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Rossmeisl JH, Clapp K, Pancotto TE, Emch S, Robertson JL, Debinski W. Canine Butterfly Glioblastomas: A Neuroradiological Review. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:40. [PMID: 27458589 PMCID: PMC4931820 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, high-grade gliomas may infiltrate across the corpus callosum resulting in bihemispheric lesions that may have symmetrical, winged-like appearances. This particular tumor manifestation has been coined a “butterfly” glioma (BG). While canine and human gliomas share many neuroradiological and pathological features, the BG morphology has not been previously reported in dogs. Here, we describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of BG in three dogs and review the potential differential diagnoses based on neuroimaging findings. All dogs presented for generalized seizures and interictal neurological deficits referable to multifocal or diffuse forebrain disease. MRI examinations revealed asymmetrical (2/3) or symmetrical (1/3), bihemispheric intra-axial mass lesions that predominantly affected the frontoparietal lobes that were associated with extensive perilesional edema, and involvement of the corpus callosum. The masses displayed heterogeneous T1, T2, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal intensities, variable contrast enhancement (2/3), and mass effect. All tumors demonstrated classical histopathological features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), including glial cell pseudopalisading, serpentine necrosis, microvascular proliferation as well as invasion of the corpus callosum by neoplastic astrocytes. Although rare, GBM should be considered a differential diagnosis in dogs with an MRI evidence of asymmetric or symmetric bilateral, intra-axial cerebral mass lesions with signal characteristics compatible with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Rossmeisl
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia-Tech Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kemba Clapp
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Theresa E Pancotto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Samantha Emch
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, VCA Alameda East Veterinary Hospital , Denver, CO , USA
| | - John L Robertson
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia-Tech Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia-Tech Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Truvé K, Dickinson P, Xiong A, York D, Jayashankar K, Pielberg G, Koltookian M, Murén E, Fuxelius HH, Weishaupt H, Swartling FJ, Andersson G, Hedhammar Å, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Bannasch D, Lindblad-Toh K. Utilizing the Dog Genome in the Search for Novel Candidate Genes Involved in Glioma Development-Genome Wide Association Mapping followed by Targeted Massive Parallel Sequencing Identifies a Strongly Associated Locus. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006000. [PMID: 27171399 PMCID: PMC4865040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common form of malignant primary brain tumors in humans and second most common in dogs, occurring with similar frequencies in both species. Dogs are valuable spontaneous models of human complex diseases including cancers and may provide insight into disease susceptibility and oncogenesis. Several brachycephalic breeds such as Boxer, Bulldog and Boston Terrier have an elevated risk of developing glioma, but others, including Pug and Pekingese, are not at higher risk. To identify glioma-associated genetic susceptibility factors, an across-breed genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on 39 dog glioma cases and 141 controls from 25 dog breeds, identifying a genome-wide significant locus on canine chromosome (CFA) 26 (p = 2.8 x 10-8). Targeted re-sequencing of the 3.4 Mb candidate region was performed, followed by genotyping of the 56 SNVs that best fit the association pattern between the re-sequenced cases and controls. We identified three candidate genes that were highly associated with glioma susceptibility: CAMKK2, P2RX7 and DENR. CAMKK2 showed reduced expression in both canine and human brain tumors, and a non-synonymous variant in P2RX7, previously demonstrated to have a 50% decrease in receptor function, was also associated with disease. Thus, one or more of these genes appear to affect glioma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Truvé
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (KT); (KLT)
| | - Peter Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel York
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kartika Jayashankar
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gerli Pielberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michele Koltookian
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eva Murén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans-Henrik Fuxelius
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J. Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Danika Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (KLT)
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53
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Fraser AR, Bacci B, le Chevoir MA, Long SN. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Ki-67 Expression in Canine Gliomas. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:1131-1137. [PMID: 27154542 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816644301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies, including molecular targeted therapies, are being developed for the treatment of human gliomas. To use such therapies for canine gliomas, more complete characterization of molecular targets is required. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one such therapeutic target used in human glioma trials, and the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) is a marker of proliferation and a prognostic indicator. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate the expression of EGFR and Ki-67 in canine gliomas and to determine if immunopositivity is associated with tumor type and histologic grade. Thirty-one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine gliomas were evaluated for EGFR and Ki-67 expression by immunohistochemistry. EGFR immunopositivity was evaluated using a semi-quantitative score and the Ki-67 LI calculated based on the percentage of positive cells. EGFR and Ki-67 expression were identified in 16 of 31 (52%) and 28 of 31 (90%) tumors, respectively. EGFR expression was significantly greater in high-grade tumors compared with low-grade tumors (P = .04) and was significantly greater in gliomatosis cerebri compared with oligodendroglioma (P = .002), astrocytoma (P = .01), and oligoastrocytoma (P = .04). The Ki-67 LI was significantly greater in high-grade tumors compared with low grade tumors (P = .02); the median Ki-67 LI was 2.3% (range, 0%-17.6%) for low-grade tumors and 9.3% (range, 1.7%-41.0%) for high-grade tumors. A significant moderate correlation was identified between EGFR immunopositivity and Ki-67 LI (r = 0.47, P = .007). Overall, EGFR may be a suitable therapeutic target for some canine gliomas, particularly gliomatosis cerebri.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fraser
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Studies Group, Section of Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - B Bacci
