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Guo Y, Jin N, Klein R, Nicolai J, Yang GY, Omary RA, Larson AC. Gas challenge-blood oxygen level-dependent (GC-BOLD) MRI in the rat Novikoff hepatoma model. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 30:133-8. [PMID: 22055749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between gas challenge-blood oxygen level-dependent (GC-BOLD) response angiogenesis and tumor size in rat Novikoff hepatoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighting 301-325 g) were used for our Animal Care and Use Committee-approved experiments. N1-S1 Novikoff hepatomas were grown in 14 rats with sizes ranging from 0.42 to 2.81 cm. All experiments were performed at 3.0 T using a custom-built rodent receiver coil. A multiple gradient-echo sequence was used for R2* measurements, first during room air (78% N(2)/20% O(2)) breathing and then after 10 min of carbogen (95% O(2)/5% CO(2)) breathing. After image acquisition, rats were euthanized, and the tumors were harvested for histological evaluation. RESULTS The R2* change between air and carbogen breathing for small hepatomas was positive; R2* changes changed to negative values for larger hepatomas. We found a significant positive correlation between tumor R2* change and tumor microvessel density (MVD) (r=0.798, P=.001) and a significant inverse correlation between tumor R2* change and tumor size (r=-0.840, P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS GC-BOLD magnetic resonance imaging measurements are well correlated to MVD levels and tumor size in the N1-S1 Novikoff hepatoma model; GC-BOLD measurements may serve as noninvasive biomarkers for evaluating angiogenesis and disease progression and/or therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Wolfesberger B, Tonar Z, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Walter I, Skalicky M, Witter K, Thalhammer JG, Pagitz M, Kleiter M. Angiogenic markers in canine lymphoma tissues do not predict survival times in chemotherapy treated dogs. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:444-50. [PMID: 21596405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, which is essential for malignancies to progress, depends on various signalling proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2). Microvessel density (MVD) is frequently used to evaluate angiogenesis. This study assessed the relationship between expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, MVD and the survival time in dogs with lymphoma. VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically and microvessel profiles were counted in 34 lymphoma samples. Seventy-nine percent of the samples showed high VEGF expression and 62% were highly positive for VEGFR-1; VEGFR-2 immunoreactivity was mostly negative. Dogs treated with chemotherapy had a median survival time of 266days, but no significant relationships were found between overall survival time, MVD and expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2. In this study, VEGF its receptors and the MVD were no prognostic factors in dogs with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wolfesberger
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Barreto I, Costa AF, Martins MT, Furuse C, de Araújo VC, Altemani A. Immunohistochemical study of stromal and vascular components of tonsillar polyps: high endothelial venules as participants of the polyp's lymphoid tissue. Virchows Arch 2011; 459:65-71. [PMID: 21562903 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tonsillar polyps are nonneoplastic lesions usually composed of variable amounts of lymphoid and vascular and connective tissues. All of them are generally assumed to be hamartomatous proliferations, but the profile of vascular and connective components has yet to be explored. The vascular system of the tonsils is complex and includes highly specialized structures (i.e., high endothelial venules (HEVs)) involved in lymphocyte homing into lymphoid tissues. In 14 tonsillar polyps and 26 control tonsils, an immunohistochemical study was performed using CD34 (blood vessels and HEVs), MECA-79 (HEVs), D2-40 (lymphatic vessels), Ki-67, collagens I and III, fibronectin, and tenascin-C. The polyps showed increased total lymphatic area, whereas the number of blood vessels and lymphatics and the blood vascular area did not differ significantly from those of control tonsils. Rare Ki-67+ endothelial cells were found. In the polyps, we detected, possibly for the first time, HEVs amid lymphoid tissue, and that the amount of the latter correlated positively with HEV density. The polyps also presented lesser amounts of fibronectin and collagens I and III than in normal tonsils, which were distributed in a disorganized fashion. Tenascin-C expression was uncommon in the polyps and control tonsils. Tonsillar polyps are composed of disorganized connective tissue and lymphatic channels which can be considered hamartomatous proliferations. However, the lymphoid component is possibly reactive due to its relationship with the HEVs. The highly differentiated phenotype of the HEVs and their complex biology are not in agreement with what would be expected for a component of hamartomatous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icléia Barreto
- Department of Pathology, Medical Science Faculty, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, 13084-971, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
In the last few years, angiogenesis has confirmed its critical role in the development of malignant neoplasms. Antiangiogenic drugs, mainly bevacizumab, sorafenib, or sunitinib, are currently approved in a wide number of tumor types, such as breast, colorectal, liver, or kidney cancer, and have changed dramatically the evolution of our patients. Unfortunately, in urothelial carcinoma, which is a very common neoplasm, antiangiogenic agents are still in a very preliminary phase of clinical research. In this study, we focus on the biological basis of angiogenesis in urothelial tumors, its influence in the prognosis of these malignancies, and the available evidence about the use of antiangiogenic drugs in urothelial carcinoma.
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Cintra FF, Etchebehere M, Gonçalves JCB, Cassone AE, Amstalden EMI. Analysis of angiogenic factors and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cartilaginous tumors- clinical and histological correlation. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1591-6. [PMID: 22179165 PMCID: PMC3164410 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the role of angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cartilaginous tumors and correlate these factors with prognosis. INTRODUCTION For chondrosarcoma, the histological grade is the current standard for predicting tumor outcome. However, a low-grade chondrosarcoma can follow an aggressive course-as monitored by sequential imaging techniques-even when it is histologically indistinguishable from an enchondroma. Therefore, additional tools are needed to help identify the biological potential of these tumors. The degree of angiogenesis that is induced by the tumor could assist in this task. Angiogenesis can be quantified by measuring the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34, and cyclooxygenase-2 can induce angiogenesis by stimulating the production of proangiogenic factors. METHODS In total, 21 enchondromas and 58 conventional chondrosarcomas were studied by examining the clinical and histopathological findings in conjunction with the immunostaining markers of angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase- 2 expression. RESULTS The significant variables that were associated with poor outcome were 1) higher-grade chondrosarcomas, 2) tumors that developed in flat bones, and 3) over-expression of CD34 (with a median count that was higher than 5.9 vessels in 5 high power fields). Moreover, CD34 expression (measured using the Chalkley method) revealed significantly higher microvessel density in flat bone chondrosarcomas. DISCUSSION Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between Chalkley microvessel density and histological grade; however, in our sample, we found that the former is predictive of the outcome. Chondrosarcomas in flat bones have been shown to correlate with a poor prognosis. We also found that CD34 microvessel density values were significantly higher in flat-bone chondrosarcomas. This could explain-at least in part-the more aggressive biological course that is taken by these tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that CD34 microvessel density in chondrosarcomas can be helpful in predicting patient outcome and may add to our understanding of chondrosarcoma pathogenesis.
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Florence MEB, Massuda JY, Bröcker EB, Metze K, Cintra ML, Souza EMD. Angiogenesis in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of endothelial markers. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:465-8. [PMID: 21552674 PMCID: PMC3072009 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the role of angiogenesis in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis is a pivotal phenomenon in carcinogenesis. Its time course in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has not yet been fully established. METHODS We studied the vascular bed in 29 solar keratoses, 30 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 30 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The Chalkley method was used to quantify the microvascular area by comparing panendothelial (CD34) with neoangiogenesis (CD105) immunohistochemical markers. The vascular bed from non-neoplastic adjacent skin was evaluated in 8 solar keratoses, 10 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 10 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. RESULTS The microvascular area in CD105-stained specimens significantly increased in parallel with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression. However, no differences between groups were found in CD34 sections. Solar keratosis, superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma samples showed significant increases in microvascular area for both CD34- and CD105-stained specimens compared with the respective adjacent skin. DISCUSSION The angiogenic switch occurs early in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and the rate of neovascularization is parallel to tumor progression. In contrast to panendothelial markers, CD105 use allows a dynamic evaluation of tumor angiogenesis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the dependence of skin carcinogenesis on angiogenesis.
