51
|
Tudurí E, López M, Diéguez C, Nadal A, Nogueiras R. GPR55 and the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:204-207. [PMID: 28457969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are reportedly associated to over-activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Therefore, modulation of the ECS offers potential therapeutic benefits on those diseases. GPR55, the receptor for L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) that has also affinity for various cannabinoid ligands, is distributed at the central and peripheral level and it is involved in several physiological processes. This review summarizes the localization and role of GPR55 in tissues that are crucial for the regulation of glucose metabolism, and provides an update on its contribution in obesity and insulin resistance. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting the GPR55 receptor is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tudurí
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Miguel López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Bioingeniería and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Conte R, Marturano V, Peluso G, Calarco A, Cerruti P. Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Phytocompounds. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E709. [PMID: 28350317 PMCID: PMC5412295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytocompounds have been used in medicine for decades owing to their potential in anti-inflammatory applications. However, major difficulties in achieving sustained delivery of phyto-based drugs are related to their low solubility and cell penetration, and high instability. To overcome these disadvantages, nanosized delivery technologies are currently in use for sustained and enhanced delivery of phyto-derived bioactive compounds in the pharmaceutical sector. This review focuses on the recent advances in nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery of bioactive molecules of plant origin in the field of anti-inflammatory research. In particular, special attention is paid to the relationship between structure and properties of the nanocarrier and phytodrug release behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Conte
- Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF-CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valentina Marturano
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cynthia 4, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF-CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Calarco
- Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF-CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Lingerfelt MA, Zhao P, Sharir HP, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Abood ME. Identification of Crucial Amino Acid Residues Involved in Agonist Signaling at the GPR55 Receptor. Biochemistry 2017; 56:473-486. [PMID: 28005346 PMCID: PMC5338039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 is a newly deorphanized class A G-protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, metabolic disorder, bone development, and cancer. Few potent GPR55 ligands have been identified to date. This is largely due to an absence of information about salient features of GPR55, such as residues important for signaling and residues implicated in the GPR55 signaling cascade. The goal of this work was to identify residues that are key for the signaling of the GPR55 endogenous ligand, l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), as well as the signaling of the GPR55 agonist, ML184 {CID 2440433, 3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl]-N,N-dimethyl-4-pyrrolidin-1-ylbenzenesulfonamide}. Serum response element (SRE) and serum response factor (SRF) luciferase assays were used as readouts for studying LPI and ML184 signaling at the GPR55 mutants. A GPR55 R* model based on the recent δ-opioid receptor (DOR) crystal structure was used to interpret the resultant mutation data. Two residues were found to be crucial for agonist signaling at GPR55, K2.60 and E3.29, suggesting that these residues form the primary interaction site for ML184 and LPI at GPR55. Y3.32F, H(170)F, and F6.55A/L mutation results suggested that these residues are part of the orthosteric binding site for ML184, while Y3.32F and H(170)F mutation results suggest that these two residues are part of the LPI binding pocket. Y3.32L, M3.36A, and F6.48A mutation results suggest the importance of a Y3.32/M3.36/F6.48 cluster in the GPR55 signaling cascade. C(10)A and C(260)A mutations suggest that these residues form a second disulfide bridge in the extracellular domain of GPR55, occluding ligand extracellular entry in the TMH1-TMH7 region of GPR55. Taken together, these results provide the first set of discrete information about GPR55 residues important for LPI and ML184 signaling and for GPR55 activation. This information should aid in the rational design of next-generation GPR55 ligands and the creation of the first high-affinity GPR55 radioligand, a tool that is sorely needed in the field.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Gene Expression
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Lysophospholipids/chemistry
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Mutation
- Piperazines/chemistry
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Pyrrolidines/chemistry
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Serum Response Element
- Serum Response Factor/chemistry
- Serum Response Factor/genetics
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Glycine max
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Thermodynamics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. Lingerfelt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNC-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 United States
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Haleli P. Sharir
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Dow P. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNC-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 United States
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNC-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 United States
| | - Mary E. Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Deng L, Ng L, Ozawa T, Stella N. Quantitative Analyses of Synergistic Responses between Cannabidiol and DNA-Damaging Agents on the Proliferation and Viability of Glioblastoma and Neural Progenitor Cells in Culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:215-224. [PMID: 27821713 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the nonpsychotropic cannabis-derived compound, cannabidiol (CBD), has antineoplastic activity in multiple types of cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). DNA-damaging agents remain the main standard of care treatment available for patients diagnosed with GBM. Here we studied the antiproliferative and cell-killing activity of CBD alone and in combination with DNA-damaging agents (temozolomide, carmustine, or cisplatin) in several human GBM cell lines and in mouse primary GBM cells in cultures. This activity was also studied in mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in culture to assess for potential central nervous system toxicity. We found that CBD induced a dose-dependent reduction of both proliferation and viability of all cells with similar potencies, suggesting no preferential activity for cancer cells. Hill plot analysis indicates an allosteric mechanism of action triggered by CBD in all cells. Cotreatment regimens combining CBD and DNA-damaging agents produced synergistic antiproliferating and cell-killing responses over a limited range of concentrations in all human GBM cell lines and mouse GBM cells as well as in mouse NPCs. Remarkably, antagonistic responses occurred at low concentrations in select human GBM cell lines and in mouse GBM cells. Our study suggests limited synergistic activity when combining CBD and DNA-damaging agents in treating GBM cells, along with little to no therapeutic window when considering NPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Deng
- Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (L.D., L.N., N.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.O.); and Division of Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (T.O.)
| | - Lindsay Ng
- Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (L.D., L.N., N.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.O.); and Division of Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (T.O.)
| | - Tatsuya Ozawa
- Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (L.D., L.N., N.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.O.); and Division of Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (T.O.)
