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Tsubokawa M, Sato S. In Vitro Analysis of Human Periodontal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1135-42. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Effect of repeated adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on subgingival periodontal pathogens in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:1647-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Khan FY, Jan SM, Mushtaq M. Clinical utility of locally-delivered collagen-based biodegradable tetracycline fibers in periodontal therapy: an in vivo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:307-12. [PMID: 25044345 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of resorbable collagen-based tetracycline fibers (Periodontal Plus AB fibers) given as an adjunct to scaling and root planing, with the clinical effects of scaling and root planning delivered as a monotherapy, in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. METHODS A split-mouth design was used to conduct this study. Forty patients with periodontal pockets ranging from ≥ 5 mm to ≤ 7 mm, with minimum of two sites in two non-adjacent quadrants, were selected for the study. The treatment sites in each patient were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. All of the selected sites were treated with scaling and root planning, and then collagen-based resorbable tetracycline fibers were placed adjunctively in the experimental sites at the same visit. Baseline and follow-up measurements in both treatment groups included plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, probing pocket depth, and relative attachment level. RESULTS Although significant clinical benefits were obtained in both treatment groups, the adjunctive antimicrobial use of tetracycline fibers demonstrated better results compared to the control group over the 3-month observational period. CONCLUSIONS The delivery of antimicrobial agent tetracycline in a collagen matrix was found to improve the benefits of scaling and root planing by a larger magnitude in patients with moderate-to-deep pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayiza Yaqoob Khan
- Post-Graduate Departments of Periodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar, India
| | - Suhail Majid Jan
- Post-Graduate Departments of Periodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar, India
| | - Mubashir Mushtaq
- Post-Graduate Departments of Periodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Government Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar, India
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Trindade F, Oppenheim FG, Helmerhorst EJ, Amado F, Gomes PS, Vitorino R. Uncovering the molecular networks in periodontitis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:748-61. [PMID: 24828325 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex immune-inflammatory disease that results from a preestablished infection in gingiva, mainly due to Gram-negative bacteria that colonize deeper in gingival sulcus and latter periodontal pocket. Host inflammatory and immune responses have both protective and destructive roles. Although cytokines, prostaglandins, and proteases struggle against microbial burden, these molecules promote connective tissue loss and alveolar bone resorption, leading to several histopathological changes, namely destruction of periodontal ligament, deepening of periodontal pocket, and bone loss, which can converge to attain tooth loss. Despite the efforts of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics/peptidomics, and metabolomics, there is no available biomarker for periodontitis diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation, which could assist on the established clinical evaluation. Nevertheless, some genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites have already shown a different expression in healthy subjects and in patients. Though, so far, 'omics approaches only disclosed the host inflammatory response as a consequence of microbial invasion in periodontitis and the diagnosis in periodontitis still relies on clinical parameters, thus a molecular tool for assessing periodontitis lacks in current dental medicine paradigm. Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid have been attracting researchers due to their diagnostic potential, ease, and noninvasive nature of collection. Each one of these fluids has some advantages and disadvantages that are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Wen WC, Kuo PJ, Chiang CY, Chin YT, Fu MM, Fu E. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate AttenuatesPorphyromonas gingivalisLipopolysaccharide-Enhanced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Production Through Inhibition of Interleukin-6 in Gingival Fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2014; 85:868-75. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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56
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Popova C, Dosseva-Panova V, Panov V. Microbiology of Periodontal Diseases. A Review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2013.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Singh KP, Chhabra G, Sharma V, Pathak K. Thermosensitive periodontal sol of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and serratiopeptidase: Pharmaceutical and mechanical analysis. Int J Pharm Investig 2014; 4:5-14. [PMID: 24678456 PMCID: PMC3944617 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.127734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present work was to explore the development of a dual-controlled release periodontal system of a potent broad spectrum first-generation fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin, and the anti-inflammatory enzyme serratiopeptidase (STP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on 3(2) full factorial design, thermoreversible periodontal sols capable of controlled dual delivery of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and STP were designed using pluronic F127 and carbopol 934P as thermosensitive gelling polymers. Sol gel transition characteristics, %cumulative drug release at 48(th) h and exvivo mucoadhesive strength were designated as dependent responses. The sols were mucoadhesive, syringeable, and inverted into gels at simulated periodontal cavity temperature. RESULTS F9 with optimal drug release was identified as the best formulation. Extra design check point generated using Design Expert software 8.02 (Stat-Ease, USA) validated the experimental design. Textural analysis revealed that the developed sols were syringeable and spreadable enough for periodontal treatment so it can be expected that hardness and compressibility of sols would pose no problem during clinical application. The in vitro release behavior exhibited controlled release of both cipro HCl and STP (>90% release). CONCLUSION A dual-controlled release thermoreversible periodontal sol of ciproflaxin and STP was successfully developed. Incorporation of STP as anti-inflammatory agent has the potential of developing a therapeutically efficacious system of cipro HCl for treatment of periodontal inflammatory anaerobic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gulshan Chhabra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Susin C, Wikesjö UME. Regenerative periodontal therapy: 30 years of lessons learned and unlearned. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:232-42. [PMID: 23574469 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we reflect upon advances and hindrances encountered over the last three decades in the development of strategies for periodontal regeneration. In this soul-searching pursuit we focus on revisiting lessons learned that should guide us in the quest for the reconstruction of the lost periodontium. We also examine beliefs and traditions that should be unlearned so that we can continue to advance the field. This learned/unlearned body of knowledge is consolidated into core principles to help us to develop new therapeutic approaches to benefit our patients and ultimately our society.
