tarasiuk
- Micro- and Nanotomography Laboratory, Faculty of Physics; AGH University of Science and Technology; Krakow Poland
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Seattle Science Foundation; Seattle Washington
- Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine; Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
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Prevalence of C-shaped canal system in mandibular first and second molars in a Saudi population assessed via cone beam computed tomography: a retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig 2018. [PMID: 29536188 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the C-shaped root canal configuration, location of the longitudinal groove, sex differences, and unilateral/bilateral presence in mandibular first and second molars in a Saudi population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS CBCT images for the mandibular first and second molars of 487 patients (a total of 529 first molars and 681 s molars) were evaluated. The teeth were assessed for the presence of C-shaped root canals according to Fan criteria. Subdivisions were also made according to sex, direction of the longitudinal groove, and unilateral/bilateral presence. RESULTS Only one C-shaped mandibular first molar was observed (0.19%), whereas 62 second molars (9.1%) exhibited C-shaped anatomy. Unilateral presence of the C-shaped root canal system was more common (53.85%). Female patients had a higher prevalence than males. Longitudinal grooves were most commonly found on the root lingual surface (58.1%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the C-shaped canal configuration in a Saudi Arabian population was 0.19% in the mandibular first molar and 9.1% in the mandibular second molar. Longitudinal groove prevalence was highest on the lingual surface. Women had a significantly higher prevalence of the C-shaped canal configuration than men. Patients with unilateral presence of the C-shaped canal configuration were more common than those with bilateral presence. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Tooth type, patient sex, and ethnicity can help clinicians predict the prevalence of the C-shaped canal system in mandibular molars.
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Janani M, Rahimi S, Jafari F, Johari M, Nikniaz S, Ghasemi N. Anatomic Features of C-shaped Mandibular Second Molars in a Selected Iranian Population Using CBCT. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:120-125. [PMID: 29692847 PMCID: PMC5800453 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i1.17286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the frequency of C-shaped root canal configuration and characterize mandibular root canal morphology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with 3D images in an Iranian population. METHODS AND MATERIALS This study consisted of retrospective evaluation of CBCT images from 231 adult patients (153 with bilateral second mandibular molars). Two endodontists examined 384 mandibular second molars of a population in Tabriz, Iran to determine the presence of C-shaped canals and their anatomical characteristics. Root canal configurations were categorized at three different levels. Bilateral or unilateral occurrence of C-shaped canals and their relationship to gender, age and tooth position were examined and statistically analyzed using chi squared test and Fisher's exact test in SPSS 17. The significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS Of 384 mandibular second molars examined, 82 (21.4%) molars from 58 patients had a C-shaped root canal configuration. The prevalence of bilateral C-shaped canals was 15.6% amongst 153 patients with bilateral mandibular second molars. There were no significant differences in the distribution of C-shaped canals with respect to gender or age (P=0.06 and P=0.86, respectively). Only 4 teeth (4.9%) had the same root canal configuration from the orifice to the apex. In the remainder of the teeth, the cross-sectional root canal configuration changed at different levels of the root. CONCLUSION There were significant variations in the number of roots and canal morphology in mandibular second molars, which should be considered during debridement and obturation of the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Janani
- Endodontics Department, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Saeed Rahimi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Farnaz Jafari
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Masoomeh Johari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Shabnam Nikniaz
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Negin Ghasemi
- Endodontics Department, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;