| | - Nephi Stella
- Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (L.D., L.N., N.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.O.); and Division of Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (T.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Singh NS, Bernier M, Wainer IW. Selective GPR55 antagonism reduces chemoresistance in cancer cells. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:757-766. [PMID: 27423937 PMCID: PMC5026616 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) possesses pro-oncogenic activity and its function can be competitively inhibited with (R,R')-4'-methoxy-1-naphthylfenoterol (MNF) through poorly defined signaling pathways. Here, the anti-tumorigenic effect of MNF was investigated in the human pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1, by focusing on the expression of known cancer biomarkers and the expression and function of multidrug resistance (MDR) exporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Incubation of PANC1 cells with MNF (1μM) for 24h significantly decreased EGF receptor, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and β-catenin protein levels and was accompanied by significant reduction in nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α and the phospho-active forms of PKM2 and β-catenin. Inhibition of GPR55 with either MNF or the GPR55 antagonist CID 16020046 lowered the amount of MDR proteins in total cellular extracts while diminishing the nuclear expression of Pgp and BCRP. There was significant nuclear accumulation of doxorubicin in PANC-1 cells treated with MNF and the pre-incubation with MNF increased the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and gemcitabine in these cells. Potentiation of doxorubicin cytotoxicity by MNF was also observed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and U87MG glioblastoma cells, which express high levels of GPR55. The data suggest that inhibition of GPR55 activity produces antitumor effects via attenuation of the MEK/ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways leading to a reduction in the expression and function of MDR proteins.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/metabolism
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fenoterol/analogs & derivatives
- Fenoterol/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- Gemcitabine
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Irving W Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, CT 06484, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Takeda S, Himeno T, Kakizoe K, Okazaki H, Okada T, Watanabe K, Aramaki H. Cannabidiolic acid-mediated selective down-regulation of c-fos in highly aggressive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells: possible involvement of its down-regulation in the abrogation of aggressiveness. J Nat Med 2016; 71:286-291. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
57
|
Ailte I, Lingelem ABD, Kavaliauskiene S, Bergan J, Kvalvaag AS, Myrann AG, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Addition of lysophospholipids with large head groups to cells inhibits Shiga toxin binding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30336. [PMID: 27458147 PMCID: PMC4960542 DOI: 10.1038/srep30336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), an AB5 toxin, binds specifically to the neutral glycosphingolipid Gb3 at the cell surface before being transported into cells. We here demonstrate that addition of conical lysophospholipids (LPLs) with large head groups inhibit Stx binding to cells whereas LPLs with small head groups do not. Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI 18:0), the most efficient LPL with the largest head group, was selected for in-depth investigations to study how the binding of Stx is regulated. We show that the inhibition of Stx binding by LPI is reversible and possibly regulated by cholesterol since addition of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβCD) reversed the ability of LPI to inhibit binding. LPI-induced inhibition of Stx binding is independent of signalling and membrane turnover as it occurs in fixed cells as well as after depletion of cellular ATP. Furthermore, data obtained with fluorescent membrane dyes suggest that LPI treatment has a direct effect on plasma membrane lipid packing with shift towards a liquid disordered phase in the outer leaflet, while lysophosphoethanolamine (LPE), which has a small head group, does not. In conclusion, our data show that cellular treatment with conical LPLs with large head groups changes intrinsic properties of the plasma membrane and modulates Stx binding to Gb3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Ailte
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Bergan
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Østfold Hospital, Sarpsborg, Norway
| | - Audun Sverre Kvalvaag
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Grethe Myrann
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Anavi-Goffer S, Irving AJ, Ross RA. Modulation of l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55 MAP kinase signalling by CB2 receptor agonists: identifying novel GPR55 inhibitors. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:303-310. [PMID: 27089417 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GPR55 is a lipid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the endogenous lipid l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and can be modulated by certain cannabinoid ligands. METHODS In this study we investigated the GPR55 activity of four synthetic CB2 receptor agonists using the AlphaScreen® SureFire® assay. RESULTS Here we show that the CB2 receptor-selective agonists HU-308, HU-433 and HU-910 do not promote GPR55-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation up to a concentration of 3 μM. However, LPI-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation is inhibited by the (-)-enantiomer of HU-308, designated HU-433, whereas HU-308 has no effect on LPI activity. The carboxylic analogue of HU-910, designated HU-914, potently inhibits LPI-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation; however, HU-914 was less effective, with potential biphasic effects. CONCLUSIONS This structure-activity-relationship study has identified novel ligands which act both as CB2 receptor agonists and GPR55 modulators and related compounds that lack GPR55 activity.
Collapse
|
59
|
Development and validation of a specific and sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS method for quantification of lysophosphatidylinositols and evaluation of their levels in mice tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 126:132-40. [PMID: 27208623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs), a subspecies of lysophospholipids, are important endogenous mediators. Although LPIs long remained among the less studied lysophospholipids, the identification of GPR55 as their molecular target sparked a renewed interest in the study of these bioactive lipids. Furthermore, increasing evidence points towards a role for LPIs in cancer development. However, a better understanding of the role and functions of LPIs in physiology and disease requires methods that allow for the quantification of LPI levels in cells and tissues. Because dedicated efficient methods for quantifying LPIs were missing, we decided to develop and validate an HPLC-ESI-MS method for the quantification of LPI species from tissues. LPIs are extracted from tissues by liquid/liquid extraction, pre-purified by solid-phase extraction, and finally analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS. We determined the method's specificity and selectivity, we established calibration curves, determined the carry over (< 2%), LOD and LLOQ (between 0.116-7.82 and 4.62-92.5pmol on column, respectively), linearity (0.988<R(2)<0.997), repeatability (CV<20%), accuracy (> 80%), intermediate precision (CV<20%) as well as the recovery from tissues. We then applied the method to determine the relative abundance of the LPI species in 15 different mouse tissues. Finally, we quantified the absolute LPI levels in six different mouse tissues. We found that while 18:0 LPI represents more than 60% of all the LPI species in the periphery (e.g. liver, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, spleen) it is much less abundant in the central nervous system where the levels of 20:4 LPI are significantly higher. Thus this validated HPLC-ESI-MS method for quantifying LPIs represents a powerful tool that will facilitate the comprehension of the pathophysiological roles of LPIs.
Collapse
|
60
|
Meza-Aviña ME, Lingerfelt MA, Console-Bram LM, Gamage TF, Sharir H, Gettys KE, Hurst DP, Kotsikorou E, Shore DM, Caron MG, Rao N, Barak LS, Abood ME, Reggio PH, Croatt MP. Design, synthesis, and analysis of antagonists of GPR55: Piperidine-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1827-1830. [PMID: 26916440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ones was synthesized and tested for activity as antagonists at GPR55 in cellular beta-arrestin redistribution assays. The synthesis was designed to be modular in nature so that a sufficient number of analogues could be rapidly accessed to explore initial structure-activity relationships. The design of analogues was guided by the docking of potential compounds into a model of the inactive form of GPR55. The results of the assays were used to learn more about the binding pocket of GPR55. With this oxadiazolone scaffold, it was determined that modification of the aryl group adjacent to the oxadiazolone ring was often detrimental and that the distal cyclopropane was beneficial for activity. These results will guide further exploration of this receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Meza-Aviña
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Mary A Lingerfelt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Linda M Console-Bram
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Thomas F Gamage
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Haleli Sharir
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Kristen E Gettys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Evangelia Kotsikorou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas - Pan American, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | - Derek M Shore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Marc G Caron
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Narasinga Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Larry S Barak
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
AL SULEIMANI YM, HILEY CR. Characterization of Calcium Signals Provoked by Lysophosphatidylinositol in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Physiol Res 2016; 65:53-62. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid molecule, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), is hypothesised to form part of a novel lipid signalling system that involves the G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 and distinct intracellular signalling cascades in endothelial cells. This work aimed to study the possible mechanisms involved in LPI-evoked cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were measured using cell population Ca2+ assay. LPI evoked biphasic elevation of intracellular calcium concentration, a rapid phase and a sustained phase. The rapid phase was attenuated by the inhibitor of PLC (U 73122), inhibitor of IP3 receptors, 2-APB and the depletor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store, thapsigargin. The sustained phase, on the other hand, was enhanced by U 73122 and abolished by the RhoA kinase inhibitor, Y-27632. In conclusion, the Ca2+ signal evoked by LPI is characterised by a rapid phase of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and requires activation of the PLC-IP3 signalling pathway. The sustained phase mainly depends on RhoA kinase activation. LPI acts as novel lipid signalling molecule in endothelial cells, and elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ triggered by it may present an important intracellular message required in gene expression and controlling of vascular tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. M. AL SULEIMANI
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Endocannabinoids as Guardians of Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:230. [PMID: 26875980 PMCID: PMC4783962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids including anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are involved in cancer pathophysiology in several ways, including tumor growth and progression, peritumoral inflammation, nausea and cancer pain. Recently we showed that the endocannabinoid profiles are deranged during cancer to an extent that this manifests in alterations of plasma endocannabinoids in cancer patients, which was mimicked by similar changes in rodent models of local and metastatic cancer. The present topical review summarizes the complexity of endocannabinoid signaling in the context of tumor growth and metastasis.
