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Sarkar V, Mukhopadhyay B. Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide related to the repeating unit of the O-antigen from Azospirillum brasilense Jm125A2 in the form of its 2-aminoethyl glycoside. Carbohydr Res 2018; 470:13-18. [PMID: 30292926 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Total chemical synthesis of the linear tetrasaccharide repeating unit β-D-Glc-(1 → 2)-α-L-Rha-(1 → 3)-α-L-Rha-(1 → 2)-α-L-Rha-CH2CH2NH2 of the O-antigen from Azospirillum brasilense Jm125A2 is accomplished through rational protecting group manipulations of commercially available monosaccharides and stereoselective glycosylations. The target tetrasaccharide in the form of its 2-aminoethyl glycoside is obtained in ∼24% yield over 10 steps following a linear strategy. The structure is particularly suitable for further glycoconjugate formation through the terminal free amine without hampering the reducing end stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramjit Sarkar
- Sweet Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, India
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhyay
- Sweet Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, India.
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Shelud’ko AV, Filip’echeva YA, Telesheva EM, Burov AM, Evstigneeva SS, Burygin GL, Petrova LP. Characterization of Carbohydrate-Containing Components of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 Biofilms. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718050156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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53
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Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Shashkov AS, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from Azospirillum fermentarium CC-LY743 T. Carbohydr Res 2018; 465:40-43. [PMID: 29929051 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide of nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum fermentarium CC-LY743T (IBPPM 578) and was studied by sugar analysis along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 1H,1H COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, and 1H,13C HSQC and HMBC experiments. The polysaccharide was found to be linear and to consist of alterating α-l-fucose and α-d-mannose residues in tetrasaccharide repeating units of the following structure: →2)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1 → 3)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Sigida
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia.
| | - Yuliya P Fedonenko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Konnova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia; N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, 83 Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Ignatov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
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Fukami J, Cerezini P, Hungria M. Azospirillum: benefits that go far beyond biological nitrogen fixation. AMB Express 2018; 8:73. [PMID: 29728787 PMCID: PMC5935603 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Azospirillum comprises plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), which have been broadly studied. The benefits to plants by inoculation with Azospirillum have been primarily attributed to its capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen, but also to its capacity to synthesize phytohormones, in particular indole-3-acetic acid. Recently, an increasing number of studies has attributed an important role of Azospirillum in conferring to plants tolerance of abiotic and biotic stresses, which may be mediated by phytohormones acting as signaling molecules. Tolerance of biotic stresses is controlled by mechanisms of induced systemic resistance, mediated by increased levels of phytohormones in the jasmonic acid/ethylene pathway, independent of salicylic acid (SA), whereas in the systemic acquired resistance-a mechanism previously studied with phytopathogens-it is controlled by intermediate levels of SA. Both mechanisms are related to the NPR1 protein, acting as a co-activator in the induction of defense genes. Azospirillum can also promote plant growth by mechanisms of tolerance of abiotic stresses, named as induced systemic tolerance, mediated by antioxidants, osmotic adjustment, production of phytohormones, and defense strategies such as the expression of pathogenesis-related genes. The study of the mechanisms triggered by Azospirillum in plants can help in the search for more-sustainable agricultural practices and possibly reveal the use of PGPB as a major strategy to mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Fukami
- Embrapa Soja, C.P. 231, Londrina, Paraná 86001-970 Brazil
- Department Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, C.P. 60001, Londrina, Paraná 86051-990 Brazil
| | - Paula Cerezini
- Embrapa Soja, C.P. 231, Londrina, Paraná 86001-970 Brazil
| | - Mariangela Hungria
- Embrapa Soja, C.P. 231, Londrina, Paraná 86001-970 Brazil
- Department Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, C.P. 60001, Londrina, Paraná 86051-990 Brazil
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55
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Cai H, Bai Y, Guo C. Comparative genomics of 151 plant-associated bacteria reveal putative mechanisms underlying specific interactions between bacteria and plant hosts. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:857-864. [PMID: 30047115 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although much work has explored how microbes can benefit plant growth, the mechanisms underlying this intriguing process remain largely unknown, especially considering the diversity of bacteria that surrounds plants. The objective of the present study was to identify bacterial genes contributing to plant-microbe associations, beneficial effects, and host specificities. For this purpose, comparative genomics investigation of 151 plant-associated bacteria was performed. A principal component analysis of seven key genomic features revealed patterns in the specific properties of these bacteria: N2-fixing bacteria were more closely related to pathogenic ones than to beneficial bacteria. A common set of genes over-represented in these plant-associated bacteria were found to be remarkably similar in terms of (1) genetic information processing, (2) amino acid metabolism, (3) metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, (4) nucleotide metabolism, (5) human diseases, and (6) metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Although we did not detect a common genetic basis for these beneficial effects, further in-depth analysis revealed that each of five beneficial bacterial groups shared specific gene sets. Functional annotation showed that environmental information processing, genetic information processing and cellular processes predominated in these beneficial groups. Hypothesizing that plant-associated bacteria may have overlapping strategies to colonize their plant hosts, we successfully identified many putative genes that determine host specificities. Most of these genes were classified as transcription factors, enzymes, transporters, and chemotaxis regulators. Comparative genomics provides a powerful tool for helping to identify genes that are common among species. Genome-based views of plant-associated bacteria reveal specific interactions between bacteria and plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, Heilongjiang Province; College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
| | - Yan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, Heilongjiang Province; College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, Heilongjiang Province; College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.
