51
|
Negative Emotion Differentiation through a Developmental Lens: Associations with Parental Factors and Age in Adolescence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019; 152. [PMID: 32863504 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Negative emotion differentiation (NED) is the ability to precisely discern negatively-valenced emotional states. Low NED has been linked to numerous negative outcomes. However, little is known about the conditions under which individual differences in NED emerge, particularly during adolescence, a potentially important developmental stage. We examined associations between NED (assessed using intraclass correlations between negative emotion [NE] ratings collected via intensive longitudinal methods), parental variables, and age. Adolescents (N=233, M age=15.90, 53% female) and their parents completed interview measures of depression and self-report questionnaires; adolescents then completed a seven-day ecological momentary assessment. Lower NED was associated with greater parental depression, greater authoritarian parenting style, and lower parental attachment security. Age was negatively and linearly associated with NED. Results held controlling for mean NE and adolescent depression, although authoritarian parenting was non-significant controlling for other developmental variables. Findings suggest healthy parent-child relationships may relate to adolescents' ability to perceive NEs with nuance.
Collapse
|
52
|
Puberty and functional brain development in humans: Convergence in findings? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100690. [PMID: 31450015 PMCID: PMC6969369 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a long history of studying the influence of pubertal hormones on brain function/structure in animals, this research in human adolescents is young but burgeoning. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of findings from neuroimaging studies investigating the relation between pubertal and functional brain development in humans. We quantified the findings from this literature in which statistics required for standard meta-analyses are often not provided (i.e., effect size in fMRI studies). To do so, we assessed convergence in findings within content domains (reward, facial emotion, social information, cognitive processing) in terms of the locus and directionality (i.e., positive/negative) of effects. Face processing is the only domain with convergence in the locus of effects in the amygdala. Social information processing is the only domain with convergence of positive effects; however, these effects are not consistently present in any brain region. There is no convergence of effects in either the reward or cognitive processing domains. This limited convergence in findings across domains is not the result of null findings or even due to the variety of experimental paradigms researchers employ. Instead, there are critical theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues that must be addressed in order to move the field forward.
Collapse
|
53
|
Children with facial paralysis due to Moebius syndrome exhibit reduced autonomic modulation during emotion processing. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:12. [PMID: 31291910 PMCID: PMC6617955 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial mimicry is crucial in the recognition of others' emotional state. Thus, the observation of others' facial expressions activates the same neural representation of that affective state in the observer, along with related autonomic and somatic responses. What happens, therefore, when someone cannot mimic others' facial expressions? METHODS We investigated whether psychophysiological emotional responses to others' facial expressions were impaired in 13 children (9 years) with Moebius syndrome (MBS), an extremely rare neurological disorder (1/250,000 live births) characterized by congenital facial paralysis. We inspected autonomic responses and vagal regulation through facial cutaneous thermal variations and by the computation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). These parameters provide measures of emotional arousal and show the autonomic adaptation to others' social cues. Physiological responses in children with MBS were recorded during dynamic facial expression observation and were compared to those of a control group (16 non-affected children, 9 years). RESULTS There were significant group effects on thermal patterns and RSA, with lower values in children with MBS. We also observed a mild deficit in emotion recognition in these patients. CONCLUSION Results support "embodied" theory, whereby the congenital inability to produce facial expressions induces alterations in the processing of facial expression of emotions. Such alterations may constitute a risk for emotion dysregulation.
Collapse
|
54
|
Covic A, von Steinbüchel N, Kiese-Himmel C. Emotion Recognition in Kindergarten Children. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2019; 72:273-281. [PMID: 31256156 DOI: 10.1159/000500589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recognition and understanding of emotions are essential skills in nonverbal communication and in everyday social functioning. These are already evident in infancy. We aimed to compare how young children recognize facial emotional expressions from static faces versus vocal emotional expressions from speech prosody. METHODS Participants were 313 kindergarten children (162 girls, mean age = 51.01, SD 9.65 months; range 36-72). The design consisted of a visual and an auditory block (with 45 randomized trials each). Children were seated in front of a 14-inch laptop monitor and received visual stimuli (photos of faces) or auditory stimuli (spoken sentences) via loudspeakers. RESULTS Recognizing emotions from looking at static faces was found to be easier compared to interpreting emotions transmitted by speech prosody alone. The ability to interpret emotions from both faces and speech prosody increased with age. It was easier to identify a "happy" emotion from a facial expression than an "angry" or "sad" one, whereas a "sad" emotion could be more easily recognized from speech prosody alone than facial imagery alone. Girls were significantly better than boys in identifying "sad" facial expressions. CONCLUSION The results of the study are discussed in terms of educational implications for nonverbal communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amra Covic
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,
| | - Nicole von Steinbüchel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Kiese-Himmel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Phoniatric and Pediatric Audiological Psychology, University of Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Ross P, de Gelder B, Crabbe F, Grosbras MH. Emotion modulation of the body-selective areas in the developing brain. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 38:100660. [PMID: 31128318 PMCID: PMC6969350 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive viewing fMRI task using dynamic emotional bodies and non-human objects. Adults showed increased activation in the body-selective areas compared with children. Adults also showed more activation than adolescents, but only in the right hemisphere. Crucially, we found no age differences in the emotion modulation of these areas.
Emotions are strongly conveyed by the human body and the ability to recognize emotions from body posture or movement is still developing through childhood and adolescence. To date, very few studies have explored how these behavioural observations are paralleled by functional brain development. Furthermore, currently no studies have explored the development of emotion modulation in these areas. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the brain activity of 25 children (age 6–11), 18 adolescents (age 12–17) and 26 adults while they passively viewed short videos of angry, happy or neutral body movements. We observed that when viewing dynamic bodies generally, adults showed higher activity than children bilaterally in the body-selective areas; namely the extra-striate body area (EBA), fusiform body area (FBA), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), as well as the amygdala (AMY). Adults also showed higher activity than adolescents, but only in the right hemisphere. Crucially, however, we found that there were no age differences in the emotion modulation of activity in these areas. These results indicate, for the first time, that despite activity selective to body perception increasing across childhood and adolescence, emotion modulation of these areas in adult-like from 7 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paddy Ross
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK; Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frances Crabbe
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie-Hélène Grosbras
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Specific Patterns of Emotion Recognition from Faces in Children with ASD: Results of a Cross-Modal Matching Paradigm. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 48:844-852. [PMID: 29164447 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Children with ASD show emotion recognition difficulties, as part of their social communication deficits. We examined facial emotion recognition (FER) in intellectually disabled children with ASD and in younger typically developing (TD) controls, matched on mental age. Our emotion-matching paradigm employed three different modalities: facial, vocal and verbal. Results confirmed overall FER deficits in ASD. Compared to the TD group, children with ASD had the poorest performance in recognizing surprise and anger in comparison to happiness and sadness, and struggled with face-face matching, compared to voice-face and word-face combinations. Performance in the voice-face cross-modal recognition task was related to adaptive communication. These findings highlight the specific face processing deficit, and the relative merit of cross-modal integration in children with ASD.