Collapse
|
63
|
Morales P, Whyte LS, Chicharro R, Gómez-Cañas M, Pazos MR, Goya P, Irving AJ, Fernández-Ruiz J, Ross RA, Jagerovic N. Identification of Novel GPR55 Modulators Using Cell-Impedance-Based Label-Free Technology. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1840-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauren S. Whyte
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Roberto Chicharro
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Cañas
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ruth Pazos
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew J. Irving
- School of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth A. Ross
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Lysophosphatidylinositol Signalling and Metabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6010006. [PMID: 26784247 PMCID: PMC4812335 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a chemical process used by cells to transform food-derived nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, into chemical and thermal energy. Whenever an alteration of this process occurs, the chemical balance within the cells is impaired and this can affect their growth and response to the environment, leading to the development of a metabolic disease. Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of several metabolic risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidaemia, is increasingly common in modern society. Metabolic syndrome, as well as other diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, are associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Cellular lipids are the major component of cell membranes; they represent also a valuable source of energy and therefore play a crucial role for both cellular and physiological energy homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the lysophospholipid mediator lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and its receptor G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) in metabolic diseases. LPI is a bioactive lipid generated by phospholipase A (PLA) family of lipases which is believed to play an important role in several diseases. Indeed LPI can affect various functions such as cell growth, differentiation and motility in a number of cell-types. Recently published data suggest that LPI plays an important role in different physiological and pathological contexts, including a role in metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
AlphaScreen(®) SureFire(®) assay is a novel technology that combines luminescent oxygen channeling technology, nano-beads, and monocloncal antibodies to detect the level of a selected protein in a volume lower than 5 μl. This method is more sensitive compared with the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and can detect an increasing number of new targets. Here, we described a method for AlphaScreen(®) SureFire(®) assay that targets ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a primary downstream signaling pathway that conveys activation of GPR55 by L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and certain cannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Anavi-Goffer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Ruth A Ross
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Falasca M, Ferro R. Role of the lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55 axis in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 60:88-93. [PMID: 26588872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is a well-known bioactive lipid that is able to activate signalling cascades relevant to cell proliferation, migration, survival and tumourigenesis. It is well-established that the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is the specific receptor for LPI. Several investigations have demonstrated that the signalling pathways activated by LPI through its receptor GPR55 play a pivotal role in different cancer type. This review focuses on the role of the LPI/GPR55 axis, in particular with regards to its pharmacological potential therapeutic exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Riccardo Ferro
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Kargl J, Andersen L, Hasenöhrl C, Feuersinger D, Stančić A, Fauland A, Magnes C, El-Heliebi A, Lax S, Uranitsch S, Haybaeck J, Heinemann A, Schicho R. GPR55 promotes migration and adhesion of colon cancer cells indicating a role in metastasis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:142-54. [PMID: 26436760 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumour cell migration and adhesion constitute essential features of metastasis. G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a lysophospholipid receptor, has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the involvement of GPR55 in migration and metastasis of colon cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adhesion and migration assays using the highly metastatic colon cancer cell line HCT116 and an in vivo assay of liver metastasis were performed. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046, cannabidiol, a putative GPR55 antagonist and GPR55 siRNA were used to block GPR55 activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells. KEY RESULTS HCT116 cells showed a significant decrease in adhesion to endothelial cells and in migration after blockade with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. The inhibitory effects of CID16020046 or cannabidiol were averted by GPR55 siRNA knock down in cancer cells. The integrity of endothelial cell monolayers was increased after pretreatment of HCT116 cells with the antagonists or after GPR55 siRNA knockdown while pretreatment with lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the endogenous ligand of GPR55, decreased integrity of the monolayers. LPI also induced migration in GPR55 overexpressing HCT116 cells that was blocked by GPR55 antagonists. In a mouse model of metastasis, the arrest of HCT116 cancer cells in the liver was reduced after treatment with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. Increased levels of LPI (18:0) were found in colon cancer patients when compared with healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GPR55 is involved in the migratory behaviour of colon carcinoma cells and may serve as a pharmacological target for the prevention of metastasis. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kargl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - L Andersen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Hasenöhrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D Feuersinger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Fauland
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - C Magnes
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - A El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Lax
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz West, Graz, Austria
| | - S Uranitsch
- Department of Surgery, St John of God Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Chakravarti B, Ravi J, Ganju RK. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cancer: current status and future implications. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5852-72. [PMID: 25115386 PMCID: PMC4171598 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological importance of cannabinoids has been in study for several years. Cannabinoids comprise of (a) the active compounds of the Cannabis sativa plant, (b) endogenous as well as (c) synthetic cannabinoids. Though cannabinoids are clinically used for anti-palliative effects, recent studies open a promising possibility as anti-cancer agents. They have been shown to possess anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects in vitro as well as in vivo in different cancer models. Cannabinoids regulate key cell signaling pathways that are involved in cell survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, etc. There is more focus on CB1 and CB2, the two cannabinoid receptors which are activated by most of the cannabinoids. In this review article, we will focus on a broad range of cannabinoids, their receptor dependent and receptor independent functional roles against various cancer types with respect to growth, metastasis, energy metabolism, immune environment, stemness and future perspectives in exploring new possible therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Chakravarti
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Janani Ravi
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Role of GPR55 during Axon Growth and Target Innervation. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0011-15. [PMID: 26730399 PMCID: PMC4699829 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0011-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidance molecules regulate the navigation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections toward targets in the visual thalamus. In this study, we demonstrate that the G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is expressed in the retina during development, and regulates growth cone (GC) morphology and axon growth. In vitro, neurons obtained from gpr55 knock-out (gpr55-/-) mouse embryos have smaller GCs, less GC filopodia, and have a decreased outgrowth compared with gpr55+/+ neurons. When gpr55+/+ neurons were treated with GPR55 agonists, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and O-1602, we observed a chemo-attractive effect and an increase in GC size and filopodia number. In contrast, cannabidiol (CBD) decreased the GC size and filopodia number inducing chemo-repulsion. In absence of the receptor (gpr55-/-), no pharmacologic effects of the GPR55 ligands were observed. In vivo, compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates, gpr55-/- mice revealed a decreased branching in the dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) and a lower level of eye-specific segregation of retinal projections in the superior colliculus (SC) and in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Moreover, a single intraocular injection of LPI increased branching in the DTN, whereas treatment with CBD, an antagonist of GPR55, decreased it. These results indicate that GPR55 modulates the growth rate and the targets innervation of retinal projections and highlight, for the first time, an important role of GPR55 in axon refinement during development.