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Worldwide Prevalence of Mandibular Second Molar C-Shaped Morphologies Evaluated by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. J Endod 2017; 43:1442-1447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Martins JN, Francisco H, Ordinola-Zapata R. Prevalence of C-shaped Configurations in the Mandibular First and Second Premolars: A Cone-beam Computed Tomographic In Vivo Study. J Endod 2017; 43:890-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lopes DS, Câmara AC, Aguiar CM, do Nascimento MDCC, Farias de Araújo L. A C-Shaped Canal in a Maxillary Second Molar: Prexion 3D Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis. Acta Stomatol Croat 2017; 50:354-358. [PMID: 28275283 DOI: 10.15644/asc50/4/9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to present an atypical case of a C-shaped root canal that was present in the vestibular root of a permanent maxillary second molar using PreXion 3-D cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a diagnostic device. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 50-year-old female patient was referred for routine examination to a private diagnostic imaging clinic in Recife-Pernambuco. During the physical examination, the presence of an unusual C-shaped anatomy in the vestibular canal with a mesiodistal interconnection that extended from the apical to the cervical third was detected in axial slices acquired with a PreXion 3-D scanner. RESULTS Although C-shaped root canals are most frequently observed in the mandibular second molar, this case presented a rare finding in the permanent maxillary second molar. CONCLUSIONS PreXion 3-D CBCT has emerged as a new high-resolution imaging test technology, thus assisting with the diagnosis of anatomical variations such as C-shaped root canals. However, such imaging technology is not recommended for routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Siqueira Lopes
- - PhD student Integrated Clinic. Substitute Professor in the Department of Dental Prosthodontics and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife - PE - Brazil
| | - Andréa Cruz Câmara
- - Adjunct Professor in the Department of Dental Prosthodontics and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife - PE - Brazil
| | - Carlos Menezes Aguiar
- - Adjunct Professor in the Department of Dental Prosthodontics and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife - PE - Brazil
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Pawar AM, Pawar M, Kfir A, Singh S, Salve P, Thakur B, Neelakantan P. Root canal morphology and variations in mandibular second molar teeth of an Indian population: an in vivo cone-beam computed tomography analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 21:2801-2809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Wadhwani S, Singh MP, Agarwal M, Somasundaram P, Rawtiya M, Wadhwani PK. Prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second and third molars in a central India population: A cone beam computed tomography analysis. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:351-354. [PMID: 29386785 PMCID: PMC5767832 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_273_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To evaluate the prevalence of C-shaped root canals in mandibular molars using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a subpopulation of Central India. Materials and Methods CBCT scans of patients from diagnostic imaging center were selected in accordance with the criteria given by Fan et al. (2004) for C-shaped canals. A total of 238 CBCT scans fulfilled the inclusion criteria and thereby divided into two groups: Group 1: Images showing C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular second molars. Group 2: Images showing C-shaped canal configuration in mandibular third molars. The frequency and distribution of canals and their configuration along with the position of lingual/buccal grooves in the images were evaluated, and the data was analyzed. Results CBCT evaluation showed that 9.7% of second molars and 8% of third molars had C-shaped canals. A prominent buccal groove was seen in these teeth. The data showed a significant difference (P = 0.038) for the presence of such anatomy on the right side for mandibular third molars. Conclusion The study showed a significant prevalence of C-shaped canal configuration in the subpopulation studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Wadhwani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Peoples College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Pratap Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Peoples College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Agarwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Peoples College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pavithra Somasundaram
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, KSA
| | - Manjusha Rawtiya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - P K Wadhwani
- Dental Health Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Shemesh A, Levin A, Katzenell V, Itzhak JB, Levinson O, Avraham Z, Solomonov M. C-shaped canals-prevalence and root canal configuration by cone beam computed tomography evaluation in first and second mandibular molars-a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:2039-2044. [PMID: 27844150 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES C-shaped root canal configuration is an unusual root canal morphology and one of the most often anatomical variations in root canal systems of second mandibular molars. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, symmetry and configuration of C-shaped canals in first and second mandibular molars in an Israeli population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS One thousand twenty Israel patients' CBCT scans were screened and evaluated. First and second mandibular molars with C-shaped canals were identified. Prevalence configuration along the root and symmetry were analyzed, and new radicular groove classification was proposed. RESULTS Total of 1465 mandibular second molars and 1229 mandibular first molars were evaluated. The overall prevalence of C-shaped canals in first and second mandibular molars was 0.16 and 4.6%, respectively. No significant difference was found by gender or side of occurrence. The unilateral prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars was 55%. C-shaped canal configuration changed along the root in 63% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of C-shaped canals in first and second mandibular molars in the Israeli population is low in comparison to other subpopulations. Clinicians should be aware of the possible asymmetry, different configuration along the root, and the location of danger zone of this anatomic variation during clinical work. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CBCT is an efficient three dimensional radiographic examination for evaluation of C-shape root canal configuration. CBCT may help the clinicians during clinical work for considering appropriate cleaning, shaping, and obturation technique according to the characteristic of C-shape root canal configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Shemesh
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Avi Levin
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Vered Katzenell
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Joe Ben Itzhak
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Zini Avraham
- Department of Community Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Solomonov
- Department of Endodontics, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Akhlaghi NM, Abbas FM, Mohammadi M, Shamloo MRK, Radmehr O, Kaviani R, Rakhshan V. Radicular anatomy of permanent mandibular second molars in an Iranian population: A preliminary study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2016; 13:362-6. [PMID: 27605995 PMCID: PMC4993065 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.187883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Root morphology is of utmost importance to endodontic sciences. Since there are a few studies on the morphology of mandibular second molars' roots, and some anatomical variables are not evaluated before, the aim of this study was to investigate thoroughly radicular anatomy of this tooth. Materials and Methods: This ex vivo study was performed on 150 intact mandibular second molars. After access cavity preparation and ensuring canal patency, Indian ink was injected into root canals from the orifices. The teeth became transparent using methyl salicylate storage. Then, they were inspected by an endodontist under a ×10 stereomicroscope regarding numerous root morphological variables. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results: About 86.7% of teeth had two roots and 13.3% were single-rooted (P = 0.0001), of which, 50% were C-shaped (6.7% of all teeth, P = 0.0001). 86.7% of mesial roots were double canalled, whereas 75.3% of distal roots were single canalled (P = 0.0001). 71.45% and 95.3% of the mesial and distal roots had one apical foramen, respectively (P = 0.0001). Apical foramens were mostly central followed by lingual in most cases. Distances between apical foramen and apical constriction ranged between 0.27 and 0.40 mm (P = 0.0545). Distances between apical foramen and root apices ranged between 0.30 and 0.47 mm (P = 0.0001). Vertucci classifications of mesial canals were Type II in 62.6% and Type IV in 37.4%. 86.2% of single-canal distal roots were Type I. 66.7% of double-canal distal roots were Type II and 33.3% were Type IV (P = 0.0001). The mean root lengths from cervical to apex of mesial, distal, and single roots were 14.02 ± 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.87–14.17), 13.35 ± 0.91 (95% CI = 13.19–13.50), and 14.25 ± 0.72 mm (95% CI = 13.91–14.58), respectively. The extents of canal curvatures varied between 20° and 31° buccolingually (P = 0.0000), and between 19° and 27° mesiodistally (P = 0.0000). Conclusion: There was a considerable rate of eccentric apical foramen in mandibular second molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid M Akhlaghi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mashadi Abbas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Orkideh Radmehr
- Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Kaviani
- Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Rakhshan
- Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Amoroso-Silva P, Alcalde MP, Hungaro Duarte MA, De-Deus G, Ordinola-Zapata R, Freire LG, Cavenago BC, De Moraes IG. Effect of finishing instrumentation using NiTi hand files on volume, surface area and uninstrumented surfaces in C-shaped root canal systems. Int Endod J 2016; 50:604-611. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Amoroso-Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - M. P. Alcalde
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - M. A. Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - G. De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics; Grande Rio University; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - R. Ordinola-Zapata
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - L. G. Freire
- Division of Endodontics; Department of Restorative Dentistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - B. C. Cavenago
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
| | - I. G. De Moraes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials; Bauru School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; Bauru Brazil