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Costa SS, Blotta RM, Meurer L, Edelweiss MIA. Adipocyte morphometric evaluation and angiogenesis in the omentum transposed to the breast: a preliminary study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:307-12. [PMID: 21484051 PMCID: PMC3059872 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the probable mechanism of the volume increase of laparoscopically harvested omentum flaps used to treat breast deformities. METHODS A histological analysis of omentum samples was performed to study the volume increase of laparoscopically harvested omentum flaps. Samples were harvested immediately after the transposition of the omentum from the abdominal cavity to the breast region and during the second surgical procedure for breast symmetrization of eight patients submitted to the transposition of the omentum flap. Changes in the morphometric measurements of the adipocytes (perimeter, diameter, and area), microvascular density (as measured by the CD31 endothelial marker), and immunohistochemical expression of VEGF were documented. RESULTS The increases in adipocyte size and microvascular density were statistically significant (P < 0.012). The expression levels of VEGF were lower in the second set of samples when compared to the first set, but the differences were not statistically significant (P < 0.093). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate an increase in cellular volume as measured by adipocyte perimeter, diameter, and area. Moreover, the increase in the number of vessels in the second set of samples suggests that neoangiogenesis was stimulated by the initial increase in VEGF expression levels observed in the first set of samples. The increase in VEGF expression in the flap may have been caused by adipocyte hypertrophy resulting from neoangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlei Santos Costa
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Lind JSW, Meijerink MR, Dingemans AMC, van Kuijk C, Öllers MC, de Ruysscher D, Postmus PE, Smit EF. Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT in patients treated with sorafenib and erlotinib for non-small cell lung cancer: a new method of monitoring treatment? Eur Radiol 2010; 20:2890-8. [PMID: 20625738 PMCID: PMC2978316 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-010-1869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the feasibility of serial dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) in patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving anti-angiogenic (sorafenib) and anti-EGFR (erlotinib) treatment, and correlated tumour blood flow (BF) with treatment outcome. METHODS DCE-CTs were performed at baseline and 3 and 6 weeks after starting treatment. Tumour BF, calculated with the maximum slope method, and percentage change were measured in 23 patients (14 male; median age 59 years). Tumour BF was compared at baseline and weeks 3 and 6; the relation with RECIST/Crabb response and progression-free survival (PFS) was assessed. RESULTS Mean tumour perfusion decreased from 39.2 ml/100 g/min at baseline to 15.1 ml/100 g/min at week 3 (p < 0.001) and 9.4 ml/100 g/min at week 6 (p < 0.001). Tumour perfusion was lower in RECIST and Crabb responders versus non-responders at week 3 (4.2 versus 17.7 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.03) and week 6 (0 versus 13.4 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.04). Patients with a decrease larger than the median at week 6 tended to have a longer PFS (7.1 versus 5.7 months, p = 0.06). CONCLUSION Serial DCE-CTs are feasible in patients with NSCLC and demonstrated a significant decrease in tumour BF following sorafenib/erlotinib therapy. Early changes in tumour BF correlated with objective response and showed a trend towards longer PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline S. W. Lind
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn R. Meijerink
- Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7075, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie C. Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van Kuijk
- Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7075, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel C. Öllers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter E. Postmus
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Egbert F. Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Minea RO, Helchowski CM, Zidovetzki SJ, Costa FK, Swenson SD, Markland FS. Vicrostatin - an anti-invasive multi-integrin targeting chimeric disintegrin with tumor anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic activities. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10929. [PMID: 20532165 PMCID: PMC2880590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other integrin-targeting strategies, disintegrins have previously shown good efficacy in animal cancer models with favorable pharmacological attributes and translational potential. Nonetheless, these polypeptides are notoriously difficult to produce recombinantly due to their particular structure requiring the correct pairing of multiple disulfide bonds for biological activity. Here, we show that a sequence-engineered disintegrin (called vicrostatin or VCN) can be reliably produced in large scale amounts directly in the oxidative cytoplasm of Origami B E. coli. Through multiple integrin ligation (i.e., alphavbeta3, alphavbeta5, and alpha5beta1), VCN targets both endothelial and cancer cells significantly inhibiting their motility through a reconstituted basement membrane. Interestingly, in a manner distinct from other integrin ligands but reminiscent of some ECM-derived endogenous anti-angiogenic fragments previously described in the literature, VCN profoundly disrupts the actin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells (EC) inducing a rapid disassembly of stress fibers and actin reorganization, ultimately interfering with EC's ability to invade and form tubes (tubulogenesis). Moreover, here we show for the first time that the addition of a disintegrin to tubulogenic EC sandwiched in vitro between two Matrigel layers negatively impacts their survival despite the presence of abundant haptotactic cues. A liposomal formulation of VCN (LVCN) was further evaluated in vivo in two animal cancer models with different growth characteristics. Our data demonstrate that LVCN is well tolerated while exerting a significant delay in tumor growth and an increase in the survival of treated animals. These results can be partially explained by potent tumor anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects induced by LVCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu O. Minea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Corey M. Helchowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Zidovetzki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fritz K. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Swenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Francis S. Markland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Kim JH, Yu CH, Yhee JY, Im KS, Kim NH, Sur JH. Canine classical seminoma: a specific malignant type with human classifications is highly correlated with tumor angiogenesis. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:243. [PMID: 20509912 PMCID: PMC2887404 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human seminoma is classified as classical seminoma (SE) and spermatocytic seminoma (SS). Human SE is known to be more malignant and metastasizing more frequently than SS. Tumor angiogenesis is highly related with tumor progression and metastasis, with microvessel density (MVD) being an important parameter of metastatic potential. Canine seminoma is not yet well-established as SE or SS type including correlation with angiogenesis. We classified canine SE and SS, and then compared them to tumor associated vessels. Methods Twenty-three cases of canine seminomas (2 intratubular, 9 diffuse, and 12 intratubular/diffuse seminomas showing both intratubular and diffuse patterns) were classified as SE or SS by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal antibody against PLAP and by PAS stain. The histopathological data were then compared to see if there was a correlation with SE or SS. Angiogenesis of seminomas were evaluated by immunohistochemical assay using polyclonal antibody against Von Willebrand factor (vWF) and by calculating the means of MVD, vessels area and perimeters using computerized image analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used for various statistical analyses. Results The numbers of PLAP+/PAS+ canine SEs were 8/23 (34.8%) and PLAP-/PAS- SSs were 15/23 (61.2%). All SE cases (8/8, 100%) were intratubular/diffuse types. SS types included 2 intratubular (2/15, 13.3%), 9 diffuse (9/15, 60%), and 4 intratubular/diffuse (4/15, 26.7%) types. MVD and vascular parameters in SEs were significantly higher than in SSs, showing the highest value in the intratubular/diffuse type. Seminomas observed with neoplastic cells invasion of vessels presented higher perimeter and area values than seminomas without conformed neoplastic cells invasion. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated a positive relationship between canine SE and tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, we also showed that a tumor cells invasion of vessels were a correlated vascular parameter. Although metastasis of canine seminomas has rarely been reported, our results support that canine SE could have high metastatic potential similar to the human counterpart. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between canine SE and clinical data with metastatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Miyajima K, Takekoshi S, Itoh J, Kakimoto K, Miyakoshi T, Osamura RY. Inhibitory effects of anti-VEGF antibody on the growth and angiogenesis of estrogen-induced pituitary prolactinoma in Fischer 344 Rats: animal model of VEGF-targeted therapy for human endocrine tumors. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2010; 43:33-44. [PMID: 20514290 PMCID: PMC2875861 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.09034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-induced pituitary prolactin-producing tumors (PRLoma) in F344 rats express a high level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) associated with marked angiogenesis and angiectasis. To investigate whether tumor development in E2-induced PRLoma is inhibited by anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (G6-31), we evaluated tumor growth and observed the vascular structures. With simultaneous treatment with G6-31 for the latter three weeks of the 13-week period of E2 stimulation (E2+G6-31 group), the following inhibitory effects on the PRLoma were observed in the E2+G6-31 group as compared with the E2-only group. In the E2+G6-31 group, a tendency to reduction in pituitary weight was observed and significant differences were observed as (1) reductions in the Ki-67-positive anterior cells, (2) increases in TUNEL-positive anterior cells, and (3) repair of the microvessel count by CD34-immunohistochemistry. The characteristic "blood lakes" in PRLomas were improved and replaced by repaired microvascular structures on 3D observation using confocal laser scanning microscope. These inhibitory effects due to anti-VEGF antibody might be related to the autocrine/paracrine action of VEGF on the tumor cells, because VEGF and its receptor are co-expressed on the tumor cells. Thus, our results demonstrate that anti-VEGF antibody exerted inhibitory effects on pituitary tumorigenesis in well-established E2 induced PRLomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute
| | | | - Johbu Itoh
- Teaching and Research Support Center, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Kochi Kakimoto
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute
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Guo Y, Zhang Y, Klein R, Nijm GM, Sahakian AV, Omary RA, Yang GY, Larson AC. Irreversible electroporation therapy in the liver: longitudinal efficacy studies in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1555-63. [PMID: 20124486 PMCID: PMC2822885 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative local-regional therapy that involves delivery of intense electrical pulses to tissue to induce nanoscale cell membrane defects for tissue ablation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using IRE as a liver-directed ablation technique for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the N1-S1 rodent model, hepatomas were grown in 30 Sprague-Dawley rats that were divided into treatment and control groups. For treatment groups, IRE electrodes were inserted and eight 100-mus 2,500-V pulses were applied to ablate the targeted tumor tissues. For both groups, magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed at baseline and 15-day follow-up intervals to determine tumor sizes (one-dimensional maximum diameter, D(max); estimated two-dimensional cross-sectional area, C(max)) as a tactic to assess longitudinal outcomes. Additional groups of treated animals were sacrificed at 1-, 3-, and 7-day intervals posttherapy for pathology assessment of treatment response. Magnetic resonance images showed significant tumor size reductions within 15 days posttherapy (32 +/- 31% D(max) and 52 +/- 39% C(max) decreases compared with 110 +/- 35% D(max) and 286 +/- 125% C(max) increases for untreated tumors). Pathology correlation studies documented progression from poorly differentiated viable HCC tissues before treatment to extensive tumor necrosis and full regression in 9 of 10 treated rats 7 to 15 days after treatment. Our findings suggest that IRE can be an effective strategy for targeted ablation of liver tumors, prompting its further evaluation for HCC therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Ablation Techniques/methods
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery
- Electrochemotherapy/methods
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/surgery
- Longitudinal Studies
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Radiography
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rachel Klein
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grace M. Nijm
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Alan V. Sahakian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Reed A. Omary
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew C. Larson
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Evanston, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Khatami A, Pihl CG, Norrby K, Hugosson J, Damber JE. Is tumor vascularity in prostate core biopsies a predictor of PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy? Acta Oncol 2009; 44:362-8. [PMID: 16120545 DOI: 10.1080/02841860510029824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to evaluate if tumour vascularity by Chalkley counting (TVC) in prostate core biopsies can be a predictor of PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer and to estimate the concordance between the TVC in core biopsies and the subsequently examined prostatectomy specimen. All patients, with Gleason score < or =7 in core biopsy, clinical stage T1 or T2 who had a radical prostatectomy during 1990-1997 at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, were selected as a primary group. Patients with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy were excluded. The patients were divided into two groups, one with PSA recurrence and one group without PSA recurrence. 25 patients had PSA recurrence during the follow up period and 25 patients from non-recurrence group were randomly selected. TVC was assessed from the prostate tissue by immunostaining against CD34. TVC was statistically significant predictor of PSA relapse. The PSA-free survival rate was only 17% in patients within the highest TVC quartile compared to 67% in patients within the lowest TVC quartile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khatami
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 4, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Li L, Liu B, Li X, Yang S, Xiao J, Chen M, Zhang Y, Ma J. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D and Intratumoral Lymphatics as Independent Prognostic Factors in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:562-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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65
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Soares AB, Altemani A, Furuse C, Demasi APD, Gati C, Nunes N, de Araújo VC. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: report of 2 cases and immunohistochemical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 106:708-11. [PMID: 18929993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a benign, nonneoplastic, vascular lesion. The main significance of the lesion lies in the fact that it may be mistaken for angiosarcoma. Oral lesions are uncommon and the present paper reports 2 cases of oral IPEH, in different sites. Histologically, the tissue was characterized by papillary fronds lined by proliferating endothelium. Immunohistochemically (IHC), the lesion was positive for CD34, smooth muscle actin (SMA), type I and IV collagen, vimentin, and laminin, but it was negative for CD105. Local excision was the treatment of choice. No recurrence was observed during a 1-year and 6-month follow-up period, respectively. The clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andresa Borges Soares
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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66
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Heterogeneity of tumor prognostic markers: a reproducibility study applied to liver metastases of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:273-81. [PMID: 18997736 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver biopsy of metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumors allows confirmation of the diagnosis and assessment of prognosis. However, sampling variability is a potential limitation. Our aim was to use the tissue microarray technique to assess the heterogeneity of three prognostic markers, ie, MIB-1 proliferation index, microvascular density and somatostatin receptor type 2, inside single or between synchronous or metachronous liver metastases of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Tissue microarrays were constructed, which included core biopsies taken from surgically resected liver metastases in 29 patients. MIB-1, microvascular density and somatostatin receptor type 2 were evaluated after immunostaining. The heterogeneity was highlighted by the calculation of the reproducibility of the values of two cores randomly selected among all the cores studied. For quantitative variables, it was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient and by a Bland-Altman approach. For qualitative variables, observed agreement and weighted kappa were given. A total of 184 liver metastases were analyzed. For MIB-1, the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.63, 0.69 and 0.67 and for microvascular density, the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.48, 0.60 and 0.00, respectively, in single, synchronous and metachronous liver metastases. The variability increased for higher mean values of microvascular density. For somatostatin receptor type 2, the observed agreements were 91% (kappa=0.81), 69% (kappa=0.49) and 79% (kappa=0.68) in single, synchronous and metachronous liver metastases, respectively. In conclusion, tissue microarray analysis identifies heterogeneity of protein expression in pancreatic endocrine metastases, which depends on the marker tested. The reproducibility is better for MIB-1 and somatostatin receptor type 2 than for microvascular density. Sampling variability should be taken into consideration as a potential limitation to the assessment of prognostic and therapeutic markers in biopsy samples from metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumors.
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67
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Aleku M, Schulz P, Keil O, Santel A, Schaeper U, Dieckhoff B, Janke O, Endruschat J, Durieux B, Röder N, Löffler K, Lange C, Fechtner M, Möpert K, Fisch G, Dames S, Arnold W, Jochims K, Giese K, Wiedenmann B, Scholz A, Kaufmann J. Atu027, a liposomal small interfering RNA formulation targeting protein kinase N3, inhibits cancer progression. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9788-98. [PMID: 19047158 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery system (AtuPLEX) for RNA interference (RNAi) in the vasculature of mice. Here we report preclinical data for Atu027, a siRNA-lipoplex directed against protein kinase N3 (PKN3), currently under development for the treatment of advanced solid cancer. In vitro studies revealed that Atu027-mediated inhibition of PKN3 function in primary endothelial cells impaired tube formation on extracellular matrix and cell migration, but is not essential for proliferation. Systemic administration of Atu027 by repeated bolus injections or infusions in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates results in specific, RNAi-mediated silencing of PKN3 expression. We show the efficacy of Atu027 in orthotopic mouse models for prostate and pancreatic cancers with significant inhibition of tumor growth and lymph node metastasis formation. The tumor vasculature of Atu027-treated animals showed a specific reduction in lymph vessel density but no significant changes in microvascular density.