Collapse
|
70
|
Yrjölä S, Parkkari T, Navia-Paldanius D, Laitinen T, Kaczor AA, Kokkola T, Adusei-Mensah F, Savinainen JR, Laitinen JT, Poso A, Alexander A, Penman J, Stott L, Anskat M, Irving AJ, Nevalainen TJ. Potent and selective N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)thiourea-based GPR55 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:119-32. [PMID: 26575458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, many known G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) ligands are those identified among the cannabinoids. In order to further study the function of GPR55, new potent and selective ligands are needed. In this study, we utilized the screening results from PubChem bioassay AID 1961 which reports the results of Image-based HTS for Selective Agonists of GPR55. Three compounds, CID1792579, CID1252842 and CID1011163, were further evaluated and used as a starting point to create a series of nanomolar potency GPR55 agonists with N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)thiourea scaffold. The GPR55 activity of the compounds were screened by using a commercial β-arrestin PathHunter assay and the potential compounds were further evaluated by using a recombinant HEK cell line exhibiting GPR55-mediated effects on calcium signalling. The designed compounds were not active when tested against various endocannabinoid targets (CB1R, CB2R, FAAH, MGL, ABHD6 and ABHD12), indicating compounds' selectivity for the GPR55. Finally, structure-activity relationships of these compounds were explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Yrjölä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teija Parkkari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dina Navia-Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Frank Adusei-Mensah
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo T Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Division of Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amy Alexander
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - June Penman
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lisa Stott
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marie Anskat
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Andrew J Irving
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Tapio J Nevalainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Cui X, Liu Y, Wang B, Xian G, Liu X, Tian X, Qin C. Knockdown of GPR137 by RNAi inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:861-7. [PMID: 25471990 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of cell-surface molecules involved in a number of biological and pathological processes, have recently emerged as key players in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (oGPCRs) are a group of proteins lacking endogenous ligands. GPR137, one of the novel oGPCR genes, was discovered by homology screening. However, the biological role of GPR137 in cancers has not yet been discussed and is of great therapeutic interest. In this study, we knocked down GPR137 via a lentivirus system in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines BXPC-3 and PANC-1. Knockdown of GPR137 strongly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. Flow cytometry showed that cell cycle was arrested in the sub-G1 phase and apoptotic cells were significantly increased after GPR137 knockdown. Western blotting confirmed that GPR137 silencing induced apoptosis due to cleavage of PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) and upregulation of caspase 3. Furthermore, lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GPR137 promoted the proliferation of PANC-1 cells, suggesting GPR137 as a potential oncogene in pancreatic cancer cells. Taken together, our results prove the importance of GPR137 as a crucial regulator in controlling cancer cell growth and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanguo Liu
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhe Xian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsong Tian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Hofmann NA, Yang J, Trauger SA, Nakayama H, Huang L, Strunk D, Moses MA, Klagsbrun M, Bischoff J, Graier WF. The GPR 55 agonist, L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol, mediates ovarian carcinoma cell-induced angiogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4107-18. [PMID: 25989290 PMCID: PMC4543616 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Highly vascularized ovarian carcinoma secretes the putative endocannabinoid and GPR55 agonist, L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), into the circulation. We aimed to assess the involvement of this agonist and its receptor in ovarian cancer angiogenesis. Experimental Approach Secretion of LPI by three ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3, OVCAR-5 and COV-362) was tested by mass spectrometry. Involvement of cancer cell-derived LPI on angiogenesis was tested in the in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay along with the assessment of the effect of LPI on proliferation, network formation, and migration of neonatal and adult human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). Engagement of GPR55 was verified by using its pharmacological inhibitor CID16020046 and diminution of GPR55 expression by four different target-specific siRNAs. To study underlying signal transduction, Western blot analysis was performed. Key Results Ovarian carcinoma cell-derived LPI stimulated angiogenesis in the CAM assay. Applied LPI stimulated proliferation, network formation, and migration of neonatal ECFCs in vitro and angiogenesis in the in vivo CAM. The pharmacological GPR55 inhibitor CID16020046 inhibited LPI-stimulated ECFC proliferation, network formation and migration in vitro as well as ovarian carcinoma cell- and LPI-induced angiogenesis in vivo. Four target-specific siRNAs against GPR55 prevented these effects of LPI on angiogenesis. These pro-angiogenic effects of LPI were transduced by GPR55-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase. Conclusions and Implications We conclude that inhibiting the pro-angiogenic LPI/GPR55 pathway appears a promising target against angiogenesis in ovarian carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Hofmann
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.,Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiang Yang
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- FAS Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hironao Nakayama
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marsha A Moses
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Klagsbrun
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Lysophosphatidylinositol: a novel link between ABC transporters and G-protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1372-7. [PMID: 25233417 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is a well-known bioactive lipid that is able to activate signalling cascades relevant to cell proliferation, migration, survival and tumorigenesis. Our previous work suggested that LPI is involved in cancer progression since it can be released in the medium of Ras-transformed fibroblasts and can function as an autocrine modulator of cell growth. Different research groups have established that LPI is the specific and functional ligand for G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and that this GPR55-LPI axis is able to activate signalling cascades that are relevant for different cell functions. Work in our laboratory has recently unravelled an autocrine loop, by which LPI synthesized by cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂) is pumped out of the cell by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter C1 (ABCC1)/multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), initiating a signalling cascade downstream of GPR55. Our current work suggests that blockade of this pathway may represent a novel strategy to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
74
|
Primary Macrophage Chemotaxis Induced by Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonists Occurs Independently of the CB2 Receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10682. [PMID: 26033291 PMCID: PMC4451551 DOI: 10.1038/srep10682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of CB2 has been demonstrated to induce directed immune cell migration. However, the ability of CB2 to act as a chemoattractant receptor in macrophages remains largely unexplored. Using a real-time chemotaxis assay and a panel of chemically diverse and widely used CB2 agonists, we set out to examine whether CB2 modulates primary murine macrophage chemotaxis. We report that of 12 agonists tested, only JWH133, HU308, L-759,656 and L-759,633 acted as macrophage chemoattractants. Surprisingly, neither pharmacological inhibition nor genetic ablation of CB2 had any effect on CB2 agonist-induced macrophage chemotaxis. As chemotaxis was pertussis toxin sensitive in both WT and CB2-/- macrophages, we concluded that a non-CB1/CB2, Gi/o-coupled GPCR must be responsible for CB2 agonist-induced macrophage migration. The obvious candidate receptors GPR18 and GPR55 could not mediate JWH133 or HU308-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement or JWH133-induced β-arrestin recruitment in cells transfected with either receptor, demonstrating that neither are the unidentified GPCR. Taken together our results conclusively demonstrate that CB2 is not a chemoattractant receptor for murine macrophages. Furthermore we show for the first time that JWH133, HU308, L-759,656 and L-759,633 have off-target effects of functional consequence in primary cells and we believe that our findings have wide ranging implications for the entire cannabinoid field.
Collapse
|
75
|
Ayakannu T, Taylor AH, Willets JM, Konje JC. The evolving role of the endocannabinoid system in gynaecological cancer. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:517-35. [PMID: 25958409 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'endocannabinoid system' (ECS), comprising endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) and their regulating enzymes, together with the cannabinoid receptors, has attracted a great deal of attention because it affects not only all facets of human reproduction, from gametogenesis through to parturition and beyond, but also targets key mechanisms affecting some hallmarks of cancer. Recent evidence showing that cannabinoid receptors play a very important role in the development of malignancies outside of the reproductive organs suggests a similar role for the ECS in the establishment or continued development of gynaecological malignancy. METHODS Primary papers and review articles, and primary sources within these papers, up to December 2014, on the evolving role of the ECS in cancer, with a special focus on gynaecological cancers, were obtained by Medline and PubMed searches using the search terms: 'cancer', 'cannabinoid', 'endocannabinoid', 'gynaecology' and 'malignancy'. Non-English manuscripts were excluded. RESULTS More than 2100 sources were obtained from which only 112 were specifically important to the topic. Analysis of those articles supports a role of the ECS in gynaecological cancers but leaves many gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled. How some of the relevant receptors are activated and cause changes in cell phenotypes that progress to malignancy remains undiscovered and an area for future research. Increasing evidence suggests that malignant transformation within the female genital tract could be accompanied by deregulation of components of the ECS, acting through rather complex cannabinoid receptor-dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The paucity of studies in this area suggests that research using animal models is needed to evaluate endocannabinoid signalling in cancer networks. Future randomized clinical studies should reveal whether endocannabinoids or their derivatives prove to be useful therapeutic targets for gynaecological and other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thangesweran Ayakannu
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Anthony H Taylor
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK
| | - Jonathan M Willets
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Justin C Konje
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
