51
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Paolino G, Corsetti P, Moliterni E, Corsetti S, Didona D, Albanesi M, Mattozzi C, Lido P, Calvieri S. Mast cells and cancer. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2017; 154:650-668. [PMID: 29192477 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are a potent proangiogenic factor in tumors, they product several pro-angiogenic factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), tryptase and chymase. Tryptase is a serine protease classified as α-tryptase and β-tryptase, both produced by MCs. Tryptase degrades the tissues, playing an important role in angiogenesis and in the development of metastases. Serum tryptase increases with age, with increased damage to cells and risk of developing a malignancy and it could be considered the expression of a fundamental role of MCs in tumor growth or, on the contrary, in the antitumor response. Many biomarkers have been developed in clinical practice for improving diagnosis and prognosis of some neoplasms. Elevated tryptase levels are found in subgroups of patients with haematologic and solid cancers. In the current review, we want to update the perspectives of tryptase as a potential biomarker in daily practice in different neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serena Corsetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy -
| | - Dario Didona
- First Division of Dermatology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Albanesi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Lido
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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52
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Frossi B, Mion F, Tripodo C, Colombo MP, Pucillo CE. Rheostatic Functions of Mast Cells in the Control of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:648-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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53
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Zaheer S, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Natteru PA, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Brain and Peripheral Atypical Inflammatory Mediators Potentiate Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:216. [PMID: 28790893 PMCID: PMC5522882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory response is primarily a protective mechanism in the brain. However, excessive and chronic inflammatory responses can lead to deleterious effects involving immune cells, brain cells and signaling molecules. Neuroinflammation induces and accelerates pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammatory pathways are indicated as novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. Mast cells are immune cells of hematopoietic origin that regulate inflammation and upon activation release many proinflammatory mediators in systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory conditions. In addition, inflammatory mediators released from activated glial cells induce neurodegeneration in the brain. Systemic inflammation-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and other factors cause a breach in the blood brain-barrier (BBB) thereby allowing for the entry of immune/inflammatory cells including mast cell progenitors, mast cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the brain. These peripheral-derived factors and intrinsically generated cytokines/chemokines, α-synuclein, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), substance P (SP), beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide and amyloid precursor proteins can activate glial cells, T-cells and mast cells in the brain can induce additional release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules contributing to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal death. The glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein discovered in our laboratory released from glia, activates mast cells to release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chronic increase in the proinflammatory mediators induces neurotoxic Aβ and plaque formation in AD brains and neurodegeneration in PD brains. Glial cells, mast cells and T-cells can reactivate each other in neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain and augment neuroinflammation. Further, inflammatory mediators from the brain can also enter into the peripheral system through defective BBB, recruit immune cells into the brain, and exacerbate neuroinflammation. We suggest that mast cell-associated inflammatory mediators from systemic inflammation and brain could augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. This review article addresses the role of some atypical inflammatory mediators that are associated with mast cell inflammation and their activation of glial cells to induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Prashant A Natteru
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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54
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Kikuchi-Ueda T, Kamoshida G, Ubagai T, Nakano R, Nakano A, Akuta T, Hikosaka K, Tansho-Nagakawa S, Kikuchi H, Ono Y. The TNF-α of mast cells induces pro-inflammatory responses during infection with Acinetobacter baumannii. Immunobiology 2017; 222:1025-1034. [PMID: 28595750 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells serve important roles as sentinels against bacterial infection by secreting mediators stored in granules. Much of their effectiveness depends upon recruiting and/or modulating other immune cells. The location of mast cells implies that they recognize pathogens invading tissues or mucosal tissues. Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative bacterium that is considered an emerging nosocomial pathogen and causes a wide range of infections associated with high morbidity and mortality. To date, the interaction of A. baumannii with mast cells remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated an interaction between human LAD2 mast cells and A. baumannii in vitro. When LAD2 cells were co-cultured with live A. baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in vitro for 4h, TNF-α and IL-8 were produced in the culture supernatant. These inflammatory cytokines were not detected in the supernatant after the cells were treated with live bacteria without serum. Gene expression analysis showed that TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expression increased in A. baumannii- and P. aeruginosa-infected LAD2 cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that A. baumannii was tightly attached to the surface of LAD2 cells and suggested that A. baumannii may bind to FcγRII (CD32) on LAD2 cells. TNF-α in the culture supernatant from A. baumannii-infected LAD2 cells, showed that PMN activation and migration increased in Boyden chamber assays. These results suggest that mast cells recognize and initiate immune responses toward A. baumannii by releasing the preformed mediator TNF-α to activate effector neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takane Kikuchi-Ueda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Go Kamoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Tsuneyuki Ubagai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Akiyo Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hikosaka
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Tansho-Nagakawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Hirotoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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55
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Expression of surface and intracellular Toll-like receptors by mature mast cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:333-338. [PMID: 28450795 PMCID: PMC5382879 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, more and more data indicate that mast cells play an important role in host defense against pathogens. That is why it is essential to understand the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by mast cells, because these molecules play particularly significant role in initiation host defense against microorganisms as they recognize both wide range of microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and various endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released in response to infection. Therefore, we examined the constitutive expression of both surface and endosomal TLRs in rat native fully mature tissue mast cells. By the use of qRT-PCR we found that these cells express mRNAs for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9. The expression of TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 transcripts were low and comparable and only the expression of TLR2 transcript was significant. By the use of flow cytometry technique, we clearly documented that mast cells express TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 on cell surface, while TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 proteins are located both on the cell membrane and intracellularly. The highest expression was observed for TLR5 and the lowest for surface TLR7. These observations undoubtedly indicate that mature tissue mast cells have a broad set of TLR molecules, thus can recognize and bind bacterial, viral, and fungal PAMPs as well as various endogenous molecules generated in response to infection.
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56
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Tan RJ, Sun HQ, Zhang W, Yuan HM, Li B, Yan HT, Lan CH, Yang J, Zhao Z, Wu JJ, Wu C. A 21-35 kDa Mixed Protein Component from Helicobacter pylori Activates Mast Cells Effectively in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Helicobacter 2016; 21:565-574. [PMID: 27061753 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) seem to involve in the etiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). But studies of the pathogenic mechanism are very little. METHODS In this study, we detected the serum-specific anti-H. pylori IgG and IgE antibodies in 211 CSU and 137 normal subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), evaluated the direct activation effects of H. pylori preparations and its protein components on human LAD2 mast cell line in vitro, and analyzed the specific protein ingredients and functions of the most effective H. pylori mixed protein component using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and ELISA assay. RESULTS In CSU patients, the positive rate of anti-H. pylori IgG positive rate was significantly higher than that in normal controls, and the anti-H. pylori IgE levels had no statistical difference between H. pylori-infected patients with and without CSU. Further studies suggested that H. pylori preparations can directly activate human LAD2 mast cell line in a dose-dependent manner and its most powerful protein component was a mixture of 21-35 kDa proteins. Moreover, the 21-35 kDa mixed protein component mainly contained 23 kinds of proteins, which can stimulate the release of histamine, TNF-a, IL-3, IFN-γ, and LTB4 by LAD2 cells in a dose-dependent or time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS A 21-35 kDa mixed protein component should be regarded as the most promising pathogenic factor contributing to the CSU associated with H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Jing Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - He-Qiang Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Han-Mei Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hong-Tao Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chun-Hui Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jin-Jin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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57
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NOGUEIRA EFDC, FARIAS EGF, SILVA LB, SANTOS NETO APD, ANDRADE ESDS, SAMPAIO GC. Analysis of the presence and location of mast cells in periapical cysts and periapical granulomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-863720160003000023113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to locate mast cells in chronic periapical lesions (granulomas and cysts) by using histochemical techniques and toluidine blue staining. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective research was performed. The sample was obtained from histopathological reports in the archives of the laboratory of surgical pathology of the University of Pernambuco between November 2014 and May 2015. Results: Sixteen cases of granuloma and 21 cases of periapical cysts were selected. The stained slides were analyzed by two examiners at different times, in a double-blind study. Mast cells were found in 13 (61.9%) of the periapical cyst cases, located in the capsule of the lesion. In the periapical granuloma cases, mast cells were found in eight cases (50%), located in the granulation tissue. Conclusion: Mast cells were detected in both cysts and periapical granuloma, located in the capsule and granulation tissue, respectively. Mast cells were more prevalent in periapical cysts than in periapical granuloma.