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - M A le Chevoir
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Studies Group, Section of Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S N Long
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Studies Group, Section of Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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54
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Fadda A, Vajtai I, Lang J, Henke D, Oevermann A. Cerebral high-grade oligodendroglioma with sarcomatous transdifferentiation ("oligosarcoma") in a boxer dog. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 28:1881-5. [PMID: 25410956 PMCID: PMC4895619 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Fadda
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
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55
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Spontaneously Arising Canine Glioma as a Potential Model for Human Glioma. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:169-79. [PMID: 26804204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human gliomas are malignant brain tumours that carry a poor prognosis and are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells. There is a paucity of animal models available for study of these tumours and most have been created by genetic modification. Spontaneously arising canine gliomas may provide a model for the characterization of the human tumours. The present study shows that canine gliomas form a range of immunohistochemical patterns that are similar to those described for human gliomas. The in-vitro sphere assay was used to analyze the expansion and differentiation potential of glioma cells taken from the periphery and centre of canine tumours. Samples from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and contralateral parenchyma were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The expansion potential for all of these samples was low and cells from only three cultures were expanded for six passages. These three cultures were derived from high-grade gliomas and the cells had been cryopreserved. Most of the cells obtained from the centre of the tumours formed spheres and were expanded, in contrast to samples taken from the periphery of the tumours. Spheres were also formed and expanded from two areas of apparently unaffected brain parenchyma. The neurogenic SVZ contralateral samples also contained progenitor proliferating cells, since all of them were expanded for three to five passages. Differentiation analysis showed that all cultured spheres were multipotential and able to differentiate towards both neurons and glial cells. Spontaneously arising canine gliomas might therefore constitute an animal model for further characterization of these tumours.
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56
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Bredlau AL, McCrackin MA, Motamarry A, Helke K, Chen C, Broome AM, Haemmerich D. Thermal Therapy Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors in Animals and Humans. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 44:443-457. [PMID: 29431091 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2017021249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors are often aggressive, with short survival from time of diagnosis even with standard of care therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Thermal therapies have been extensively investigated as both primary and adjuvant therapy. Although thermal therapies are not yet widely used clinically, there have been several promising approaches demonstrated in both animals and humans. This review presents thermal therapy approaches in animal and human studies, including both hyperthermia (temperatures ~42°C-45°C) and thermal ablation (temperatures > 50°C). Hyperthermia is primarily used as adjuvant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and is the most widely studied radiation sensitizer where enhanced efficacy has been shown in human patients with brain cancer. Hyperthermia has additional beneficial effects such as immunogenic effects, and opening of the bloodbrain barrier to potentially enhance drug delivery, for example in combination with nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Thermal ablation uses high temperatures for direct local tumor destruction, and it found its way into clinical use as laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). This review presents various hyperthermia and ablation approaches, including a review of different devices and methods that have been used for thermal therapies, such as radiofrequency/microwaves, laser, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and magnetic nanoparticles. Current research efforts include the combination of advanced thermal therapy devices, such as focused ultrasound with radiation, as well as the use of thermal therapies to enhance chemotherapy delivery across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bredlau
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - M A McCrackin
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson VAMC Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Anjan Motamarry
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kris Helke
- Ralph H. Johnson VAMC Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Dieter Haemmerich
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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57
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Presence of neural progenitors in spontaneous canine gliomas: A histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Vet J 2015; 209:125-32. [PMID: 26831167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumours in humans and are associated with a poor prognosis. An accurate animal model of human glioma tumorigenesis is needed to test new treatment strategies. Dogs represent a promising model because they develop spontaneous diffusely-infiltrating gliomas. This study investigated whether spontaneous canine gliomas contain cancer stem cells previously identified in all grades of human gliomas. Twenty spontaneous cases of canine gliomas were graded according to the human WHO classification. The expression of different markers of lineage differentiation was evaluated with immunohistochemistry as follows: nestin and CD133 for neural stem cells, doublecortin for neuronal progenitor cells, Olig2 for glial progenitor cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin and S-100 for mature glial cells, and NeuN and βIII-tubulin for mature neurons. Gliomas were characterised as follows: five grade II (oligodendrogliomas); nine grade III (seven anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, one anaplastic astrocytoma, one anaplastic oligoastrocytoma); six grade IV (glioblastomas). Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that (1) nestin and CD133 were expressed in all grades of gliomas with a higher proportion of positive cells in high-grade gliomas; (2) the expression of S-100 protein and Olig2 did not differ substantially between astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumours, and (3) all gliomas were negative for mature neuron markers. The results demonstrated the presence of undifferentiated neural progenitors in all grades of spontaneous canine gliomas, confirming the relevance of this animal model for further studies on cancer stem cells.