Collapse
|
57
|
Schaan L, Schulz A, Nuraydin S, Bergert C, Hilger A, Rach H, Hechler T. Interoceptive accuracy, emotion recognition, and emotion regulation in preschool children. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 138:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
58
|
Warner-Czyz AD, Evans D, Turkstra L, Scheppele M, Song C, Evans JL. Effect of auditory status on visual emotion recognition in adolescents. Cochlear Implants Int 2019; 20:127-137. [PMID: 30727860 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2019.1573952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with severe to profound hearing loss who wear cochlear implants (CIs) experience significantly more peer problems compared to peers with typical hearing (TH). Differences in peer social dynamics may relate to perception not only of message content, but also message intent based on a speaker's emotion from visual (e.g. facial expressions) and auditory (e.g. prosody) cues. Pediatric CI users may experience greater difficulty with auditory emotion recognition due to an impoverished signal representation provided by the device, but the effect of auditory status on visual emotion recognition yields conflicting results. OBJECTIVES The current study examined accuracy and speed of visual emotion recognition in adolescents with CIs and peers with TH. METHODS Participants included 58 adolescents (10-18 years) stratified by auditory status: 34 CI users and 24 TH peers. Participants identified the intended emotion (i.e. happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise) of static images of faces displayed on a computer screen. RESULTS No significant differences by auditory status emerged for response accuracy, response time to all trials, or response time to correct trials. Type of emotion significantly affected both accuracy and response time. CONCLUSION Adolescents with CIs show similar accuracy and response time in recognizing static facial expressions compared to TH peers. Future studies should explore the association between visual emotion recognition and social well-being to determine the relationship between emotion recognition and overall quality of life in adolescents with CIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Warner-Czyz
- a Dallas Cochlear Implant Program , Callier Advanced Hearing Research Center , Richardson , TX , USA.,b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , The University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Delaney Evans
- b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , The University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Lyn Turkstra
- c School of Rehabilitation Science , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
| | - Meredith Scheppele
- b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , The University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Chen Song
- b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , The University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Julia L Evans
- b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , The University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Shlosberg D, Amit BH, Zalsman G, Krivoy A, Mell H, Lev-Ran S, Shoval G. Cognitive Impairments in Abstinent Male Residents of a Therapeutic Community for Substance-Use Disorders: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:538-548. [PMID: 30729882 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1517800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prior studies of residual cognitive deficits in abstinent substance-use disorder (SUD) patients, exhibited conflicting reports and a substantial patient selection bias. The aim of this study was to test the cognitive function of a sample of chronic abstinent SUD patients in a therapeutic-community. METHODS The IntegNeuroTM cognitive test battery was used for a retrospective cross-sectional study of cognitive functioning of an unselected sample (n = 105) of abstinent male residents of a therapeutic-community. The results were compared to a large age-, gender-, and education-matched normative cohort. RESULTS A significant negative deviance from the normal cohorts' mean was present in most of the cognitive test results and in all the cognitive domains that were tested. The most substantial deficit was found in the executive function domain (d = 1.02, 95%CI (±0.11)). Correct identification of facial emotions was significantly lower selectively in expressions of disgust and sadness. Substance-use starting at an early age (12.4 ± 0.8 years) was associated with lower performance in tests of sustained attention and impulsivity as well as with varied ability to identify correctly "negative" emotions in the emotion identification domain. CONCLUSIONS This 5-year retrospective study demonstrates substantial cognitive impairments in an unselected sample of abstinent SUD patients. Impairment in multiple cognitive domains may lower the probability for remission and successful social integration. Early-age substance initiation may be associated with larger impairments in cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shlosberg
- a Child and Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center , Petah Tikva , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Ben H Amit
- a Child and Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center , Petah Tikva , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Gil Zalsman
- a Child and Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center , Petah Tikva , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,c Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry , Columbia University , New York , New York , USA
| | - Amir Krivoy
- a Child and Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center , Petah Tikva , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Haim Mell
- d Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Israel Anti-Drug Authority , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Shaul Lev-Ran
- b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,e Outpatient Addiction Clinic, Lev Hasharon Medical Center , Israel
| | - Gal Shoval
- a Child and Adolescent Division, Geha Mental Health Center , Petah Tikva , Israel.,b Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Engelberg JW, Gouzoules H. The credibility of acted screams: Implications for emotional communication research. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1889-1902. [PMID: 30514163 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818816307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have long relied on acted material to study emotional expression and perception in humans. It has been suggested, however, that certain aspects of natural expressions are difficult or impossible to produce voluntarily outside of their associated emotional contexts, and that acted expressions tend to be overly intense caricatures. From an evolutionary perspective, listeners' abilities to distinguish acted from natural expressions likely depend on the type of expression in question, the costs entailed in its production, and elements of receiver psychology. Here, we investigated these issues as they relate to human screams. We also examined whether listeners' abilities to distinguish acted from natural screams might vary as a function of individual differences in emotional processing and empathy. Using a forced-choice categorization task, we found that listeners could not distinguish acted from natural exemplars, suggesting that actors can produce dramatisations of screams resembling natural vocalisations. Intensity ratings did not differ between acted and natural screams, nor did individual differences in emotional processing significantly predict performance. Scream duration predicted both the probability that an exemplar was categorised as acted and the probability that participants classified that scream accurately. These findings are discussed with respect to potential evolutionary implications and their practical relevance to future research using acted screams.