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56
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Mata AR, Pacheco CM, Cruz Pérez JF, Sáenz MM, Baca BE. In silico comparative analysis of GGDEF and EAL domain signaling proteins from the Azospirillum genomes. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:20. [PMID: 29523074 PMCID: PMC5845226 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) second messenger exemplifies a signaling system that regulates many bacterial behaviors of key importance; among them, c-di-GMP controls the transition between motile and sessile life-styles in bacteria. Cellular c-di-GMP levels in bacteria are regulated by the opposite enzymatic activities of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases, which are proteins that have GGDEF and EAL domains, respectively. Azospirillum is a genus of plant-growth-promoting bacteria, and members of this genus have beneficial effects in many agronomically and ecologically essential plants. These bacteria also inhabit aquatic ecosystems, and have been isolated from humus-reducing habitats. Bioinformatic and structural approaches were used to identify genes predicted to encode GG[D/E]EF, EAL and GG[D/E]EF-EAL domain proteins from nine genome sequences. RESULTS The analyzed sequences revealed that the genomes of A. humicireducens SgZ-5T, A. lipoferum 4B, Azospirillum sp. B510, A. thiophilum BV-ST, A. halopraeferens DSM3675, A. oryzae A2P, and A. brasilense Sp7, Sp245 and Az39 encode for 29 to 41 of these predicted proteins. Notably, only 15 proteins were conserved in all nine genomes: eight GGDEF, three EAL and four GGDEF-EAL hybrid domain proteins, all of which corresponded to core genes in the genomes. The predicted proteins exhibited variable lengths, architectures and sensor domains. In addition, the predicted cellular localizations showed that some of the proteins to contain transmembrane domains, suggesting that these proteins are anchored to the membrane. Therefore, as reported in other soil bacteria, the Azospirillum genomes encode a large number of proteins that are likely involved in c-di-GMP metabolism. In addition, the data obtained here strongly suggest host specificity and environment specific adaptation. CONCLUSIONS Bacteria of the Azospirillum genus cope with diverse environmental conditions to survive in soil and aquatic habitats and, in certain cases, to colonize and benefit their host plant. Gaining information on the structures of proteins involved in c-di-GMP metabolism in Azospirillum appears to be an important step in determining the c-di-GMP signaling pathways, involved in the transition of a motile cell towards a biofilm life-style, as an example of microbial genome plasticity under diverse in situ environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ramírez Mata
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel Puebla Pue, CP72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - César Millán Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad #1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José F. Cruz Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel Puebla Pue, CP72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Martha Minjárez Sáenz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel Puebla Pue, CP72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Beatriz E. Baca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel Puebla Pue, CP72570 Puebla, Mexico
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Vallejo-Ochoa J, López-Marmolejo M, Hernández-Esquivel AA, Méndez-Gómez M, Suárez-Soria LN, Castro-Mercado E, García-Pineda E. Early plant growth and biochemical responses induced by Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 lipopolysaccharides in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings are attenuated by procyanidin B2. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:685-694. [PMID: 29110138 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the effects of procyanidin B2 on early wheat plant growth and plant biochemical responses promoted by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from the rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense Sp245. Measurements of leaf, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight showed in vitro plant growth stimulation 4 days after treatment with A. brasilense as well as LPS. Superoxide anion (O2·-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels increased in seedling roots treated with LPS (100 μg mL-1). The chlorophyll content in leaf decreased while the starch content increased 24 h after treatment in seedling roots. The LPS treatment induced a high increase in total peroxidase (POX) (EC 1.11.1.7) activity and ionically bound cell wall POX content in roots, when compared to respective controls. Early plant growth and biochemical responses observed in wheat seedlings treated with LPS were inhibited by the addition of procyanidin B2 (5 μg mL-1), a B type proanthocyanidin (PAC), plant-derived polyphenolic compound with binding properties of LPS. All results suggest first that the ionically bound cell wall POX enzymes could be a molecular target of A. brasilense LPS, and second that the recognition or association of LPS by plant cells is required to activate plant responses. This last event could play a critical role during plant growth regulation by A. brasilense LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vallejo-Ochoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A1´, 58040, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Mariel López-Marmolejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A1´, 58040, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Alma Alejandra Hernández-Esquivel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A1´, 58040, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Manuel Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A1´, 58040, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Laura Nicolasa Suárez-Soria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A1´, 58040, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Elda Castro-Mercado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A1´, 58040, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Ernesto García-Pineda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio A1´, 58040, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.
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O'Neal L, Mukherjee T, Alexandre G. Analyzing Chemotaxis and Related Behaviors of Azospirillum Brasilense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 48:3E.3.1-3E.3.11. [PMID: 29512118 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus A. brasilense are motile and capable of chemotaxis and aerotaxis (taxis in gradient of oxygen) using a single polar flagellum that propels the cells in aqueous environments. Responses to attractants and repellents have been described and spatial gradient assays that permit the visualization of these responses are detailed in this unit. These assays are simple and can be readily implemented with minimum set ups. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey O'Neal
- Biochemistry &Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Biochemistry &Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee
| | - Gladys Alexandre
- Biochemistry &Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee
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59
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Malinich EA, Bauer CE. The plant growth promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense is vertically transmitted in Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-0539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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60
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Filip’echeva YA, Shelud’ko AV, Prilipov AG, Burygin GL, Telesheva EM, Yevstigneyeva SS, Chernyshova MP, Petrova LP, Katsy EI. Plasmid AZOBR_p1-borne fabG gene for putative 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase is essential for proper assembly and work of the dual flagellar system in the alphaproteobacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:107-118. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum brasilense can swim and swarm owing to the activity of a constitutive polar flagellum (Fla) and inducible lateral flagella (Laf), respectively. Experimental data on the regulation of the Fla and Laf assembly in azospirilla are scarce. Here, the coding sequence (CDS) AZOBR_p1160043 (fabG1) for a putative 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein (ACP)] reductase was found essential for the construction of both types of flagella. In an immotile leaky Fla− Laf− fabG1::Omegon-Km mutant, Sp245.1610, defects in flagellation and motility were fully complemented by expressing the CDS AZOBR_p1160043 from plasmid pRK415. When pRK415 with the cloned CDS AZOBR_p1160045 (fliC) for a putative 65.2 kDa Sp245 Fla flagellin was transferred into the Sp245.1610 cells, the bacteria also became able to assemble a motile single flagellum. Some cells, however, had unusual swimming behavior, probably because of the side location of the organelle. Although the assembly of Laf was not restored in Sp245.1610 (pRK415-p1160045), this strain was somewhat capable of swarming motility. We propose that the putative 3-oxoacyl-[ACP] reductase encoded by the CDS AZOBR_p1160043 plays a role in correct flagellar location in the cell envelope and (or) in flagellar modification(s), which are also required for the inducible construction of Laf and for proper swimming and swarming motility of A. brasilense Sp245.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Filip’echeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Shelud’ko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexei G. Prilipov
- Gamaleia National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Gamalei, 16, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady L. Burygin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
- Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University, Teatralnaya Ploshchad, 1, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Elizaveta M. Telesheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Stella S. Yevstigneyeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Marina P. Chernyshova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Lilia P. Petrova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Elena I. Katsy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov, 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
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61