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68
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van Niekerk CG, van der Laak JAWM, Börger ME, Huisman HJ, Witjes JA, Barentsz JO, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA. Computerized whole slide quantification shows increased microvascular density in pT2 prostate cancer as compared to normal prostate tissue. Prostate 2009; 69:62-9. [PMID: 18780292 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast enhanced imaging enables powerful, non-invasive diagnostics, important for detection and staging of early prostate cancer. The uptake of contrast agent is increased in prostate cancer as compared to normal prostate tissue. To reveal the underlying physiological mechanisms, quantification of tissue components in pathology specimens may yield important information. Aim of this study was to investigate whether microvascularity is increased in prostate confined cancer (pT2). METHODS Radical prostatectomy specimens of 26 patients were selected for organ confined peripheral zone tumors which were restricted to one side of the prostate. Microvessels were visualized by immunohistochemistry against CD31. Specimens were scanned using a computer controlled microscope and scanning stage and vessels were recognized automatically. Pseudocolor mappings were produced showing number of vascular profiles (MVD), vascular area (MVA) and perimeter (MVP) in an overview of the entire prostate transection. MVD is a common measure for vascularity, whereas MVA represents the 3D vascular volume and MVP the perfused surface area. Mean, coefficient of variation and 75th percentile of these parameters were calculated automatically in manually indicated areas, consisting of the entire tumor area and the corresponding normal area in the contra lateral side of the prostate. RESULTS The mappings clearly indicate areas of increased vascularity in prostate transections. In tumor tissue an increase was found compared to normal tissue of 81%, 49%, and 62% for mean MVD, mean MVA and mean MVP, respectively (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). In contrast, the heterogeneity in tumor vasculature was significantly decreased as compared to normal prostate (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of microvasculature deviated significantly in pT2 prostate tumor as compared to normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis G van Niekerk
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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69
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Zheng PP, Severijnen LA, van der Weiden M, Willemsen R, Kros JM. A crucial role of caldesmon in vascular development in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:362-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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70
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Tonar Z, Egger GF, Witter K, Wolfesberger B. Quantification of microvessels in canine lymph nodes. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:760-72. [PMID: 18615685 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of microvessels in tumors is mostly based on counts of vessel profiles in tumor hot spots. Drawbacks of this method include low reproducibility and large interobserver variance, mainly as a result of individual differences in sampling of image fields for analysis. Our aim was to test an unbiased method for quantifying microvessels in healthy and tumorous lymph nodes of dogs. The endothelium of blood vessels was detected in paraffin sections by a combination of immunohistochemistry (von Willebrand factor) and lectin histochemistry (wheat germ agglutinin) in comparison with detection of basal laminae by laminin immunohistochemistry or silver impregnation. Systematic uniform random sampling of 50 image fields was performed during photo-documentation. An unbiased counting frame (area 113,600 microm(2)) was applied to each micrograph. The total area sampled from each node was 5.68 mm(2). Vessel profiles were counted according to stereological counting rules. Inter- and intraobserver variabilities were tested. The application of systematic uniform random sampling was compared with the counting of vessel profiles in hot spots. The unbiased estimate of the number of vessel profiles per unit area ranged from 100.5 +/- 44.0/mm(2) to 442.6 +/- 102.5/mm(2) in contrast to 264 +/- 72.2/mm(2) to 771.0 +/- 108.2/mm(2) in hot spots. The advantage of using systematic uniform random sampling is its reproducibility, with reasonable interobserver and low intraobserver variance. This method also allows for the possibility of using archival material, because staining quality is not limiting as it is for image analysis, and artifacts can easily be excluded. However, this method is comparatively time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynĕk Tonar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Karlovarska 48, 301 66 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Evidence from human studies suggests that angiogenesis commences during the pre-malignant stages of cancer. Inhibiting angiogenesis may, therefore, be of potential value in preventing progression to invasive cancer. Understanding the mechanisms inducing angiogenesis in these lesions and identification of those important in human tumourigenesis are necessary to develop translational strategies that will help realise the goal of angioprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Menakuru
- Microcirculation Research Group, Academic Surgical Oncology Unit, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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Pathak AP, Hochfeld WE, Goodman SL, Pepper MS. Circulating and imaging markers for angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2008; 11:321-35. [PMID: 18925424 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-008-9119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abundant preclinical and indirect clinical data have for several decades convincingly supported the notion that anti-angiogenesis is an effective strategy for the inhibition of tumor growth. The recent success achieved in patients with metastatic colon carcinoma using a neutralizing antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has translated preclinical optimism into a clinical reality.With this transformation in the field of angiogenesis has come a need for reliable surrogate markers. A surrogate marker by definition serves as a substitute for the underlying process in question, and in the case of angiogenesis, microvessel density (usually in so-called "hot-spots") has until now been the most widely used parameter. However, this parameter is more akin to a static "snap-shot" and does not lend itself either to the dynamic in situ assessment of the status of the tumor microvasculature or to the molecular factors that regulate its growth and involution. This has led to an acute need for developing circulating and imaging markers of angiogenesis that can be monitored in vivo at repeated intervals in large number of patients with a variety of tumors in a non-invasive manner. Such markers of angiogenesis are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind P Pathak
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Ohno N, Terada N, Bai Y, Saitoh S, Nakazawa T, Nakamura N, Naito I, Fujii Y, Katoh R, Ohno S. Application of cryobiopsy to morphological and immunohistochemical analyses of xenografted human lung cancer tissues and functional blood vessels. Cancer 2008; 113:1068-79. [PMID: 18623380 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of tissue specimens obtained with common immersion-fixation followed by dehydration (IMDH) is affected by artifacts, which hinder precise evaluation of the histology and microenvironment of tumor tissues. The technical characteristics of cryobiopsy and in vivo cryotechnique (IVCT) where target organs are directly cryofixed in vivo are still unknown in practical examinations of tumor histopathology and microenvironment. METHODS Three lines of human lung cancer cells were subcutaneously injected to the dorsal flank of nude mice, and paraffin sections and cryosections of produced tumors were prepared with cryobiopsy, IVCT, the quick-freezing of the fresh resected tumor tissues, or IMDH. Histological comparison among different methods was conducted, and immunolocalization of immunoglobulin M (IgM), intravenously injected bovine serum albumin (BSA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined. RESULTS With both the cryobiopsy and IVCT, cellular morphology and open blood vessels with flowing erythrocytes could be observed without artificial shrinkage, and the volume of blood vessels was not affected by a vascular collapse, which was observed after tissue-resection. In addition, with cryobiopsy and IVCT, IgM was well preserved in functional vessels with blood flow, which could be observed with injected BSA, and the volume of IgM-immunopositive blood vessels was significantly associated with the expression of VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Cryobiopsy could be useful for histological examination of human tumors without morphological artifacts associated with IMDH. Furthermore, it allows direct examination of functional blood vessels and related signaling molecules, thereby providing a better evaluation of the human tumor microenvironment for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Increased bone marrow microvascular density in haematological malignancies is associated with differential regulation of angiogenic factors. Leukemia 2008; 23:162-9. [PMID: 18800145 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic drugs are currently tested in haematological malignancies. As these drugs target different angiogenic regulators, and as cancers are inherently heterogeneous, a detailed characterization of angiogenesis in individual cancers is needed. Hence, we measured bone marrow microvessel density (MVD), plasma concentrations of eight angiogenesis-related parameters and the expression in blood mononuclear cells of 40 angiogenesis-related mRNAs in 93 patients with haematological neoplasias (acute myeloid leukaemia; chronic lymphatic leukaemia; multiple myeloma (MM); or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)) before start and after completion of cancer therapy. Compared with healthy individuals, the patients had significantly increased bone marrow MVD, especially patients with advanced stage disease. A novel finding was that patients with NHL also had increased bone marrow MVD. The plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased. VEGF levels were highest in those who did not achieve complete remission after cancer therapy. The mRNA expression of IL-8 was upregulated 15-fold. Our data show that patients with haematological malignancies have increased bone marrow MVD; hence, supporting the notion that bone marrow angiogenesis plays a role in the pathogenesis and progression of these cancers. VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8 seem to contribute to the malignant phenotype.