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58
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Einwallner E, Kiefer FW, Di Caro G, Orthofer M, Witzeneder N, Hörmann G, Itariu B, Zeyda M, Penninger JM, Stulnig TM, Esterbauer H, Todoric J. Mast cells are not associated with systemic insulin resistance. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:911-919. [PMID: 27600500 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infiltration of white adipose tissue (WAT) by inflammatory cells in obesity is considered to be a key event in the development of insulin resistance. Recently, mast cells (MCs) have been identified as new players in the pathogenesis of obesity. We aimed to investigate the relationship between MCs and various inflammatory markers in serum and WAT and to determine the role of MCs in the aetiology of insulin resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression was measured in WAT from 20 morbidly obese patients and 20 nonobese control subjects. Homoeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to estimate insulin sensitivity. In addition, wild-type and mast cell-deficient mice were fed a high-fat or low-fat diet to study mast cell influence on inflammatory cell polarization in WAT and overall metabolic changes. RESULTS WAT levels of MC-specific TPSb2 transcript were increased in obesity and significantly positively correlated with TNF, CCL2, CCL5 and CD68 gene expression levels in our study subjects after adjustment for sex, age and BMI. Accordingly, MC deficiency abrogated increase in expression of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage marker genes in mouse WAT upon high-fat diet feeding. However, MCs accumulated in obese human WAT independent of insulin resistance and systemic changes in inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MCs contribute to the local pro-inflammatory state within WAT in obesity but do not play a primary role in causing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Einwallner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Di Caro
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Orthofer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Witzeneder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hörmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bianca Itariu
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Stulnig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Todoric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Balseiro-Gomez S, Flores JA, Acosta J, Ramirez-Ponce MP, Ales E. Transient fusion ensures granule replenishment to enable repeated release after IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3989-4000. [PMID: 27624612 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure normal immune function, mast cells employ different pathways to release mediators. Here, we report a thus far unknown capacity of mast cells to recycle and reuse secretory granules after an antigen-evoked degranulation process under physiological conditions; this phenomenon involves the existence of a recycling secretory granule pool that is available for release in a short time scale. Rapid endocytic modes contributed to the recycling of ∼60% of the total secretory granule population, which involved kiss-and-run and cavicapture mechanisms, causing retention of the intragranular matrix. We found the presence of normal-size granules and giant actomyosin- and dynamin-dependent granules, which were characterized by large quantal content. These large structures allowed the recovered mast cells to release a large amount of 5-HT, compensating for the decrease in the number of exocytosed secretory granules. This work uncovers a new physiological role of the exo-endocytosis cycle in the immunological plasticity of mast cells and reveals a new property of their biological secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Balseiro-Gomez
- Departamento Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan A Flores
- Departamento Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Departamento Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Pilar Ramirez-Ponce
- Departamento Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Ales
- Departamento Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de 41009 Sevilla, Spain
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60
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Abstract
The skin is considered the mirror of the soul and is affected by neurohormonal triggers, especially stress. Hair follicles, keratinocytes, mast cells, melanocytes, and sebocytes all express sex and stress hormones implicating them in a local "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis." In particular, the peptides corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and neurotensin (NT) have synergistic action stimulating mast cells and are uniquely elevated in the serum of patients with skin diseases exacerbated by stress. Addressing the neurohormonal regulation of skin function could lead to new targets for effective treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julia M Stewart
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Alexandra Taracanova
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pio Conti
- Department of Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
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α-Phellandrene, a cyclic monoterpene, attenuates inflammatory response through neutrophil migration inhibition and mast cell degranulation. Life Sci 2016; 160:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer heterogeneity, a hallmark enabling clonal survival and therapy resistance, is shaped by active immune responses. Antigen-specific T cells can control cancer, as revealed clinically by immunotherapeutics such as adoptive T-cell transfer and checkpoint blockade. The host immune system is thus a powerful tool that, if better harnessed, could significantly enhance the efficacy of cytotoxic therapy and improve outcomes for cancer sufferers. To realize this vision, however, a number of research frontiers must be tackled. These include developing strategies for neutralizing tumor-promoting inflammation, broadening T-cell repertoires (via vaccination), and elucidating the mechanisms by which immune cells organize tumor microenvironments to regulate T-cell activity. Such efforts will pave the way for identifying new targets for combination therapies that overcome resistance to current treatments and promote long-term cancer control.
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63
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Parrella E, Porrini V, Iorio R, Benarese M, Lanzillotta A, Mota M, Fusco M, Tonin P, Spano P, Pizzi M. PEA and luteolin synergistically reduce mast cell-mediated toxicity and elicit neuroprotection in cell-based models of brain ischemia. Brain Res 2016; 1648:409-417. [PMID: 27423516 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous fatty acid amide belonging to the family of the N-acylethanolamines, and the flavonoid luteolin has been found to exert neuroprotective activities in a variety of mouse models of neurological disorders, including brain ischemia. Indirect findings suggest that the two molecules can reduce the activation of mastocytes in brain ischemia, thus modulating crucial cells that trigger the inflammatory cascade. Though, no evidence exists about a direct effect of PEA and luteolin on mast cells in experimental models of brain ischemia, either used separately or in combination. In order to fill this gap, we developed a novel cell-based model of severe brain ischemia consisting of primary mouse cortical neurons and cloned mast cells derived from mouse fetal liver (MC/9 cells) subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). OGD exposure promoted both mast cell degranulation and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a time-dependent fashion. MC/9 cells exacerbated neuronal damage in neuron-mast cells co-cultures exposed to OGD. Likewise, the conditioned medium derived from OGD-exposed MC/9 cells induced significant neurotoxicity in control primary neurons. PEA and luteolin pre-treatment synergistically prevented the OGD-induced degranulation of mast cells and reduced the neurotoxic potential of MC/9 cells conditioned medium. Finally, the association of the two drugs promoted a direct synergistic neuroprotection even in pure cortical neurons exposed to OGD. In summary, our results indicate that mast cells release neurotoxic factors upon OGD-induced activation. The association PEA-luteolin actively reduces mast cell-mediated neurotoxicity as well as pure neurons susceptibility to OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Parrella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Rosa Iorio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Benarese
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Lanzillotta
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Mariana Mota
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | | | | | - PierFranco Spano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo, Venezia, Italy.