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Levy A, Salas Gonzalez I, Mittelviefhaus M, Clingenpeel S, Herrera Paredes S, Miao J, Wang K, Devescovi G, Stillman K, Monteiro F, Rangel Alvarez B, Lundberg DS, Lu TY, Lebeis S, Jin Z, McDonald M, Klein AP, Feltcher ME, Rio TG, Grant SR, Doty SL, Ley RE, Zhao B, Venturi V, Pelletier DA, Vorholt JA, Tringe SG, Woyke T, Dangl JL. Genomic features of bacterial adaptation to plants. Nat Genet 2017; 50:138-150. [PMID: 29255260 PMCID: PMC5957079 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants intimately associate with diverse bacteria. Plant-associated (PA) bacteria have ostensibly evolved genes enabling adaptation to the plant environment. However, the identities of such genes are mostly unknown and their functions are poorly characterized. We sequenced 484 genomes of bacterial isolates from roots of Brassicaceae, poplar, and maize. We then compared 3837 bacterial genomes to identify thousands of PA gene clusters. Genomes of PA bacteria encode more carbohydrate metabolism functions and fewer mobile elements than related non-plant associated genomes. We experimentally validated candidates from two sets of PA genes, one involved in plant colonization, the other serving in microbe-microbe competition between PA bacteria. We also identified 64 PA protein domains that potentially mimic plant domains; some are shared with PA fungi and oomycetes. This work expands the genome-based understanding of plant-microbe interactions and provides leads for efficient and sustainable agriculture through microbiome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Levy
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Isai Salas Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Sur Herrera Paredes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiamin Miao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,The Grassland College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kunru Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Giulia Devescovi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Freddy Monteiro
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Derek S Lundberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Tse-Yuan Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Lebeis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Meredith McDonald
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Andrew P Klein
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Meghan E Feltcher
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.,BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Sarah R Grant
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sharon L Doty
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vittorio Venturi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dale A Pelletier
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Susannah G Tringe
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA. .,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA. .,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. .,The Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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62
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Alexandre G. Azospirillum brasilense, a Beneficial Soil Bacterium: Isolation and Cultivation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 47:3E.1.1-3E.1.10. [PMID: 29120487 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum comprise 15 species to date, with A. brasilense the best studied species in the genus. Azospirillum are soil bacteria able to promote the growth of plants from 113 species spanning 35 botanical families. These non-pathogenic and beneficial bacteria are ubiquitous in soils and inhabit the roots of diverse plants. These bacteria are microaerophilic, able to fix nitrogen under free-living conditions, motile, and able to navigate in gradients of various chemicals, including oxygen. These physiological traits are used to isolate these soil bacteria from soil and plant root samples, providing isolates that can be used for studying microbial physiology and plant growth promotion. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Alexandre
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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63
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Gullett J, O'Neal L, Mukherjee T, Alexandre G. Azospirillum brasilense: Laboratory Maintenance and Genetic Manipulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 47:3E.2.1-3E.2.17. [PMID: 29120483 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum, including the most comprehensively studied Azospirillum brasilense, are non-pathogenic soil bacteria that promote the growth of diverse plants, making them an attractive model to understand non-symbiotic, beneficial plant-bacteria associations. Research into the physiology and genetics of these organisms spans decades and a range of molecular tools and protocols have been developed for allelic exchange mutagenesis, in trans expression of genes, and fusions to reporter genes. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gullett
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Lindsey O'Neal
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Gladys Alexandre
- Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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64
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Santos ARS, Etto RM, Furmam RW, Freitas DLD, Santos KFDN, Souza EMD, Pedrosa FDO, Ayub RA, Steffens MBR, Galvão CW. Labeled Azospirillum brasilense wild type and excretion-ammonium strains in association with barley roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:422-426. [PMID: 28711791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil bacteria colonization in plants is a complex process, which involves interaction between many bacterial characters and plant responses. In this work, we labeled Azospirillum brasilense FP2 (wild type) and HM053 (excretion-ammonium) strains by insertion of the reporter gene gusA-kanamycin into the dinitrogenase reductase coding gene, nifH, and evaluated bacteria colonization in barley (Hordeum vulgare). In addition, we determined inoculation effect based on growth promotion parameters. We report an uncommon endophytic behavior of A. brasilense Sp7 derivative inside the root hair cells of barley and highlight the promising use of A. brasilense HM053 as plant growth-promoting bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Mazer Etto
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Wiegand Furmam
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Denis Leandro de Freitas
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antônio Ayub
- Department of Phytotechny and Phytosanitary, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Weigert Galvão
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
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65
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Rozier C, Hamzaoui J, Lemoine D, Czarnes S, Legendre L. Field-based assessment of the mechanism of maize yield enhancement by Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7416. [PMID: 28785036 PMCID: PMC5547117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) of the genus Azospirillum are known to enhance root growth and yield in many plant species including cereals. To probe the underlying mechanisms, correlations between modifications of yield and 6-leaf plantlet characteristics were estimated on maize in four fields with contrasting soil properties over two consecutive years using the commercial isolate A. lipoferum CRT1. In both years, plantlet metabolome, photosynthetic potential and organ morphology were found to display field- and inoculation-specific signatures. Metabolomic analyses revealed that A. lipoferum CRT1 mostly affected sugar metabolism with no suggested impact on N and P assimilation. Mineral nitrogen feeding increased yield but did not affect yield enhancement by the bacterial partner. However, greater improvements of leaf photosynthetic potential correlated with yield diminutions and larger plantlets in all of their proportions correlated with yield enhancements. Bacterial inoculation restored proper seed-to-adult plant ratio when it accidentally dropped below 80%. Only in these cases did it raise yield. All in all, securing mature plant density is hypothesized as being the primary driver of A. lipoferum CRT1-mediated yield enhancement in maize fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Rozier
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jihane Hamzaoui
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damien Lemoine
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5023 - LEHNA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sonia Czarnes
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Legendre
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, INRA, UMR 1418, Villeurbanne, France
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66
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Pande A, Pandey P, Mehra S, Singh M, Kaushik S. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their efficiency on the growth of maize. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:379-391. [PMID: 30647676 PMCID: PMC6296604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) has ability to convert insoluble form of phosphorous to an available form. Applications of PSB as inoculants increase the phosphorus uptake by plant in the agriculture field. In this study, isolation and identification of PSB were carried out in Indian agriculture field (Nainital region, Uttarakhand). A total of 8 phosphate solubilizing bacterial colonies were isolated on the Pikovskaya’s (PKV) agar medium, containing insoluble tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The colonies showed clear halo zones around the bacterial growth were considered as phosphate solubilizers. Out of 8 bacterial isolates, 3 isolates showed high phosphate solubilization index (PSI) ranged from 4.88 ± 0.69 to 4.48 ± 0.30, lower pH ranging 3.08 ± 0.08 to 3.82 ± 0.12 and high phosphate solubilization varied from 305.49 ± 10 μg/ml to 277.72 ± 1.45 μg/ml, were selected for further characterization. Based on the 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis A4 isolate and H6 isolate were closely related to Alcaligenes aquatilis (99%), and C1 isolate was closely related to Burkholderia cepacia (99%). In addition, pot examination also showed the greatest efficiency in promotion of maize growth compared to uninoculated plant. Isolated PSB were able to produce different organic acids (such as gluconic acids, formic acid, and citric acid) in the culture supernatant and may consider as the principle mechanism for phosphate solubilization. This study clearly indicates that A4, C1 and H6 isolates may use as a biofertilizers in ecological agricultural systems instead of synthetic chemicals and may help to sustain environmental health and soil productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pande
- Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, Amroha 244236, India
| | | | - Simmi Mehra
- Medanta The Medicity, Sec-38, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | | | - Suresh Kaushik
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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67
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Alves LPS, Almeida AT, Cruz LM, Pedrosa FO, de Souza EM, Chubatsu LS, Müller-Santos M, Valdameri G. A simple and efficient method for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate quantification in diazotrophic bacteria within 5 minutes using flow cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5492. [PMID: 28099582 PMCID: PMC5264536 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The conventional method for quantification of polyhydroxyalkanoates based on
whole-cell methanolysis and gas chromatography (GC) is laborious and time-consuming.