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Arslan H, Ertas H, Ertas ET, Kalabalık F, Saygılı G, Capar ID. Evaluating root canal configuration of mandibular incisors with cone-beam computed tomography in a Turkish population. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Torres A, Jacobs R, Lambrechts P, Brizuela C, Cabrera C, Concha G, Pedemonte ME. Characterization of mandibular molar root and canal morphology using cone beam computed tomography and its variability in Belgian and Chilean population samples. Imaging Sci Dent 2015; 45:95-101. [PMID: 26125004 PMCID: PMC4483626 DOI: 10.5624/isd.2015.45.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to characterize mandibular molar root and canal morphology and its variability in Belgian and Chilean population samples. Materials and Methods We analyzed the CBCT images of 515 mandibular molars (257 from Belgium and 258 from Chile). Molars meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed to determine (1) the number of roots; (2) the root canal configuration; (3) the presence of a curved canal in the cross-sectional image of the distal root in the mandibular first molar and (4) the presence of a C-shaped canal in the second mandibular molar. A descriptive analysis was performed. The association between national origin and the presence of a curved or C-shaped canal was evaluated using the chi-squared test. Results The most common configurations in the mesial root of both molars were type V and type III. In the distal root, type I canal configuration was the most common. Curvature in the cross-sectional image was found in 25% of the distal canals of the mandibular first molars in the Belgian population, compared to 11% in the Chilean population. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 10% or less in both populations. Conclusion In cases of unclear or complex root and canal morphology in the mandibular molars, CBCT imaging might assist endodontic specialists in making an accurate diagnosis and in treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Torres
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Lambrechts
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Brizuela
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Cabrera
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Concha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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71
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Amoroso-Silva PA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Duarte MAH, Gutmann JL, del Carpio-Perochena A, Bramante CM, de Moraes IG. Micro–computed Tomographic Analysis of Mandibular Second Molars with C-shaped Root Canals. J Endod 2015; 41:890-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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Wang R, Shen Y, Ma J, Huang D, Zhou X, Gao Y, Haapasalo M. Evaluation of the Effect of Needle Position on Irrigant Flow in the C-shaped Root Canal Using a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model. J Endod 2015; 41:931-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim SY, Kim BS, Kim Y. Mandibular second molar root canal morphology and variants in a Korean subpopulation. Int Endod J 2015; 49:136-44. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Seoul St. Mary's Dental Hospital; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - B. S. Kim
- Department of Radiology; Ewha Womans University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Y. Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental Research Institute; Ewha Womans University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Arslan H, Capar ID, Ertas ET, Ertas H, Akcay M. A cone-beam computed tomographic study of root canal systems in mandibular premolars in a Turkish population: Theoretical model for determining orifice shape. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:11-19. [PMID: 25713478 PMCID: PMC4319286 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.149632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purposes of this retrospective study were to represent a newly designed theoretical model for determining orifice shape and morphologic properties of mandibular premolars and to correlate these findings with each other. Materials and Methods: A total of 287 mandibular premolar images obtained from 88 patients by cone-beam computed tomography were included in this study. The measurements were performed below the cementoenamel junction, and different orifice configurations were defined in accordance with various ratios. The age and gender of the patient, the tooth type and position, the number of roots, orifice configuration, root canal configuration, presence of C-shaped canal, and the presence of radicular groove were recorded. It was also recorded whether the root canal becomes round or not and if any, length of the root canal from the orifice to the section in which it becomes round. Furthermore, the theoretical model for determining orifice shape was defined after measurements. The orifice shape was determined as round, oval, flat, keyhole-shaped, and T-shaped, and orifices with short, normal length, and long isthmus. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square and Spearman's rank correlation tests (P = 0.05). Results: Orifice configurations were, usually, flat (37%), or keyhole-shaped (23%). The prevalence of T-shaped was found to be 3.8%. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was found to be 2.1%. The percentage of root canals that became round in the middle or apical thirds was 95.1%. Radicular grooves were detected in 37 (24%) of first premolars and six (4.5%) of second premolars. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean length of distance until the canal reached a round shape varied according to age group (r = −0.270; P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between radicular groove and tooth type (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The mean length of distance until the canal reached a round shape correlated with the patient's age. The new theoretical model could be beneficial to determine orifice configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Arslan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkiye
| | - Ismail Davut Capar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Elif Tarim Ertas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Huseyin Ertas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Merve Akcay
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
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75
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Morphological Variations of the Root Canal System in C-shaped Roots of the Mandibular Second Molar in a Japanese Population . ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5466/ijoms.13.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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76
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Helvacioglu-Yigit D. Endodontic management of C-shaped root canal system of mandibular first molar by using a modified technique of self-adjusting file system. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:77-80. [PMID: 25876955 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM C-shaped canal system is a seldom-found root canal anatomy which displays a challenge in all stages of endodontic treatment. According to the literature, this type of canal morphology is not a common finding in the mandibular first molar teeth. BACKGROUND This case report presents endodontic management of a mandibular first molar with a C-shaped canal system. CASE REPORT Root canal system was cleaned and shaped by nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments combined with self-adjusting file (SAF). Obturation was performed using warm, vertical condensation combined with the injection of warm gutta-percha. Follow-up examination 12 months later showed that the tooth was asymptomatic. The radiological findings presented no signs of periapical pathology. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The clinician must be aware of the occurence and complexity of C-shaped canals in mandibular first molar teeth to perform a successful root canal treatment. The supplementary use of SAF after application of rotary instruments in C-shaped root canals might be a promising approach in endodontic treatment of this type of canal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Helvacioglu-Yigit
- Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, Dentistry Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli Turkey, Phone: 905325267608, e-mail:
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Kato A, Ziegler A, Higuchi N, Nakata K, Nakamura H, Ohno N. Aetiology, incidence and morphology of the C-shaped root canal system and its impact on clinical endodontics. Int Endod J 2014; 47:1012-33. [PMID: 24483229 PMCID: PMC4258081 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The C-shaped root canal constitutes an unusual root morphology that can be found primarily in mandibular second permanent molars. Due to the complexity of their structure, C-shaped root canal systems may complicate endodontic interventions. A thorough understanding of root canal morphology is therefore imperative for proper diagnosis and successful treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding C-shaped roots and root canals, from basic morphology to advanced endodontic procedures. To this end, a systematic search was conducted using the MEDLINE, BIOSIS, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PLoS and BioMed Central databases, and many rarely cited articles were included. Furthermore, four interactive 3D models of extracted teeth are introduced that will allow for a better understanding of the complex C-shaped root canal morphology. In addition, the present publication includes an embedded best-practice video showing an exemplary root canal procedure on a tooth with a pronounced C-shaped root canal. The survey of this unusual structure concludes with a number of suggestions concerning future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kato
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
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Chauhan R, Singh S, Chandra A. A rare occurrence of bilateral C-shaped roots in mandibular first and second premolars diagnosed with the aid of spiral computed tomography. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6:e440-3. [PMID: 25593671 PMCID: PMC4282916 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-shaped canal system is an anatomical variation mostly seen in mandibular second molars, although it can also occur in maxillary and other mandibular molars. Such variation in the root canal anatomy is uncommon in mandibular first premolars and very rare in mandibular second premolars. The C-shaped canal is so named for the cross-sectional morphology of the root and root canal. The main anatomic feature of C-shaped canals is the presence of a fin or web connecting the individual root canals. Failure of the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath to fuse on the lingual or buccal root surface is the main cause of C-shaped roots, which always contain a C-shaped canal. This case report describes an unusual occurrence of C-shaped roots in mandibular first and second premolars bilaterally, diagnosed with the aid of spiral computed tomography.