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Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease that affects the tooth-supporting tissues and exhibits a wide range of clinical, microbiological and immunological manifestations. The disease is associated with and is probably caused by a multifaceted dynamic interaction of specific infectious agents, host immune responses, harmful environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility factors. This volume of Periodontology 2000 covers key subdisciplines of periodontology, ranging from etiopathogeny to therapy, with emphasis on diagnosis, classification, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, immunology, systemic complications, anti-infective therapy, reparative treatment, self-care and affordability issues. Learned and unlearned concepts of periodontitis over the past 50 years have shaped our current understanding of the etiology of the disease and of clinical practice.
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Armitage GC. Learned and unlearned concepts in periodontal diagnostics: a 50-year perspective. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:20-36. [PMID: 23574462 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, conceptual changes in the field of periodontal diagnostics have paralleled those associated with a better scientific understanding of the full spectrum of processes that affect periodontal health and disease. Fifty years ago, concepts regarding the diagnosis of periodontal diseases followed the classical pathology paradigm. It was believed that the two basic forms of destructive periodontal disease were chronic inflammatory periodontitis and 'periodontosis'- a degenerative condition. In the subsequent 25 years it was shown that periodontosis was an infection. By 1987, major new concepts regarding the diagnosis and pathogenesis of periodontitis included: (i) all cases of untreated gingivitis do not inevitably progress to periodontitis; (ii) progression of untreated periodontitis is often episodic; (iii) some sites with untreated periodontitis do not progress; (iv) a rather small population of specific bacteria ('periodontal pathogens') appear to be the main etiologic agents of chronic inflammatory periodontitis; and (v) tissue damage in periodontitis is primarily caused by inflammatory and immunologic host responses to infecting agents. The concepts that were in place by 1987 are still largely intact in 2012. However, in the decades to come, it is likely that new information on the human microbiome will change our current concepts concerning the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases.
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Lang NP. Commentary: Bacteria Play a Critical Role in the Etiology of Periodontal Disease. J Periodontol 2014; 85:211-3. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sağlam M, Arslan U, Buket Bozkurt Ş, Hakki SS. Boric Acid Irrigation as an Adjunct to Mechanical Periodontal Therapy in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1297-308. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex infectious disease that affects low-income individuals disproportionately. Periodontitis is associated with specific bacterial species and herpesviruses, and successful prevention and treatment of the disease is contingent upon effective control of these pathogens. This article presents an efficacious, highly safe, minimally invasive, practical and low-cost periodontal therapy that involves professional and patient-administered mechanical therapy and antimicrobial agents. The major components are scaling for calculus removal, periodontal pocket irrigation with potent antiseptics, and treatment with systemic antibiotics for advanced disease. Povidone-iodine and sodium hypochlorite have all the characteristics for becoming the first-choice antiseptics in the management of periodontal diseases. Both agents show excellent antibacterial and antiviral properties, are readily available throughout the world, have been safely used in periodontal therapy for decades, offer significant benefits for individuals with very limited financial resources, and are well accepted by most dental professionals and patients. Four per cent chlorhexidine applied with a toothbrush to the most posterior part to the tongue dorsum can markedly reduce or eliminate halitosis in most individuals. Systemic antibiotics are used to treat periodontopathic bacteria that are not readily reached by topical therapy, such as pathogens within gingival tissue, within furcation defects, at the base of periodontal pockets, and on the tongue, tonsils and buccal mucosae. Valuable antibiotic therapies are amoxicillin-metronidazole (250 mg of amoxicillin and 250 mg of metronidazole, three times daily for 8 days) for young and middle-aged patients, and ciprofloxacin-metronidazole (500 mg of each, twice daily for 8 days) for elderly patients and for patients in developing countries who frequently harbor enteric rods subgingivally. Scaling to remove dental calculus and the prudent use of inexpensive antimicrobial agents can significantly retard or arrest progressive periodontitis in the great majority of patients.