In this work, a method based on flow cytometry of Nile red stained bacterial cells
was established to quantify poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by the
diazotrophic and plant-associated bacteria, Herbaspirillum
seropedicae and Azospirillum brasilense. The method
consists of three steps: i) cell permeabilization, ii) Nile red staining, and iii)
analysis by flow cytometry. The method was optimized step-by-step and can be carried
out in less than 5 min. The final results indicated a high correlation coefficient
(R2=0.99) compared to a standard method based on methanolysis and GC.
This method was successfully applied to the quantification of PHB in epiphytic
bacteria isolated from rice roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P S Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - A T Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - L M Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - F O Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - E M de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - L S Chubatsu
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - M Müller-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - G Valdameri
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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68
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Petrova LP, Prilipov AG, Katsy EI. Detection of putative polysaccharide biosynthesis genes in Azospirillum brasilense strains from serogroups I and II. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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69
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Yevstigneyeva SS, Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV. Structural properties of capsular and O-specific polysaccharides of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 under varying cultivation conditions. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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70
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Ledger T, Rojas S, Timmermann T, Pinedo I, Poupin MJ, Garrido T, Richter P, Tamayo J, Donoso R. Volatile-Mediated Effects Predominate in Paraburkholderia phytofirmans Growth Promotion and Salt Stress Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1838. [PMID: 27909432 PMCID: PMC5112238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress has a growing impact on plant growth and agricultural activity worldwide. Specific plant growth promoting rhizobacteria have been reported to stimulate growth and tolerance to abiotic stress in plants, and molecular mechanisms like phytohormone synthesis and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deamination are usual candidates proposed to mediate these bacterial effects. Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is able to promote growth of several plant hosts, and improve their tolerance to chilling, drought and salinity. This work investigated bacterial determinants involved in PsJN stimulation of growth and salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, showing bacteria enable plants to survive long-term salinity treatment, accumulating less sodium within leaf tissues relative to non-inoculated controls. Inactivation of specific bacterial genes encoding ACC deaminase, auxin catabolism, N-acyl-homoserine-lactone production, and flagellin synthesis showed these functions have little influence on bacterial induction of salinity tolerance. Volatile organic compound emission from strain PsJN was shown to reproduce the effects of direct bacterial inoculation of roots, increasing plant growth rate and tolerance to salinity evaluated both in vitro and in soil. Furthermore, early exposure to VOCs from P. phytofirmans was sufficient to stimulate long-term effects observed in Arabidopsis growth in the presence and absence of salinity. Organic compounds were analyzed in the headspace of PsJN cultures, showing production of 2-undecanone, 7-hexanol, 3-methylbutanol and dimethyl disulfide. Exposure of A. thaliana to different quantities of these molecules showed that they are able to influence growth in a wide range of added amounts. Exposure to a blend of the first three compounds was found to mimic the effects of PsJN on both general growth promotion and salinity tolerance. To our knowledge, this is the first report on volatile compound-mediated induction of plant abiotic stress tolerance by a Paraburkholderia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ledger
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and SustainabilitySantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
| | - Sandy Rojas
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile
| | - Tania Timmermann
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and SustainabilitySantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Pinedo
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile
| | - María J. Poupin
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and SustainabilitySantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
| | - Tatiana Garrido
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Richter
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Donoso
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and SustainabilitySantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
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71
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Marcelino PRF, Milani KML, Mali S, Santos OJAPD, de Oliveira ALM. Formulations of polymeric biodegradable low-cost foam by melt extrusion to deliver plant growth-promoting bacteria in agricultural systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7323-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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72
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Reddy CA, Saravanan RS. Polymicrobial Multi-functional Approach for Enhancement of Crop Productivity. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 82:53-113. [PMID: 23415153 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407679-2.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing global need for enhancing the food production to meet the needs of the fast-growing human population. Traditional approach to increasing agricultural productivity through high inputs of chemical nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and pesticides is not sustainable because of high costs and concerns about global warming, environmental pollution, and safety concerns. Therefore, the use of naturally occurring soil microbes for increasing productivity of food crops is an attractive eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. There is a vast body of published literature on microbial symbiotic and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation, multiple beneficial mechanisms used by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), the nature and significance of mycorrhiza-plant symbiosis, and the growing technology on production of efficacious microbial inoculants. These areas are briefly reviewed here. The construction of an inoculant with a consortium of microbes with multiple beneficial functions such as N(2) fixation, biocontrol, phosphate solubilization, and other plant growth-promoting properties is a positive new development in this area in that a single inoculant can be used effectively for increasing the productivity of a broad spectrum of crops including legumes, cereals, vegetables, and grasses. Such a polymicrobial inoculant containing several microorganisms for each major function involved in promoting the plant growth and productivity gives it greater stability and wider applications for a range of major crops. Intensifying research in this area leading to further advances in our understanding of biochemical/molecular mechanisms involved in plant-microbe-soil interactions coupled with rapid advances in the genomics-proteomics of beneficial microbes should lead to the design and development of inoculants with greater efficacy for increasing the productivity of a wide range of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilekampalli A Reddy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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73