Key words:Canal configuration, C-shape, mandibular first premolar, mandibular second premolar, spiral computed tomography scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Chauhan
- Reader, BDS, MDS. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Senior Lecturer, BDS, MDS. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Chandra
- Professor, BDS, MDS. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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79
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Soo WKM, Thong YL, Gutmann JL. A comparison of four gutta-percha filling techniques in simulated C-shaped canals. Int Endod J 2014; 48:736-46. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. K. M. Soo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Y. L. Thong
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - J. L. Gutmann
- Department of Restorative Sciences/Endodontics; Baylor College of Dentistry; Texas A&M University; Dallas TX USA
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Llena C, Fernandez J, Ortolani PS, Forner L. Cone-beam computed tomography analysis of root and canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a Spanish population. Imaging Sci Dent 2014; 44:221-7. [PMID: 25279343 PMCID: PMC4182357 DOI: 10.5624/isd.2014.44.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the clinical anatomy of lower premolar roots in a Spanish population by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), correlating findings with patient gender and tooth type. Materials and Methods Using 70 CBCT images, we evaluated 126 healthy, untreated, well-developed lower premolars. The number and morphology of roots and root canals, and the foramina number were assessed. Results for gender and tooth type were compared using the chi-squared and ANOVA tests. Results The average length of teeth and roots was significantly higher in men (p=0.00). All 126 premolars had a single root. One canal was found in 83.3% of the premolars, with no gender or tooth type differences; Vertucci configuration types I and V were the most prevalent. The first premolars showed significantly greater variability than the second premolars (p=0.03). A single apical foramen was found in 89.7% of the premolars, with no differences by tooth type. Women had a significantly higher prevalence of two apical foramina than men (p=0.04). Some degree of curvature was observed in 65% of the premolars, with no differences by gender or tooth type. A root angle of more than 20° was found in 12.98% of the premolars, without any differences by gender or tooth. Conclusion All premolars were single-rooted. One canal had the most prevalent morphology. More variability in canal anatomy was found in the first premolars. Curvatures greater than 20° were found at less than 5 mm from the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Llena
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Leopoldo Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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81
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Fernandes M, de Ataide I, Wagle R. C-shaped root canal configuration: A review of literature. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:312-9. [PMID: 25125841 PMCID: PMC4127687 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.136437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to review and discuss the etiology, incidence, anatomic features, classification, diagnosis and management of the C-shaped canal configuration. C-shaped canal configuration is a variation that has a racial predilection and is commonly seen in mandibular second molars. The intricacies present in this variation of canal morphology can pose a challenge to the clinician during negotiation, debridement and obturation. Manual and electronic searches of literature were performed from 1979 to 2012, in Pub Med by crossing the keywords: C-shaped canals, mandibular second molar, mandibular first premolar, root canal morphology. Knowledge of the C-shaped canal configuration is essential to achieve success in endodontic therapy. Radiographic and clinical diagnoses can aid in identification and negotiation of the fan-shaped areas and intricacies of the C-shaped anatomy. Effective management of this anomalous canal configuration can be achieved with rotary and hand instrumentation assisted with sonics and ultrasonics. Modifications in the obturation techniques will ensure a 3-dimensional fill of the canal system and chamber retained restorations like amalgam or composites, serve as satisfactory post endodontic restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fernandes
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, India
| | - Ida de Ataide
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, India
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82
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Analysis of C-shaped Canals by Panoramic Radiography and Cone-beam Computed Tomography: Root-type Specificity by Longitudinal Distribution. J Endod 2014; 40:917-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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83