Collapse
|
61
|
Richoz AR, Lao J, Pascalis O, Caldara R. Tracking the recognition of static and dynamic facial expressions of emotion across the life span. J Vis 2018; 18:5. [PMID: 30208425 DOI: 10.1167/18.9.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective transmission and decoding of dynamic facial expressions of emotion is omnipresent and critical for adapted social interactions in everyday life. Thus, common intuition would suggest an advantage for dynamic facial expression recognition (FER) over the static snapshots routinely used in most experiments. However, although many studies reported an advantage in the recognition of dynamic over static expressions in clinical populations, results obtained from healthy participants are contrasted. To clarify this issue, we conducted a large cross-sectional study to investigate FER across the life span in order to determine if age is a critical factor to account for such discrepancies. More than 400 observers (age range 5-96) performed recognition tasks of the six basic expressions in static, dynamic, and shuffled (temporally randomized frames) conditions, normalized for the amount of energy sampled over time. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical step-linear model to capture the nonlinear relationship between age and FER for the different viewing conditions. Although replicating the typical accuracy profiles of FER, we determined the age at which peak efficiency was reached for each expression and found greater accuracy for most dynamic expressions across the life span. This advantage in the elderly population was driven by a significant decrease in performance for static images, which was twice as large as for the young adults. Our data posit the use of dynamic stimuli as being critical in the assessment of FER in the elderly population, inviting caution when drawing conclusions from the sole use of static face images to this aim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Raphaëlle Richoz
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Junpeng Lao
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Recognition of facial emotions on human and canine faces in children with and without autism spectrum disorders. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
63
|
Quantifying facial expression signal and intensity use during development. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 174:41-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
64
|
Janus M, Bialystok E. Working Memory With Emotional Distraction in Monolingual and Bilingual Children. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1582. [PMID: 30210408 PMCID: PMC6120977 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive work has demonstrated the benefits of bilingualism on executive functioning (EF) across the lifespan. Concurrently, other research has shown that EF is related to emotion regulation (ER), an ability that is integral to healthy socio-emotional development. However, no research to date has investigated whether bilingualism-related advantages in EF can also be found in emotional contexts. The current study examined the performance of 93 children who were 9-years old, about half of whom were bilingual, on the Emotional Face N-Back Task, an ER task used to assess the interference effect of emotional processing on working memory. Bilingual children were more accurate than monolingual children in both 1-back and 2-back conditions but were significantly slower than monolingual children on the 2-back condition. There were significant effects of emotional valence on reaction time, but these did not differ across language groups. These results confirm previous research showing better EF performance by bilinguals, but no differences in ER were found between language groups. Findings are discussed in the context of our current understanding of the ER literature with potential implications for previously unexplored differences between monolingual and bilingual children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Bialystok
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Mancini G, Biolcati R, Agnoli S, Andrei F, Trombini E. Recognition of Facial Emotional Expressions Among Italian Pre-adolescents, and Their Affective Reactions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1303. [PMID: 30123150 PMCID: PMC6085998 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of emotional facial expressions is a central aspect for an effective interpersonal communication. This study aims to investigate whether changes occur in emotion recognition ability and in the affective reactions (self-assessed by participants through valence and arousal ratings) associated with the viewing of basic facial expressions during preadolescence (n = 396, 206 girls, aged 11-14 years, Mage = 12.73, DS = 0.91). Our results confirmed that happiness is the best recognized emotion during preadolescence. However, a significant decrease in recognition accuracy across age emerged for fear expressions. Moreover, participants' affective reactions elicited by the vision of happy facial expressions resulted to be the most pleasant and arousing compared to the other emotional expressions. On the contrary, the viewing of sadness was associated with the most negative affective reactions. Our results also revealed a developmental change in participants' affective reactions to the stimuli. Implications are discussed by taking into account the role of emotion recognition as one of the main factors involved in emotional development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mancini
- Department of Education, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Biolcati
- Department of Education, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sergio Agnoli
- Marconi Institute for Creativity, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | - Federica Andrei
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Trombini
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Vetter NC, Drauschke M, Thieme J, Altgassen M. Adolescent Basic Facial Emotion Recognition Is Not Influenced by Puberty or Own-Age Bias. Front Psychol 2018; 9:956. [PMID: 29977212 PMCID: PMC6022279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic facial emotion recognition is suggested to be negatively affected by puberty onset reflected in a “pubertal dip” in performance compared to pre- or post-puberty. However, findings remain inconclusive. Further, research points to an own-age bias, i.e., a superior emotion recognition for peer faces. We explored adolescents’ ability to recognize specific emotions. Ninety-five children and adolescents, aged 8–17 years, judged whether the emotions displayed by adolescent or adult faces were angry, sad, neutral, or happy. We assessed participants a priori by pubertal status while controlling for age. Results indicated no “pubertal dip”, but decreasing reaction times across adolescence. No own-age bias was found. Taken together, basic facial emotion recognition does not seem to be disrupted during puberty as compared to pre- and post-puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora C Vetter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mandy Drauschke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Thieme
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mareike Altgassen
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Effects of early institutionalization on emotion processing in 12-year-old youth. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 29:1749-1761. [PMID: 29162181 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined facial emotion recognition in 12-year-olds in a longitudinally followed sample of children with and without exposure to early life psychosocial deprivation (institutional care). Half of the institutionally reared children were randomized into foster care homes during the first years of life. Facial emotion recognition was examined in a behavioral task using morphed images. This same task had been administered when children were 8 years old. Neutral facial expressions were morphed with happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotional facial expressions, and children were asked to identify the emotion of each face, which varied in intensity. Consistent with our previous report, we show that some areas of emotion processing, involving the recognition of happy and fearful faces, are affected by early deprivation, whereas other areas, involving the recognition of sad and angry faces, appear to be unaffected. We also show that early intervention can have a lasting positive impact, normalizing developmental trajectories of processing negative emotions (fear) into the late childhood/preadolescent period.