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Effect of the Source of Biofilm Bacteria, Level of Biofilm Maturation, and Type of Disinfecting Agent on the Susceptibility of Biofilm Bacteria to Antibacterial Agents. J Endod 2013; 39:473-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pradeep AR, Bajaj P, Agarwal E, Rao NS, Naik SB, Kalra N, Priyanka N, Priyanaka N. Local drug delivery of 0.5% azithromycin in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among smokers. Aust Dent J 2013; 58:34-40. [PMID: 23441790 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Along with conventional periodontal surgical therapy, local delivery of antibiotics may provide more effective treatment in smokers by targeting tissue-invasive bacteria. The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial was to evaluate the adjunctive effects of subgingivally delivered 0.5% azithromycin (AZM) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in smokers. METHODS Fifty-four patients were randomized and categorized into two treatment groups: Group 1 - 26 subjects who received (SRP) plus placebo gel and Group 2 - 28 subjects who received (SRP) plus 0.5% azithromycin. Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, 3, 6 and 9 months. They included Plaque Index (PI), modified Sulcus Bleeding Index (mSBI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS Azithromycin resulted in significant improvements. A single application of AZM resulted in attachment gain at 9 months of 2.44 ± 0.64 mm as compared to 0.18 ± 0.68 mm for the placebo. Similarly, pocket depth and PI were significantly reduced but no change in the mSBI was noted. CONCLUSIONS When compared to the placebo, the adjunctive use of 0.5% AZM resulted in significant improvement in clinical outcome in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Pradeep
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
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66
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Kumar PS. Sex and the subgingival microbiome: Do female sex steroids affect periodontal bacteria? Periodontol 2000 2012; 61:103-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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67
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Nagano F, Kaneko T, Yoshinaga Y, Ukai T, Kuramoto A, Nakatsu S, Oshino K, Ichimura I, Hara Y. Gram-positive bacteria as an antigen topically applied into gingival sulcus of immunized rat accelerates periodontal destruction. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:420-7. [PMID: 23137272 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is generally accepted to relate to gram-negative bacteria, and the host defense system influences its onset and progression. However, little is known about the relation between gram-positive bacteria and periodontitis. In this study, we topically applied gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial suspensions to the gingival sulcus in rats after immunization, and then histopathologically examined their influence on periodontal destruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats previously immunized with heat-treated and sonicated Staphylococcus aureus or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were used as immunized groups. The non-immunized group received only sterile phosphate-buffered saline. In each animal, S. aureus or A. actinomycetemcomitans suspension was applied topically to the palatal gingival sulcus of first molars every 24 h for 10 d. Blood samples were collected and the serum level of anti-S. aureus or anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The first molar regions were resected and observed histopathologically. Osteoclasts were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The formation of immune complexes was confirmed by immunohistological staining of C1qB. RESULTS Serum levels of anti-S. aureus and anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG antibodies in the immunized groups were significantly higher than those in the non-immunized groups were. The loss of attachment, increase in apical migration of the junctional epithelium, and decreases in alveolar bone level and number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells in each immunized group were significantly greater than in each non-immunized group. The presence of C1qB was observed in the junctional epithelium and adjacent connective tissue in the immunized groups. CONCLUSIONS Heat-treated and sonicated S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans induced attachment loss in rats immunized with their suspensions. Our results suggest that not only gram-negative but also gram-positive bacteria are able to induce periodontal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nagano
- Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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68
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Lee BA, Lee HS, Jung YS, Kim SW, Lee YW, Chang SH, Chung HJ, Kim OS, Kim YJ. The effects of a novel botanical agent on lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. J Periodontol 2012; 84:1221-9. [PMID: 23106504 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of host-modulatory agents with low risk of adverse effects has been needed to treat periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease. A botanical mixture of extracts from two natural substances, Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, was developed as a novel botanical agent synthesized with anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the botanical mixture on the release of inflammatory cytokines and its inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar bone loss (ABL) in a rat model. METHODS Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay using human gingival fibroblast (hGF) and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line and hGF cells were cultured to assay tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, respectively. Microcomputed tomography analysis and immunofluoresence analysis were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the botanical mixture to inhibit the destruction of alveolar bone and connective tissue in a rat model. RESULTS The botanical mixture is cytotoxic at concentrations exceeding 2.5 mg/mL (P <0.05). Based on the results from cytotoxicity assay, it can be determined that the pharmacologic ranges of the botanical mixture to be used in all subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. The botanical mixture reduced the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from human monocytic cells and hGF cells in a dose-dependent manner (P <0.05). The administration of the botanical mixture significantly reduced the alveolar bone loss in a rat model (P <0.05). In groups treated with the botanical mixture, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 was detected along the alveolar bone crest (ABC), but not around the gingival connective tissue, while in the group with LPS-induced ABL, pronounced expression of MMP-9 around the ABC, periodontal ligament, and gingival connective tissue was found. CONCLUSIONS The botanical mixture showed a potential adjunctive effect in the treatment of periodontitis. However, the present findings are obtained in vitro and in a rat model, so further clinical study is needed for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ah Lee