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64
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Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Cecilio NT, de Almeida Buranello PA, Pranchevicius MC, Goldman MHS, Pereira-da-Silva G, Roque-Barreira MC, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Recombinant ArtinM activates mast cells. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:22. [PMID: 27377926 PMCID: PMC4932716 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells are hematopoietically derived cells that play a role in inflammatory processes such as allergy, as well as in the immune response against pathogens by the selective and rapid release of preformed and lipid mediators, and the delayed release of cytokines. The native homotetrameric lectin ArtinM, a D-mannose binding lectin purified from Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds, is one of several lectins that are able to activate mast cells. Besides activating mast cells, ArtinM has been shown to affect several biological responses, including immunomodulation and acceleration of wound healing. Because of the potential pharmacological application of ArtinM, a recombinant ArtinM (rArtinM) was produced in Escherichia coli. The current study evaluated the ability of rArtinM to induce mast cell degranulation and activation. Results The glycan binding specificity of rArtinM was similar to that of jArtinM. rArtinM, via its CRD, was able to degranulate, releasing β-hexosaminidase and TNF-α, and to promote morphological changes on the mast cell surface. Moreover, rArtinM induced the release of the newly-synthesized mediator, IL-4. rArtinM does not have a co-stimulatory effect on the FcεRI degranulation via. The IgE-dependent mast cell activation triggered by rArtinM seems to be dependent on NFkB activation. Conclusions The lectin rArtinM has the ability to activate and degranulate mast cells via their CRDs. The present study indicates that rArtinM is a suitable substitute for the native form, jArtinM, and that rArtinM may serve as an important and reliable pharmacological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Cintra Barbosa-Lorenzi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nerry Tatiana Cecilio
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Andressa de Almeida Buranello
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Pranchevicius
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Present address: Department of Genetics and Evolution, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena S Goldman
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pereira-da-Silva
- Department of Maternal-Infant Nursing and Public Health, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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65
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Lee YS, Choi JH, Lee JH, Lee HW, Lee W, Kim WT, Kim TY. Extracellular superoxide dismutase ameliorates house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation and inhibits mast cell activation in mice. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:630-5. [PMID: 27061078 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anions. It has multiple functions, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antichemotatic and antitumor activities. Recently, we demonstrated that EC-SOD inhibits ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. However, the anti-allergic effect of EC-SOD on skin tissue and the role of EC-SOD in mast cells, which are important for allergic responses, have not been well studied. In this study, we investigated whether EC-SOD can alleviate atopic dermatitis in mice and inhibit mast cell activation. Treatment with human recombinant EC-SOD ameliorated house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Furthermore, the levels of pro-allergic cytokine gene expression and histamine release increased in EC-SOD KO mast cells and decreased in EC-SOD overexpressing mast cells, suggesting that EC-SOD inhibits mast cell activation. Consistently, a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis experiment showed more blood leakage from EC-SOD KO mouse ear skin, implying that the lack of EC-SOD increases allergic responses. These results suggest that EC-SOD inhibits mast cell activation and atopic dermatitis and that the loss of EC-SOD causes more severe allergic responses, implying that EC-SOD might be a good drug candidate for treatment of allergic disorders, such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sang Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Weontae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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66
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Raap U, Papakonstantinou E, Metz M, Lippert U, Schmelz M. Aktuelles zur kutanen Neurobiologie von Pruritus. Hautarzt 2016; 67:595-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-016-3838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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67
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Galli SJ. The Mast Cell-IgE Paradox: From Homeostasis to Anaphylaxis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:212-24. [PMID: 26776074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are so inextricably linked to the pathology of allergic disorders, including fatal anaphylaxis, that it can be difficult to think of them in other contexts. Surely, we do not have mast cells and IgE so that we can eat a peanut and die! It is thought that mast cells and IgE and basophils (circulating granulocytes, whose functions partially overlap with those of mast cells) can contribute to host defense as components of adaptive T helper cell type 2 immune responses to helminths, ticks, and certain other parasites. Accordingly, it was suggested that allergies are misdirected type 2 immune responses in which IgE antibodies are produced against any of a broad variety of apparently harmless antigens. However, components of animal venoms also can sensitize individuals to develop severe IgE-associated allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis, on subsequent venom exposure. Here, I describe evidence that mast cells can enhance innate host resistance to reptile or arthropod venoms during responses to an initial exposure to such venoms and that acquired type 2 immune responses, IgE antibodies, the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI, and mast cells can contribute toward acquired resistance in mice to the lethal effects of honeybee or Russell's viper venom. These findings support the hypothesis that mast cells and IgE can help protect the host against noxious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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68
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Mostafa RM, Abol-Magd R, Younis SE, Dessouki OF, Azab M, Mostafa T. Assessment of seminal mast cells in infertile men with varicocele after surgical repair. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27246870 DOI: 10.1111/and.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess seminal mast cells in infertile men associated with varicocele (Vx) pre- and post-surgical repair. Forty-five infertile men associated with Vx were subjected to history taking and clinical examination. In addition, semen parameters and seminal mast cells stained with 1% toluidine blue were estimated pre-varicocelectomy and three months post-varicocelectomy. Vx surgical repair revealed a significant improvement in the mean sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, total sperm motility and sperm abnormal morphology and a significant decrement in seminal mast cells (mean ± SD, 3.56 ± 2.23 cells per high-power field (HPF) vs. 2.22 ± 1.06 cells per HPF, p = .01). The pre-operative mean mast cell count demonstrated significant increases in cases with Vx grade III compared with other Vx grades and in cases with bilateral Vx compared with unilateral Vx cases. Seminal mast cells demonstrated a significant correlation with sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility and total sperm motility and a nonsignificant correlation with age and sperm abnormal morphology. It is concluded that seminal mast cells decrease significantly in infertile men with Vx after surgical repair showing a significant negative correlation with sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility and total sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Mostafa
- Andrology, Sexology & STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - R Abol-Magd
- Dermatology & Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - S E Younis
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - O F Dessouki
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - M Azab
- Andrology, Sexology & STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - T Mostafa
- Andrology, Sexology & STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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69
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Regulatory roles of mast cells in immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:623-9. [PMID: 27154294 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are important immune cells for host defense through activation of innate immunity (via toll-like receptors or complement receptors) and acquired immunity (via FcεRI). Conversely, mast cells also act as effector cells that exacerbate development of allergic or autoimmune disorders. Yet, several lines of evidence show that mast cells act as regulatory cells to suppress certain inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the mechanisms by which mast cells suppress diseases.