Collapse
|
68
|
Grossard C, Chaby L, Hun S, Pellerin H, Bourgeois J, Dapogny A, Ding H, Serret S, Foulon P, Chetouani M, Chen L, Bailly K, Grynszpan O, Cohen D. Children Facial Expression Production: Influence of Age, Gender, Emotion Subtype, Elicitation Condition and Culture. Front Psychol 2018; 9:446. [PMID: 29670561 PMCID: PMC5894457 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of facial expressions (FEs) is an important skill that allows children to share and adapt emotions with their relatives and peers during social interactions. These skills are impaired in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. However, the way in which typical children develop and master their production of FEs has still not been clearly assessed. This study aimed to explore factors that could influence the production of FEs in childhood such as age, gender, emotion subtype (sadness, anger, joy, and neutral), elicitation task (on request, imitation), area of recruitment (French Riviera and Parisian) and emotion multimodality. A total of one hundred fifty-seven children aged 6–11 years were enrolled in Nice and Paris, France. We asked them to produce FEs in two different tasks: imitation with an avatar model and production on request without a model. Results from a multivariate analysis revealed that: (1) children performed better with age. (2) Positive emotions were easier to produce than negative emotions. (3) Children produced better FE on request (as opposed to imitation); and (4) Riviera children performed better than Parisian children suggesting regional influences on emotion production. We conclude that facial emotion production is a complex developmental process influenced by several factors that needs to be acknowledged in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Grossard
- Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, GHU Pitie-Salpetriere Charles Foix, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Chaby
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Hun
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK), EA 7276, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Hugues Pellerin
- Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, GHU Pitie-Salpetriere Charles Foix, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Bourgeois
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK), EA 7276, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Dapogny
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Huaxiong Ding
- Laboratoire d'Informatique en Image et Systèmes d'Information (LIRIS), Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5205, 69134, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Serret
- Cognition Behaviour Technology (CoBTeK), EA 7276, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Mohamed Chetouani
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Liming Chen
- Laboratoire d'Informatique en Image et Systèmes d'Information (LIRIS), Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5205, 69134, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kevin Bailly
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Ouriel Grynszpan
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Cohen
- Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, GHU Pitie-Salpetriere Charles Foix, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR 7222, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mienaltowski A, Lemerise EA, Greer K, Burke L. Age-related differences in emotion matching are limited to low intensity expressions. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:348-366. [PMID: 29471716 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1441363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Multi-label tasks confound age differences in perceptual and cognitive processes. We examined age differences in emotion perception with a technique that did not require verbal labels. Participants matched the emotion expressed by a target to two comparison stimuli, one neutral and one emotional. Angry, disgusted, fearful, happy, and sad facial expressions of varying intensity were used. Although older adults took longer to respond than younger adults, younger adults only outmatched older adults for the lowest intensity disgust and fear expressions. Some participants also completed an identity matching task in which target stimuli were matched on personal identity instead of emotion. Although irrelevant to the judgment, expressed emotion still created interference. All participants were less accurate when the apparent difference in expressive intensity of the matched stimuli was large, suggesting that salient emotion cues increased difficulty of identity matching. Age differences in emotion perception were limited to very low intensity expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mienaltowski
- a Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering , Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green , KY , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lemerise
- a Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering , Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green , KY , USA
| | - Kaitlyn Greer
- a Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering , Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green , KY , USA
| | - Lindsey Burke
- a Department of Psychological Sciences, Ogden College of Science and Engineering , Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green , KY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
A Developmental Perspective on Social-Cognition Difficulties in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2018; 25:4-14. [PMID: 28059932 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Evaluate the evolution of social cognitive abilities as a developmental process• Assess the evidence regarding social cognition difficulties in youth at clinical high risk for psychosisIndividuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis exhibit a broad range of difficulties, including impaired social cognition, which may represent a target for early identification and intervention. Several studies have examined various domains of social cognition in CHR individuals. Most focus on adolescent and young adult populations, but given the accumulating evidence that impairment exists before the onset of psychotic disorders, it is critically important to begin to look for these risk markers in younger children. The present article reviews 25 studies on CHR that examine any of the following four domains of social cognition: emotion processing, theory of mind, social perception, or attribution bias. Eligible studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search, conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycINFO, and combinations of key social-cognition and CHR search terms. Despite some mixed results, the existing literature establishes that CHR individuals display social-cognitive impairment, though it remains unclear as to how and when that impairment develops. Thus, by using the literature on social cognition in typically developing children as a model and reference, and by looking at the evolution of social-cognitive abilities as a developmental process, our review presents a valuable new perspective that indicates the necessity of further investigation in younger, at-risk populations. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
Collapse
|
71
|
Abstract
The underlying neural mechanisms of implicit and explicit facial emotion recognition (FER) were studied in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to matched typically developing controls (TDC). EEG was obtained from N = 21 ASD and N = 16 TDC. Task performance, visual (P100, N170) and cognitive (late positive potential) event-related-potentials, as well as coherence were compared across groups. TDC showed a task-dependent increase and a stronger lateralization of P100 amplitude during the explicit task and task-dependent modulation of intra-hemispheric coherence in the beta band. In contrast, the ASD group showed no task dependent modulation. Results indicate disruptions in early visual processing and top-down attentional processes as contributing factors to FER deficits in ASD.
Collapse
|
72
|
Li Y, Fang H, Zheng W, Qian L, Xiao Y, Wu Q, Chang C, Xiao C, Chu K, Ke X. A Fiber Tractography Study of Social-Emotional Related Fiber Tracts in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:722-730. [PMID: 28695417 PMCID: PMC5725375 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been hypothesized to be caused by changes in brain connectivity. From the clinical perspective, the "disconnectivity" hypothesis has been used to explain characteristic impairments in "socio-emotional" function. Therefore, in this study we compared the facial emotional recognition (FER) feature and the integrity of social-emotional-related white-matter tracts between children and adolescents with high-functioning ASD (HFA) and their typically developing (TD) counterparts. The correlation between the two factors was explored to find out if impairment of the white-matter tracts is the neural basis of social-emotional disorders. Compared with the TD group, FER was significantly impaired and the fractional anisotropy value of the right cingulate fasciculus was increased in the HFA group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the FER function of children and adolescents with HFA was impaired and the microstructure of the cingulate fasciculus had abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of the Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lu Qian
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yunhua Xiao
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qiaorong Wu
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chaoyong Xiao
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kangkang Chu
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Jusyte A, Gulewitsch MD, Schönenberg M. Recognition of peer emotions in children with ADHD: Evidence from an animated facial expressions task. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258:351-357. [PMID: 28917441 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that ADHD is associated with emotion recognition impairments that may be linked to deficient interpersonal functioning. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these recognition impairments is extremely limited. Here, we used dynamic stimuli to investigate whether impaired emotion recognition in children with ADHD may be associated with impairments in perceptual sensitivity. Participants (ADHD: N = 26; Controls: N = 26) viewed video sequences of neutral faces slowly developing into one of the six basic emotional expressions (angry, happy, fearful, sad, disgusted and surprised) and were instructed to indicate via a button press the precise moment at which they were able to correctly recognize the emotional expression. The results showed that compared to controls, children with ADHD exhibited lower accuracy rates across all emotional expressions while there was no evidence for impaired perceptual sensitivity. Thus, the study provides evidence for a generalized categorization impairment across all emotional categories and is consistent with developmental delay accounts of ADHD. Future studies are needed in order to further investigate the developmental course of social cognition deficits in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Jusyte