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21 Project for School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Kumar P, Mastan K, Chowdhary R, Shanmugam K. Oral manifestations in hypertensive patients: A clinical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012; 16:215-21. [PMID: 22923893 PMCID: PMC3424937 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.99069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this work was to determine the frequency and nature of oral manifestations in a hypertensive patient. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 465 known hypertensive patients, between the age group of 20-80 years of which 250 patients were males and 215 were females. 105 were between the age group of 1-40 years, 136 in 41-50 years, 110 in 51-60 years, and 114 in 60 and above year of age. Data were statistically analyzed Student's t-test. Results: 79.14% of the patients presented with Russell's periodontal index score ranging from 2- 4.9 which suggested an established periodontal lesion. The risk factors for old men and women to develop hypertension were 90%, among those who survived to ages 65 to 89 years. Conclusion: The frequency of potential oral manifestations in patients with hypertension was significantly high, thus showing an association of gingival and periodontal pathology in hypertensive patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology, S.Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences, Gulbarga, India
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Liu B, Faller LL, Klitgord N, Mazumdar V, Ghodsi M, Sommer DD, Gibbons TR, Treangen TJ, Chang YC, Li S, Stine OC, Hasturk H, Kasif S, Segrè D, Pop M, Amar S. Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome reveals signatures of periodontal disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37919. [PMID: 22675498 PMCID: PMC3366996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome, the complex ecosystem of microbes inhabiting the human mouth, harbors several thousands of bacterial types. The proliferation of pathogenic bacteria within the mouth gives rise to periodontitis, an inflammatory disease known to also constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While much is known about individual species associated with pathogenesis, the system-level mechanisms underlying the transition from health to disease are still poorly understood. Through the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and of whole community DNA we provide a glimpse at the global genetic, metabolic, and ecological changes associated with periodontitis in 15 subgingival plaque samples, four from each of two periodontitis patients, and the remaining samples from three healthy individuals. We also demonstrate the power of whole-metagenome sequencing approaches in characterizing the genomes of key players in the oral microbiome, including an unculturable TM7 organism. We reveal the disease microbiome to be enriched in virulence factors, and adapted to a parasitic lifestyle that takes advantage of the disrupted host homeostasis. Furthermore, diseased samples share a common structure that was not found in completely healthy samples, suggesting that the disease state may occupy a narrow region within the space of possible configurations of the oral microbiome. Our pilot study demonstrates the power of high-throughput sequencing as a tool for understanding the role of the oral microbiome in periodontal disease. Despite a modest level of sequencing (~2 lanes Illumina 76 bp PE) and high human DNA contamination (up to ~90%) we were able to partially reconstruct several oral microbes and to preliminarily characterize some systems-level differences between the healthy and diseased oral microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lina L. Faller
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Niels Klitgord
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Varun Mazumdar
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Ghodsi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Sommer
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theodore R. Gibbons
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Treangen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi-Chien Chang
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - O. Colin Stine
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- The Forysth Institute, Department of Periodontology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon Kasif
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Children’s Informatics Program, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Segrè
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mihai Pop
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Salomon Amar
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics; Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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E-selectin mediates Porphyromonas gingivalis adherence to human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2570-6. [PMID: 22508864 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06098-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, may contribute to atherogenesis and other inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about interactions between P. gingivalis and endothelial cells. E-selectin is a membrane protein on endothelial cells that initiates recruitment of leukocytes to inflamed tissue, and it may also play a role in pathogen attachment. In the present study, we examined the role of E-selectin in P. gingivalis adherence to endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) to induce E-selectin expression. Adherence of P. gingivalis to HUVECs was measured by fluorescence microscopy. TNF-α increased adherence of wild-type P. gingivalis to HUVECs. Antibodies to E-selectin and sialyl Lewis X suppressed P. gingivalis adherence to stimulated HUVECs. P. gingivalis mutants lacking OmpA-like proteins Pgm6 and -7 had reduced adherence to stimulated HUVECs, but fimbria-deficient mutants were not affected. E-selectin-mediated P. gingivalis adherence activated endothelial exocytosis. These results suggest that the interaction between host E-selectin and pathogen Pgm6/7 mediates P. gingivalis adherence to endothelial cells and may trigger vascular inflammation.