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75
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Costa AF, Demasi APD, Bonfitto VLL, Bonfitto JFL, Furuse C, Araújo VC, Metze K, Altemani A. Angiogenesis in salivary carcinomas with and without myoepithelial differentiation. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:359-67. [PMID: 18795324 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether salivary carcinomas with and without myoepithelial differentiation could present differences regarding degree of angiogenesis, we compared tumor vascularization between adenoid cystic (31 cases) and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (14) versus mucoepidermoid (37) carcinoma. The expression of peroxiredoxin I was also studied to verify the potential relationship between cellular metabolism and microvascular density. Microvascular density for CD34 and CD105 were significantly lower in carcinomas with myoepithelial differentiation. However, no correlation was found between degree of angiogenesis and amounts of myoepithelial cells. High-grade peroxiredoxin I expression was found in 73.7% of mucoepidermoid carcinomas, whereas 85.1% of carcinomas with myoepithelial differentiation presented low-grade expression. In conclusion, carcinomas with myoepithelial differentiation, regardless of the amounts of myoepithelial cells, are associated to a significantly lower vascular density. The reasons for this lower angiogenic activity remain to be determined but could be related to metabolic characteristics of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Costa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Angiogenesis as a target in neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1645-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Halvorsen OJ. Molecular and prognostic markers in prostate cancer. APMIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.0s123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Dhakal HP, Naume B, Synnestvedt M, Borgen E, Kaaresen R, Schlichting E, Wiedswang G, Bassarova A, Giercksky KE, Nesland JM. Vascularization in primary breast carcinomas: its prognostic significance and relationship with tumor cell dissemination. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2341-50. [PMID: 18413823 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The interaction between tumor cells, stroma, and endothelial cells is important for the dissemination of tumor cells. The aim of the present study is to examine vascularity in primary breast carcinomas and its prognostic significance and relationship with tumor cell dissemination. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 498 invasive breast carcinomas were analyzed. Representative tumor sections were stained for CD34 and CD105, and vascularity was quantified by the Chalkley method. The relationship between Chalkley counts, vascular invasion, disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in the bone marrow, other clinicopathologic variables, and clinical outcome was evaluated. RESULTS High vascular grades determined by Chalkley counts were significantly associated with shorter distant disease-free survival and breast cancer-specific survival in all patients (P < 0.001, log-rank) and in node-negative patients not receiving adjuvant systemic therapy (P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, both CD34 and CD105 Chalkley counts showed prognostic significance for distant disease-free survival (P = 0.014 and P = 0.026), whereas CD34 also showed prognostic significance for breast cancer-specific survival (P = 0.007). Vascular invasion and DTCs in the bone marrow showed independent prognostic significance. DTC did not discriminate survival for CD34 low Chalkley counts, whereas a very poor prognosis was observed for DTC-positive patients with high CD34 counts. In node-negative patients not receiving systemic chemotherapy, high CD34 and high CD105 counts in combination identified patients with unfavorable outcome, as opposed to all other CD34/CD105 combinations. CONCLUSIONS Improved identification of risk groups could be obtained by adding CD34 and CD105 vascular analysis to DTC, vascular invasion, and other primary tumor factors. This may facilitate the selection of candidates for adjuvant systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad Dhakal
- Pathology Laboratories, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Mohammed RAA, Ellis IO, Elsheikh S, Paish EC, Martin SG. Lymphatic and angiogenic characteristics in breast cancer: morphometric analysis and prognostic implications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 113:261-73. [PMID: 18293084 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the topography of lymph vessels in breast cancer, their usefulness as prognostic factors, relationship with angiogenesis and whether active lymphangiogenesis occurs within the tumour. A series of 177 well-characterized breast cancers, with long term follow up, were stained with D2-40, CD31 and CD34. Distribution of lymphatics and lymph vessel density (LVD) were assessed in three areas, intratumoural, peripheral and peritumoural and correlated with clinicopathological criteria and patient prognosis. Microvessel density (MVD) was assessed and correlated with LVD. Double immunohistochemical staining with D2-40 and MIB-1 was carried out to assess the proliferative status of lymphatics and of the tumour emboli within. Peritumoural lymphatics were detected in all tumours whereas peripheral and intratumoural lymphatics were detected in 86 and 41% of specimens, respectively. Tumours with higher total LVD were significantly associated with the presence of lymph node (LN) metastasis and shorter overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, tumour grade, LN status and the presence of lymphovascular invasion, but not LVD, were independent poor prognostic factors. No association was found between LVD and MVD. Proliferating lymphatics were detected in 29% of specimens and were significantly associated with dense inflammatory infiltrate. In conclusion, lymphatics are located primarily in the peritumoural and peripheral areas in breast cancer and seem to play an important role in disease progression by being routes for tumour dissemination. The lack of correlation between lymphangiogenic and angiogenic characteristics suggests two distinct processes and the presence of active lymphangiogenesis, albeit in a small portion of specimens, may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab A A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Abstract
For a tumor to grow beyond a limited volume of 1-2 mm(3), the tumor cells must not only proliferate, but they must be able to induce the growth of new capillary blood vessels from the host. As early as 1971, it was proposed that tumor growth was dependent on angiogenesis; and, that tumor cells and blood vessels composed a highly integrated ecosystem, that endothelial cells could be switched from a resting state to one of rapid growth by a diffusible signal from tumor cells, and that anti-angiogenesis may become an effective anti-cancer therapy. Indeed, now there is considerable indirect and direct evidence to show that tumor growth is angiogenesis dependent, that tumor cells can produce diffusible angiogenic regulatory molecules, and that angiogenesis inhibitors can slow or prevent tumor growth, and that angiogenesis is a relevant target for anti-cancer therapy. Measuring intratumoral microvessel density (iMVD) in vascular "hot spots" has been shown to correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. This chapter reviews the techniques available for measuring iMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Weidner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Stieger SM, Dayton PA, Borden MA, Caskey CF, Griffey SM, Wisner ER, Ferrara KW. Imaging of angiogenesis using Cadence™ contrast pulse sequencing and targeted contrast agents. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 3:9-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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He J, Luster TA, Thorpe PE. Radiation-enhanced vascular targeting of human lung cancers in mice with a monoclonal antibody that binds anionic phospholipids. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5211-8. [PMID: 17785577 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New treatment strategies aimed at damaging tumor vasculature could potentially improve tumor response to radiation therapy. We recently showed that anionic phospholipids, principally phosphatidylserine, are specifically exposed on the luminal surface of tumor blood vessels. Here we tested the hypothesis that radiation therapy can increase phosphatidylserine exposure on lung tumor vasculature, thereby enhancing the antitumor properties of the anti-phosphatidylserine antibody 2aG4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy plus 2aG4 was tested in nude mice bearing radiation-resistant A549 human lung tumors. Radiation-induced phosphatidylserine exposure on endothelial cells and A549 tumor cells was analyzed by immunofluoresence staining. The mechanism of the enhanced antitumor effect was examined by histology and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity experiments. RESULTS Focal irradiation of A549 human lung cancer xenografts increased the percentage of tumor vessels with exposed phosphatidylserine from 4% to 26%. Treatment of mice bearing A549 tumors with 2aG4 plus focal radiation therapy inhibited tumor growth by 80% and was superior to radiation therapy or 2aG4 alone (P < 0.01). Combination therapy reduced blood vessel density and enhanced monocyte infiltration into the tumor mass beyond that observed with individual treatments. In vitro, 2aG4 enhanced the ability of macrophages to kill endothelial cells with exposed phosphatidylserine in an Fc'-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results suggest that 2aG4 enhances the antitumor effects of radiation therapy by increasing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward tumor vessels with externalized phosphatidylserine. Bavituximab, a chimeric version of 2aG4 in clinical trials, has the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA
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83
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Gunningham SP, Currie MJ, Morrin HR, Tan EY, Turley H, Dachs GU, Watson AI, Frampton C, Robinson BA, Fox SB. The angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase up-regulates the cell adhesion molecule P-selectin in human vascular endothelial cells and is associated with P-selectin expression in breast cancers. J Pathol 2007; 212:335-44. [PMID: 17487938 DOI: 10.1002/path.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an angiogenic enzyme, catalysing the reversible phosphorylation of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxyribose. TP is up-regulated in neoplasia, being associated with advanced tumour stage, microvessel density and prognosis in several tumour types. Although TP is a non-mitogenic migratory factor for endothelium, the mechanism by which TP mediates these effects is still unclear. We compared the gene expression profile of endothelial cells grown in vitro in the presence or absence of TP by cDNA microarray analysis. To determine the time-course of TP angiogenic induction, endothelial cells were stimulated with TP (10 ng/ml) for 5 and 18 h. Gene expression levels of Tie2, angiopoietin (Ang)1 and Ang2, measured by RNase protection assay (RPA), showed maximal alteration at 18 h. cDNA from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) grown for 18 h in the presence or absence of TP (10 ng/ml) was hybridized to a human cDNA cytokine array representing 375 angiogenic genes. Significantly altered expression occurred in 89 human angiogenic genes (72 genes were up-regulated and 17 down-regulated). Changes in five genes relevant to vascular remodelling biology (Tie2, nNos, P-selectin, ephrin-B1 and TP) were validated in triplicate experiments by real-time RT-PCR. But only P-selectin gene expression remained significant. Correlation between P-selectin and TP was assessed by immunohistochemistry on 161 human breast cancers, using human tissue microarray. Tumour cell TP correlated with tumour cell P-selectin but not with endothelial cell P-selectin. These data show that TP stimulates changes in mRNA expression maximally after 18 h culture in vitro. It confirms a role for TP in vascular remodelling involving several classes of genes, including the cell adhesion molecule, P-selectin. Although confirmation of the role of TP-mediated cell adhesion molecule (CAM) induction is required; however, this pathway may provide an attractive therapeutic target, since it is likely to affect several important tumour processes, including angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gunningham
- Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
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84
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Soares AB, Juliano PB, Araujo VC, Metze K, Altemani A. Angiogenic switch during tumor progression of carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:65-71. [PMID: 17593387 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the tumor vascularization in carcinomas ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) to investigate the angiogenic switch during the malignant transformation of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) to carcinoma and during tumor progression. In eight cases of early CXPA (intracapsular and minimally invasive tumors), eight of advanced CXPA (widely invasive tumors), and ten of PA without malignant transformation, tumor vascularization was assessed in histological samples by measuring total microvascular area (TVA) and microvessel density (MVD) using CD34 and CD105 antibodies. MVD for CD105 increased significantly during tumor progression, whereas this was not the case for CD34 MVD. Comparing widely invasive CXPA with and without myoepithelial differentiation, CXPA with myoepithelial differentiation showed a significantly lower number of CD105 positive vessels but revealed higher TVA values. In these tumors, the neoplastic cells usually formed larger hypovascularized aggregates that were often surrounded by large-sized vessels. In conclusion, the antibody CD105 reveals an angiogenic switch during the progression from adenoma to carcinoma in salivary glands. The degree of angiogenesis and the total vascular area have distinctive patterns in CXPA with and without myoepithelial differentiation. Low angiogenesis associated with high TVA value is more characteristic of CXPA with myoepithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Soares
- Department of Pathology, Medical Science Faculty, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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85
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Salgado KB, Toscani NV, Silva LLM, Hilbig A, Barbosa-Coutinho LM. Immunoexpression of endoglin in brain metastasis secondary to malignant melanoma: evaluation of angiogenesis and comparison with brain metastasis secondary to breast and lung carcinomas. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:403-10. [PMID: 17564791 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are linked to poor prognosis. After carcinomas of the lung and breast, malignant melanomas (MM) are the next type of neoplasm with the higher metastatic dissemination involving the central nervous system and that has the worst prognosis after metastasis has been diagnosed. Angiogenesis has been linked to tumor growth and metastasis. Among the immunomarkers of angiogenesis, endoglin (CD105) is the most specific antibody, since it is a marker for tumor endothelium, and expression of CD105 has been observed to be associated with prognosis in several types of tumor, which is not always observed in melanomas. This study investigated angiogenesis in brain metastasis secondary to malignant melanomas and compared these with brain metastasis secondary to carcinomas of the lung and breast, through expression of CD105 (endoglin). The study investigated 93 cases of brain metastasis secondary to MM (33) and carcinomas of the lung (31) and breast (29), assessing endoglin immunoexpression, number of microvessels and diameter of tumor vessels. Tumor microvessels were counted using a modified version of the Chalkley technique. The observed difference between MM and breast carcinoma was statistically significant (P = 0.026). The difference between MM and lung carcinoma was not significant (P = 0.218). Vascular diameter observation revealed no statistical difference between the vascular size of neoplastic vessels in MM and in breast and lung carcinomas. Of the tumors investigated here, malignant melanomas were shown to have the lowest number of microvessels and had intermediate tumor vessel diameter as compared to carcinomas of the lungs and breast. Such results were not expected to be found in neoplasms such as melanomas that, besides presenting high dissemination capacity, have a high index of hemorrhage secondary to brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina B Salgado
- Postgraduate Pathology Program, Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Pinheiro Machado 2804/11, Caxias do Sul, RS 95020-172, Brazil.