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58
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Rossmeisl JH, Garcia PA, Pancotto TE, Robertson JL, Henao-Guerrero N, Neal RE, Ellis TL, Davalos RV. Safety and feasibility of the NanoKnife system for irreversible electroporation ablative treatment of canine spontaneous intracranial gliomas. J Neurosurg 2015; 123:1008-25. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.12.jns141768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel nonthermal ablation technique that has been used for the treatment of solid cancers. However, it has not been evaluated for use in brain tumors. Here, the authors report on the safety and feasibility of using the NanoKnife IRE system for the treatment of spontaneous intracranial gliomas in dogs.
METHODS
Client-owned dogs with a telencephalic glioma shown on MRI were eligible. Dog-specific treatment plans were generated by using MRI-based tissue segmentation, volumetric meshing, and finite element modeling. After biopsy confirmation of glioma, IRE treatment was delivered stereotactically with the NanoKnife system using pulse parameters and electrode configurations derived from therapeutic plans. The primary end point was an evaluation of safety over the 14 days immediately after treatment. Follow-up was continued for 12 months or until death with serial physical, neurological, laboratory, and MRI examinations.
RESULTS
Seven dogs with glioma were treated. The mean age of the dogs was 9.3 ± 1.6 years, and the mean pretreatment tumor volume was 1.9 ± 1.4 cm3. The median preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale score was 70 (range 30–75). Severe posttreatment toxicity was observed in 2 of the 7 dogs; one developed fatal (Grade 5) aspiration pneumonia, and the other developed treatment-associated cerebral edema, which resulted in transient neurological deterioration. Results of posttreatment diagnostic imaging, tumor biopsies, and neurological examinations indicated that tumor ablation was achieved without significant direct neurotoxicity in 6 of the 7 dogs. The median 14-day post-IRE Karnofsky Performance Scale score of the 6 dogs that survived to discharge was 80 (range 60–90), and this score was improved over the pretreatment value in every case. Objective tumor responses were seen in 4 (80%) of 5 dogs with quantifiable target lesions. The median survival was 119 days (range 1 to > 940 days).
CONCLUSION
With the incorporation of additional therapeutic planning procedures, the NanoKnife system is a novel technology capable of controlled IRE ablation of telencephalic gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Rossmeisl
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and
- 2Veterinary and Comparative Neurooncology Laboratory, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, and
- 3Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and
| | - Paulo A. Garcia
- 2Veterinary and Comparative Neurooncology Laboratory, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, and
- 3Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and
| | | | - John L. Robertson
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and
- 2Veterinary and Comparative Neurooncology Laboratory, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, and
- 3Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and
| | | | - Robert E. Neal
- 3Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and
| | - Thomas L. Ellis
- 4Department of Neurosurgery and Deep Brain Stimulation Program, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- 3Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; and
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59
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Rossmeisl JH, Andriani RT, Cecere TE, Lahmers K, LeRoith T, Zimmerman KL, Gibo D, Debinski W. Frame-Based Stereotactic Biopsy of Canine Brain Masses: Technique and Clinical Results in 26 Cases. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:20. [PMID: 26664949 PMCID: PMC4672202 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the methodology, diagnostic yield, and adverse events (AE) associated with frame-based stereotactic brain biopsies (FBSB) obtained from 26 dogs with solitary forebrain lesions. Medical records were reviewed from dogs that underwent FBSB using two stereotactic headframes designed for use in small animals and compatible with computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Stereotactic plans were generated from MR and CT images using commercial software, and FBSB performed both with (14/26) and without intraoperative image guidance. Records were reviewed for diagnostic yield, defined as the proportion of biopsies producing a specific neuropathological diagnosis, AE associated with FBSB, and risk factors for the development of AE. Postprocedural AE were evaluated in 19/26 dogs that did not proceed to a therapeutic intervention immediately following biopsy. Biopsy targets included intra-axial telencephalic masses (24/26), one intra-axial diencephalic mass, and one extra-axial parasellar mass. The median target volume was 1.99 cm3. No differences in patient, lesion, or outcome variables were observed between the two headframe systems used or between FBSB performed with or without intraoperative CT guidance. The diagnostic yield of FBSB was 94.6%. Needle placement error was a significant risk factor associated with procurement of non-diagnostic biopsy specimens. Gliomas were diagnosed in 24/26 dogs, and meningioma and granulomatous meningoencephalitis in 1 dog each. AE directly related to FBSB were observed in a total of 7/26 (27%) of dogs. Biopsy-associated clinical morbidity, manifesting as seizures and transient neurological deterioration, occurred in 3/19 (16%) of dogs. The case fatality rate was 5.2% (1/19 dogs), with death attributable to intracranial hemorrhage. FBSB using the described apparatus was relatively safe and effective at providing neuropathological diagnoses in dogs with focal forebrain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Henry Rossmeisl
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
| | - Rudy T Andriani
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Thomas E Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Kevin Lahmers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Kurt L Zimmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Denise Gibo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
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60