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Schönenberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Liang J, Chen YH, Yan WJ, Qu F, Fu X. Effects of task-irrelevant emotional information on deception. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:1265-1274. [PMID: 29157084 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1404967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deception has been reported to be influenced by task-relevant emotional information from an external stimulus. However, it remains unclear how task-irrelevant emotional information would influence deception. In the present study, facial expressions of different valence and emotion intensity were presented to participants, where they were asked to make either truthful or deceptive gender judgments according to the preceding cues. We observed the influence of facial expression intensity upon individuals' cognitive cost of deceiving (mean difference of individuals' truthful and deceptive response times). Larger cost was observed for high intensity faces compared to low intensity faces. These results provided insights on how automatic attraction of attention evoked by task-irrelevant emotional information in facial expressions influenced individuals' cognitive cost of deceiving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- a State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,c School of Educational Science , Ludong University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,d College of Teacher Education , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Yan
- b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,d College of Teacher Education , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Fangbing Qu
- b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,e College of Preschool Education , Capital Normal University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- a State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Guarnera M, Hichy Z, Cascio M, Carrubba S, Buccheri SL. Facial Expressions and the Ability to Recognize Emotions from the Eyes or Mouth: A Comparison Between Children and Adults. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2017; 178:309-318. [DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2017.1361377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guarnera
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Enna Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Zira Hichy
- Dipartimento di Processi Formativi, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maura Cascio
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Enna Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Stefano Carrubba
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Human Sciences, University of West London, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania L. Buccheri
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Enna Kore, Enna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Rehder PD, Mills-Koonce WR, Willoughby MT, Garrett-Peters P, Wagner NJ. Emotion Recognition Deficits among Children with Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Behaviors. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2017; 41:174-183. [PMID: 34113059 PMCID: PMC8188849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in emotion recognition have been associated with psychopathic and callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors among adults, adolescents, and children. However, few previous studies have examined such associations exclusively during early and middle childhood, or demographic differences in emotion recognition that may result from early emotion socialization experiences. The current study used a large, population-stratified, randomly-selected sample of 2nd grade children living in areas of high rural poverty to examine group differences in emotion recognition among children showing no conduct problems or CU behaviors (typical), conduct problems without CU behaviors (CP-only), and both CP and CU behaviors (CP+CU). Primary caregivers reported on children's conduct problems and callous-unemotional behaviors at 1st grade and children completed a computerized facial emotion recognition task at 2nd grade. Results indicated that CP/CU group differences in emotion recognition accuracy were moderated by child race, with children in the typical group showing better overall accuracy and better recognition of fearful and happy faces among European American children, whereas no group differences were found among African American children. Implications for emotion socialization, etiology of CP and CU behaviors, and future directions for research and treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Rehder
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 248 Stone Building, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
| | - W. Roger Mills-Koonce
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 248 Stone Building, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States
| | - Michael T. Willoughby
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd. P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Patricia Garrett-Peters
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 8180, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8180
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Dubey I, Ropar D, Hamilton AFDC. Social seeking declines in young adolescents. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170029. [PMID: 28878965 PMCID: PMC5579080 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The desire to engage with others is an important motivational force throughout our lifespan. It is known that social behaviour and preferences change from childhood to adulthood, but whether this change is linked with any changes in social motivation is not known. We evaluated 255 typically developing participants from ages 4-20 years on a behavioural paradigm 'Choose a Movie' (CAM). On every trial, participants had a choice between viewing social or non-social movies presented with different levels of effort (key presses/screen touch required). Hence, participants chose not only the movie they would watch but also how much effort they would make. The difference between the effort levels of the chosen and not chosen stimuli helps in quantifying the motivation to seek it. This task could be used with all the age groups with minimal adaptations, allowing comparison between the groups. Results showed that children (4-8 years), older adolescents (12-16 years) and young adults (17-20 years) made more effort to look at social movies. Counterintuitively, this preference was not seen in young adolescents (around 9-12 years), giving a U-shaped developmental trajectory over the population. We present the first evidence for non-monotonic developmental change in social motivation in typical participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Dubey
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Antonia F de C. Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Luyster RJ, Bick J, Westerlund A, Nelson CA. Testing the effects of expression, intensity and age on emotional face processing in ASD. Neuropsychologia 2017. [PMID: 28647439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly show global deficits in the processing of facial emotion, including impairments in emotion recognition and slowed processing of emotional faces. Growing evidence has suggested that these challenges may increase with age, perhaps due to minimal improvement with age in individuals with ASD. In the present study, we explored the role of age, emotion type and emotion intensity in face processing for individuals with and without ASD. Twelve- and 18-22- year-old children with and without ASD participated. No significant diagnostic group differences were observed on behavioral measures of emotion processing for younger versus older individuals with and without ASD. However, there were significant group differences in neural responses to emotional faces. Relative to TD, at 12 years of age and during adulthood, individuals with ASD showed slower N170 to emotional faces. While the TD groups' P1 latency was significantly shorter in adults when compared to 12 year olds, there was no significant age-related difference in P1 latency among individuals with ASD. Findings point to potential differences in the maturation of cortical networks that support visual processing (whether of faces or stimuli more broadly), among individuals with and without ASD between late childhood and adulthood. Finally, associations between ERP amplitudes and behavioral responses on emotion processing tasks suggest possible neural markers for emotional and behavioral deficits among individuals with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Graduate School of Education, United States
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Qu F, Yan WJ, Chen YH, Li K, Zhang H, Fu X. "You Should Have Seen the Look on Your Face…": Self-awareness of Facial Expressions. Front Psychol 2017; 8:832. [PMID: 28611703 PMCID: PMC5447732 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The awareness of facial expressions allows one to better understand, predict, and regulate his/her states to adapt to different social situations. The present research investigated individuals' awareness of their own facial expressions and the influence of the duration and intensity of expressions in two self-reference modalities, a real-time condition and a video-review condition. The participants were instructed to respond as soon as they became aware of any facial movements. The results revealed that awareness rates were 57.79% in the real-time condition and 75.92% in the video-review condition. The awareness rate was influenced by the intensity and (or) the duration. The intensity thresholds for individuals to become aware of their own facial expressions were calculated using logistic regression models. The results of Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) revealed that video-review awareness was a significant predictor of real-time awareness. These findings extend understandings of human facial expression self-awareness in two modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangbing Qu
- College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yan
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Kaiyun Li
- School of Education and Psychology, University of JinanJinan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, MemphisTN, United States