AlSuleimani YM, Hiley CR. The GPR55 agonist lysophosphatidylinositol relaxes rat mesenteric resistance artery and induces Ca(2+) release in rat mesenteric artery endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3043-57. [PMID: 25652040 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), a lipid signalling molecule, activates GPR55 and elevates intracellular Ca(2+). Here, we examine the actions of LPI in the rat resistance mesenteric artery and Ca(2+) responses in endothelial cells isolated from the artery. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Vascular responses were studied using wire myographs. Single-cell fluorescence imaging was performed using a MetaFluor system. Hypotensive effects of LPI were assessed using a Biopac system. KEY RESULTS In isolated arteries, LPI-induced vasorelaxation was concentration- and endothelium-dependent and inhibited by CID 16020046, a GPR55 antagonist. The CB1 receptor antagonist AM 251 had no effect, whereas rimonabant and O-1918 significantly potentiated LPI responses. Vasorelaxation was reduced by charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin, alone or combined. LPI decreased systemic arterial pressure. GPR55 is expressed in rat mesenteric artery. LPI caused biphasic elevations of endothelial cell intracellular Ca(2+). Pretreatment with thapsigargin or 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate abolished both phases. The PLC inhibitor U73122 attenuated the initial phase and enhanced the second phase, whereas the Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y-27632 abolished the late phase but not the early phase. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LPI is an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in the rat small mesenteric artery and a hypotensive agent. The vascular response involves activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels and is not mediated by CB1 receptors, but unexpectedly enhanced by antagonists of the 'endothelial anandamide' receptor. In endothelial cells, LPI utilizes PLC-IP3 and perhaps ROCK-RhoA pathways to elevate intracellular Ca(2+). Overall, these findings support an endothelial site of action for LPI and suggest a possible role for GPR55 in vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M AlSuleimani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkoudh, Sultanate of Oman
| | - C R Hiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Shore DM, Reggio PH. The therapeutic potential of orphan GPCRs, GPR35 and GPR55. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:69. [PMID: 25926795 PMCID: PMC4397721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily of integral proteins is the largest family of signal transducers, comprised of ∼1000 members. Considering their prevalence and functional importance, it’s not surprising that ∼60% of drugs target GPCRs. Regardless, there exists a subset of the GPCR superfamily that is largely uncharacterized and poorly understood; specifically, more than 140 GPCRs have unknown endogenous ligands—the so-called orphan GPCRs. Orphan GPCRs offer tremendous promise, as they may provide novel therapeutic targets that may be more selective than currently known receptors, resulting in the potential reduction in side effects. In addition, they may provide access to signal transduction pathways currently unknown, allowing for new strategies in drug design. Regardless, orphan GPCRs are an important area of inquiry, as they represent a large gap in our understanding of signal transduction at the cellular level. Here, we focus on the therapeutic potential of two recently deorphanized GPCRs: GPR35/CXCR8 and GPR55. First, GPR35/CXCR8 has been observed in numerous tissues/organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, immune system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Not surprisingly, GPR35/CXCR8 has been implicated in numerous pathologies involving these tissues/systems. While several endogenous ligands have been identified, GPR35/CXCR8 has recently been observed to bind the chemokine CXCL17. Second, GPR55 has been observed to be expressed in the central nervous system, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, uterus, bladder, kidney, and bone, as well as, other tissues/organ systems. Likewise, it is not surprising that GPR55 has been implicated in pathologies involving these tissues/systems. GPR55 was initially deorphanized as a cannabinoid receptor and this receptor does bind many cannabinoid compounds. However, the GPR55 endogenous ligand has been found to be a non-cannabinoid, lysophophatidylinositol (LPI) and subsequent high throughput assays have identified other GPR55 ligands that are not cannabinoids and do not bind to either the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Here, we review reports that suggest that GPR35/CXCR8 and GPR55 may be promising therapeutic targets, with diverse physiological roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Shore
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Kremshofer J, Siwetz M, Berghold VM, Lang I, Huppertz B, Gauster M. A role for GPR55 in human placental venous endothelial cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:49-58. [PMID: 25869640 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and their G protein-coupled receptors have been suggested to play a key role in human pregnancy, by regulating important aspects such as implantation, decidualization, placentation and labor. G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was previously postulated to be another cannabinoid receptor, since specific cannabinoids were shown to act independently of the classical cannabinoid receptors CB1 or CB2. Current knowledge about GPR55 expression and function in human placenta is very limited and motivated us to evaluate human placental GPR55 expression in relation to other human peripheral tissues and to analyze spatiotemporal GPR55 expression in human placenta. Gene expression analysis revealed low GPR55 levels in human placenta, when compared to spleen and lung, the organs showing highest GPR55 expression. Moreover, expression analysis showed 5.8 fold increased placental GPR55 expression at term compared to first trimester. Immunohistochemistry located GPR55 solely at the fetal endothelium of first trimester and term placentas. qPCR and immunocytochemistry consistently confirmed GPR55 expression in isolated primary placental arterial and venous endothelial cells. Incubation with L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the specific and functional ligand for GPR55, at a concentration of 1 µM, significantly enhanced migration of venous, but not arterial endothelial cells. LPI-enhanced migration was inhibited by the GPR55 antagonist O-1918, suggesting a role of the LPI-GPR55 axis in placental venous endothelium function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kremshofer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21/VII, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
He D, Wang J, Zhang C, Shan B, Deng X, Li B, Zhou Y, Chen W, Hong J, Gao Y, Chen Z, Duan C. Down-regulation of miR-675-5p contributes to tumor progression and development by targeting pro-tumorigenic GPR55 in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:73. [PMID: 25889562 PMCID: PMC4392735 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background microRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that modulate a variety of cellular processes by regulating multiple targets, which can promote or inhibit the development of malignant behaviors. Accumulating evidence suggests that miR-675-5p plays important roles in human carcinogenesis. However, its precise biological role remains largely elusive. This study examined the role of miR-675-5p in non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The expression of miR-675-5p was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The effect of miR-675-5p on proliferation was evaluated through MTT and colony formation assays, and cell migration and invasion were evaluated through transwell assays. The expression of target proteins and downstream molecules was analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. The luciferase reporter assay was used to assess the target genes of miR-675-5p in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Results The expression levels of miR-675-5p in NSCLC tissues were significantly reduced compared to those in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P < 0.001). The expression of miR-675-5p in patients with non-small cell lung cancer had a negative correlation with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01) and TNM stage (P < 0.05). Down-regulation of miR-675-5p promoted cell growth, proliferation, colony formation, invasion and migration, and promoted the tumorigenicity graft growth of nude mice in vivo (P < 0.01); whereas up-regulation of miR-675-5p had the contrary effects. The luciferase reporter assay showed that GPR55 was a direct target gene of miR-675-5p. Overexpression of miR-675-5p can lead to the down-regulation of GPR55 and its signaling pathway, whereas the effect can be reversed by down-regulation of miR-675-5p expression. Conclusions miR-675-5p functions as a novel tumor suppressor in NSCLC and the anti-oncogenic activity may involve its inhibition of the target gene GPR55. These findings suggest the possibility for miR-675-5p as a therapeutic target in NSCLC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0342-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Bin Shan
- College of Medical Sciences, Washington State University Spokane, 412 E.Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, PR China.
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Yanwu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Jidong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Chaojun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Morales P, Blasco-Benito S, Andradas C, Gómez-Cañas M, Flores JM, Goya P, Fernández-Ruiz J, Sánchez C, Jagerovic N. Selective, nontoxic CB(2) cannabinoid o-quinone with in vivo activity against triple-negative breast cancer. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2256-64. [PMID: 25671648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a subtype of breast cancer characterized by high aggressiveness. There is no current targeted therapy for these patients whose prognosis, as a group, is very poor. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a potent antitumor agent in vivo for this type of breast cancer designed as a combination of quinone/cannabinoid pharmacophores. This new compound (10) has been selected from a series of chromenopyrazolediones with full selectivity for the nonpsychotropic CB2 cannabinoid receptor and with efficacy in inducing death of human TNBC cell lines. The dual concept quinone/cannabinoid was supported by the fact that compound 10 exerts antitumor effect by inducing cell apoptosis through activation of CB2 receptors and through oxidative stress. Notably, it did not show either cytotoxicity on noncancerous human mammary epithelial cells nor toxic effects in vivo, suggesting that it may be a new therapeutic tool for the management of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC , Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Maccarrone M, Guzman M, Mackie K, Doherty P, Harkany T. Programming of neural cells by (endo)cannabinoids: from physiological rules to emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:786-801. [PMID: 25409697 PMCID: PMC4765324 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the many signalling lipids, endocannabinoids are increasingly recognized for their important roles in neuronal and glial development. Recent experimental evidence suggests that, during neuronal differentiation, endocannabinoid signalling undergoes a fundamental switch from the prenatal determination of cell fate to the homeostatic regulation of synaptic neurotransmission and bioenergetics in the mature nervous system. These studies also offer novel insights into neuropsychiatric disease mechanisms and contribute to the public debate about the benefits and the risks of cannabis use during pregnancy and in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- School of Medicine and Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, I-00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, I-00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Guzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Complutense University, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 702 N Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Enrichment of phosphatidylinositols with specific acyl chains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1501-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
83
|
Ciborowski M, Zbucka-Kretowska M, Bomba-Opon D, Wielgos M, Brawura-Biskupski-Samaha R, Pierzynski P, Szmitkowski M, Wolczynski S, Lipinska D, Citko A, Bauer W, Gorska M, Kretowski A. Potential first trimester metabolomic biomarkers of abnormal birth weight in healthy pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:870-7. [PMID: 24733416 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrosomia and low birth weight (LBW) can be associated with pregnancy complications and may affect the long-term health of the child. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolomic serum profiles of healthy pregnant women to identify early biomarkers of macrosomia and LBW and to understand mechanisms leading to abnormal fetal growth not related to mother's body mass index or presence of gestational diabetes. METHOD Serum samples from 770 women were collected between the 12th and 14th gestational week. Delivery samples were divided into three groups according to the infant birth weight as follows: low, <2500 g; normal, 2500-4000 g; and high >4000 g. Samples from women with any complications of pregnancy were excluded. Serum fingerprinting was performed by LC-QTOF-MS. RESULTS Lower levels of phospholipids, lysophospholipids, and monoacylglycerols; low vitamin D3 metabolites; and increased bilirubin level were associated with macrosomia. Because most changes involved lipids, as a concept of validation, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) levels were measured and found correlated with the studied lipids and birth weight. CONCLUSION Serum fingerprinting in early pregnancy can predict the risk of macrosomia. Serum levels of A-FABP and several lipids are promising prognostic markers for macrosomia in healthy pregnancies.