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Rissi DR, Levine JM, Eden KB, Watson VE, Griffin JF, Edwards JF, Porter BF. Cerebral oligodendroglioma mimicking intraventricular neoplasia in three dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:396-400. [PMID: 25943126 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715584619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendroglioma is one of the most common primary central nervous system neoplasms of dogs. It is often diagnosed in older, brachycephalic breeds, and although its typical clinical features and neuroanatomic location have been well described, less common presentations may hinder its diagnosis. We describe 3 cases of canine cerebral oligodendroglioma that clinically and grossly present as intraventricular tumors. Histologic findings in all cases were typical of oligodendroglioma. Neoplastic cells were uniformly immunoreactive for Olig2 and negative for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In addition to the immunopositivity for Olig2, a cluster of morphologically distinct neoplastic cells in one of the cases was immunoreactive for synaptophysin, and the case was diagnosed as an oligodendroglioma with neurocytic differentiation. Based on these findings, oligodendroglioma should be included as a differential diagnosis for intraventricular neoplasia in dogs. Furthermore, oligodendroglioma with ventricular involvement should be differentiated from central neurocytoma by immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Rissi)Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Levine), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXLarge Animal Clinical Sciences (Griffin), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXVeterinary Pathobiology (Edwards, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Eden)Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Watson)
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Rissi)Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Levine), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXLarge Animal Clinical Sciences (Griffin), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXVeterinary Pathobiology (Edwards, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Eden)Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Watson)
| | - Kristin B Eden
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Rissi)Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Levine), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXLarge Animal Clinical Sciences (Griffin), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXVeterinary Pathobiology (Edwards, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Eden)Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Watson)
| | - Victoria E Watson
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Rissi)Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Levine), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXLarge Animal Clinical Sciences (Griffin), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXVeterinary Pathobiology (Edwards, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Eden)Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Watson)
| | - John F Griffin
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Rissi)Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Levine), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXLarge Animal Clinical Sciences (Griffin), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXVeterinary Pathobiology (Edwards, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Eden)Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Watson)
| | - John F Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Rissi)Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Levine), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXLarge Animal Clinical Sciences (Griffin), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXVeterinary Pathobiology (Edwards, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Eden)Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Watson)
| | - Brian F Porter
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Rissi)Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Levine), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXLarge Animal Clinical Sciences (Griffin), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXVeterinary Pathobiology (Edwards, Porter), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TXDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Eden)Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Watson)
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61
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Bentley RT, Heng HG, Thompson C, Lee CS, Kroll RA, Roy ME, Marini L, Heo J, Wigle WL. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES AND OUTCOME FOR SOLITARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMCOCCIDIOIDESGRANULOMAS IN 11 DOGS AND CATS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:520-30. [PMID: 25857572 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Craig Thompson
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Chun-Sheng Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907
| | | | | | | | - Jin Heo
- VCA All-Care Animal Referral Center; Fountain Valley CA 92708
| | - William L. Wigle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907
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62
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Boudreau CE, York D, Higgins RJ, LeCouteur RA, Dickinson PJ. Molecular signalling pathways in canine gliomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:133-150. [PMID: 25808605 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the expression of key signalling pathway proteins TP53, MDM2, P21, AKT, PTEN, RB1, P16, MTOR and MAPK in canine gliomas using western blotting. Protein expression was defined in three canine astrocytic glioma cell lines treated with CCNU, temozolamide or CPT-11 and was further evaluated in 22 spontaneous gliomas including high and low grade astrocytomas, high grade oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligoastrocytomas. Response to chemotherapeutic agents and cell survival were similar to that reported in human glioma cell lines. Alterations in expression of key human gliomagenesis pathway proteins were common in canine glioma tumour samples and segregated between oligodendroglial and astrocytic tumour types for some pathways. Both similarities and differences in protein expression were defined for canine gliomas compared to those reported in human tumour counterparts. The findings may inform more defined assessment of specific signalling pathways for targeted therapy of canine gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - D York
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R J Higgins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R A LeCouteur
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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63