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86
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Ozer E, Altungoz O, Unlu M, Aygun N, Tumer S, Olgun N. Association of MYCN Amplification and 1p Deletion in Neuroblastomas with High Tumor Vascularity. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 15:181-6. [PMID: 17525631 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000210418.38246.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The biologic behavior of neuroblastoma (NB) is extremely variable; therefore, the clinical behavior may be reliably predicted based on the analysis of a panel of prognostic parameters. High vascular density has been correlated with aggressive tumor progression in many types of cancers. The goal of this study was to correlate the tumor vascularity in NB with status of MYCN and the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p) to address the association between angiogenesis and genetic markers of prognostic significance. The study population consisted of 33 patients with histologically proven diagnosis of primary NB and no history of previous chemotherapy. Histologic quantitation of tumor angiogenesis was performed using 3 different methods: microvessel density, vascular grading, and Chalkley counting. MYCN amplification and 1p deletion were determined by using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique. The differentiation and mitosis-karyorrhexis index of tumor cells were also assessed using the Shimada System. MYCN amplification was present in 12 cases (36.3%), and 1p deletion in 16 (48.5%). Both genetic changes significantly correlated with increased tumor vascularity. In addition, tumor vascularity was significantly increased in tumors with high mitosis-karyorrhexis index or of undifferentiated histology. We conclude that angiogenesis shows close association with histologic and genetic prognosticators in NB. Our data support the validity of recent applications of antiangiogenic agents which interfere or block NB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdener Ozer
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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87
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Yoo H, Baia GS, Smith JS, McDermott MW, Bollen AW, Vandenberg SR, Lamborn KR, Lal A. Expression of the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 is associated with anaplastic phenotypes in meningiomas. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:68-75. [PMID: 17200340 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment triggers a variety of genetic and adaptive responses that regulate tumor growth. Tumor hypoxia is often associated with more malignant phenotypes, resistance to therapy, and poor survival. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypoxia in meningiomas using the endogenous hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and to relate the expression of CA9 to tumor vascularity, histopathologic grade, and clinical variables, such as recurrent tumor status. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of CA9 and CD34, an endothelial cell marker, was examined in serial paraffin-embedded sections by immunohistochemistry in 25 grade 1, 17 grade 2, and 20 grade 3 meningiomas. Areas of immunoreactivity were semiquantitatively scored and correlated to clinical variables using Statistical Analysis System statistical software. RESULTS Approximately 50% (29 of 62) of all meningiomas contained regions of hypoxia as judged by expression of CA9, and this expression was significantly associated with higher-grade histology (P = 0.001). In contrast, vascularity, as assessed by the percentage of vascular hotspots, was inversely associated with tumor grade (P = 0.023) and was not associated with CA9 expression. Among lower-grade meningiomas, CA9 expression tended to be more common in recurrent tumors. CONCLUSIONS Tumor hypoxia is an endogenous feature of meningiomas, and therapeutic regimens should include strategies to target the subpopulation of hypoxic as well as the normoxic cells within the tumor. Hypoxia in meningiomas is associated with an aggressive phenotype. Further studies to define the contribution of hypoxia to meningioma pathophysiology are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Yoo
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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88
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Mohammed RAA, Green A, El-Shikh S, Paish EC, Ellis IO, Martin SG. Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial cell growth factors -A, -C and -D in breast cancer and their relationship with angio- and lymphangiogenesis. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1092-100. [PMID: 17353919 PMCID: PMC2360132 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell growth factors (VEGF)-A, -C and -D have potent angio and lymphangiogenic functions in experimental models, although their role in the progression of human breast cancer is unclear. The aims of the current study were to examine the relationship between the expression of the aforementioned growth factors with the angio and lymphangiogenic characteristics of breast cancer, and to assess their suitability as potential prognostic factors. Paraffin-embedded sections of 177 primary invasive breast cancer, with complete clinical follow-up information for 10 years, were stained for VEGF-A, -C, -D, podoplanin and CD34 using standard immunohistochemical approaches. The expression of the growth factors was correlated with clinicopathological criteria and patients’ survival. Lymph vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) were assessed and correlated with expression of the growth factors. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A, -C and -D were highly expressed in 40, 37 and 42% of specimens, respectively. High expression of VEGF-A and - C, but not of -D, was associated with a higher LVD (P=0.013 and P=0.014, respectively), a higher MVD (P<0.001 and P=0.002, respectively), the presence of lymph node metastasis (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively), distant metastasis (P=0.010 and P=0.008, respectively) and a shorter Overall Survival (P=0.029 and 0.028, respectively). In conclusion, breast cancers that express high levels of VEGF-A and -C are characterised by a poor prognosis, likely through the induction of angio and lymphangiogenesis. Examination of expression of VEGF-A and -C in breast cancer may be beneficial in the identification of a subset of tumours that have a higher probability of recurrence and metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK
- Histopathology Departments, University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK
| | - A Green
- Histopathology Departments, University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK
| | - S El-Shikh
- Histopathology Departments, University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK
| | - E C Paish
- Histopathology Departments, University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK
| | - I O Ellis
- Histopathology Departments, University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK
| | - S G Martin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK
- E-mail:
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89
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Hillen F, van de Winkel A, Creytens D, Vermeulen AHM, Griffioen AW. Proliferating endothelial cells, but not microvessel density, are a prognostic parameter in human cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2007; 16:453-7. [PMID: 17013095 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000232291.68666.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The induction of angiogenesis is crucial in the development of most human tumors. Angiogenesis is routinely assessed by the density of tumor microvessels. This technique reveals controversial results on the clinical and prognostic value of angiogenesis in melanoma. We investigated angiogenesis in tumor tissues of 58 cutaneous melanoma patients, of which a clinical follow-up of over 10 years was available, through assessment of microvessel density and by enumeration of the number of proliferating endothelial cells. To that end, vessels were immunohistochemically detected by CD31/CD34 staining, and proliferating endothelial cells were enumerated in a double staining with the proliferation marker Ki67. We found that microvessel density did not correlate with tumor stage or survival, neither in intratumoral nor in peritumoral areas. In contrast, proliferating endothelial cells were only observed in intratumoral areas and were correlated positively with tumor stage and the presence of distant metastases. In addition, a strong positive correlation was found with the number of proliferating tumor cells. Finally, high numbers of growing endothelial cells predicted short survival. Our results show that angiogenesis could best be measured by enumeration of proliferating endothelial cells and that this parameter has prognostic value in patients with cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Hillen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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90
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Wei MQ, Ellem KAO, Dunn P, West MJ, Bai CX, Vogelstein B. Facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria have the potential for multimodality therapy of solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:490-6. [PMID: 17113280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent understanding of the unique pathology of solid tumours has shed light on the difficult and disappointing nature of their clinical treatment. All solid tumours undergo angiogenesis that results in biological changes and adaptive metabolisms, i.e. formation of defective vessels, appearance of hypoxic areas, and emergence of an heterogeneous tumour cell population. This micro-milieu provides a haven for anaerobic bacteria. The strictly anaerobic clostridia have several advantages over other facultative anaerobes such as salmonella or lactic acid-producing, Gram-positive, obligate, anaerobic bifidobacteria. Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic clostridia have been demonstrated to specifically colonise and destroy solid tumours. Early trials of non-pathogenic strains in humans had shown plausible safety. Genetic modifications and adaptation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains have further created improved features. However, these manipulations rarely generate strains that resulted in complete tumour control alone. Combined modalities of therapies with chemo and radiation therapies, on the other hand, often perform better, including 'cure' of solid tumours in a high percentage of animals. Considering that clostridia have unlimited capacities for genetic improvement, we predict that designer clostridia forecast a promising future for the development of potent strains for tumour destruction, incorporating mechanisms such as immunotherapy to overcome immune suppression and to elicit strong anti-tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Q Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Qld 4032, Australia.