Collapse
|
84
|
Simcocks AC, O'Keefe L, Jenkin KA, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. A potential role for GPR55 in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:1145-51. [PMID: 24370891 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a putative cannabinoid receptor that is expressed in several tissues involved in regulating energy homeostasis, including the hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, white adipose and skeletal muscle. GPR55 has been shown to have a role in cancer and gastrointestinal inflammation, as well as in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite this, the (patho)physiological role of GPR55 in cell dysfunction is still poorly understood, largely because of the limited identification of downstream signalling targets. Nonetheless, research has suggested that GPR55 modulation would be a useful pharmacological target in metabolically active tissues to improve treatment of diseases such as obesity and T2DM. Further research is essential to gain a better understanding of the role that this receptor might have in these and other pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Simcocks
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Lannie O'Keefe
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Kayte A Jenkin
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia; The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Kotsikorou E, Sharir H, Shore DM, Hurst DP, Lynch DL, Madrigal KE, Heynen-Genel S, Milan LB, Chung TDY, Seltzman HH, Bai Y, Caron MG, Barak LS, Croatt MP, Abood ME, Reggio PH. Identification of the GPR55 antagonist binding site using a novel set of high-potency GPR55 selective ligands. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9456-69. [PMID: 24274581 DOI: 10.1021/bi4008885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been implicated in inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, metabolic disorder, bone development, and cancer. Initially deorphanized as a cannabinoid receptor, GPR55 has been shown to be activated by non-cannabinoid ligands such as l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). While there is a growing body of evidence of physiological and pathophysiological roles for GPR55, the paucity of specific antagonists has limited its study. In collaboration with the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network initiative, we identified a series of GPR55 antagonists using a β-arrestin, high-throughput, high-content screen of ~300000 compounds. This screen yielded novel, GPR55 antagonist chemotypes with IC50 values in the range of 0.16-2.72 μM [Heynen-Genel, S., et al. (2010) Screening for Selective Ligands for GPR55: Antagonists (ML191, ML192, ML193) (Bookshelf ID NBK66153; PMID entry 22091481)]. Importantly, many of the GPR55 antagonists were completely selective, with no agonism or antagonism against GPR35, CB1, or CB2 up to 20 μM. Using a model of the GPR55 inactive state, we studied the binding of an antagonist series that emerged from this screen. These studies suggest that GPR55 antagonists possess a head region that occupies a horizontal binding pocket extending into the extracellular loop region, a central ligand portion that fits vertically in the receptor binding pocket and terminates with a pendant aromatic or heterocyclic ring that juts out. Both the region that extends extracellularly and the pendant ring are features associated with antagonism. Taken together, our results provide a set of design rules for the development of second-generation GPR55 selective antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kotsikorou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas-Pan American , Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Paul RK, Wnorowski A, Gonzalez-Mariscal I, Nayak SK, Pajak K, Moaddel R, Indig FE, Bernier M, Wainer IW. (R,R')-4'-methoxy-1-naphthylfenoterol targets GPR55-mediated ligand internalization and impairs cancer cell motility. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:547-61. [PMID: 24355564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(R,R')-4'-Methoxy-1-naphthylfenoterol (MNF) promotes growth inhibition and apoptosis of human HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells via cannabinoid receptor (CBR) activation. The synthetic CB1R inverse agonist, AM251, has been shown to block the anti-mitogenic effect of MNF in these cells; however, AM251 is also an agonist of the recently deorphanized, lipid-sensing receptor, GPR55, whose upregulation contributes to carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of MNF in GPR55 signaling in human HepG2 and PANC-1 cancer cell lines in culture by focusing first on internalization of the fluorescent ligand Tocrifluor 1117 (T1117). Initial results indicated that cell pretreatment with GPR55 agonists, including the atypical cannabinoid O-1602 and l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol, dose-dependently reduced the rate of cellular T1117 uptake, a process that was sensitive to MNF inhibition. GPR55 internalization and signaling mediated by O-1602 was blocked by MNF in GPR55-expressing HEK293 cells. Pretreatment of HepG2 and PANC-1 cells with MNF significantly abrogated the induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to AM251 and O-1602. Moreover, MNF exerted a coordinated negative regulation of AM251 and O-1602 inducible processes, including changes in cellular morphology and cell migration using scratch wound healing assay. This study shows for the first time that MNF impairs GPR55-mediated signaling and, therefore, may have therapeutic potential in the management of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib K Paul
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Artur Wnorowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Mariscal
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | - Karolina Pajak
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Fred E Indig
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Michel Bernier
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Irving W Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Gangadharan V, Selvaraj D, Kurejova M, Njoo C, Gritsch S, Škoricová D, Horstmann H, Offermanns S, Brown AJ, Kuner T, Tappe-Theodor A, Kuner R. A novel biological role for the phospholipid lysophosphatidylinositol in nociceptive sensitization via activation of diverse G-protein signalling pathways in sensory nerves in vivo. Pain 2013; 154:2801-2812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
88
|
Davenport AP, Alexander SPH, Sharman JL, Pawson AJ, Benson HE, Monaghan AE, Liew WC, Mpamhanga CP, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, Pin JP, Spedding M, Harmar AJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list: recommendations for new pairings with cognate ligands. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:967-86. [PMID: 23686350 PMCID: PMC3698937 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2005, the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR) published a catalog of all of the human gene sequences known or predicted to encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), excluding sensory receptors. This review updates the list of orphan GPCRs and describes the criteria used by NC-IUPHAR to recommend the pairing of an orphan receptor with its cognate ligand(s). The following recommendations are made for new receptor names based on 11 pairings for class A GPCRs: hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors [HCA₁ (GPR81) with lactate, HCA₂ (GPR109A) with 3-hydroxybutyric acid, HCA₃ (GPR109B) with 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid]; lysophosphatidic acid receptors [LPA₄ (GPR23), LPA₅ (GPR92), LPA₆ (P2Y5)]; free fatty acid receptors [FFA4 (GPR120) with omega-3 fatty acids]; chemerin receptor (CMKLR1; ChemR23) with chemerin; CXCR7 (CMKOR1) with chemokines CXCL12 (SDF-1) and CXCL11 (ITAC); succinate receptor (SUCNR1) with succinate; and oxoglutarate receptor [OXGR1 with 2-oxoglutarate]. Pairings are highlighted for an additional 30 receptors in class A where further input is needed from the scientific community to validate these findings. Fifty-seven human class A receptors (excluding pseudogenes) are still considered orphans; information has been provided where there is a significant phenotype in genetically modified animals. In class B, six pairings have been reported by a single publication, with 28 (excluding pseudogenes) still classified as orphans. Seven orphan receptors remain in class C, with one pairing described by a single paper. The objective is to stimulate research into confirming pairings of orphan receptors where there is currently limited information and to identify cognate ligands for the remaining GPCRs. Further information can be found on the IUPHAR Database website (http://www.iuphar-db.org).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Leyva-Illades D, Demorrow S. Orphan G protein receptor GPR55 as an emerging target in cancer therapy and management. Cancer Manag Res 2013; 5:147-55. [PMID: 23869178 PMCID: PMC3706254 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s35175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate a vast array of cellular processes. The current review gives an overview of the general characteristics of GPCRs and their role in physiological conditions. In addition, it describes the current knowledge of the physiological and pathophysiological functions of GPR55, an orphan GPCR, and how it can be exploited as a therapeutic target to combat various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah Leyva-Illades