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wang L, Chen W, Li H. Use of 3D faces facilitates facial expression recognition in children. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45464. [PMID: 28368008 PMCID: PMC5377359 DOI: 10.1038/srep45464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed whether presenting 3D face stimuli could facilitate children’s facial expression recognition. Seventy-one children aged between 3 and 6 participated in the study. Their task was to judge whether a face presented in each trial showed a happy or fearful expression. Half of the face stimuli were shown with 3D representations, whereas the other half of the images were shown as 2D pictures. We compared expression recognition under these conditions. The results showed that the use of 3D faces improved the speed of facial expression recognition in both boys and girls. Moreover, 3D faces improved boys’ recognition accuracy for fearful expressions. Since fear is the most difficult facial expression for children to recognize, the facilitation effect of 3D faces has important practical implications for children with difficulties in facial expression recognition. The potential benefits of 3D representation for other expressions also have implications for developing more realistic assessments of children’s expression recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Child Development and Health, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Child Development and Health, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Macleod E, Woolford J, Hobbs L, Gross J, Hayne H, Patterson T. Interviews with children about their mental health problems: The congruence and validity of information that children report. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 22:229-244. [PMID: 27352797 DOI: 10.1177/1359104516653642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To obtain a child's perspective during a mental health assessment, he or she is usually interviewed. Although researchers and clinicians generally agree that it is beneficial to hear a child's account of his or her presenting issues, there is debate about whether children provide reliable or valid clinical information during these interviews. Here, we examined whether children provide clinically and diagnostically relevant information in a clinical setting. In all, 31 children aged 5-12-years undergoing mental health assessments were asked open-ended questions about their presenting problems during a semi-structured interview. We coded the information that children reported to determine whether it was clinically relevant and could be used to diagnose their problems and to formulate and plan treatment. We also coded children's information to determine whether it was congruent with the children's presenting problems and their eventual clinical diagnoses. Most of the information that children reported was clinically relevant and included information about behaviour, affect, temporal details, thoughts, people, the environment, and the child's physical experiences. The information that children reported was also clinically valid; it was congruent with the problems that were discussed (84%) and also with the eventual diagnosis that the child received after a complete assessment (74%). We conclude that children can contribute relevant, clinically useful, valid information during clinical psychological assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Macleod
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Linda Hobbs
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Julien Gross
- 3 Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Harlene Hayne
- 3 Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Tess Patterson
- 1 Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Cebula KR, Wishart JG, Willis DS, Pitcairn TK. Emotion Recognition in Children With Down Syndrome: Influence of Emotion Label and Expression Intensity. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 122:138-155. [PMID: 28257244 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-122.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some children with Down syndrome may experience difficulties in recognizing facial emotions, particularly fear, but it is not clear why, nor how such skills can best be facilitated. Using a photo-matching task, emotion recognition was tested in children with Down syndrome, children with nonspecific intellectual disability and cognitively matched, typically developing children (all groups N = 21) under four conditions: veridical vs. exaggerated emotions and emotion-labelling vs. generic task instructions. In all groups, exaggerating emotions facilitated recognition accuracy and speed, with emotion labelling facilitating recognition accuracy. Overall accuracy and speed did not differ in the children with Down syndrome, although recognition of fear was poorer than in the typically developing children and unrelated to emotion label use. Implications for interventions are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Cebula
- Katie R. Cebula, University of Edinburgh, School of Education
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Jones AC, Gutierrez R, Ludlow AK. The role of motion and intensity in deaf children’s recognition of real human facial expressions of emotion. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:102-115. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1289894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Jones
- Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Amanda K. Ludlow
- Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Wang Y, Su Y, Yan S. Facial Expression Recognition in Children with Cochlear Implants and Hearing Aids. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1989. [PMID: 28066306 PMCID: PMC5174088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expression recognition (FER) is an important aspect of effective interpersonal communication. In order to explore whether the development of FER was delayed in hearing impaired children, 44 child participants completed labeling, and matching tasks to identify four basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, and fear). Twenty-two participants had either a cochlear implant (CI) or a hearing aid (HA) while 22 had normal hearing and participants were matched across conditions by age and gender. The results showed that children with a CI or HA were developmentally delayed not only in their emotion-labeling (verbal) tasks but also in their emotion-matching (nonverbal) tasks. For all participants, the emotion-labeling task was more difficult than the emotion-matching task. Additionally, the relative difficulty of recognizing four different emotional expressions was similar between verbal and nonverbal tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Su
- Department of Psychology, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Song Yan
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Donohue MR, Goodman SH, Tully EC. Positively Biased Processing of Mother's Emotions Predicts Children's Social and Emotional Functioning. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2016; 38:1-9. [PMID: 28348456 PMCID: PMC5365080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Risk for internalizing problems and social skills deficits likely emerges in early childhood when emotion processing and social competencies are developing. Positively biased processing of social information is typical during early childhood and may be protective against poorer psychosocial outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that young children with relatively less positively biased attention to, interpretations of, and attributions for their mother's emotions would exhibit poorer prosocial skills and more internalizing problems. A sample of 4- to 6-year-old children (N=82) observed their mothers express happiness, sadness and anger during a simulated emotional phone conversation. Children's attention to their mother when she expressed each emotion was rated from video. Immediately following the phone conversation, children were asked questions about the conversation to assess their interpretations of the intensity of mother's emotions and misattributions of personal responsibility for her emotions. Children's prosocial skills and internalizing problems were assessed using mother-report rating scales. Interpretations of mother's positive emotions as relatively less intense than her negative emotions, misattributions of personal responsibility for her negative emotions, and lack of misattributions of personal responsibility for her positive emotions were associated with poorer prosocial skills. Children who attended relatively less to mother's positive than her negative emotions had higher levels of internalizing problems. These findings suggest that children's attention to, interpretations of, and attributions for their mother's emotions may be important targets of early interventions for preventing prosocial skills deficits and internalizing problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rose Donohue
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5010, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Sherryl H. Goodman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, PAIS Building, Room 467, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erin C. Tully
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5010, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, PAIS Building, Room 467, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Dalkıran M, Gultekin G, Yuksek E, Varsak N, Gul H, Kıncır Z, Tasdemir A, Emul M. Facial emotion recognition in psychiatrists and influences of their therapeutic identification on that ability. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 69:30-5. [PMID: 27423342 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although emotional cues like facial emotion expressions seem to be important in social interaction, there is no specific training about emotional cues for psychiatrists. Here, we aimed to investigate psychiatrists' ability of facial emotion recognition and relation with their clinical identification as psychotherapy-psychopharmacology oriented or being adult and childhood-adolescent psychiatrist. METHODS Facial Emotion Recognition Test was performed to 130 psychiatrists that were constructed by a set of photographs (happy, sad, fearful, angry, surprised, disgusted and neutral faces) from Ekman and Friesen's. RESULTS Psychotherapy oriented adult psychiatrists were significantly better in recognizing sad facial emotion (p=.003) than psychopharmacologists while no significant differences were detected according to therapeutic orientation among child-adolescent psychiatrists (for each, p>.05). Adult psychiatrists were significantly better in recognizing fearful (p=.012) and disgusted (p=.003) facial emotions than child-adolescent psychiatrists while the latter were better in recognizing angry facial emotion (p=.008). CONCLUSION For the first time, we have shown some differences on psychiatrists' facial emotion recognition ability according to therapeutic identification and being adult or child-adolescent psychiatrist. It would be valuable to investigate how these differences or training the ability of facial emotion recognition would affect the quality of patient-clinician interaction and treatment related outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihriban Dalkıran
- Department of Psychiatry, Sisli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Gultekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of Cerrahpasa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erhan Yuksek
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Viransehir State Hospital, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Nalan Varsak
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya Education and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hesna Gul
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Kahramanmaras State Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Kıncır
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Akif Tasdemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Emul