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Bentley RT. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of brain tumors in dogs. Vet J 2015; 205:204-16. [PMID: 25792181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of information is now available regarding the range of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of many primary and secondary brain tumors from dogs. In this review, these canine neoplasms are grouped into meningeal masses, ventricular masses, intra-axial enhancing lesions, intra-axial mildly to non-enhancing lesions, and multifocal lesions. For each of these patterns, the major and sporadic neoplastic differential diagnoses are provided, and guidance on how to rank differential diagnoses for each individual patient is presented. The implication of MRI features such as contrast-enhancement, signal intensities and location is discussed. However, the information garnered from MRI must be correlated with all available clinical information and with epidemiological data before creating a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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64
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Dickinson P. Advances in diagnostic and treatment modalities for intracranial tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1165-85. [PMID: 24814688 PMCID: PMC4857954 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial neoplasia is a common clinical condition in domestic companion animals, particularly in dogs. Application of advances in standard diagnostic and therapeutic modalities together with a broad interest in the development of novel translational therapeutic strategies in dogs has resulted in clinically relevant improvements in outcome for many canine patients. This review highlights the status of current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to intracranial neoplasia and areas of novel treatment currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCA
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65
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Bentley RT, Burcham GN, Heng HG, Levine JM, Longshore R, Carrera-Justiz S, Cameron S, Kopf K, Miller MA. A comparison of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings in dogs with gliomatosis cerebri, focusing on cases with minimal magnetic resonance imaging changes(‡). Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:318-30. [PMID: 24945683 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary study objective was to determine whether clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can underestimate canine gliomatosis cerebri (GC); we also investigated immunohistochemical features. Seven dogs with GC were studied; four recruited specifically because of minimal MRI changes. Neuroanatomic localization and the distribution of MRI, gross and sub-gross lesions were compared with the actual histological distribution of neoplastic cells. In six cases, clinical examination predicted focal disease and MRI demonstrated a single lesion or appeared normal. Neoplastic cells infiltrated many regions deemed normal by clinical examination and MRI, and were Olig2-positive and glial fibrillary acid protein-negative. Four dogs had concurrent gliomas. GC is a differential diagnosis for dogs with focal neurological deficits and a normal MRI or a focal MRI lesion. Canine GC is probably mainly oligodendrocytic. Type II GC, a solid glioma accompanying diffuse central nervous system neoplastic infiltration, occurs in dogs as in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - G N Burcham
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - H G Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R Longshore
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - S Cameron
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - K Kopf
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M A Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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66
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Hodshon AW, Hecht S, Thomas WB. USE OF THE T2*-WEIGHTED GRADIENT RECALLED ECHO SEQUENCE FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE AND FELINE BRAIN. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:599-606. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy W. Hodshon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996-4544
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996-4544
| | - William B. Thomas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996-4544
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67
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Young BD, Fosgate GT, Holmes SP, Wolff CA, Chen-Allen AV, Kent M, Platt SR, Savage MY, Schatzberg SJ, Levine JM. Evaluation of standard magnetic resonance characteristics used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular brain lesions in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:399-406. [PMID: 24467341 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics are commonly used to help predict intracranial disease categories in dogs, however, few large studies have objectively evaluated these characteristics. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate MR characteristics that have been used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular intracranial diseases in a large, multi-institutional population of dogs. Medical records from three veterinary teaching hospitals were searched over a 6-year period for dogs that had diagnostic quality brain MR scans and histologically confirmed intracranial disease. Three examiners who were unaware of histologic diagnosis independently evaluated 19 MR lesion characteristics totaling 57 possible responses. A total of 75 dogs with histologically confirmed intracranial disease were included in analyses: 51 with neoplasia, 18 with inflammatory disease, and six with cerebrovascular disease. Only strong contrast enhancement was more common in neoplasia than other disease categories. A multivariable statistical model suggested that extra-axial origin, T2-FLAIR mixed intensity, and defined lesion margins were also predictive of neoplasia. Meningeal enhancement, irregular lesion shape, and multifocal location distinguished inflammatory diseases from the other disease categories. No MR characteristics distinguished vascular lesions and these appeared most similar to neoplasia. These results differed from a previous report describing seven MR characteristics that were predictive of neoplasia in dogs and cats. Findings from the current study indicated that the high performance of MR for diagnosing canine intracranial diseases might be due to evaluator recognition of combinations of MR characteristics vs. relying on any one MR characteristic alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Young
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
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68
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Garcia PA, Rossmeisl JH, Ellis TL, Davalos RV. Nonthermal Irreversible Electroporation as a Focal Ablation Treatment for Brain Cancer. TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7217-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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69