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Pankievicz VCS, Camilios-Neto D, Bonato P, Balsanelli E, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Faoro H, Chubatsu LS, Donatti L, Wajnberg G, Passetti F, Monteiro RA, Pedrosa FO, Souza EM. RNA-seq transcriptional profiling of Herbaspirillum seropedicae colonizing wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:589-603. [PMID: 26801330 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herbaspirillum seropedicae is a diazotrophic and endophytic bacterium that associates with economically important grasses promoting plant growth and increasing productivity. To identify genes related to bacterial ability to colonize plants, wheat seedlings growing hydroponically in Hoagland's medium were inoculated with H. seropedicae and incubated for 3 days. Total mRNA from the bacteria present in the root surface and in the plant medium were purified, depleted from rRNA and used for RNA-seq profiling. RT-qPCR analyses were conducted to confirm regulation of selected genes. Comparison of RNA profile of root attached and planktonic bacteria revealed extensive metabolic adaptations to the epiphytic life style. These adaptations include expression of specific adhesins and cell wall re-modeling to attach to the root. Additionally, the metabolism was adapted to the microxic environment and nitrogen-fixation genes were expressed. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis was activated, and PHB granules were stored as observed by microscopy. Genes related to plant growth promotion, such as auxin production were expressed. Many ABC transporter genes were regulated in the bacteria attached to the roots. The results provide new insights into the adaptation of H. seropedicae to the interaction with the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C S Pankievicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - D Camilios-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - P Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - E Balsanelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - M Z Tadra-Sfeir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - H Faoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - L S Chubatsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - L Donatti
- Department of Cellular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - G Wajnberg
- Bioinformatics Unit, Clinical Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - F Passetti
- Bioinformatics Unit, Clinical Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R A Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - F O Pedrosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - E M Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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74
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Structure and serology of O-antigens of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria of the genus Azospirillum. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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75
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Ramírez-Mata A, López-Lara LI, Xiqui-Vázquez ML, Jijón-Moreno S, Romero-Osorio A, Baca BE. The cyclic-di-GMP diguanylate cyclase CdgA has a role in biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production in Azospirillum brasilense. Res Microbiol 2015; 167:190-201. [PMID: 26708984 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In bacteria, proteins containing GGDEF domains are involved in production of the second messenger c-di-GMP. Here we report that the cdgA gene encoding diguanylate cyclase A (CdgA) is involved in biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. Biofilm quantification using crystal violet staining revealed that inactivation of cdgA decreased biofilm formation. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of green-fluorescent protein-labeled bacteria showed that, during static growth, the biofilms had differential levels of development: bacteria harboring a cdgA mutation exhibited biofilms with considerably reduced thickness compared with those of the wild-type Sp7 strain. Moreover, DNA-specific staining and treatment with DNase I, and epifluorescence studies demonstrated that extracellular DNA and EPS are components of the biofilm matrix in Azospirillum. After expression and purification of the CdgA protein, diguanylate cyclase activity was detected. The enzymatic activity of CdgA-producing cyclic c-di-GMP was determined using GTP as a substrate and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD(+)) and Mg(2)(+) as cofactors. Together, our results revealed that A. brasilense possesses a functional c-di-GMP biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ramírez-Mata
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103J, Av. San Claudio S/N, Col. San Manuel, Puebla Pue CP 72570, Mexico.
| | - Lilia I López-Lara
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103J, Av. San Claudio S/N, Col. San Manuel, Puebla Pue CP 72570, Mexico.
| | - Ma Luisa Xiqui-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103J, Av. San Claudio S/N, Col. San Manuel, Puebla Pue CP 72570, Mexico.
| | - Saúl Jijón-Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103J, Av. San Claudio S/N, Col. San Manuel, Puebla Pue CP 72570, Mexico.
| | - Angelica Romero-Osorio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103J, Av. San Claudio S/N, Col. San Manuel, Puebla Pue CP 72570, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz E Baca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. 103J, Av. San Claudio S/N, Col. San Manuel, Puebla Pue CP 72570, Mexico.
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76
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Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Shashkov AS, Zdorovenko EL, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV, Knirel YA. Structure of the polysaccharides from the lipopolysaccharide of Azospirillum brasilense Jm125A2. Carbohydr Res 2015; 416:37-40. [PMID: 26343325 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two polysaccharides were obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense Jm125A2 isolated from the rhizosphere of a pearl millet. The following structures of the polysaccharides were established by sugar and methylation analyses, Smith degradation, and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy: [Formula: see text] Structure 1 has been reported earlier for a polysaccharide from A. brasilense S17 (Fedonenko YP, Konnova ON, Zdorovenko EL, Konnova SA, Zatonsky GV, Shaskov AS, Ignatov VV, Knirel YA. Carbohydr Res 2008;343:810-6), whereas to our knowledge structure 2 has not been hitherto found in bacterial polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Sigida
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Yuliya P Fedonenko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Konnova
- Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Ignatov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Cortes Patino SA, Bonilla RR. Polymers selection for a liquid inoculant of Azospirillum brasilense based on the Arrhenius thermodynamic model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2015.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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78
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Llorente BE, Alasia MA, Larraburu EE. Biofertilization with Azospirillum brasilense improves in vitro culture of Handroanthus ochraceus, a forestry, ornamental and medicinal plant. N Biotechnol 2015; 33:32-40. [PMID: 26255131 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofertilization with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria is a potential alternative to plant productivity. Here, in vitro propagation of Handroanthus ochraceus (yellow lapacho), a forest crop with high economic and environmental value, was developed using the Azospirillum brasilense strains Cd and Az39 during rhizogenesis. Epicotiles of in vitro plantlets were multiplied in Woody Plant Medium (WPM). For rooting, elongated shoots were transferred to auxin-free Murashige-Skoog medium with Gamborg's vitamins and WPM, both at half salt concentration (½MSG and ½WPM), and inoculated with Cd or Az39 at the base of each shoot. Anatomical studies were performed using leaves cleared and stained with safranin for optical microscopy and leaves and roots metalized with gold-palladium for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In ½WPM auxin-free medium, A. brasilense Cd inoculation produced 55% of rooting, increased root fresh and dry weight (45% and 77%, respectively), and led to lower stomata size and density with similar proportion of open and closed stomata. Both strains selectively increased the size or density of glandular trichomes in ½MSG. Moreover, bacteria were detected on the root surface by SEM. In conclusion, the difference in H. ochraceus response to A. brasilense inoculation depends on the strain and the plant culture media. Cd strain enhanced rooting in auxin-free ½WPM and produced plantlets with features similar to those expected in ex vitro plants. This work presents an innovative in vitro approach using beneficial plant-microorganism interaction as an ecologically compatible strategy in plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta E Llorente
- Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory (CULTEV), Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, CC221 Luján (B), Argentina.