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70
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NOD1 and NOD2 Interact with the Phagosome Cargo in Mast Cells: A Detailed Morphological Evidence. Inflammation 2016; 38:1113-25. [PMID: 25502289 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) play a key role in triggering the inflammatory process and share some functions with professional phagocytes. It is not clear whether or not the phagocytic process in MC follows the same route and has the same meaning of that of professional phagocytes. Herein we analyze in detail the structure of the phagosome in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC). The ultrastructural analysis of the phagosome, containing either model particles or bacteria, reveals that these vacuoles are very tight, and in several areas, their membrane seems to have dissolved. RPMC express NOD1 and NOD2 proteins whose role is to recognize intracellular foreign components and induce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Following Escherichia coli ingestion, both these molecules are found on the phagosome membrane and on ingested pathogens, together with phagosome maturation markers. These findings suggest that in RPMC the ingested cargo can, through interruptions of the phagosome membrane, interact directly with NODs, which act as switches in the process of cytokine production.
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71
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Maldonado MD, García-Moreno H, González-Yanes C, Calvo JR. Possible Involvement of the Inhibition of NF-κB Factor in Anti-Inflammatory Actions That Melatonin Exerts on Mast Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1926-33. [PMID: 26756719 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a molecule endogenously produced in a wide variety of immune cells, including mast cells (RBL-2H3). It exhibits immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The physiologic mechanisms underlying these activities of melatonin have not been clarified in mast cells. This work is designed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of melatonin on activated mast cells. RBL-2H3 were pre-treated with exogenous melatonin (MELx) at physiological (100nM) and pharmacological (1 mM) doses for 30 min, washed and activated with PMACI (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187) for 2 h and 12 h. The data shows that pre-treatment of MELx in stimulated mast cells, significantly reduced the levels of endogenous melatonin production (MELn), TNF-α and IL-6. These effects are directly related with the MELx concentration used. MELx also inhibited IKK/NF-κB signal transduction pathway in stimulated mast cells. These results indicate a molecular basis for the ability of melatonin to prevent inflammation and for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases through the down-regulation of mast cell activation. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1926-1933, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Maldonado
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Spain
| | - H García-Moreno
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Spain
| | - C González-Yanes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Spain
| | - J R Calvo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Spain
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72
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Yoou MS, Park CL, Kim MH, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Inhibition of MDM2 expression by rosmarinic acid in TSLP-stimulated mast cell. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 771:191-8. [PMID: 26694802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) has an anti-inflammatory property while thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has an important role in mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the regulatory effect of RA in TSLP-stimulated human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells, and short ragweed pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis mouse model. As a result, we found that RA significantly decreased the TSLP-induced mast cell proliferation and murine double minute (MDM) 2 expression. RA significantly decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-13 and phosphorylated the signal transducer and activation of transcription 6 in the TSLP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. RA induced the increment of p53 levels, caspase-3 activation, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage and the reduction of the procaspase-3 and Bcl2. RA significantly reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 on the TSLP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. In addition, RA significantly reduced the levels of IgE, IL-4, and TSLP in the short ragweed pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis mouse model. In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that RA has a significant anti-inflammatory effect on TSLP-induced inflammatory reactions. These effects of RA are likely to be mediated through inhibiting the MDM2 increased by TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-schook Yoou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Lee Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Computer Aided Mechanical Engineering, Sohae College, Jeonbuk, Gunsan 573-717, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Technology and Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Hoseo University, 20, Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 336-795, Republic of Korea.
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73
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Galli SJ, Starkl P, Marichal T, Tsai M. Mast cells and IgE in defense against venoms: Possible "good side" of allergy? Allergol Int 2016; 65:3-15. [PMID: 26666482 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Physicians think of mast cells and IgE primarily in the context of allergic disorders, including fatal anaphylaxis. This 'bad side' of mast cells and IgE is so well accepted that it can be difficult to think of them in other contexts, particularly those in which they may have beneficial functions. However, there is evidence that mast cells and IgE, as well as basophils (circulating granulocytes whose functions partially overlap with those of mast cells), can contribute to host defense as components of adaptive type 2 immune responses to helminths, ticks and certain other parasites. Accordingly, allergies often are conceptualized as "misdirected" type 2 immune responses, in which IgE antibodies are produced against any of a diverse group of apparently harmless antigens, as well as against components of animal venoms. Indeed, certain unfortunate patients who have become sensitized to venoms develop severe IgE-associated allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis, upon subsequent venom exposure. In this review, we will describe evidence that mast cells can enhance innate resistance to reptile or arthropod venoms during a first exposure to such venoms. We also will discuss findings indicating that, in mice which survive an initial encounter with venom, acquired type 2 immune responses, IgE antibodies, the high affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI), and mast cells can contribute to acquired resistance to the lethal effects of both honeybee venom and Russell's viper venom. These findings support the hypothesis that mast cells and IgE can help protect the host against venoms and perhaps other noxious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology and the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine 1, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology and the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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74
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Mastzellen und Basophile. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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75
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Liu J, Fu T, Song F, Xue Y, Xia C, Liu P, Wang H, Zhong J, Li Q, Chen J, Li Y, Cai D, Li Z. Mast Cells Participate in Corneal Development in Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17569. [PMID: 26627131 PMCID: PMC4667177 DOI: 10.1038/srep17569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the cornea, a highly specialized transparent tissue located at the anterior of the eye, is coordinated by a variety of molecules and cells. Here, we report that mast cells (MCs), recently found to be involved in morphogenesis, played a potentially important role in corneal development in mice. We show that two different waves of MC migration occurred during corneal development. In the first wave, MCs migrated to the corneal stroma and became distributed throughout the cornea. This wave occurred by embryonic day 12.5, with MCs disappearing from the cornea at the time of eyelid opening. In the second wave, MCs migrated to the corneal limbus and became distributed around limbal blood vessels. The number of MCs in this region gradually increased after birth and peaked at the time of eyelid opening in mice, remaining stable after postnatal day 21. We also show that integrin α4β7 and CXCR2 were important for the migration of MC precursors to the corneal limbus and that c-Kit-dependent MCs appeared to be involved in the formation of limbal blood vessels and corneal nerve fibers. These data clearly revealed that MCs participate in the development of the murine cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Fu
- International Collaborative Innovation Research Center of Ocular Surface Diseases and Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Song
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- International Collaborative Innovation Research Center of Ocular Surface Diseases and Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyong Xia
- Department of Embryology and Histology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanrong Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- International Collaborative Innovation Research Center of Ocular Surface Diseases and Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Cai
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International Collaborative Innovation Research Center of Ocular Surface Diseases and Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Section of Leukocyte Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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76
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Role of inflammatory cells in fibroblast activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:143-8. [PMID: 26593723 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although fibrosis is an essential response to acute cardiac tissue injury, prolonged myofibroblast activation and progressive fibrosis lead to further distortion of tissue architecture and worsened cardiac function. Thus, optimal tissue repair following injury requires tight control over myofibroblast activation. It is now recognized that inflammation plays a critical role in regulating fibrosis. In this review we will highlight how advances in the field of innate immunity have led to a better understanding of the role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease and, in particular, in the regulation of fibrosis. Specifically, we will discuss how the innate immune system recognizes tissue damage in settings of acute injury and chronic cardiovascular disease. We will also review the role of different cell populations in this response, particularly the unique role of different macrophage subsets and mast cells.