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Tamura M, Hasegawa D, Uchida K, Kuwabara T, Mizoguchi S, Ochi N, Fujita M. Feline anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term remission through radiation therapy and chemotherapy. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1137-40. [PMID: 23651604 PMCID: PMC10816470 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13488383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old spayed female Abyssinian cat was presented with cluster limbic focal seizures with secondary generalisation. From magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, the cat was diagnosed clinically as having a glioma in the left piriform lobe, and hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) was performed using a linear accelerator. Although the tumour size had reduced significantly at 4 months after RT, recurrence was observed at 11 months after RT. Additional RT was performed and was effective; however, recurrence was observed at 11 months after the additional RT. Chemotherapy was started using nimustine (ACNU; 30 mg/m(2), every 6 weeks). Tumour regression was confirmed by follow-up MRIs from 2 to 5 months after starting chemotherapy. Four years and 2 months after the first presentation the cat died as a result of tumour lysis syndrome following treatment of a high-grade lymphoma. Histopathological diagnosis of the brain tumour confirmed anaplastic oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tamura
- 1Department of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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70
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Labruyère J, Schwarz T. CT and MRI in veterinary patients: an update on recent advances. IN PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.f6720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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71
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Rossmeisl JH, Garcia PA, Daniel GB, Bourland JD, Debinski W, Dervisis N, Klahn S. Invited review--neuroimaging response assessment criteria for brain tumors in veterinary patients. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:115-32. [PMID: 24219161 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of therapeutic response using cross-sectional imaging techniques, particularly gadolinium-enhanced MRI, is an integral part of the clinical management of brain tumors in veterinary patients. Spontaneous canine brain tumors are increasingly recognized and utilized as a translational model for the study of human brain tumors. However, no standardized neuroimaging response assessment criteria have been formulated for use in veterinary clinical trials. Previous studies have found that the pathophysiologic features inherent to brain tumors and the surrounding brain complicate the use of the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) assessment system. Objectives of this review are to describe strengths and limitations of published imaging-based brain tumor response criteria and propose a system for use in veterinary patients. The widely used human Macdonald and response assessment in neuro-oncology (RANO) criteria are reviewed and described as to how they can be applied to veterinary brain tumors. Discussion points will include current challenges associated with the interpretation of brain tumor therapeutic responses such as imaging pseudophenomena and treatment-induced necrosis, and how advancements in perfusion imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy have shown promise in differentiating tumor progression from therapy-induced changes. Finally, although objective endpoints such as MR imaging and survival estimates will likely continue to comprise the foundations for outcome measures in veterinary brain tumor clinical trials, we propose that in order to provide a more relevant therapeutic response metric for veterinary patients, composite response systems should be formulated and validated that combine imaging and clinical assessment criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, VA, 24061; Biomechanical Systems and Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-oncology Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, VA, 24061
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72
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Bentley RT, Ober CP, Anderson KL, Feeney DA, Naughton JF, Ohlfest JR, O'Sullivan MG, Miller MA, Constable PD, Pluhar GE. Canine intracranial gliomas: relationship between magnetic resonance imaging criteria and tumor type and grade. Vet J 2013; 198:463-71. [PMID: 24051197 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available to assist in the ante-mortem prediction of tumor type and grade for dogs with primary brain tumors. The objective of the current study was to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria related to the histopathological type and grade of gliomas in dogs. A convenience sample utilizing client-owned dogs (n=31) with gliomas was used. Medical records of dogs with intracranial lesions admitted to two veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed and cases with a complete brain MRI and definitive histopathological diagnosis were retrieved for analysis. Each MRI was independently interpreted by five investigators who were provided with standardized grading instructions and remained blinded to the histopathological diagnosis. Mild to no contrast enhancement, an absence of cystic structures (single or multiple), and a tumor location other than the thalamo-capsular region were independently associated with grade II tumors compared to higher grade tumors. In comparison to oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas were independently associated with the presence of moderate to extensive peri-tumoral edema, a lack of ventricular distortion, and an isointense or hyper-intense T1W-signal. When clinical and MRI features indicate that a glioma is most likely, certain MRI criteria can be used to inform the level of suspicion for low tumor grade, particularly poor contrast enhancement. Information obtained from the MRI of such dogs can also assist in predicting an astrocytoma or an oligodendroglioma, but no single imaging characteristic allows for a particular tumor type to be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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73
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Mateo I, Orlandi R, Vazquez F, Muñoz A. Brainstem oligodendroglioma in a puppy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2013; 49:353-6. [PMID: 23861262 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 5 mo old male golden retriever presented for evaluation of an acute onset, progressive neurologic disease. Although computed tomography (CT) was unremarkable, MRI identified an ill-defined mass located in the medulla, which was considered likely responsible for the clinical signs. The imaging features closely resembled the classic features of human brainstem gliomas in the pediatric population. Histopathologic examination confirmed the lesion to be an anaplastic oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Mateo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, Spain.