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72
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Kishimoto T, Kaneko T, Ukai T, Yokoyama M, Ayon Haro R, Yoshinaga Y, Yoshimura A, Hara Y. Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide synergistically enhance bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:446-54. [PMID: 22283724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are bacterial cell wall constituents that are able to induce bone resorption by stimulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, respectively. The fragments of PGN also stimulate inflammatory responses via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2, although there are differences in the NOD-stimulatory activities between gram-positive and gram-negative PGNs. The TLR and NOD signaling pathways are known to engage in cross-talk to enhance the production of inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gram-negative and gram-positive PGNs on bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis in the presence or absence of LPS. MATERIAL AND METHODS We injected Escherichia coli PGN or Staphylococcus aureus PGN with or without LPS into mouse gingiva, and histopathologically assessed alveolar bone resorption by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. We also stimulated osteoclast precursors from mouse bone marrow macrophages with these PGNs in vitro and assessed osteoclastogenesis. The cells were also stimulated with synthetic ligands for NOD1; γ-D-glutamyl-meso-DAP NOD2; muramyl dipeptide or TLR2; Pam(3) CSK(4) with or without LPS to analyse the signaling cross-talk. RESULTS S. aureus PGN, but not E. coli PGN, induced alveolar bone resorption, as did LPS. However, PGN from both sources significantly enhanced the bone resorption in the mice co-injected with LPS. Both types of PGNs induced osteoclastogenesis and accelerated osteoclastogenesis when the cells were co-stimulated with LPS in vitro. All synthetic ligands synergistically induced osteoclastogenesis by co-stimulation with LPS. CONCLUSION Gram-positive or gram-negative PGN worked synergistically with LPS to induce bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis, possibly by co-ordinating the effects of TLR2, NOD1, NOD2 and TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kishimoto
- Department of Periodontology, Unit of Translational Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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Field CA, Gidley MD, Preshaw PM, Jakubovics N. Investigation and quantification of key periodontal pathogens in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:470-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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74
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Mohiuddin K, Ravindra S, Ahmed MG, Murthy S, Smitha BR. Single use of tetracycline with and without diclofenac sodium as local drug delivery in pocket therapy: a clinico-microbiological study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:280-6. [PMID: 25426900 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2011.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Local drug delivery is a non-surgical method in the treatment of periodontitis. Different chemotherapeutic agents are used for local drug delivery; one such agent is tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Recent studies have also shown that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and acts as host modulator. Thus, an attempt was made to compare and evaluate the efficacy of tetracycline alone and in combination with diclofenac sodium as a local drug delivery. METHODS A total of 36 sites with chronic periodontitis were divided into three groups with 12 sites each (i.e. group A, antibiotics alone; group B, antibiotics in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and group C, control group). For all the groups, the following parameters (plaque index, papillary bleeding index, probing pocket depth, and microbial analysis) were assessed and statistically analyzed. RESULTS The antibiotic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug combination group showed a statistically-significant improvement in clinical parameters and a shift in microbial flora when compared to the group with antibiotics alone. However, the control group failed to show any statistically-significant improvement. CONCLUSION Antibiotics in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are more efficient than using antibiotics alone as local drug delivery for the treatment of periodontal pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khizer Mohiuddin
- Department of Periodontology, Al-Ameen Dental College, Karnataka, India Department of Periodontology, Sri Hasanamba Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Karnataka, India Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Hasanamba Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
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Pradeep A, Kathariya R. Clarithromycin, as an adjunct to non surgical periodontal therapy for chronic periodontitis: A double blinded, placebo controlled, randomized clinical trial. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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76
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Krück C, Eick S, Knöfler GU, Purschwitz RE, Jentsch HFR. Clinical and microbiologic results 12 months after scaling and root planing with different irrigation solutions in patients with moderate chronic periodontitis: a pilot randomized trial. J Periodontol 2011; 83:312-20. [PMID: 21749169 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to determine in a randomized trial the impact on treatment outcome after 12 months of different subgingival irrigation solutions during scaling and root planing (SRP). METHODS Fifty-one adult volunteers with generalized chronic periodontitis were treated by full-mouth SRP using 0.9% sodium chloride, 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, or 7.5% povidone-iodine for subgingival irrigation during SRP. Before SRP and after 3 and 12 months, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. Subgingival plaque samples were analyzed for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. RESULTS PD, CAL, and BOP were significantly improved in all groups after 12 months (P <0.001 to P = 0.044). No significant differences were seen among the groups for all sites and sites with 4 to 6 mm PD at baseline. The povidone-iodine group had the highest clinical improvements. The counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were significantly reduced after 12 months (P = 0.045 and P = 0.002) using povidone-iodine. Significant differences between the groups were seen after 3 months for A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, and after 12 months for T. forsythia. CONCLUSIONS No differences were seen among the groups in the clinical results after 12 months. Regarding the microbiologic results, a slight benefit seemed to derive from the use of povidone-iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Krück