| | - María A Alasia
- Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory (CULTEV), Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, CC221 Luján (B), Argentina
| | - Ezequiel E Larraburu
- Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory (CULTEV), Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, CC221 Luján (B), Argentina
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79
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Quantification of Azospirillum brasilense FP2 Bacteria in Wheat Roots by Strain-Specific Quantitative PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6700-9. [PMID: 26187960 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01351-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Azospirillum is a rhizobacterial genus containing plant growth-promoting species associated with different crops worldwide. Azospirillum brasilense strains exhibit a growth-promoting effect by means of phytohormone production and possibly by N2 fixation. However, one of the most important factors for achieving an increase in crop yield by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria is the survival of the inoculant in the rhizosphere, which is not always achieved. The objective of this study was to develop quantitative PCR protocols for the strain-specific quantification of A. brasilense FP2. A novel approach was applied to identify strain-specific DNA sequences based on a comparison of the genomic sequences within the same species. The draft genome sequences of A. brasilense FP2 and Sp245 were aligned, and FP2-specific regions were filtered and checked for other possible matches in public databases. Strain-specific regions were then selected to design and evaluate strain-specific primer pairs. The primer pairs AzoR2.1, AzoR2.2, AzoR5.1, AzoR5.2, and AzoR5.3 were specific for the A. brasilense FP2 strain. These primer pairs were used to monitor quantitatively the population of A. brasilense in wheat roots under sterile and nonsterile growth conditions. In addition, coinoculations with other plant growth-promoting bacteria in wheat were performed under nonsterile conditions. The results showed that A. brasilense FP2 inoculated into wheat roots is highly competitive and achieves high cell numbers (∼10(7) CFU/g [fresh weight] of root) in the rhizosphere even under nonsterile conditions and when coinoculated with other rhizobacteria, maintaining the population at rather stable levels for at least up to 13 days after inoculation. The strategy used here can be applied to other organisms whose genome sequences are available.
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80
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Microscopic and proteomic analysis of Zea mays roots (P30F53 variety) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense strain FP2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-014-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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81
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Mariangela H, Marco AN, Ricardo SA. Alternative methods of soybean inoculation to overcome adverse conditions at sowing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajar2014.8687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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82
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He K, Dragnea V, Bauer CE. Adenylate Charge Regulates Sensor Kinase CheS3 To Control Cyst Formation in Rhodospirillum centenum. mBio 2015; 6:e00546-15. [PMID: 25944862 PMCID: PMC4436063 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00546-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rhodospirillum centenum forms metabolically dormant cysts under unfavorable growth conditions such as desiccation or nutrient starvation. The development of cysts is tightly regulated and involves a cyst-repressing chemotaxis-like signal transduction pathway called the Che3 signaling cascade. The Che3 cascade is comprised of a methyl chemoreceptor (MCP3), receptor-methylating/demethylating proteins CheB3 and CheR3, two CheW3 linker proteins, a CheA3-CheY hybrid histidine kinase, and a single-domain response regulator, CheY3. In addition to Che-like components, the Che3 cascade also contains a second hybrid histidine kinase, CheS3. Recent biochemical and genetic studies show that CheA3 does not serve as a phosphor donor for CheY3; instead, CheA3 inhibits a CheS3→CheY3 two-component system by phosphorylating an inhibitory receiver domain of CheS3. In this study, we show that in addition to phosphorylation by CheA3, the phosphorylation state of CheS3 is also regulated by the cellular energy level as quantified by the molar ratio of ATP/(ATP + ADP). A 35% decrease in cellular energy is shown to occur in vivo upon a nutrient downshift that gives rise to cyst formation. When this energy decline is replicated in vitro, the phosphorylation level of CheS3 is reduced by ~75%. Finally, we also show that ADP-mediated reduction of CheS3 phosphorylation is a consequence of ADP enhancing autodephosphorylation of CheS3. IMPORTANCE Upon starvation, Rhodospirillum centenum undergoes a developmental process that forms metabolically dormant cysts, which withstand desiccation and nutritional limitation. This study explores the role of the cellular energy state as measured by the ratio of ATP to ADP as an important regulator of cyst formation in Rhodospirillum centenum. We show that R. centenum cells experience a significant reduction in ATP during cyst formation using ATP/(ATP + ADP) as a measurement. When this in vivo level of energy starvation is simulated in vitro, CheS3 phosphorylation is reduced by 75%. This profound reduction in CheS3 autophosphorylation is contrasted with a much lower 25% decrease in CheA3 phosphorylation in response to a similar downward shift in ATP/(ATP + ADP). We argue that even though adenylate energy affects all ATP-dependent enzymes to an extent, the enhanced inhibition of CheS3 activity in response to a reduction in the ATP/(ATP + ADP) ratio likely functions as an important input signal to regulate cyst development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang He
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Vladimira Dragnea
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Carl E Bauer
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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83
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The plant growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum amazonense: genomic versatility and phytohormone pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:898592. [PMID: 25866821 PMCID: PMC4383252 DOI: 10.1155/2015/898592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rhizosphere bacterium Azospirillum amazonense associates with plant roots to promote plant growth. Variation in replicon numbers and rearrangements is common among Azospirillum strains, and characterization of these naturally occurring differences can improve our understanding of genome evolution. We performed an in silico comparative genomic analysis to understand the genomic plasticity of A. amazonense. The number of A. amazonense-specific coding sequences was similar when compared with the six closely related bacteria regarding belonging or not to the Azospirillum genus. Our results suggest that the versatile gene repertoire found in A. amazonense genome could have been acquired from distantly related bacteria from horizontal transfer. Furthermore, the identification of coding sequence related to phytohormone production, such as flavin-monooxygenase and aldehyde oxidase, is likely to represent the tryptophan-dependent TAM pathway for auxin production in this bacterium. Moreover, the presence of the coding sequence for nitrilase indicates the presence of the alternative route that uses IAN as an intermediate for auxin synthesis, but it remains to be established whether the IAN pathway is the Trp-independent route. Future investigations are necessary to support the hypothesis that its genomic structure has evolved to meet the requirement for adaptation to the rhizosphere and interaction with host plants.