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Lin Z, Hu Q, Wang T, Ge J, Liu S, Zhu M, Wen S. Use of CBCT to investigate the root canal morphology of mandibular incisors. Surg Radiol Anat 2014; 36:877-82. [PMID: 24515289 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-014-1267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the root canal morphology of mandibular incisors using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 353 patients with 1,412 healthy, well-developed mandibular incisors were enrolled. Radiographic examination by CBCT was conducted as part of their routine examination, diagnosis and treatment planning. The following observations were made using CBCT: (1) the number of roots; (2) the number of canals; (3) canal configuration according to Vertucci's classification; (4) the position of root canal bifurcations. RESULTS Two canals were found in 10.9 % of mandibular central incisors, 25.5 % of lateral incisors and in 18.2 % of all the 1,412 mandibular incisors. Significantly, more lateral incisors possessed two canals than central incisors (p < 0.05). Of the teeth with two canals, type III incisors were the most prevalent, followed by types II, IV and V. Furthermore, 37.7 % of teeth were found to have root canal bifurcations that were at or near to the cortical-middle third junction regions of the roots. CONCLUSION Routine mode CBCT imaging was clinically useful for detection of two canals and determines the position of root canal bifurcations in mandibular incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Lin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China
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84
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Ladeira DBS, Cruz AD, Freitas DQ, Almeida SM. Prevalence of C-shaped root canal in a Brazilian subpopulation: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis. Braz Oral Res 2014; 28:39-45. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242013005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeap Kian Nie
- Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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86
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A Cone-beam Computed Tomography Study of the Root Canal Morphology of Mandibular First Premolars and the Location of Root Canal Orifices and Apical Foramina in a Chinese Subpopulation. J Endod 2013; 39:435-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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87
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Helvacioglu‐Yigit D, Sinanoglu A. Use of cone‐beam computed tomography to evaluate
C
‐shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars in a
T
urkish subpopulation: a retrospective study. Int Endod J 2013; 46:1032-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Sinanoglu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Faculty of Dentistry Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
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Chang SW, Lee JK, Lee Y, Kum KY. In-depth morphological study of mesiobuccal root canal systems in maxillary first molars: review. Restor Dent Endod 2013; 38:2-10. [PMID: 23493453 PMCID: PMC3591580 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A common failure in endodontic treatment of the permanent maxillary first molars is likely to be caused by an inability to locate, clean, and obturate the second mesiobuccal (MB) canals. Because of the importance of knowledge on these additional canals, there have been numerous studies which investigated the maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology using in vivo and laboratory methods. In this article, the protocols, advantages and disadvantages of various methodologies for in-depth study of maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology were discussed. Furthermore, newly identified configuration types for the establishment of new classification system were suggested based on two image reformatting techniques of micro-computed tomography, which can be useful as a further 'Gold Standard' method for in-depth morphological study of complex root canal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Woo Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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89
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Wang Y, Guo J, Yang HB, Han X, Yu Y. Incidence of C-shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars in the native Chinese population by analysis of clinical methods. Int J Oral Sci 2012; 4:161-5. [PMID: 22836759 PMCID: PMC3464989 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to investigate the incidence of C-shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars in a native Chinese population using radiography and clinical examination under microscope and to compare the relative efficacies of these methods. For the recognition of C-shaped root canal system, 1 146 mandibular second molars were selected and examined. Teeth with C-shaped canal systems were categorized by using the radiographic classification criteria and the modified Melton's method. C-shaped canals were identified in 397 (34.64%) mandibular second molars by radiography (type I, 31.23% type II, 38.29% type III, 30.48%). Clinical examination showed that 449 (39.18%) cases exhibited C-shaped canal systems (C1, 22.94% C2, 48.11% C3a, 15.59% C3b, 13.36%). As for the result of the radiographic and clinical combined examination, C-shaped root canals were found in 473 (41.27%) mandibular second molars (C1, 21.78% C2, 45.67% C3a, 16.70% C3b, 15.86%). The incidence of C-shaped root canal diagnosed by radiographic method was statistically different from that by clinical examination and the combined examination (P<0.05). The study indicated a high incidence of C-shaped canal system in a Chinese population. The combination of microscopic and radiographic examination is an effective method in identifying the C-shaped root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Shandong University, Jian, China.
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90
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Tian YY, Guo B, Zhang R, Yu X, Wang H, Hu T, Dummer PMH. Root and canal morphology of maxillary first premolars in a Chinese subpopulation evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography. Int Endod J 2012; 45:996-1003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Seo DG, Gu Y, Yi YA, Lee SJ, Jeong JS, Lee Y, Chang SW, Lee JK, Park W, Kim KD, Kum KY. A biometric study of C-shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography. Int Endod J 2012; 45:807-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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