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Chandra C, Valavalkar N, Vandana KL. The comparative evaluation of xanthan gel with chlorhexidine (Chlosite) in smokers and non-smokers: A clinical and microbiological assessment. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 15:221-7. [PMID: 22028508 PMCID: PMC3200016 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.85664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prevention of the periodontal disease progression is the primary goal of periodontal therapy. When conventional therapy is found inadequate to attain periodontal health in chronic periodontitis, local antimicrobial agents have been used as an adjunct with scaling and root planning (SRP) which has reproduced encouraging results. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the new sustained released local drug Chlosite clinically and microbiologically in smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients were grouped into experimental group A treated with SRP plus Chlosite (SRP + CHL), experimental group B treated with Chlosite alone (CHL), and control group C treated only with SRP alone. A total number of 141 sites from six patients (67 sites from three non-smoker patients and 74 sites from three smoker patients) participated in this study. The clinical parameters, Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), Bleeding index (BI), and Relative attachment level (RAL), were recorded and subgingival plaque samples were collected and subjected to microbiological analysis. RESULTS On comparison of smokers and non-smokers, in SRP group, non-smokers showed a higher reduction in BI and GI and smokers showed a higher reduction in PI. There was no significant gain in RAL of both smokers and non-smokers. In SRP + CHL group, non-smokers showed a higher reduction in relation to BI and GI and smokers showed a higher reduction in relation to PI. There was no significant gain in RAL of both smokers and non-smokers. In CHL group, both smokers and non-smokers showed a nonsignificant reduction in BI, GI, and RAL, but smokers showed a significant reduction in PI as compared with non-smokers. All the groups showed reduction in the microbial count of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia which were found to be statistically not significant when it was compared between non-smokers and smokers. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION In this study, all treatment groups were found to be efficacious in the treatment of periodontal disease as demonstrated by improvement in PI, GI, BI, and RAL. Combination of SRP and Chlosite resulted in added benefits compared with the two treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Chandra
- Department of Periodontics, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narayan Valavalkar
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - K. L. Vandana
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Development of Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific quantitative real-time PCR primers based on the nucleotide sequence of rpoB. J Microbiol 2011; 49:315-9. [PMID: 21538257 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-1028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Species-specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) primers were developed for the detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis. These primers, Pg-F/Pg-R, were designed based on the nucleotide sequences of RNA polymerase β-subunit gene (rpoB). Species-specific amplicons were obtained from the tested P. gingivalis strains but not in any of the other strains (46 strains of 46 species). The qPCR primers could detect as little as 4 fg of P. gingivalis chromosomal DNA. These findings suggest that these qPCR primers are suitable for applications in epidemiological studies.
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Feng HS, Bernardo CC, Sonoda LL, Hayashi F, Romito GA, De Lima LAPA, Lotufo RFM, Pannuti CM. Subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation of residual pockets irrigated with essential oils: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:637-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Lin JT, Tsai CH, Yang LC, Chang YC. Clinical efficacy of phase I therapy combined with a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on generalized chronic periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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81
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Rotundo R, Nieri M, Cairo F, Franceschi D, Mervelt J, Bonaccini D, Esposito M, Pini-Prato G. Lack of adjunctive benefit of Er:YAG laser in non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:526-33. [PMID: 20507376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM This split-mouth, randomized, clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of erbium-doped:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er:YAG) laser application in non-surgical periodontal treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 27 patients underwent four modalities of non-surgical therapy: supragingival debridement; scaling and root planing (SRP)+Er:YAG laser; Er:YAG laser; and SRP. Each strategy was randomly assigned and performed in one of the four quadrants. Clinical outcomes were evaluated at 3 and 6 months. Subjective benefits of patients have been evaluated by means of questionnaires. RESULTS Six months after therapy, Er:YAG laser showed no statistical difference in clinical attachment gain with respect to supragingival scaling [0.15 mm (95% CI -0.16; 0.46)], while SRP showed a greater attachment gain than the supragingival scaling [0.37 mm (95% CI 0.05; 0.68)]. No difference resulted between Er:YAG laser+SRP and SRP alone [0.05 mm (95% CI -0.25; 0.36)]. CONCLUSIONS The adjunctive use of Er:YAG laser to conventional SRP did not reveal a more effective result than SRP alone. Furthermore, the sites treated with Er:YAG laser showed similar results of the sites treated with supragingival scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rotundo
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.