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77
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Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. The mast cell as a pluripotent HDL-modifying effector in atherogenesis: from in vitro to in vivo significance. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:362-8. [PMID: 26339766 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence about the effects that mast cell mediators can exert on the cholesterol efflux-inducing function of high density lipoproteins (HDL). RECENT FINDINGS Subendothelially located activated mast cells are present in inflamed tissue sites, in which macrophage foam cells are also present. Upon activation, mast cells degranulate and expel 2 major neutral proteases, chymase and tryptase, and the vasoactive compound histamine, all of which are bound to the heparin-proteoglycan matrix of the granules. In the extracellular fluid, the proteases remain heparin-bound and retain their activities, whereas histamine dissociates and diffuses away to reach the endothelium. The heparin-bound mast cell proteases avidly degrade lipid-poor HDL particles so preventing their ability to induce cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells. In contrast, histamine enhances the passage of circulating HDL through the vascular endothelium into interstitial fluids, so favoring HDL interaction with peripheral macrophage foam cells and accelerating initiation of macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport. SUMMARY Mast cells exert various modulatory effects on HDL function. In this novel tissue cholesterol-regulating function, the functional balance of histamine and proteases, and the relative quantities of HDL particles in the affected microenvironment ultimately dictate the outcome of the multiple mast cell effects on tissue cholesterol content.
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78
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Starkl P, Marichal T, Gaudenzio N, Reber LL, Sibilano R, Tsai M, Galli SJ. IgE antibodies, FcεRIα, and IgE-mediated local anaphylaxis can limit snake venom toxicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:246-257.e11. [PMID: 26410782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 cytokine-related immune responses associated with development of antigen-specific IgE antibodies can contribute to pathology in patients with allergic diseases and to fatal anaphylaxis. However, recent findings in mice indicate that IgE also can enhance defense against honeybee venom. OBJECTIVE We tested whether IgE antibodies, IgE-dependent effector mechanisms, and a local anaphylactic reaction to an unrelated antigen can enhance defense against Russell viper venom (RVV) and determined whether such responses can be influenced by immunization protocol or mouse strain. METHODS We compared the resistance of RVV-immunized wild-type, IgE-deficient, and Fcer1a-deficient mice after injection of a potentially lethal dose of RVV. RESULTS A single prior exposure to RVV enhanced the ability of wild-type mice, but not mice lacking IgE or functional FcεRI, to survive challenge with a potentially lethal amount of RVV. Moreover, IgE-dependent local passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in response to challenge with an antigen not naturally present in RVV significantly enhanced resistance to the venom. Finally, we observed different effects on resistance to RVV or honeybee venom in BALB/c versus C57BL/6 mice that had received a second exposure to that venom before challenge with a high dose of that venom. CONCLUSION These observations illustrate the potential benefit of IgE-dependent effector mechanisms in acquired host defense against venoms. The extent to which type 2 immune responses against venoms can decrease pathology associated with envenomation seems to be influenced by the type of venom, the frequency of venom exposure, and the genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Laurent Lionel Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Stephen Joseph Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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79
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Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:225-35. [PMID: 26557038 PMCID: PMC4637384 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.51359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins, like other antimicrobial peptides, exhibit direct antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microbes, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungi. These host-derived peptides kill the invaded pathogens by perturbing their cell membranes and can neutralize biological activities of endotoxin. Nowadays, more and more data indicate that these peptides, in addition to their antimicrobial properties, possess various immunomodulatory activities. Cathelicidins have the potential to influence and modulate, both directly and indirectly, the activity of various cell populations involved in inflammatory processes and in host defense against invading pathogens. They induce migration of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells and prolong the lifespan of neutrophils. These peptides directly activate inflammatory cells to production and release of different pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines, however cathelicidins might mediate the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines as well. Cathelicidins also modulate epithelial cell/keratinocyte responses to infecting pathogens. What is more, they affect activity of monocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, or epithelial cells acting in synergy with cytokines or β-defensins. In addition, these peptides indirectly balance TLR-mediated responses of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. This review discusses the role and significance of cathelicidins in inflammation and innate immunity against pathogens.
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80
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Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ. Testing the 'toxin hypothesis of allergy': mast cells, IgE, and innate and acquired immune responses to venoms. Curr Opin Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26210895 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Work in mice indicates that innate functions of mast cells, particularly degradation of venom toxins by mast cell-derived proteases, can enhance resistance to certain arthropod or reptile venoms. Recent reports indicate that acquired Th2 immune responses associated with the production of IgE antibodies, induced by Russell's viper venom or honeybee venom, or by a component of honeybee venom, bee venom phospholipase 2 (bvPLA2), can increase the resistance of mice to challenge with potentially lethal doses of either of the venoms or bvPLA2. These findings support the conclusion that, in contrast to the detrimental effects associated with allergic type 2 (Th2) immune responses, mast cells and IgE-dependent immune responses to venoms can contribute to innate and adaptive resistance to venom-induced pathology and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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81
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Balseiro-Gomez S, Flores JA, Acosta J, Ramirez-Ponce MP, Ales E. Identification of a New Exo-Endocytic Mechanism Triggered by Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26202981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The key role of mast cells (MC), either in development of inflammatory pathologies or in response to environmental stress, has been widely reported in recent years. Previous studies have described the effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released from inflamed tissues by cellular stress signals, on MC degranulation, a process possibly driven by selective secretion of mediators (piecemeal degranulation). In this study, we introduce a novel granular exo-endocytic pathway induced by CRH on peritoneal MC. We found that CRH triggers substantial exocytosis, which is even stronger than that induced by Ag stimulation and is characterized by large quantal size release events. Membrane fluorescence increases during stimulation in the presence of FM1-43 dye, corroborating the strength of this exocytosis, given that discrete upward fluorescence steps are often observed and suggesting that secretory granules are preferentially released by compound exocytosis. Additionally, the presence of a depot of large tubular organelles in the cytoplasm suggests that the exocytotic process is tightly coupled to a fast compound endocytosis. This CRH-stimulated mechanism is mediated through activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase of cAMP and intracellular Ca(2+), as evidenced by the fact that the effect of CRH is mimicked by forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP. Thus, these outcomes constitute new evidence for the critical role of MC in pathophysiological conditions within a cellular stress environment and an alternative membrane trafficking route mediated by CRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Balseiro-Gomez
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Juan A Flores
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - M Pilar Ramirez-Ponce
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Ales
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
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82
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Are mast cells implicated in asphyxia? Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:153-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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83