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74
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Scrivani PV, Erb HN. Invited review: study design considerations for clinical research in veterinary radiology and radiation oncology. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:317-325. [PMID: 23578318 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality clinical research is essential for advancing knowledge in the areas of veterinary radiology and radiation oncology. Types of clinical research studies may include experimental studies, method-comparison studies, and patient-based studies. Experimental studies explore issues relative to pathophysiology, patient safety, and treatment efficacy. Method-comparison studies evaluate agreement between techniques or between observers. Patient-based studies investigate naturally acquired disease and focus on questions asked in clinical practice that relate to individuals or populations (e.g., risk, accuracy, or prognosis). Careful preplanning and study design are essential in order to achieve valid results. A key point to planning studies is ensuring that the design is tailored to the study objectives. Good design includes a comprehensive literature review, asking suitable questions, selecting the proper sample population, collecting the appropriate data, performing the correct statistical analyses, and drawing conclusions supported by the available evidence. Most study designs are classified by whether they are experimental or observational, longitudinal or cross-sectional, and prospective or retrospective. Additional features (e.g., controlled, randomized, or blinded) may be described that address bias. Two related challenging aspects of study design are defining an important research question and selecting an appropriate sample population. The sample population should represent the target population as much as possible. Furthermore, when comparing groups, it is important that the groups are as alike to each other as possible except for the variables of interest. Medical images are well suited for clinical research because imaging signs are categorical or numerical variables that might be predictors or outcomes of diseases or treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Scrivani
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Hollis N Erb
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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75
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Taylor AR, Cohen ND, Fletcher S, Griffin JF, Levine JM. Application and machine accuracy of a new frameless computed tomography-guided stereotactic brain biopsy system in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:332-342. [PMID: 23551960 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe application and machine accuracy for a new computed tomography (CT) guided, frameless, stereotactic brain biopsy system in dogs. Heads from ten canine cadavers were secured to a bite-plate with six attached fiducial markers and imaged using CT. Fiducialized CT images were imported into stereotactic software and spherical phantom lesions between 3.9 and 5.5 mm in diameter were created in six locations. Infrared cameras and reflective markers were used to register fiducials to the reconstructed image set. Coordinates in the X, Y, and Z planes were identified for each lesion center. Iohexol (1.5 μl of 240 mgI/ml) was injected into the center of each lesion and CT scans were repeated. Pre- and postinjection CT images for each cadaver were fused using the system software. Application accuracy was calculated using the center of each phantom lesion and the center of each injected contrast material location. Machine accuracy was calculated using a phantom with known distances between four fixed points in the X, Y, and Z planes. Mean application accuracy in the first 5 cadavers was 4.3 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-4.3 mm) and in the second 5 cadavers was 2.9 mm (95% CI 2-3.9 mm). The more superficial lesions were targeted significantly less accurately than the deeper lesions (P = 0.0183). Median machine accuracy was 0.1 mm and the range was 0.1-0.2 mm. Findings supported use of the new biopsy system for canine brain lesions >3.9 mm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Taylor
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX
| | - John F Griffin
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Radiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Neurology/Neurosurgery, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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76
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Schwartz M, Muñana KR, Nettifee-Osborne J. Assessment of the prevalence and clinical features of cryptogenic epilepsy in dogs: 45 cases (2003–2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:651-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.5.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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77
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Ober CP, Warrington CD, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, Steward S. Optimizing a protocol for (1) H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the canine brain at 3T. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:149-58. [PMID: 23379966 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial diseases are common in dogs and improved noninvasive diagnostic tests are needed. Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy is a technique used in conjunction with conventional MR imaging to characterize focal and diffuse pathology, especially in the brain. As with conventional MR imaging, there are numerous technical factors that must be considered to optimize image quality. This study was performed to develop an MR spectroscopy protocol for routine use in dogs undergoing MR imaging of the brain. Fifteen canine cadavers were used for protocol development. Technical factors evaluated included use of single-voxel or multivoxel acquisitions, manual placement of saturation bands, echo time (TE), phase- and frequency-encoding matrix size, radiofrequency coil, and placement of the volume of interest relative to the calvaria. Spectrum quality was found to be best when utilizing a multivoxel acquisition with the volume of interest placed entirely within the brain parenchyma without use of manually placed saturation bands, TE = 144 ms, and a quadrature extremity radiofrequency coil. An 18 × 18 phase- and frequency-encoding matrix size also proved optimal for image quality, specificity of voxel placement, and imaging time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Ober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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78