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84
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Shelud’ko AV, Filip’echeva YA, Shumilova EM, Khlebtsov BN, Burov AM, Petrova LP, Katsy EI. Changes in biofilm formation in the nonflagellated flhB1 mutant of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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85
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López NI, Pettinari MJ, Nikel PI, Méndez BS. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Much More than Biodegradable Plastics. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 93:73-106. [PMID: 26505689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are isotactic polymers that play a critical role in central metabolism, as they act as dynamic reservoirs of carbon and reducing equivalents. These polymers have a number of technical applications since they exhibit thermoplastic and elastomeric properties, making them attractive as a replacement of oil-derived materials. PHAs are accumulated under conditions of nutritional imbalance (usually an excess of carbon source with respect to a limiting nutrient, such as nitrogen or phosphorus). The cycle of PHA synthesis and degradation has been recognized as an important physiological feature when these biochemical pathways were originally described, yet its role in bacterial processes as diverse as global regulation and cell survival is just starting to be appreciated in full. In the present revision, the complex regulation of PHA synthesis and degradation at the transcriptional, translational, and metabolic levels are explored by analyzing examples in natural producer bacteria, such as Pseudomonas species, as well as in recombinant Escherichia coli strains. The ecological role of PHAs, together with the interrelations with other polymers and extracellular substances, is also discussed, along with their importance in cell survival, resistance to several types of environmental stress, and planktonic-versus-biofilm lifestyle. Finally, bioremediation and plant growth promotion are presented as examples of environmental applications in which PHA accumulation has successfully been exploited.
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86
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Carrasco-Espinosa K, García-Cabrera RI, Bedoya-López A, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Positive effect of reduced aeration rate on growth and stereospecificity of DL-malic acid consumption by Azospirillum brasilense: improving the shelf life of a liquid inoculant formulation. J Biotechnol 2014; 195:74-81. [PMID: 25556026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azospirillum brasilense has significance as a growth promoter in plants of commercial interest. Two industrial native strains (Start and Calf), used as a part of an inoculant formulation in Mexico during the last 15 years, were incubated in laboratory-scale pneumatic bioreactors at different aeration rates. In both strains, the positive effect of decreased aeration was observed. At the lowest (0.1 vvm, air volume/liquid volume×minute), the highest biomass were obtained for Calf (7.8 × 10(10)CFU/ml), and Start (2.9 × 10(9)CFU/ml). These were higher in one magnitude order compared to cultures carried out at 0.5 vvm, and two compared to those at 1.0 vvm. At lower aeration, both stereoisomeric forms of malic acid were consumed, but at higher aeration, just L-malate was consumed. A reduction in aeration allows an increase of the shelf life and the microorganism saved higher concentrations of polyhydroxybutyrate. The selected fermentation conditions are closely related to those prevalent in large-scale bioreactors and offer the possibility of achieving high biomass titles with high shelf life at a reduced costs, due to the complete use of a carbon source at low aeration of a low cost raw material as DL-malic acid mixture in comparison with the L-malic acid stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Carrasco-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Ramsés I García-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Andrea Bedoya-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico.
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87
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Tugarova AV, Vetchinkina EP, Loshchinina EA, Burov AM, Nikitina VE, Kamnev AA. Reduction of selenite by Azospirillum brasilense with the formation of selenium nanoparticles. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:495-503. [PMID: 24863127 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reduce selenite (SeO(3)(2-)) ions with the formation of selenium nanoparticles was demonstrated in Azospirillum brasilense for the first time. The influence of selenite ions on the growth of A. brasilense Sp7 and Sp245, two widely studied wild-type strains, was investigated. Growth of cultures on both liquid and solid (2 % agar) media in the presence of SeO(3)(2-) was found to be accompanied by the appearance of the typical red colouration. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA), intracellular accumulation of elementary selenium in the form of nanoparticles (50 to 400 nm in diameter) was demonstrated for both strains. The proposed mechanism of selenite-to-selenium (0) reduction could involve SeO(3)(2-) in the denitrification process, which has been well studied in azospirilla, rather than a selenite detoxification strategy. The results obtained point to the possibility of using Azospirillum strains as endophytic or rhizospheric bacteria to assist phytoremediation of, and cereal cultivation on, selenium-contaminated soils. The ability of A. brasilense to synthesise selenium nanoparticles may be of interest to nanobiotechnology for "green synthesis" of bioavailable amorphous red selenium nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Tugarova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 410049, Saratov, Russia,
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88
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Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Shashkov AS, Grinev VS, Zdorovenko EL, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV, Knirel YA. Structural studies of the polysaccharides from the lipopolysaccharides of Azospirillum brasilense Sp246 and SpBr14. Carbohydr Res 2014; 398:40-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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89
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Martínez-Hidalgo P, Galindo-Villardón P, Trujillo ME, Igual JM, Martínez-Molina E. Micromonospora from nitrogen fixing nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A new promising Plant Probiotic Bacteria. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6389. [PMID: 25227415 PMCID: PMC4165979 DOI: 10.1038/srep06389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic interactions can improve agricultural productivity without costly and environmentally challenging inputs. Micromonospora strains have recently been reported as natural endophytes of legume nodules but their significance for plant development and productivity has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and function of Micromonospora isolated from Medicago sativa root nodules. Micromonospora-like strains from field alfalfa nodules were characterized by BOX-PCR fingerprinting and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The ecological role of the interaction of the 15 selected representative Micromonospora strains was tested in M. sativa. Nodulation, plant growth and nutrition parameters were analyzed. Alfalfa nodules naturally contain abundant and highly diverse populations of Micromonospora, both at the intra- and at interspecific level. Selected Micromonospora isolates significantly increase the nodulation of alfalfa by Ensifer meliloti 1021 and also the efficiency of the plant for nitrogen nutrition. Moreover, they promote aerial growth, the shoot-to-root ratio, and raise the level of essential nutrients. Our results indicate that Micromonospora acts as a Rhizobia Helper Bacteria (RHB) agent and has probiotic effects, promoting plant growth and increasing nutrition efficiency. Its ecological role, biotechnological potential and advantages as a plant probiotic bacterium (PPB) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martínez-Hidalgo
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Genetics. University of Salamanca. Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Unidad Asociada USAL-CSIC "Interacción Planta-Microorganismo"
| | | | | | - José M Igual
- 1] Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain [2] Unidad Asociada USAL-CSIC "Interacción Planta-Microorganismo"
| | - Eustoquio Martínez-Molina
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Genetics. University of Salamanca. Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Unidad Asociada USAL-CSIC "Interacción Planta-Microorganismo"
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90