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82
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Cotti E, Dessì C, Piras A, Mercuro G. Can a chronic dental infection be considered a cause of cardiovascular disease? A review of the literature. Int J Cardiol 2010; 148:4-10. [PMID: 20851474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have a complex etiology determined by risk factors, which are in turn associated to a strong genetic component and to environmental factors. In the biological background for the development of CVD, low-grade chronic inflammation plays a role as a pathogenetic determinant of atherosclerosis. Dental infections have been associated with CVD. Periodontal disease is a chronic infection of the supporting tissues of the tooth that can lead to teeth loss. In recent years, a number of reports have demonstrated the possible relationship between periodontal disease and CVD. Apical periodontitis, on the other hand, is the late consequence of an endodontic infection, which is caused by the persistence of coronal caries and involves the root canal system of the tooth. Most of the time, it is a chronic infection. Some studies have found a correlation between a "composite status" of oral health (eg. caries, tooth loss, periodontal disease) and CVD, but only a few of them have addressed the association between apical periodontitis and CVD. This "state of the art" paper represents the first stage of an incoming study on the relationship between chronic endodontic infection and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Cotti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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83
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84
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Masakiyo Y, Yoshida A, Takahashi Y, Shintani Y, Awano S, Ansai T, Sawayama S, Shimakita T, Takehara T. Rapid LED-based fluorescence microscopy distinguishes between live and dead bacteria in oral clinical samples. Biomed Res 2010; 31:21-6. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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85
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Lulic M, Leiggener Görög I, Salvi GE, Ramseier CA, Mattheos N, Lang NP. One-year outcomes of repeated adjunctive photodynamic therapy during periodontal maintenance: a proof-of-principle randomized-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:661-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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86
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Devine DA, Handley PS. The Relationship between Coaggregation Properties and Surface Structures ofBacteroides intermedins. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608909140230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Devine
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Stopford Building, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester, MB 9PT, UK
| | - P. S. Handley
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Stopford Building, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester, MB 9PT, UK
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Seddon SV, Shah HN. The Distribution of Hydrolytic Enzymes Among Gram-negative Bacteria Associated with Periodontitis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608909140216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Seddon
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK
- Microbial Pathogenicity Research Group, Division of Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - H. N. Shah
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK
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Fitzpatrick RE, Wijeyewickrema LC, Pike RN. The gingipains: scissors and glue of the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:471-87. [PMID: 19416015 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is associated with chronic periodontal disease (periodontitis or gum disease). The disease is not only the leading cause of tooth loss in the developed world, but is associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The most potent virulence factors of this bacterium are the gingipains, three cysteine proteases that bind and cleave a wide range of host proteins. This article summarizes current knowledge of the structure and function of the enzymes, with a particular focus on what remains to be elucidated regarding the structure and function of the nonenzymatic adhesin domains of the high-molecular-weight forms of the proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Fitzpatrick
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Sciences & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Kina JR, Kina J, Kina EFU, Kina M, Soubhia AMP. Presence of bacteria in dentinal tubules. J Appl Oral Sci 2009; 16:205-8. [PMID: 19089219 PMCID: PMC4327695 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572008000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrated that a significant number of bacteria is present in the radicular dentinal tubules of periodontally diseased human teeth. Ten periodontally diseased teeth were prepared and stained by Brown and Brenn technique for histological examination. Bacteria were detected in all teeth. It is suggested that bacteria may invade dentinal tubules exposed to periodontal pocket and are very hard to be eliminated by conventional mechanical and chemical periodontal therapy. Contaminated dentinal tubules of periodontally diseased teeth can thus act as active bacterial reservoirs to promote recolonization of mechanically treated root surfaces, which could interfere with the periodontal healing and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ricardo Kina
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, Dental School of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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Pradeep AR, Sagar SV, Daisy H. Clinical and microbiologic effects of subgingivally delivered 0.5% azithromycin in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 79:2125-35. [PMID: 18980521 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent developments suggest that the local delivery of antimicrobials into periodontal pockets can improve periodontal health. The present study was undertaken to investigate the clinical and microbiologic effectiveness of azithromycin (AZM) at 0.5% concentration in an indigenously prepared bioabsorbable controlled-release gel as an adjunct to non-surgical mechanical therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. METHODS Eighty patients were categorized into two treatment groups: scaling and root planing (SRP) only (group 1) and SRP plus 0.5% AZM (group 2). Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 months; they included modified gingival index, modified sulcus bleeding index, probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). At baseline and 6 and 12 weeks, microbiologic assessment was done of the percentage of morphologically different microorganisms (coccoid cells, others [straight rods, filaments, and fusiforms], motile rods, and spirochetes) using darkfield microscopy. The mean concentration of 0.5% AZM in gingival crevicular fluid was estimated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Both therapies resulted in significant improvements. Mean PD reduction from baseline to 3 months was 2.13 +/- 0.35 mm and 2.53 +/- 0.52 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Mean CAL gain from baseline to 3 months was 0.60 +/- 0.63 mm and 1.07 +/- 0.70 mm in groups 1 and 2, respectively. All microbiologic categories showed significant improvement in both groups, with greater improvement in the test group. The mean concentration of AZM at all observed periods (baseline to 28 days) provided sufficient antimicrobial activity (>2 microg/ml) and fulfilled the conditions for a controlled-release device. CONCLUSION Although both treatment strategies seemed to benefit the patients, the adjunctive use of 0.5% AZM as a controlled drug-delivery system enhanced the clinical and microbiologic results as shown by the intergroup comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Pradeep
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract
Chronic adult periodontitis is a bacterially induced chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the connective tissue and bone that support teeth. Concepts of the specific mechanisms involved in the disease have evolved with new technologies and knowledge. Histopathologic observations of diseased human tissues were used previously to speculate on the causes of periodontitis and to describe models of pathogenesis. Experimental evidence later emerged to implicate bacterial plaque deposits as the primary factor initiating periodontitis. At the same time, specific bacteria and immunoinflammatory mechanisms were differentially implicated in the disease. In the mid-1990s, early insights about complex diseases, such as periodontitis, led to new conceptual models of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Those models included the bacterial activation of immunoinflammatory mechanisms, some of which targeted control of the bacterial challenge and others that had adverse effects on bone and connective tissue remodeling. Such models also acknowledged that different environmental and genetic factors modified the clinical phenotype of periodontal disease. However, the models did not capture the dynamic nature of the biochemical processes, i.e., that innate differences among individuals and changes in environmental factors may accelerate biochemical changes or dampen that shift. With emerging genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data and systems biology tools for interpreting data, it is now possible to begin describing the basic elements of a new model of pathogenesis. Such a model incorporates gene, protein, and metabolite data into dynamic biologic networks that include disease-initiating and -resolving mechanisms. This type of model has a multilevel framework in which the biochemical networks that are regulated by innate and environmental factors can be described and the interrelatedness of networks can be captured. New models in the next few years will be merely frameworks for integrating key knowledge as it becomes available from the "-omics" technologies. However, it is possible to describe some of the key elements of the new models and discuss distinctions between the new and older models. It is hoped that improved conceptual models of pathogenesis will assist in focusing new research and speed the translation of new data into practical applications.