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Rossmeisl JH, Jones JC, Zimmerman KL, Robertson JL. Survival time following hospital discharge in dogs with palliatively treated primary brain tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:193-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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79
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Pakozdy A, Thaller D, Gumpenberger M, Leschnik M, Galler A, Shibly S, Klang A. Concurrent bilateral temporal lobe pathology and unilateral oligodendroglioma in a dog with status epilepticus. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:112-3. [PMID: 23298327 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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80
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Hasegawa D, Uchida K, Kuwabara T, Mizoguchi S, Yayoshi N, Fujita M. Long-term survival in a dog with anaplastic oligodendroglioma treated with radiation therapy and CCNU. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1517-21. [PMID: 22785244 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9 year-old, neutered, male French Bulldog showing cluster seizures was diagnosed with a glioma in the right piriform cortex by MRI. Hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) was performed using a linear accelerator. Although the lesion had involuted significantly at 2 months after RT, recurrence was observed at 4 months after RT. Chemotherapy was started using CCNU (60 mg/m(2) every 6-9 weeks) and was continued for one year. Follow-up MRI revealed involution of the lesion and the intervals of CCNU were increased to every 9-14 weeks. Two years after the first presentation, the dog suffered status epilepticus, followed by deficits of left sided postural reaction with cognitive dysfunction. The dog died on day 910, and histopathological diagnosis confirmed anaplastic oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hasegawa
- Division of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
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81
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Wolff CA, Holmes SP, Young BD, Chen AV, Kent M, Platt SR, Savage MY, Schatzberg SJ, Fosgate GT, Levine JM. Magnetic resonance imaging for the differentiation of neoplastic, inflammatory, and cerebrovascular brain disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:589-97. [PMID: 22404482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reliability and validity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting neoplastic, inflammatory, and cerebrovascular brain lesions in dogs are unknown. OBJECTIVES To estimate sensitivity, specificity, and inter-rater agreement of MRI for classifying histologically confirmed neoplastic, inflammatory, and cerebrovascular brain disease in dogs. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-one client-owned dogs diagnosed with brain disease (n = 77) or idiopathic epilepsy (n = 44). METHODS Retrospective, multi-institutional case series; 3 investigators analyzed MR images for the presence of a brain lesion with and without knowledge of case clinical data. Investigators recorded most likely etiologic category (neoplastic, inflammatory, cerebrovascular) and most likely specific disease for all brain lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, and inter-rater agreement were calculated to estimate diagnostic performance. RESULTS MRI was 94.4% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI] = 88.7, 97.4) and 95.5% specific (95% CI = 89.9, 98.1) for detecting a brain lesion with similarly high performance for classifying neoplastic and inflammatory disease, but was only 38.9% sensitive for classifying cerebrovascular disease (95% CI = 16.1, 67.0). In general, high specificity but not sensitivity was retained for MR diagnosis of specific brain diseases. Inter-rater agreement was very good for overall detection of structural brain lesions (κ = 0.895, 95% CI = 0.792, 0.998, P < .001) and neoplastic lesions, but was only fair for cerebrovascular lesions (κ = 0.299, 95% CI = 0, 0.761, P = .21). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE MRI is sensitive and specific for identifying brain lesions and classifying disease as inflammatory or neoplastic in dogs. Cerebrovascular disease in general and specific inflammatory, neoplastic, and cerebrovascular brain diseases were frequently misclassified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wolff
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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82
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Jankovsky JM, Newkirk KM, Ilha MR, Newman SJ. COX-2 and c-kit expression in canine gliomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 11:63-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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83
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Palus V, Volk HA, Lamb CR, Targett MP, Cherubini GB. MRI FEATURES OF CNS LYMPHOMA IN DOGS AND CATS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 53:44-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Palus
- Dick White Referrals; Veterinary Specialist Centre; Six Mile Bottom; Suffolk; CB8 0UH; UK
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Christopher R. Lamb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Mike P. Targett
- and School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington; Leicestershire; LE12 5RD; UK
| | - Giunio Bruto Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals; Veterinary Specialist Centre; Six Mile Bottom; Suffolk; CB8 0UH; UK
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84
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Motta L, Altay UM, Kelly D, Skerritt GC. Non-enhancing confirmed oligodendroglioma in three dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:227. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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