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott and White Hospital, Temple, TX, USA ; Department of Internal MedicineTexas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA ; Research Service, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Yu J, Deliu E, Zhang XQ, Hoffman NE, Carter RL, Grisanti LA, Brailoiu GC, Madesh M, Cheung JY, Force T, Abood ME, Koch WJ, Tilley DG, Brailoiu E. Differential activation of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes by plasmalemmal versus intracellular G protein-coupled receptor 55. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22481-92. [PMID: 23814062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.456178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)-sensitive receptor GPR55 is coupled to Ca(2+) signaling. Low levels of GPR55 expression in the heart have been reported. Similar to other G protein-coupled receptors involved in cardiac function, GPR55 may be expressed both at the sarcolemma and intracellularly. Thus, to explore the role of GPR55 in cardiomyocytes, we used calcium and voltage imaging and extracellular administration or intracellular microinjection of GPR55 ligands. We provide the first evidence that, in cultured neonatal ventricular myocytes, LPI triggers distinct signaling pathways via GPR55, depending on receptor localization. GPR55 activation at the sarcolemma elicits, on one hand, Ca(2+) entry via L-type Ca(2+) channels and, on the other, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca(2+) release. The latter signal is further amplified by Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release via ryanodine receptors. Conversely, activation of GPR55 at the membrane of intracellular organelles promotes Ca(2+) release from acidic-like Ca(2+) stores via the endolysosomal NAADP-sensitive two-pore channels. This response is similarly enhanced by Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release via ryanodine receptors. Extracellularly applied LPI produces Ca(2+)-independent membrane depolarization, whereas the Ca(2+) signal induced by intracellular microinjection of LPI converges to hyperpolarization of the sarcolemma. Collectively, our findings point to GPR55 as a novel G protein-coupled receptor regulating cardiac function at two cellular sites. This work may serve as a platform for future studies exploring the potential of GPR55 as a therapeutic target in cardiac disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Yamashita A, Oka S, Tanikawa T, Hayashi Y, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Sugiura T. The actions and metabolism of lysophosphatidylinositol, an endogenous agonist for GPR55. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:103-16. [PMID: 23714700 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is a subspecies of lysophospholipid and is assumed to be not only a degradation product of phosphatidylinositol (PI), but also a bioactive lysophospholipid mediator. However, not much attention has been directed toward LPI compared to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), since the receptor for LPI has not been identified. During screening for an agonist for the orphan G protein coupled receptor GPR55, we identified LPI, 2-arachidonoyl LPI in particular, as an agonist for GPR55. Our efforts to identify an LPI receptor facilitated research on LPI as a lipid messenger. In addition, we also found that DDHD1, previously identified as phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A1, was one of the synthesizing enzymes of 2-arachidonoyl LPI. Here, we summarized the background for discovering the LPI receptor, and the actions/metabolism of LPI. We also referred to the biosynthesis of PI, a 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl species, since the molecule is the precursor of 2-arachidonoyl LPI. Furthermore, we discussed physiological and/or pathophysiological processes involving LPI and GPR55, including the relevance of LPI-GPR55 and cannabinoids, since GPR55 was previously postulated to be another cannabinoid receptor. Although there is no doubt that GPR55 is the LPI receptor, we should re-consider whether or not GPR55 is in fact another cannabinoid receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Kargl J, Brown AJ, Andersen L, Dorn G, Schicho R, Waldhoer M, Heinemann A. A selective antagonist reveals a potential role of G protein-coupled receptor 55 in platelet and endothelial cell function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:54-66. [PMID: 23639801 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) receptor that is also responsive to certain cannabinoids. Although GPR55 has been implicated in several (patho)physiologic functions, its role remains enigmatic owing mainly to the lack of selective GPR55 antagonists. Here we show that the compound CID16020046 ((4-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-6-oxo-1H,4H,5H,6H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-yl] benzoic acid) is a selective GPR55 antagonist. In yeast cells expressing human GPR55, CID16020046 antagonized agonist-induced receptor activation. In human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing human GPR55, the compound behaved as an antagonist on LPI-mediated Ca²⁺ release and extracellular signal-regulated kinases activation, but not in HEK293 cells expressing cannabinoid receptor 1 or 2 (CB₁ or CB₂). CID16020046 concentration dependently inhibited LPI-induced activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κ of activated B cells (NF-κB) and serum response element, translocation of NFAT and NF-κB, and GPR55 internalization. It reduced LPI-induced wound healing in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells and reversed LPI-inhibited platelet aggregation, suggesting a novel role for GPR55 in platelet and endothelial cell function. CID16020046 is therefore a valuable tool to study GPR55-mediated mechanisms in primary cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kargl
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
The endocannabinoid signaling system in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:273-82. [PMID: 23602129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in lipid metabolism are intimately related to cancer. Several classes of bioactive lipids play roles in the regulation of signaling pathways involved in neoplastic transformation and tumor growth and progression. The endocannabinoid system, comprising lipid-derived endocannabinoids, their G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the enzymes for their metabolism, is emerging as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. This report highlights the main signaling pathways for the antitumor effects of the endocannabinoid system in cancer and its basic role in cancer pathogenesis, and discusses the alternative view of cannabinoid receptors as tumor promoters. We focus on new players in the antitumor action of the endocannabinoid system and on emerging crosstalk among cannabinoid receptors and other membrane or nuclear receptors involved in cancer. We also discuss the enzyme MAGL, a key player in endocannabinoid metabolism that was recently recognized as a marker of tumor lipogenic phenotype.