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of Cerrahpasa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Nelson NL, Russell JA. Building emotion categories: Children use a process of elimination when they encounter novel expressions. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 151:120-30. [PMID: 27222441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated that language provides an important contribution to adults' conceptions of emotional expressions and their associated categories, but how language influences children's expression category acquisition has yet to be explored. Across two studies, we provide evidence that when preschoolers (2-4years) encounter a novel label, they use a process of elimination to match it with its expected expression. Children successfully used a process of elimination to match a single expression to one of several labels (Study 1) and to match a single label to one of several expressions (Study 2). These data highlight one possible mechanism that children may use to learn about the expressions they encounter and may shed light on the ways in which children's expression categories are constructed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nelson
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - James A Russell
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Abstract
There have been long-standing differences of opinion regarding the influence of the face relative to that of contextual information on how individuals process and judge facial expressions of emotion. However, developmental changes in how individuals use such information have remained largely unexplored and could be informative in attempting to reconcile these opposing views. The current study tested for age-related differences in how individuals prioritize viewing emotional faces versus contexts when making emotion judgments. To do so, we asked 4-, 8-, and 12-year-old children as well as college students to categorize facial expressions of emotion that were presented with scenes that were either congruent or incongruent with the facial displays. During this time, we recorded participants' gaze patterns via eye tracking. College students directed their visual attention primarily to the face, regardless of contextual information. Children, however, divided their attention between both the face and the context as sources of emotional information depending on the valence of the context. These findings reveal a developmental shift in how individuals process and integrate emotional cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth D Pollak
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Vera-Estay E, Seni AG, Champagne C, Beauchamp MH. All for One: Contributions of Age, Socioeconomic Factors, Executive Functioning, and Social Cognition to Moral Reasoning in Childhood. Front Psychol 2016; 7:227. [PMID: 27014110 PMCID: PMC4781849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral reasoning (MR) is a socio-cognitive skill essential to appropriate social functioning in childhood, and evolves in quality and complexity during ontogenetic development. Past research suggests that MR is related to age, socioeconomic factors, as well as some social and cognitive skills, such as executive functioning (EF), theory of mind (ToM), empathy, and affect recognition. However, their contributions have been studied in silos rather than comprehensively, with little integration of the relative and combined contribution of these skills to MR. Furthermore, few studies have addressed the putative links between these factors in childhood, a period during which these skills are in maturation. The aim of this study was to explore what factors predict moral maturity in typically developing children (n = 76, 47.4% males, M = 9.2, SD = 1.67 years), explore the potential moderating and mediating role of executive functions and social cognition in the relationship between age and MR maturity, and identify the specific contributions of age, socioeconomic factors, EF, and social cognition, using an innovative visual MR assessment tool (So-Moral). The results indicate that MR maturity was correlated with age, EF (inhibition, verbal fluency, and attentional control), and social cognition (ToM and affect recognition). Neither EF nor social cognition moderated the effect of age on MR maturity. However, verbal fluency and third-order false beliefs had a moderating role in this link. MR maturity in children was predicted by three variables from each of the three domains: age, verbal fluency, and third-order ToM. These results contribute to a better understanding of the underpinnings of MR during childhood, suggesting that MR is not reducible to general developmental factors such as age, but that higher order skills, such EF and social cognition also contribute to moral maturity. The findings have relevance for both typically developing and clinical populations in which social skills may be reduced, as well as for the identification of potential loci for intervention in children at-risk for socially maladaptive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Vera-Estay
- Department of Psychology, University of MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada; Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, MontrealQC, Canada
| | - Anne G Seni
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Miriam H Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology, University of MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada; Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, MontrealQC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Wu M, Kujawa A, Lu LH, Fitzgerald DA, Klumpp H, Fitzgerald KD, Monk CS, Phan KL. Age-related changes in amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotional face processing from childhood into young adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1684-95. [PMID: 26931629 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to process and respond to emotional facial expressions is a critical skill for healthy social and emotional development. There has been growing interest in understanding the neural circuitry underlying development of emotional processing, with previous research implicating functional connectivity between amygdala and frontal regions. However, existing work has focused on threatening emotional faces, raising questions regarding the extent to which these developmental patterns are specific to threat or to emotional face processing more broadly. In the current study, we examined age-related changes in brain activity and amygdala functional connectivity during an fMRI emotional face matching task (including angry, fearful, and happy faces) in 61 healthy subjects aged 7-25 years. We found age-related decreases in ventral medial prefrontal cortex activity in response to happy faces but not to angry or fearful faces, and an age-related change (shifting from positive to negative correlation) in amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/mPFC) functional connectivity to all emotional faces. Specifically, positive correlations between amygdala and ACC/mPFC in children changed to negative correlations in adults, which may suggest early emergence of bottom-up amygdala excitatory signaling to ACC/mPFC in children and later development of top-down inhibitory control of ACC/mPFC over amygdala in adults. Age-related changes in amygdala-ACC/mPFC connectivity did not vary for processing of different facial emotions, suggesting changes in amygdala-ACC/mPFC connectivity may underlie development of broad emotional processing, rather than threat-specific processing. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1684-1695, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Lisa H Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel A Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heide Klumpp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Picardo R, Baron AS, Anderson AK, Todd RM. Tuning to the Positive: Age-Related Differences in Subjective Perception of Facial Emotion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145643. [PMID: 26734940 PMCID: PMC4703339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions aid social transactions and serve as socialization tools, with smiles signaling approval and reward, and angry faces signaling disapproval and punishment. The present study examined whether the subjective experience of positive vs. negative facial expressions differs between children and adults. Specifically, we examined age-related differences in biases toward happy and angry facial expressions. Young children (5–7 years) and young adults (18–29 years) rated the intensity of happy and angry expressions as well as levels of experienced arousal. Results showed that young children—but not young adults—rated happy facial expressions as both more intense and arousing than angry faces. This finding, which we replicated in two independent samples, was not due to differences in the ability to identify facial expressions, and suggests that children are more tuned to information in positive expressions. Together these studies provide evidence that children see unambiguous adult emotional expressions through rose-colored glasses, and suggest that what is emotionally relevant can shift with development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Picardo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Baron
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam K. Anderson
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Brenna V, Turati C, Montirosso R, Macchi Cassia V. The interference effect of emotional expressions on facial identity recognition in preschool-aged children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2015.1047339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
93
|
Roy-Charland A, Perron M, Young C, Boulard J, Chamberland JA. The Confusion of Fear and Surprise: A Developmental Study of the Perceptual-Attentional Limitation Hypothesis Using Eye Movements. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2015; 176:281-98. [PMID: 26244819 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2015.1066301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to test the Perceptual-Attentional Limitation Hypothesis in children and adults by manipulating the distinctiveness between expressions and recording eye movements. Children 3-5 and 9-11 years old as well as adults were presented pairs of expressions and required to identify a target emotion. Children 3-5 years old were less accurate than those 9-11 years old and adults. All children viewed pictures longer than adults but did not spend more time attending to the relevant cues. For all participants, accuracy for the recognition of fear was lower than for surprise when the distinctive cue was in the brow only. They also took longer and spent more time in both the mouth and brow zones than when a cue was in the mouth or both areas. Adults and children 9-11 years old made more comparisons between the expressions when fear comprised a single distinctive cue in the brow than when the distinctive cue was in the mouth only or when both cues were present. Children 3-5 years old made more comparisons for brow only than both. The results of the present study extend on the Perceptual-Attentional Limitation Hypothesis showing an importance of both decoder and stimuli, and an interaction between decoder and stimuli characteristics.