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91
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Li C, Mollahan P, Baguneid MS, McMahon RF, Kumar P, Walker MG, Freemont AJ, Kumar S. A comparative study of neovascularisation in atherosclerotic plaques using CD31, CD105 and TGF beta 1. Pathobiology 2007; 73:192-7. [PMID: 17119348 DOI: 10.1159/000096020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to identify plaque neovascularisation using antibodies to CD31, CD105 and TGFbeta1, and to compare their patterns of expression. METHODS Tissue expression of CD31, CD105 and TGFbeta1 was examined immunohistologically in atherosclerotic plaques from 53 patients who had undergone carotid endarterectomy and in 10 controls. RESULTS CD31 was observed in a proportion of the microvessels within atheroma. The expression of CD105 was barely visible in normal arteries, but was markedly enhanced in atherosclerotic plaques. The vast majority of the microvessels in atheroma were positive for CD105 with pronounced expression around the periphery of the lipid core. In consecutive sections, microvessels showing negative staining for CD31 were positive for CD105. Although TGFbeta1 was seen in the thickened intima, it was more strongly expressed in well-formed fibrous plaques. Consecutive sections showed that some microvessels were stained by both CD105 and TGFbeta1, but in certain areas microvessels were exclusively CD105 positive. CONCLUSIONS These observations highlight the distinctive expression patterns of CD31, CD105 and TGFbeta1, suggesting their specific roles in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. CD105 is almost universally expressed in microvessels within the atheroma and is therefore a better vascular marker than CD31 and TGFbeta1for assessing neovascularisation in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical School and Christie Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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92
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Nikitenko LL, Cross T, Campo L, Turley H, Leek R, Manek S, Bicknell R, Rees MCP. Expression of terminally glycosylated calcitonin receptor-like receptor in uterine leiomyoma: endothelial phenotype and association with microvascular density. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5648-58. [PMID: 17020966 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role for the hypoxia-inducible angiogenic factor adrenomedullin (AM) in tumor growth and progression has been suggested. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CL) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates effects of AM, but little information is available on its expression and functional state in human tumors. The present study attempted to determine CL potential for antiangiogenic therapy of uterine leiomyoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS GPCR CL is transported to the cell surface and recognized by AM only when terminally/mature glycosylated. The presence and localization of this form of the receptor in tumor and surrounding myometrial tissues obtained from leiomyoma-bearing uteri were examined using deglycosylation, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. The mature CL glycoprotein was expressed in both tissues and localized exclusively in normal and tumor endothelium within leiomyoma-bearing uteri. The functionality of the receptor expressed in myometrial microvascular endothelial cells (MMVEC) was examined in vitro using receptor internalization and angiogenic assays. The mature CL glycoprotein expressed by primary MMVECs was functional because AM interacted with this GPCR and induced its internalization as well as angiogenic effects (proliferation and migration) in MMVECs in vitro. Finally, the levels of tissue-expressed mature CL glycoprotein as a functional form of this GPCR were analyzed by immunoblotting. The expression of this functional form of the receptor in vivo was significantly decreased (P = 0.01) in leiomyoma tissue, and this was concurrent with the decrease in microvascular density (measured by Chalkley counting) in tumor compared with surrounding myometrium (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that GPCR CL mediates angiogenic effects of AM in myometrium and that further evaluation of the properties of the CL expressed in both normal and tumor endothelium in vivo may be essential before targeting this endothelial GPCR for antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Nikitenko
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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93
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Abstract
Endothelial cells play a key role in the development and function of blood and lymph vessels. Excessive proliferation and transformation of endothelial cells lead to pathological angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis or vascular malfunctions which are hallmarks of malignant disorders. There is emerging evidence that circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) also contribute significantly to these processes. Major progress has been achieved over the past few years in the identification of key molecules involved, and in targeting tumour angiogenesis for human therapy. Current research efforts are concentrated on deciphering the origin and functional properties of endothelium in various tumours, as well as endothelial neoplasms themselves. The aim of these studies is to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating mobilisation of EPCs from bone marrow, and their homing and differentiation into mature endothelium in situ at sites of neovascularisation, as well as the role of viral oncogenes in regulating the plasticity and extending the life span of endothelial cells. Integrated understanding of the mechanisms regulating the properties and function of endothelial cells during tumourigenesis is resulting in the development of a number of exciting and bold approaches for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nikitenko
- CR U.K. Viral Oncology Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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94
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Sundar SS, Zhang H, Brown P, Manek S, Han C, Kaur K, Charnock MFL, Jackson D, Ganesan TS. Role of lymphangiogenesis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1650-7. [PMID: 16685274 PMCID: PMC2361318 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the significance of lymphatic count, vascular count and angiogenic growth factors using immunohistochemistry in 108 tumour specimens of epithelial ovarian cancer with antibodies to lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE-1), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) in epithelial ovarian cancer to understand the pathogenesis of metastasis in ovarian cancer. The effect of prognostic variables on progression-free and overall survival was assessed. On multivariate analysis, bulky residual disease after surgery was the best prognostic indicator (P<0.001) for progression-free and overall survival (P<0.001). Lymphatic count was statistically significant as a prognostic factor for progression-free (P=0.05) and overall survival (P=0.04). However, lymphatic count did not impact on survival curves. No correlation was found between lymphatic count and age, histological subtype, FIGO stage or residual disease. Vascular count, VEGF or TP expressions were not significant in either analysis. Lymphatic spread may be significant in aiding metastases in ovarian cancer but requires other biological factors to act in conjunction, as it does not have clearcut prognostic significance. Dissemination of ovarian cancer does not occur primarily through vascular or lymphatic routes but may occur through direct intraperitoneal spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sundar
- Ovarian Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Ovarian Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - P Brown
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - S Manek
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - C Han
- Cancer Research UK, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - K Kaur
- Cancer Research UK, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - M F L Charnock
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - D Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - T S Ganesan
- Ovarian Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- E-mail:
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95
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Abstract
The process of building new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and controlling the propagation of blood vessels (anti-angiogenesis) are fundamental to human health, as they play key roles in wound healing and tissue growth. More than 500 million people may stand to benefit from anti- or pro-angiogenic treatments in the coming decades [National Cancer Institute (USA), Cancer Bulletin, volume 3, no. 9, 2006]. The use of animal models to assay angiogenesis is crucial to the search for therapeutic agents that inhibit angiogenesis in the clinical setting. Examples of persons that would benefit from these therapies are cancer patients, as cancer growth and spread is angiogenesis-dependent, and patients with aberrant angiogenesis in the eye, which may lead to blindness or defective sight. Recently, anti-angiogenesis therapies have been introduced successfully in the clinic, representing a turning point in tumor therapy and the treatment of macular degeneration and heralding a new era for the treatment of several commonly occurring angiogenesis-related diseases. On the other hand, pro-angiogenic therapies that promote compensatory angiogenesis in hypoxic tissues, such as those subjected to ischemia in myocardial or cerebral hypoxia due to occluding lesions in the coronary or cerebral arteries, respectively, and in cases of poor wound healing, are also being developed. In this review, the current major and newly introduced preclinical angiogenesis assays are described and discussed in terms of their specific advantages and disadvantages from the biological, technical, economical and ethical perspectives. These assays include the corneal micropocket, chick chorioallantoic membrane, rodent mesentery, subcutaneous (s.c.) sponge/matrix/alginate microbead, s.c. Matrigel plug, s.c. disc, and s.c. directed in vivo angiogenesis assays, as well as, the zebrafish system and several additional assays. A note on quantitative techniques for assessing angiogenesis in patients is also included. The currently utilized preclinical assays are not equivalent in terms of efficacy or relevance to human disease. Some of these assays have significance for screening, while others are used primarily in studies of dosage-effects, molecular structure activities, and the combined effects of two or more agents on angiogenesis. When invited to write this review, I was asked to describe in some detail the rodent mesenteric-window angiogenesis assay, which has not received extensive coverage in previous reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Norrby