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Manning BM, Meyer AF, Gruba SM, Haynes CL. Single-cell analysis of mast cell degranulation induced by airway smooth muscle-secreted chemokines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1862-8. [PMID: 25986989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by narrowed airways, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, mucus hyper-secretion, and airway remodeling. Mast cell (MC) infiltration into airway smooth muscle (ASM) is a defining feature of asthma, and ASM regulates the inflammatory response by secreting chemokines, including CXCL10 and CCL5. Single cell analysis offers a unique approach to study specific cellular signaling interactions within large and complex signaling networks such as the inflammatory microenvironment in asthma. METHODS Carbon-fiber microelectrode amperometry was used to study the effects of ASM-secreted chemokines on mouse peritoneal MC degranulation. RESULTS MC degranulation in response to CXCL10 and CCL5 was monitored at the single cell level. Relative to IgE-mediated degranulation, CXCL10- and CCL5-stimulated MCs released a decreased amount of serotonin per granule with fewer release events per cell. Decreased serotonin release per granule was correlated with increased spike half-width and rise-time values. CONCLUSIONS MCs are directly activated by ASM-associated chemokines. CXCL10 and CCL5 induce less robust MC degranulation compared to IgE- and A23187-stimulation. The kinetics of MC degranulation are signaling pathway-dependent, suggesting a biophysical mechanism of regulated degranulation that incorporates control over granule trafficking, transport, and docking machinery. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The biophysical mechanisms, including variations in number of exocytotic release events, serotonin released per granule, and the membrane kinetics of exocytosis that underlie MC degranulation in response to CXCL10 and CCL5 were characterized at the single cell level. These findings clarify the function of ASM-derived chemokines as instigators of MC degranulation relative to classical mechanisms of MC stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Manning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Audrey F Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sarah M Gruba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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84
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Je IG, Choi HG, Kim HH, Lee S, Choi JK, Kim SW, Kim DS, Kwon TK, Shin TY, Park PH, Khang D, Kim SH. Inhibitory effect of 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation through suppression of IκB kinase complex. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:119-127. [PMID: 25981167 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As the importance of allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma, research on potential drug candidates becomes more necessary. Mast cells play an important role as initiators of allergic responses through the release of histamine; therefore, they should be the target of pharmaceutical development for the management of allergic inflammation. In our previous study, anti-allergic effect of extracts of Amomum xanthioides was demonstrated. To further investigate improved candidates, 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene (TMB) was isolated from methanol extracts of A. xanthioides. TMB dose-dependently attenuated the degranulation of mast cells without cytotoxicity by inhibiting calcium influx. TMB decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-4 at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Increased expression of these cytokines was caused by translocation of nuclear factor-κB into the nucleus, and it was hindered by suppressing activation of IκB kinase complex. To confirm the effect of TMB in vivo, the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) and IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) models were used. In the ASA model, hypothermia was decreased by oral administration of TMB, which attenuated serum histamine, OVA-specific IgE, and IL-4 levels. Increased pigmentation of Evans blue was reduced by TMB in a dose-dependent manner in the PCA model. Our results suggest that TMB is a possible therapeutic candidate for allergic inflammatory diseases that acts through the inhibition of mast cell degranulation and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gyu Je
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Hun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi 730-040, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Sil Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi 730-040, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonju 565-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea.
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85
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Kulinski JM, Muñoz-Cano R, Olivera A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and other lipid mediators generated by mast cells as critical players in allergy and mast cell function. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:56-67. [PMID: 25941085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), platelet activating factor (PAF) and eicosanoids are bioactive lipid mediators abundantly produced by antigen-stimulated mast cells that exert their function mostly through specific cell surface receptors. Although it has long been recognized that some of these bioactive lipids are potent regulators of allergic diseases, their exact contributions to disease pathology have been obscured by the complexity of their mode of action and the regulation of their metabolism. Indeed, the effects of such lipids are usually mediated by multiple receptor subtypes that may differ in their signaling mechanisms and functions. In addition, their actions may be elicited by cell surface receptor-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, these lipids may be converted into metabolites that exhibit different functionalities, adding another layer of complexity to their overall biological responses. In some instances, a second wave of lipid mediator synthesis by both mast cell and non-mast cell sources may occur late during inflammation, bringing about additional roles in the altered environment. New evidence also suggests that bioactive lipids in the local environment can fine-tune mast cell maturation and phenotype, and thus their responsiveness. A better understanding of the subtleties of the spatiotemporal regulation of these lipid mediators, their receptors and functions may aid in the pursuit of pharmacological applications for allergy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kulinski
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rosa Muñoz-Cano
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ana Olivera
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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86
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Reber LL, Sibilano R, Mukai K, Galli SJ. Potential effector and immunoregulatory functions of mast cells in mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:444-63. [PMID: 25669149 PMCID: PMC4739802 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are cells of hematopoietic origin that normally reside in mucosal tissues, often near epithelial cells, glands, smooth muscle cells, and nerves. Best known for their contributions to pathology during IgE-associated disorders such as food allergy, asthma, and anaphylaxis, MCs are also thought to mediate IgE-associated effector functions during certain parasite infections. However, various MC populations also can be activated to express functional programs--such as secreting preformed and/or newly synthesized biologically active products--in response to encounters with products derived from diverse pathogens, other host cells (including leukocytes and structural cells), damaged tissue, or the activation of the complement or coagulation systems, as well as by signals derived from the external environment (including animal toxins, plant products, and physical agents). In this review, we will discuss evidence suggesting that MCs can perform diverse effector and immunoregulatory roles that contribute to homeostasis or pathology in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
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87
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Mast cell activation in the skin of Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients. Malar J 2015; 14:67. [PMID: 25879828 PMCID: PMC4326495 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) play an important role in the immune response and inflammatory processes. Generally, MCs can be stimulated to degranulate and release histamine upon binding to immunoglobulin E (IgE). In malaria, MCs have been linked to immunoglobulin (Ig) E-anti-malarial antibodies. This study investigated the response of MCs in the skin of patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. METHODS Skin tissue samples were examined from ten uncomplicated and 20 complicated P. falciparum malaria cases. Normal skin tissues from 29 cases served as controls. Pre- and post-treatment tissues were included. Histopathological changes of the skin were evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin stain. MCs were investigated using toluidine blue staining. The percentage of MC degranulation was compared among groups and correlated with clinical data. RESULTS MC degranulation was significantly higher in the complicated P. falciparum (43.72% ± 1.44) group than the uncomplicated P. falciparum (31.35% ± 3.29) (p <0.05) and control groups (18.38% ± 1.75), (p <0.0001). MC degranulation correlated significantly with the degree of parasitaemia (rs = 0.66, p <0.0001). Associated pathological features, including extravasation of red blood cells, perivascular oedema and leukocyte infiltration were significantly increased in the malaria groups compared with the control group (all p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS MCs in the skin dermis are activated during malaria infection, and the degree of MC degranulation correlates with parasitaemia and disease severity.