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Bruschi ML, de Freitas O, Lara EHGE, Panzeri H, Gremião MPD, Jones DS. Precursor System of Liquid Crystalline Phase Containing Propolis Microparticles for the Treatment of Periodontal Disease: Development and Characterization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:267-78. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040701655911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Houri-Haddad Y, Halabi A, Soskolne WA. Inflammatory response to chlorhexidine, minocycline HCl and doxycycline HCl in an in vivo mouse model. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:783-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Walmsley AD, Lea SC, Landini G, Moses AJ. Advances in power driven pocket/root instrumentation. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:22-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jandik KA, Bélanger M, Low SL, Dorn BR, Yang MCK, Progulske-Fox A. Invasive differences among Porphyromonas gingivalis strains from healthy and diseased periodontal sites. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:524-30. [PMID: 18544120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine any difference between Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates from periodontally healthy sites as compared to those from diseased sites with respect to the ability to invade host cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from periodontally healthy and diseased sites using paper points. P. gingivalis colonies were isolated and tested, using an antibiotic protection assay, for their ability to invade KB cells. P. gingivalis 381 and Escherichia coli MC1061 were used as controls. RESULTS Mean values of 16.79 +/- 0.86 x 10(3) colony-forming units/mL and 26.14 +/- 2.11 x 10(3) colony-forming units/mL were observed in invasion assays for isolates from periodontally healthy and diseased sites, respectively. P. gingivalis present in diseased sites had significantly greater invasive abilities than strains isolated from healthy sites. No statistical difference was noted between male or female subjects concerning the degree of invasion; isolates from diseased sites from both genders had significantly greater invasion abilities than those from healthy sites. A significant correlation was found between the increased invasive capabilities of P. gingivalis isolates vs. an increased probing depth. CONCLUSION The increased invasion noted with P. gingivalis isolates from diseased sites vs. healthy sites, and the increased invasive capabilities with increasing probing depth, indicate that P. gingivalis isolates have a varying ability to invade host cells in the periodontal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jandik
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Saygun I, Kubar A, Şahin S, Şener K, Slots J. Quantitative analysis of association between herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:352-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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98
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Qin YL, Luan XL, Bi LJ, Sheng YQ, Zhou CN, Zhang ZG. Comparison of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy and conventional scaling treatment for periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:162-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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100
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Qin Y, Luan X, Bi L, He G, Bai X, Zhou C, Zhang Z. Toluidine blue-mediated photoinactivation of periodontal pathogens from supragingival plaques. Lasers Med Sci 2007; 23:49-54. [PMID: 17361390 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-007-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of toluidine blue (TB)-mediated photodynamic inactivation of periodontal pathogens (PP) from periodontopathic patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was carried out using TB and 635 nm laser light irradiation. The bactericidal effect was evaluated, and important PDT parameters including light intensity, energy dose, and TB concentration were determined. Our findings suggest that TB-mediated lethal photosensitization of PP in vivo is possible. However, to obtain ideal bactericidal effect, higher doses of light and photosensitizer should be required in treatment in vivo than their planktonic counterparts. The best therapeutic effect was observed in treatment by 1 mg/ml TB combined with 12 J/cm(2) at 159 mW/cm(2) light irradiation. Moreover, because of the considerable interindividual differences of bacterial populations, TB-mediated PDT might not be equally effective among periodontopathic patients, and further studies on improvement of this therapeutic modality is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Qin
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3025, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Science and Technology Park, Harbin, 150001, China
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