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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96
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Santel A, Aleku M, Keil O, Endruschat J, Esche V, Durieux B, Löffler K, Fechtner M, Röhl T, Fisch G, Dames S, Arnold W, Giese K, Klippel A, Kaufmann J. RNA interference in the mouse vascular endothelium by systemic administration of siRNA-lipoplexes for cancer therapy. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1360-70. [PMID: 16625242 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) entails the potential for novel therapeutic strategies through the silencing of disease-causing genes in vivo. However, recent studies have raised an issue regarding applicable routes of administration for small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules as therapeutics. In this study, we demonstrate that liposomally formulated siRNA molecules, the so-called siRNA-lipoplexes, but not naked siRNAs, are delivered to the tumor endothelial cells in vivo by microscopy. In addition, functional intracellular delivery of formulated siRNA targeting the tumor suppressor PTEN is shown in endothelial cells of the liver and tumor. Finally, the therapeutic potential of systemically administered siRNA(CD31)-lipoplexes is established by inhibition of tumor growth in two different xenograft mouse models. Our findings corroborate the applicability of this liposomal siRNA delivery technology for inducing RNAi to modulate gene expression levels in angiogenesis-dependent processes. In addition, our results advocate CD31 as a promising therapeutic target for antiangiogenic intervention. Therefore, our study provides a basis for the development of antiangiogenic cancer therapies based on RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santel
- Atugen AG (SR Pharma plc subsidiary), Berlin, Germany
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Ziemssen F, Wegner R, Wegner J, Tatar O, Süsskind D, Gelisken F, Rohrbach M, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Grisanti S. Analysis of neovasculature in uveal melanoma by targeting the TGFbeta-binding receptor endoglin: is there prognostic relevance of proliferating endothelium? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244:1124-31. [PMID: 16523306 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoglin/CD105 is a transmembrane regulatory receptor for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) that is predominantly expressed on proliferating endothelial cells (ECs) in culture and on angiogenic blood vessels in vivo. Endoglin has been associated with angiogenesis and prognosis in several malignancies. Although microvascular structure has been characterized by a variety of different other endothelial markers so far, there is no consensus on the prognostic value of microvessel quantification in uveal melanoma due to differences in tissue pretreatment, variability in the reactivity of endothelial cell markers, blood vessel counting methods, and vasculogenic mimicry by melanoma cells expressing endothelial cell markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of endoglin and to evaluate whether proliferative activity of ECs determines the clinical prognosis of uveal melanoma. METHODS Paraffin sections from 35 clinicopathologically well-characterized cases of primary uveal melanomas were stained for Ki-67, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and endoglin. In 16 cases, metastatic disease led to death. The mean follow-up of the nonmetastasized cases was 10.6 (9-13) years. The immunohistological specimens were evaluated by three independent observers who were masked to the follow-up of patients. Statistical analyzes included Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the fitting of log-rank and Wilcoxon test models. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry with vWF confirmed that all examined specimens were vascularized. Expression of Ki-67 could be found in 26 (74%) of the samples. Moderate to high expression of endoglin was found in 13 cases (37%). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association (p<0.001) between an enhanced endoglin expression and death due to metastatic uveal melanoma. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates for the first time that the expression of endoglin can be used as a specific marker for angiogenesis in uveal melanomas. Thus, differentiation between the quiescent and proliferating ECs enables the location and characterization of hot spots of angiogenesis in melanomas. The data suggest not only a prognostic relevance in individual patients but promise applications in assessing the efficacy of antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Focke Ziemssen
- Department of Ophthalmology I, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Charlesworth PJS, Harris AL. Mechanisms of Disease: angiogenesis in urologic malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:157-69. [PMID: 16528288 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for growth of tumors and their metastasis. In this article we review the literature on studies of angiogenesis pathways and markers for renal cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer. Overall, there is clear evidence that markers of angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors are associated with adverse outcomes in each of these tumor types. Relatively few angiogenic pathways have been investigated so far, although over 50 factors are known to be involved, and little has been studied on the antiangiogenic pathways and their suppression. The failing in many of the studies is small size and lack of suitable statistical analysis. Nevertheless, this review demonstrates the importance of these pathways and the need to develop selection criteria for patients who are candidates for antiangiogenic therapies. On the basis of the expression profiles reported so far, therapies that target vascular endothelial growth factor should be considered for the treatment of renal, prostate and bladder cancers. As most tumors express factors that are involved in multiple angiogenic pathways, further research is needed to determine which are coregulated and what the most common patterns are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J S Charlesworth
- Angiogenesis and Growth Factors Group, Wetherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals Medical Oncology Department, John Radcliffe and Churchill Hospitals, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Cuenod CA, Fournier L, Balvay D, Guinebretière JM. Tumor angiogenesis: pathophysiology and implications for contrast-enhanced MRI and CT assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 31:188-93. [PMID: 16447089 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-005-0386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The process of tumor neoangiogenesis plays a central role in the growth and spread of tumors. It is currently a leading theme in oncology, and many new drugs targeting the tumor neoangiogenic process are under development. Expanding tumors become hypoxic and tumor cells express transcription factors, such as the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which induce the release of proangiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and transforming growth factors that promote the formation of new capillaries by recruiting, activating, and stimulating endothelial cells. Activated endothelial cells secrete matrix metalloproteases, which degrade the basement membrane and the extracellular matrix, and adhesion receptors such as integrins alphavbeta(3), which allow their migration into the extracellular matrix toward the tumor cells. The newly grown vessels are immature and differ from normal capillaries. They are tortuous and irregular, resulting in poorly efficient perfusion, they are leaky (especially to macromolecules), and they are independent of the normal mechanisms of regulation of the capillary blood flow. Moreover, tumor microcirculation is heterogeneous. Evaluation of angiogenesis can be used as a prognostic marker to evaluate the aggressiveness of tumor and as a potential predictive marker of antiangiogenic treatment response. Histopathologic techniques of microvascular density indexes require invasive tissue sampling and need to be standardized. Hemodynamic characteristics of immature neovessels can be noninvasively assessed by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Tissue enhancement depends on arterial input function, kinetic of distribution of blood into the capillary bed, leakage across the capillary walls, and volume of the interstitial space. Pharmacodynamic models allow the evaluation of microvascular parameters of tissue blood flow, tissue blood volume, tissue interstitial volume, mean transit time, and permeability by surface of capillary wall. Methods based on dynamic contrast enhancement have been shown to correlate with conventional outcome methods such as histopathologic studies and survival. Radiologists must be convinced that, by using this emerging and promising approach, it is becoming possible to gain functional information during routine tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Cuenod
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen G. Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, Paris, France.
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100
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Abstract
Formation of embryonic blood and lymph vessels is mediated by different steps of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The vascular endothelial growth factor family (VEGF) as well as the VEGF-receptors on the surface of blood endothelial cells and lymph endothelial cells are responsible for both processes. In addition to the embryonic development of the vessel systems, the interactions of angiogenesis factors and receptors are also present in solid tumors. Embryonic tumors in children offer an interesting target for new substances developed for anti-angiogenesis. Some data on the role of blood vessels and anti-blood-angiogenesis are available on embryonic tumors. However, studies of lymph-angiogenesis are not found and anti-lymph-angiogenesis is not at all examined in embryonic tumors. This review gives an overview of the challenging field of angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis of both blood and lymph vessels with a focus on embryonic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Rössler
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Mathildenstr. 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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