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Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Zdorovenko EL, Burygin GL, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of serogroup II Azospirillum strains. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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91
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Camilios-Neto D, Bonato P, Wassem R, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Brusamarello-Santos LCC, Valdameri G, Donatti L, Faoro H, Weiss VA, Chubatsu LS, Pedrosa FO, Souza EM. Dual RNA-seq transcriptional analysis of wheat roots colonized by Azospirillum brasilense reveals up-regulation of nutrient acquisition and cell cycle genes. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:378. [PMID: 24886190 PMCID: PMC4042000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid growth of the world’s population demands an increase in food production that no longer can be reached by increasing amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) might be an alternative to increase nitrogenous use efficiency (NUE) in important crops such wheat. Azospirillum brasilense is one of the most promising PGPB and wheat roots colonized by A. brasilense is a good model to investigate the molecular basis of plant-PGPB interaction including improvement in plant-NUE promoted by PGPB. Results We performed a dual RNA-Seq transcriptional profiling of wheat roots colonized by A. brasilense strain FP2. cDNA libraries from biological replicates of colonized and non-inoculated wheat roots were sequenced and mapped to wheat and A. brasilense reference sequences. The unmapped reads were assembled de novo. Overall, we identified 23,215 wheat expressed ESTs and 702 A. brasilense expressed transcripts. Bacterial colonization caused changes in the expression of 776 wheat ESTs belonging to various functional categories, ranging from transport activity to biological regulation as well as defense mechanism, production of phytohormones and phytochemicals. In addition, genes encoding proteins related to bacterial chemotaxi, biofilm formation and nitrogen fixation were highly expressed in the sub-set of A. brasilense expressed genes. Conclusions PGPB colonization enhanced the expression of plant genes related to nutrient up-take, nitrogen assimilation, DNA replication and regulation of cell division, which is consistent with a higher proportion of colonized root cells in the S-phase. Our data support the use of PGPB as an alternative to improve nutrient acquisition in important crops such as wheat, enhancing plant productivity and sustainability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-378) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuel M Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil.
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92
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Shelud’ko AV, Burygin GL, Filip’echeva YA, Belyakov AE, Shirokov AA, Burov AM, Katsy EI, Shchegolev SY, Matora LY. Serological relationships of azospirilla revealed by their motility patterns in the presence of antibodies to lipopolysaccharides. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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93
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Kovtunov EA, Shelud’ko AV, Chernyshova MP, Petrova LP, Katsy EI. Mutants of bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 with Omegon insertion in mmsB or fabG genes of lipid metabolism are defective in motility and flagellation. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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94
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Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Shashkov AS, Zdorovenko EL, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV, Knirel YA. Structural studies of the O-specific polysaccharide(s) from the lipopolysaccharide of Azospirillum brasilense type strain Sp7. Carbohydr Res 2013; 380:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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95
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Kushneruk MA, Tugarova AV, Il’chukova AV, Slavkina EA, Starichkova NI, Bogatyrev VA, Antonyuk LP. Factors inducing transition from growth to dormancy in rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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96
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Scale-up from shake flasks to pilot-scale production of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense for preparing a liquid inoculant formulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9665-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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97
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Kovtunov EA, Petrova LP, Shelud’ko AV, Katsy EI. Transposon insertion into a chromosomal copy of flhB gene is concurrent with defects in the formation of polar and lateral flagella in the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413080061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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98
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Shavit R, Ofek-Lalzar M, Burdman S, Morin S. Inoculation of tomato plants with rhizobacteria enhances the performance of the phloem-feeding insect Bemisia tabaci. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:306. [PMID: 23964283 PMCID: PMC3741575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environment, plants experience multiple biotic interactions and respond to this complexity in an integrated manner. Therefore, plant responses to herbivory are flexible and depend on the context and complexity in which they occur. For example, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance plant growth and induce resistance against microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects by a phenomenon termed induced systemic resistance (ISR). In the present study, we investigated the effect of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pre-inoculation with the PGPR Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r, on the performance of the generalist phloem-feeding insect Bemisia tabaci. Based on the ability of P. fluorescens WCS417r to prime for ISR against generalists chewing insects and necrotrophic pathogens, we hypothesized that pre-inoculated plants will strongly resist B. tabaci infestation. In contrast, we discovered that the pre-inoculation treatment increased the tomato plant suitability for B. tabaci which was emphasized both by faster developmental rate and higher survivability of nymph stages on pre-inoculated plants. Our molecular and chemical analyses suggested that the phenomenon is likely to be related to: (I) the ability of the bacteria to reduce the activity of the plant induced defense systems; (II) a possible manipulation by P. fluorescens of the plant quality (in terms of suitability for B. tabaci) through an indirect effect on the rhizosphere bacterial community. The contribution of our study to the pattern proposed for other belowground rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi and aboveground generalist phloem-feeders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Shavit
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Ofek-Lalzar
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization of IsraelBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
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99
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Shelud’ko AV, Tugarova AV, Il’chukova AV, Varshalomidze OE, Antonyuk LP, El’-Registan GI, Katsy EI. Negative effect of alkylresorcinols on motility of rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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100
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Arruebarrena Di Palma A, M. Pereyra C, Moreno Ramirez L, Xiqui Vázquez ML, Baca BE, Pereyra MA, Lamattina L, Creus CM. Denitrification-derived nitric oxide modulates biofilm formation inAzospirillum brasilense. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 338:77-85. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Arruebarrena Di Palma
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana; UIB Balcarce, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-INTA; Balcarce; Argentina
| | - Cintia M. Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana; UIB Balcarce, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-INTA; Balcarce; Argentina
| | | | | | - Beatriz E. Baca
- Laboratorio de la Interacción Planta-Microorganismo; ICUAP; Puebla; México
| | - María A. Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana; UIB Balcarce, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-INTA; Balcarce; Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata; Argentina
| | - Cecilia M. Creus
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Microbiana; UIB Balcarce, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-INTA; Balcarce; Argentina
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