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88
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Parkinson LG, Toro A, Zhao H, Brown K, Tebbutt SJ, Granville DJ. Granzyme B mediates both direct and indirect cleavage of extracellular matrix in skin after chronic low-dose ultraviolet light irradiation. Aging Cell 2015; 14:67-77. [PMID: 25495009 PMCID: PMC4326907 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory diseases that can lead to a loss of function, aging, and disease progression. Ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation from the sun is widely considered as the major cause of visible human skin aging, causing increased inflammation and enhanced ECM degradation. Granzyme B (GzmB), a serine protease that is expressed by a variety of cells, accumulates in the extracellular milieu during chronic inflammation and cleaves a number of ECM proteins. We hypothesized that GzmB contributes to ECM degradation in the skin after UV irradiation through both direct cleavage of ECM proteins and indirectly through the induction of other proteinases. Wild-type and GzmB-knockout mice were repeatedly exposed to minimal erythemal doses of solar-simulated UV irradiation for 20 weeks. GzmB expression was significantly increased in wild-type treated skin compared to nonirradiated controls, colocalizing to keratinocytes and to an increased mast cell population. GzmB deficiency significantly protected against the formation of wrinkles and the loss of dermal collagen density, which was related to the cleavage of decorin, an abundant proteoglycan involved in collagen fibrillogenesis and integrity. GzmB also cleaved fibronectin, and GzmB-mediated fibronectin fragments increased the expression of collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in fibroblasts. Collectively, these findings indicate a significant role for GzmB in ECM degradation that may have implications in many age-related chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh G. Parkinson
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ana Toro
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Keddie Brown
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Scott J. Tebbutt
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Respiratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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89
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Marichal T, Tsai M, Galli SJ. Mast cells: potential positive and negative roles in tumor biology. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:269-79. [PMID: 24777963 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues. Upon activation by diverse mechanisms, mast cells can secrete a broad array of biologically active products that either are stored in the cytoplasmic granules of the cells (e.g., histamine, heparin, various proteases) or are produced de novo upon cell stimulation (e.g., prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors). Mast cells are best known for their effector functions during anaphylaxis and acute IgE-associated allergic reactions, but they also have been implicated in a wide variety of processes that maintain health or contribute to disease. There has been particular interest in the possible roles of mast cells in tumor biology. In vitro studies have shown that mast cells have the potential to influence many aspects of tumor biology, including tumor development, tumor-induced angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling, and the shaping of adaptive immune responses to tumors. Yet, the actual contributions of mast cells to tumor biology in vivo remain controversial. Here, we review some basic features of mast cell biology with a special emphasis on those relevant to their potential roles in tumors. We discuss how using in vivo tumor models in combination with models in which mast cell function can be modulated has implicated mast cells in the regulation of host responses to tumors. Finally, we summarize data from studies of human tumors that suggest either beneficial or detrimental roles for mast cells in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marichal
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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90
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Bąbolewska E, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E. Human-derived cathelicidin LL-37 directly activates mast cells to proinflammatory mediator synthesis and migratory response. Cell Immunol 2015; 293:67-73. [PMID: 25577339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins, a family of antimicrobial peptides, are well known for their role in host defense, particularly against bacteria. Apart from direct killing of microbes through the membrane disruption, cathelicidins can also exert immunomodulatory effects on cells involved in inflammatory processes. Considering the important role of mast cells in inflammation, the aim of this study was to determine whether LL-37, human-derived cathelicidin, can induce mast cell activation. We have observed that LL-37 directly stimulates mast cell to degranulation and production of some proinflammatory cytokines, but fails to induce cysteinyl leukotriene generation and release. We have also documented that LL-37 acts as a strong mast cell chemoattractant. In intracellular signaling in mast cells activated by LL-37 participates PLC/A2 and, in part, MAPKs, and PI3K. In conclusion, our results indicate that cathelicidins may enhance antibacterial inflammatory response via attracting mast cell to pathogen entry site and via induction of mast cell-derived mediator release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Bąbolewska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland.
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91
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Siebenhaar F, Metz M, Maurer M. Mast cells protect from skin tumor development and limit tumor growth during cutaneous de novo carcinogenesis in a Kit-dependent mouse model. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:159-64. [PMID: 24444017 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal tumors belong to the most frequent type of neoplasms, and tumor-associated accumulation of mast cells (MCs) has first been observed more than a century ago. Therefore, MCs have been implicated in tumor development and growth; however, the results regarding the role of MC in cutaneous de novo carcinogenesis are still controversially discussed. Here, we subjected MC-deficient Kit(W) /Kit(W-v) mice to chemical skin carcinogenesis. Tumors were induced using the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene and subsequent treatment with the tumor promoter 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetat. The treatment resulted in pronounced inflammatory cell infiltrates that were diminished in MC-deficient animals. Unexpectedly, tumor development and growth was significantly increased in MC-deficient Kit(W) /Kit(W-v) mice. The repair of their MC deficiency by local adoptive transfer of MCs normalized tumor incidence and growth. The recruitment of skin-infiltrating immune cells, particularly of F4/80+ monocytes, Gr-1+ granulocytes, B220+ B cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, to sites of tumor development was, in part, also controlled by MCs. Recent evidence indicated the importance of local antitumor tissue immunity which prevents tumor development. These findings suggest a critical role for MCs in mediating these host antitumor immune responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Siebenhaar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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92
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Je IG, Kim HH, Park PH, Kwon TK, Seo SY, Shin TY, Kim SH. SG-HQ2 inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation through suppression of histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:631-8. [PMID: 25349218 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214555663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of 3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-(8-hydroxyquinolin-2-yl)benzamide) (SG-HQ2), a synthetic analogue of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), on the mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and the possible mechanism of action. Mast cells play major roles in immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic responses by the release of histamine, lipid-derived mediators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We previously reported the potential effects of gallic acid using allergic inflammation models. For incremental research, we synthesized the SG-HQ2 by the modification of functional groups from gallic acid. SG-HQ2 attenuated histamine release by the reduction of intracellular calcium in human mast cells and primary peritoneal mast cells. The inhibitory efficacy of SG-HQ2 was similar with gallic acid. Enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6 in activated mast cells was significantly diminished by SG-HQ2 100 times lower concentration of gallic acid. This inhibitory effect was mediated by the reduction of nuclear factor-κB. In animal models, SG-HQ2 inhibited compound 48/80-induced serum histamine release and immunoglobulin E-mediated local allergic reaction, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Our results indicate that SG-HQ2, an analogue of gallic acid, might be a possible therapeutic candidate for mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory diseases through suppression of histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gyu Je
- CMRI, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Hun Kim
- CMRI, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonju 565-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- CMRI, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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93
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Rigoni A, Colombo MP, Pucillo C. The Role of Mast Cells in Molding the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 8:167-76. [PMID: 25194694 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are granulocytic immune cells that reside in tissues exposed to the external environment. MCs are best known for their activity in allergic reactions, but they have been involved in different physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, MC infiltration has been shown in several types of human tumors and in animal cancer models. Nevertheless, the role of MCs in the tumor microenvironment is still debated because they have been associated either to good or poor prognosis depending on tumor type and tissue localization. This dichotomous role relies on MC capacity to secrete a broad spectrum of molecules with modulatory functions, which may condition the final tumor outcome also promoting angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. In this review, we analyze the multifaceted role of mast cell in tumor progression and inhibition considering their ability to interact with: i) immune cells, ii) tumor cells and iii) the extracellular matrix. Eventually, the current MC targeting strategies to treat cancer patients are discussed. Deciphering the actual role of MCs in tumor onset and progression is crucial to identify MC-targeted treatments aimed at killing cancer cells or at making the tumor vulnerable to selected anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rigoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - C Pucillo