Collapse
|
94
|
Cservenka A, Stroup ML, Etkin A, Nagel BJ. The effects of age, sex, and hormones on emotional conflict-related brain response during adolescence. Brain Cogn 2015; 99:135-50. [PMID: 26175008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
While cognitive and emotional systems both undergo development during adolescence, few studies have explored top-down inhibitory control brain activity in the context of affective processing, critical to informing adolescent psychopathology. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain response during an Emotional Conflict (EmC) Task across 10-15-year-old youth. During the EmC Task, participants indicated the emotion of facial expressions, while disregarding emotion-congruent and incongruent words printed across the faces. We examined the relationships of age, sex, and gonadal hormones with brain activity on Incongruent vs. Congruent trials. Age was negatively associated with middle frontal gyrus activity, controlling for performance and movement confounds. Sex differences were present in occipital and parietal cortices, and were driven by activation in females, and deactivation in males to Congruent trials. Testosterone was negatively related with frontal and striatal brain response in males, and cerebellar and precuneus response in females. Estradiol was negatively related with fronto-cerebellar, cingulate, and precuneus brain activity in males, and positively related with occipital response in females. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the effects of age, sex, and sex steroids during an emotion-cognition task in adolescents. Further research is needed to examine longitudinal development of emotion-cognition interactions and deviations in psychiatric disorders in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cservenka
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | | | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, United States
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Guarnera M, Hichy Z, Cascio MI, Carrubba S. Facial Expressions and Ability to Recognize Emotions From Eyes or Mouth in Children. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 11:183-96. [PMID: 27247651 PMCID: PMC4873105 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v11i2.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to contribute to the literature on the ability to recognize anger, happiness, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust and neutral emotions from facial information. By investigating children’s performance in detecting these emotions from a specific face region, we were interested to know whether children would show differences in recognizing these expressions from the upper or lower face, and if any difference between specific facial regions depended on the emotion in question. For this purpose, a group of 6-7 year-old children was selected. Participants were asked to recognize emotions by using a labeling task with three stimulus types (region of the eyes, of the mouth, and full face). The findings seem to indicate that children correctly recognize basic facial expressions when pictures represent the whole face, except for a neutral expression, which was recognized from the mouth, and sadness, which was recognized from the eyes. Children are also able to identify anger from the eyes as well as from the whole face. With respect to gender differences, there is no female advantage in emotional recognition. The results indicate a significant interaction ‘gender x face region’ only for anger and neutral emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guarnera
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna "KORE", Enna, Italy
| | - Zira Hichy
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maura I Cascio
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna "KORE", Enna, Italy
| | - Stefano Carrubba
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Human Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Griffiths S, Penton-Voak IS, Jarrold C, Munafò MR. No Own-Age Advantage in Children's Recognition of Emotion on Prototypical Faces of Different Ages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125256. [PMID: 25978656 PMCID: PMC4433217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We test whether there is an own-age advantage in emotion recognition using prototypical younger child, older child and adult faces displaying emotional expressions. Prototypes were created by averaging photographs of individuals from 6 different age and sex categories (male 5-8 years, male 9-12 years, female 5-8 years, female 9-12 years, adult male and adult female), each posing 6 basic emotional expressions. In the study 5-8 year old children (n = 33), 9-13 year old children (n = 70) and adults (n = 92) labelled these expression prototypes in a 6-alternative forced-choice task. There was no evidence that children or adults recognised expressions better on faces from their own age group. Instead, child facial expression prototypes were recognised as accurately as adult expression prototypes by all age groups. This suggests there is no substantial own-age advantage in children's emotion recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Griffiths
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S Penton-Voak
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jarrold
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Sivaratnam CS, Newman LK, Tonge BJ, Rinehart NJ. Attachment and Emotion Processing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Neurobiological, Neuroendocrine, and Neurocognitive Considerations. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-015-0048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
98
|
The development of emotion concepts: A story superiority effect in older children and adolescents. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 131:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
99
|
Rodger H, Vizioli L, Ouyang X, Caldara R. Mapping the development of facial expression recognition. Dev Sci 2015; 18:926-39. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rodger
- Department of Psychology; University of Fribourg; Switzerland
| | - Luca Vizioli
- Department of Psychology; University of Fribourg; Switzerland
| | - Xinyi Ouyang
- Department of Psychology; University of Fribourg; Switzerland
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Department of Psychology; University of Fribourg; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Burkhouse KL, Woody ML, Owens M, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Gibb BE. Sensitivity in detecting facial displays of emotion: Impact of maternal depression and oxytocin receptor genotype. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:275-87. [PMID: 25622005 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.996531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined sensitivity in detecting emotional faces among children of depressed and non-depressed mothers. A second goal was to examine the potential moderating role of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576), which has been linked to emotion recognition in the past. Participants included 247 children (ages 8-14). Children completed a forced choice emotion identification task. Maternal history of major depressive disorder during children's lives was associated with children's sensitivity in detecting emotional faces among children homozygous for the OXTR rs53576 G allele, but not among carriers of the A allele. Among G homozygotes, children of depressed mothers exhibited increased sensitivity in detecting sad faces, and reduced sensitivity in detecting happiness, compared to children of non-depressed mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Burkhouse
- a Department of Psychology , Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Mary L Woody
- a Department of Psychology , Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - Max Owens
- a Department of Psychology , Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton , NY , USA
| | - John E McGeary
- b Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.,c Division of Behavior Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- c Division of Behavior Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Brandon E Gibb
- a Department of Psychology , Binghamton University (SUNY) , Binghamton , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|