Collapse
|
94
|
Ayakannu T, Taylor AH, Marczylo TH, Willets JM, Konje JC. The endocannabinoid system and sex steroid hormone-dependent cancers. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:259676. [PMID: 24369462 PMCID: PMC3863507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/259676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The "endocannabinoid system (ECS)" comprises the endocannabinoids, the enzymes that regulate their synthesis and degradation, the prototypical cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), some noncannabinoid receptors, and an, as yet, uncharacterised transport system. Recent evidence suggests that both cannabinoid receptors are present in sex steroid hormone-dependent cancer tissues and potentially play an important role in those malignancies. Sex steroid hormones regulate the endocannabinoid system and the endocannabinoids prevent tumour development through putative protective mechanisms that prevent cell growth and migration, suggesting an important role for endocannabinoids in the regulation of sex hormone-dependent tumours and metastasis. Here, the role of the endocannabinoid system in sex steroid hormone-dependent cancers is described and the potential for novel therapies assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thangesweran Ayakannu
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Anthony H. Taylor
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
- *Anthony H. Taylor:
| | - Timothy H. Marczylo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Jonathon M. Willets
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Justin C. Konje
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, P.O. Box 65, Leicester, Leicestershire LE2 7LX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Kargl J, Balenga N, Parzmair GP, Brown AJ, Heinemann A, Waldhoer M. The cannabinoid receptor CB1 modulates the signaling properties of the lysophosphatidylinositol receptor GPR55. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44234-48. [PMID: 23161546 PMCID: PMC3531739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.364109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 55 (GPR55) and the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) are co-expressed in many tissues, predominantly in the central nervous system. Seven transmembrane spanning (7TM) receptors/GPCRs can form homo- and heteromers and initiate distinct signaling pathways. Recently, several synthetic CB1 receptor inverse agonists/antagonists, such as SR141716A, AM251, and AM281, were reported to activate GPR55. Of these, SR141716A was marketed as a promising anti-obesity drug, but was withdrawn from the market because of severe side effects. Here, we tested whether GPR55 and CB1 receptors are capable of (i) forming heteromers and (ii) whether such heteromers could exhibit novel signaling patterns. We show that GPR55 and CB1 receptors alter each others signaling properties in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We demonstrate that the co-expression of FLAG-CB1 receptors in cells stably expressing HA-GPR55 specifically inhibits GPR55-mediated transcription factor activation, such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells and serum response element, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) activation. GPR55 and CB1 receptors can form heteromers, but the internalization of both receptors is not affected. In addition, we observe that the presence of GPR55 enhances CB1R-mediated ERK1/2 and nuclear factor of activated T-cell activation. Our data provide the first evidence that GPR55 can form heteromers with another 7TM/GPCR and that this interaction with the CB1 receptor has functional consequences in vitro. The GPR55-CB1R heteromer may play an important physiological and/or pathophysiological role in tissues endogenously co-expressing both receptors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cannabinoids/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/genetics
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptional Activation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kargl
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nariman Balenga
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- the Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1889
| | - Gerald P. Parzmair
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew J. Brown
- the Department of Screening and Compound Profiling, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Akos Heinemann
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Waldhoer
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Grzelczyk A, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Novel bioactive glycerol-based lysophospholipids: new data -- new insight into their function. Biochimie 2012; 95:667-79. [PMID: 23089136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the results of research conducted over last two decades, lysophospholipids (LPLs) were observed to be not only structural components of cellular membranes but also biologically active molecules influencing a broad variety of processes such as carcinogenesis, neurogenesis, immunity, vascular development or regulation of metabolic diseases. With a growing interest in the involvement of extracellular lysophospholipids in both normal physiology and pathology, it has become evident that those small molecules may have therapeutic potential. While lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been studied in detail, other LPLs such as lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) or even lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have not been elucidated to such a high degree. Although information concerning the latter LPLs is sparse as compared to LPA and S1P, within the last couple of years much progress has been made. Recently published data suggest that these compounds may regulate fundamental cellular activities by modulating multiple molecular targets, e.g. by binding to specific receptors and/or altering the structure and fluidity of lipid rafts. Therefore, the present review is devoted to novel bioactive glycerol-based lysophospholipids and recent findings concerning their functions and possible signaling pathways regulating physiological and pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grzelczyk
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Kargl J, Balenga NA, Platzer W, Martini L, Whistler JL, Waldhoer M. The GPCR-associated sorting protein 1 regulates ligand-induced down-regulation of GPR55. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2611-9. [PMID: 21718301 PMCID: PMC3366063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many GPCRs, including the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, are down-regulated following prolonged agonist exposure by interacting with the GPCR-associated sorting protein-1 (GASP-1). The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant has also recently been described to be an agonist at GPR55, a cannabinoid-related receptor. Here we investigated the post-endocytic properties of GPR55 after agonist exposure and tested whether GASP-1 is involved in this process. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the direct protein-protein interaction of GPR55 with GASP-1 using (i) GST-binding assays and (ii) co-immunoprecipitation assays in GPR55-HEK293 cells with endogenous GASP-1 expression. We further tested the internalization, recycling and degradation of GPR55 using confocal fluorescence microscopy and biotinylation assays in the presence and absence of GASP-1 (lentiviral small hairpin RNA knockdown of GASP-1) under prolonged agonist [rimonabant (RIM), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)] stimulation. KEY RESULTS We showed that the prolonged activation of GPR55 with rimonabant or LPI down-regulates GPR55 via GASP-1. GASP-1 binds to GPR55 in vitro, and this interaction was required for targeting GPR55 for degradation. Disrupting the GPR55-GASP-1 interaction prevented post-endocytic receptor degradation, and thereby allowed receptor recycling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data implicate GASP-1 as an important regulator of ligand-mediated down-regulation of GPR55. By identifying GASP-1 as a key regulator of the trafficking and, by extension, functional expression of GPR55, we may be one step closer to gaining a better understanding of this receptor in response to cannabinoid drugs. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kargl
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Zhao P, Abood ME. GPR55 and GPR35 and their relationship to cannabinoid and lysophospholipid receptors. Life Sci 2012; 92:453-7. [PMID: 22820167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a summary of what is known about the G-protein coupled receptors GPR35 and GPR55 and their potential characterization as lysophospholipid or cannabinoid receptors, respectively. Both GPR35 and GPR55 have been implicated as important targets in pain and cancer, and additional diseases as well. While kynurenic acid was suggested to be an endogenous ligand for GPR35, so was 2-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Similarly, GPR55 has been suggested to be a cannabinoid receptor, but is quite clearly also a receptor for lysophosphatidylinositol. Interestingly, 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors, can be metabolized to 2-arachidonoyl LPA through the action of a monoacylglycerol kinase; the reverse reaction has also been demonstrated. Thus, it appears that mutual interconversion is possible between 2-arachidonoyl LPA and 2-AG within a cell, though the direction of the reaction may be site-dependent. The GPR55 natural ligand, 2-arachidonoyl LPI, can be degraded either to 2-AG by phospholipase C or to 2-arachidonoyl LPA by phospholipase D. Thus, GPR35, GPR55 and CB receptors are linked together through their natural ligand conversions. Additional agonists and antagonists have been identified for both GPR35 and GPR55, which will facilitate the future study of these receptors with respect to their physiological function. Potential therapeutic targets include pain, cancer, metabolic diseases and drug addiction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Cannabinoids/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ligands
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/drug effects
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/genetics
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/biosynthesis
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/drug effects
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Receptors, Lysophospholipid/drug effects
- Receptors, Lysophospholipid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysophospholipid/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingwei Zhao
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
The orphan receptor GPR55 drives skin carcinogenesis and is upregulated in human squamous cell carcinomas. Oncogene 2012; 32:2534-42. [PMID: 22751111 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control crucial physiological processes and their dysfunction contributes to various human diseases, including cancer. The orphan GPCR GPR55 was identified and cloned more than a decade ago, but very little is known about its physio-pathological relevance. It has been recently shown that GPR55 controls the behavior of human cancer cell lines in culture and xenografts. However, the assessment of the actual role of this receptor in malignant transformation in vivo is hampered by the lack of studies on its functional impact in clinically-relevant models of cancer. Here we demonstrate that GPR55 drives mouse skin tumor development. Thus, GPR55-deficient mice were more resistant to DMBA/TPA-induced papilloma and carcinoma formation than their wild-type littermates. GPR55 exerted this pro-tumor effect primarily by conferring a proliferative advantage on cancer cells. In addition, GPR55 enhanced skin cancer cell anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness and tumorigenicity in vivo, suggesting that it promotes not only tumor development but also tumor aggressiveness. Finally, we observed that GPR55 is upregulated in human skin tumors and other human squamous cell carcinomas compared with the corresponding healthy tissues. Altogether, these findings reveal the pivotal importance of GPR55 in skin tumor development, and suggest that this receptor may be used as a new biomarker and therapeutic target in squamous cell carcinomas.
Collapse
|
100
|
Lysophosphatidylinositol signalling: New wine from an old bottle. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:694-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|