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
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94
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Kim JS, Yoon YJ, Lee EJ. Studies on distribution of α1-antitrypsin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and mast cell enzymes in diseased middle ear mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134:791-5. [PMID: 24931056 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2014.913198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Antimicrobial agents (AMAs) and mast cells in chronic otitis media (COM) may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of COM. Among them, our results indicated that lysozyme may be the most important parameter of the mucosa infectivity in COM. OBJECTIVES AMAs include alpha 1-antitrypsin (α1-AT), lysozyme, and lactoferrin and exhibit innate immune activity that is known to play a critical role in mucosal defenses. In addition, proteases expressed in mast cells contribute to mucosal defenses. The aim of this study was to identify AMAs responsible for COM as well as their association with middle ear mucosal diseases. METHODS Middle ear mucosa (MEM) was intraoperatively collected by biopsy from patients, diagnosed as COM without or with cholesteatoma, and immediately processed for immunohistochemical study to evaluate expression of AMAs and mast cell proteases (chymase and tryptase). RESULTS The AMAs and mast cell enzymes were observed prominently in the chronic middle ear diseases whereas immunoreactivity of α1-AT and lysozyme was not significantly increased in the COM with cholesteatoma compared with that in COM without cholesteatoma. Lactoferrin was not detected in the diseased MEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
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95
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Hochman DJ, Collaco CR, Brooks EG. Acrolein induction of oxidative stress and degranulation in mast cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:908-915. [PMID: 23047665 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increases in asthma worldwide have been associated epidemiologically with expanding urban air pollution. The mechanistic relationship between airway hyper-responsiveness, inflammation, and ambient airborne triggers remains ambiguous. Acrolein, a ubiquitous aldehyde pollutant, is a product of incomplete combustion reactions. Acrolein is abundant in cigarette smoke, effluent from industrial smokestacks, diesel exhaust, and even hot oil cooking vapors. Acrolein is a potent airway irritant and can induce airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation in the lungs of animal models. In the present study, we utilized the mast cell analog, RBL-2H3, to interrogate the responses of cells relevant to airway inflammation and allergic responses as a model for the induction of asthma-like conditions upon exposure to acrolein. We hypothesized that acrolein would induce oxidative stress and degranulation in airway mast cells. Our results indicate that acrolein at 1 ppm initiated degranulation and promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Introduction of antioxidants to the system significantly reduced both ROS generation and degranulation. At higher levels of exposure (above 100 ppm), RBL-2H3 cells displayed signs of severe toxicity. This experimental data indicates acrolein can induce an allergic inflammation in mast cell lines, and the initiation of degranulation was moderated by the application of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hochman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, Texas 77555-0369
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96
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Kosanovic D, Dahal BK, Peters DM, Seimetz M, Wygrecka M, Hoffmann K, Antel J, Reiss I, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Schermuly RT. Histological characterization of mast cell chymase in patients with pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Circ 2014; 4:128-36. [PMID: 25006428 DOI: 10.1086/675642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous findings demonstrated an increase in pulmonary mast cells (MCs) in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Also, literature suggests a potential role for MCs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, a comprehensive investigation of lungs from patients is still needed. We systematically investigated the presence/expression of MCs/MC chymase in the lungs of IPAH and COPD patients by (immuno)histochemistry and subsequent quantification. We found that total and perivascular chymase-positive MCs were significantly higher in IPAH patients than in donors. In addition, chymase-positive MCs were located in proximity to regions with prominent expression of big-endothelin-1 in the pulmonary vessels of IPAH patients. Total and perivascular MCs around resistant vessels were augmented and a significant majority of them were degranulated (activated) in COPD patients. While the total chymase-positive MC count tended to increase in COPD patients, the perivascular number was significantly enhanced in all vessel sizes analyzed. Surprisingly, MC and chymase-positive MC numbers positively correlated with better lung function in COPD. Our findings suggest that activated MCs, possibly by releasing chymase, may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling in IPAH. Pulmonary MCs/chymase may have compartment-specific (vascular vs. airway) functions in COPD. Future studies should elucidate the mechanisms of MC accumulation and the role of MC chymase in pathologies of these severe lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Kosanovic
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bhola Kumar Dahal
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany ; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Michael Seimetz
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Irwin Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany ; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Fritillaria ussuriensisExtract Inhibits the Production of Inflammatory Cytokine and MAPKs in Mast Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1440-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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98
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Bernstein JA, Lang DM, Khan DA, Craig T, Dreyfus D, Hsieh F, Sheikh J, Weldon D, Zuraw B, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph CR, Schuller DE, Spector SL, Tilles SA, Wallace D. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1270-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wilgus TA, Wulff BC. The Importance of Mast Cells in Dermal Scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:356-365. [PMID: 24757590 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Mast cells are resident inflammatory cells present in high numbers in the skin. They are one of the first cell types to respond to damage and they do so by quickly releasing a variety of preformed mediators that are stored within mast cell granules. Mast cells are not only active early on, where they help induce inflammation, but they also stimulate the proliferation of several important cell types and influence the production and remodeling of collagen. Recent Advances: Recent studies have highlighted the importance of mast cells in determining the amount of scar tissue that forms as a result of the repair process. Mast cells are found in low numbers and in a less activated state in scarless wounds, whereas high numbers of activated mast cells are associated with scarring and fibrosis. Furthermore, animals that lack mast cells or have been treated with degranulation inhibitors or drugs that block the activity of mast cell proteases have been shown to heal with reduced scar tissue. Critical Issues: Despite evidence suggesting that mast cells regulate scar tissue development, the entire range of mast cell activities during wound repair and scar formation has not been completely characterized. In addition, the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting mast cells clinically have yet to be fully explored. Future Directions: More studies are needed to determine whether inhibiting mast cell activation and blocking the function of mast cell mediators are viable options to prevent or reduce the appearance of scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A. Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian C. Wulff
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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100
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Lee YS, Hur S, Kim TY. Homoisoflavanone prevents mast cell activation and allergic responses by inhibition of Syk signaling pathway. Allergy 2014; 69:453-62. [PMID: 24446972 DOI: 10.1111/all.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells play important roles in allergic inflammatory responses because they produce leukotrienes (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), and a variety of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, pharmacological interventions for allergies have focused on inhibiting mast cell activation. Homoisoflavanone (HIF), isolated from Cremastra appendiculata Makino, has anti-angiogenic activities; however, its effects on allergic reactions have not been determined. The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of HIF on mast cell activation, which is critical for anti-allergic reaction and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative real-time PCR, western blot analyses, and degranulation assay were performed to measure pro-inflammatory and allergic mediators in PMA/A23187- or IgE/antigen-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), HMC-1, RBL-1, or human PBMC-derived mast cells treated with or without HIF. The anti-allergic effects of HIF were determined in mouse models using dinitrophenol-immunoglobulin E-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and compound 48/80-induced ear swelling. RESULTS Homoisoflavanone down-regulated PGD2 , LTB4 , and LTC4 production and inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in PMA/A23187- or IgE/antigen-stimulated mast cells. The molecular mechanisms by which HIF caused these inhibitory effects were determined to be the inactivation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling and the concurrent suppression of cPLA2 . HIF inhibited IgE-mediated PCA and compound 48/80-induced ear swelling in mouse. CONCLUSIONS Homoisoflavanone inhibited mast cell activation through the suppression of Syk pathway together with the inhibition of cPLA2 . Thus, it might be a good candidate molecule for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Lee
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul South Korea
| | - S. Hur
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul South Korea
| | - T.-Y. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul South Korea
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