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Naik H, Czerniak R, Vakilynejad M. Application of pharmacometric approaches to evaluate effect of weight and renal function on pharmacokinetics of alogliptin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:700-12. [PMID: 26617339 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the study were to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of alogliptin in healthy and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects using a population PK approach and to assess the influence of various covariates on alogliptin exposure. METHODS Plasma concentration data collected from two phase 1 studies and one phase 3 study following administration of alogliptin (12.5-400 mg) were used for the PK model development. One- and two-compartment models were evaluated as base structural PK models. The impact of selected covariates was assessed using stepwise forward selection and backward elimination procedures. The predictability and robustness of the final model was evaluated using visual predictive check and bootstrap analyses. The final model was used to perform simulations and guide appropriate dose adjustments. RESULTS A two-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination best described the alogliptin concentration vs. time profiles. Creatinine clearance and weight had a statistically significant effect on the oral clearance (CL/F) of alogliptin. The model predicted a lower CL/F (17%, 35%, 80%) and a higher systemic exposure (56%, 89%, 339%) for subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively, compared with healthy subjects. Effect of weight on CL/F was not considered clinically relevant. Simulations at different doses of alogliptin support the approved doses of 12.5 mg and 6.25 mg for patients with moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The PK of alogliptin was well characterized by the model. The analysis suggested an alogliptin dose adjustment for subjects with moderate-to-severe renal impairment and no dose adjustments based on weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Naik
- Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc, One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA
| | - Richard Czerniak
- Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc, One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA
| | - Majid Vakilynejad
- Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc, One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA
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Li L, Li S, Deng K, Liu J, Vandvik PO, Zhao P, Zhang L, Shen J, Bala MM, Sohani ZN, Wong E, Busse JW, Ebrahim S, Malaga G, Rios LP, Wang Y, Chen Q, Guyatt GH, Sun X. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. BMJ 2016; 352:i610. [PMID: 26888822 PMCID: PMC4772781 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and the risk of heart failure or hospital admission for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov searched up to 25 June 2015, and communication with experts. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies that compared DPP-4 inhibitors against placebo, lifestyle modification, or active antidiabetic drugs in adults with type 2 diabetes, and explicitly reported the outcome of heart failure or hospital admission for heart failure. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Teams of paired reviewers independently screened for eligible studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data using standardised, pilot tested forms. Data from trials and observational studies were pooled separately; quality of evidence was assessed by the GRADE approach. RESULTS Eligible studies included 43 trials (n=68,775) and 12 observational studies (nine cohort studies, three nested case-control studies; n=1,777,358). Pooling of 38 trials reporting heart failure provided low quality evidence for a possible similar risk of heart failure between DPP-4 inhibitor use versus control (42/15,701 v 33/12,591; odds ratio 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.61 to 1.56); risk difference 2 fewer (19 fewer to 28 more) events per 1000 patients with type 2 diabetes over five years). The observational studies provided effect estimates generally consistent with trial findings, but with very low quality evidence. Pooling of the five trials reporting admission for heart failure provided moderate quality evidence for an increased risk in patients treated with DPP-4 inhibitors versus control (622/18,554 v 552/18,474; 1.13 (1.00 to 1.26); 8 more (0 more to 16 more)). The pooling of adjusted estimates from observational studies similarly suggested (with very low quality evidence) a possible increased risk of admission for heart failure (adjusted odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 2.09) in patients treated with DPP-4 inhibitors (exclusively sitagliptin) versus no use. CONCLUSIONS The relative effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on the risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes is uncertain, given the relatively short follow-up and low quality of evidence. Both randomised controlled trials and observational studies, however, suggest that these drugs may increase the risk of hospital admission for heart failure in those patients with existing cardiovascular diseases or multiple risk factors for vascular diseases, compared with no use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospita, Chengdu
| | - Ke Deng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Jiali Liu
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Per Olav Vandvik
- Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Gjøvik, Norway
| | - Pujing Zhao
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Longhao Zhang
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiantong Shen
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Malgorzata M Bala
- Department of Hygiene and Dietetics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zahra N Sohani
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evelyn Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason W Busse
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton Michael G DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton
| | - Shanil Ebrahim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - German Malaga
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lorena P Rios
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico FUSAT, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Yingqiang Wang
- Department of Medical Administration, 363 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qunfei Chen
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Gordon H Guyatt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton
| | - Xin Sun
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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53
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Neumiller JJ, Holland DQ. Alogliptin + metformin combination for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:21-31. [PMID: 30063448 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to grow worldwide, with appropriate glycemic management being a cornerstone of treatment to minimize the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. While metformin is widely utilized as a first-line agent for patients without a contraindication to therapy, treatment guidelines recommend a variety of options for second-line dual therapy with patient-specific choices depending on assessment of hypoglycemia risk, weight effects, tolerability, cost and other considerations. Incretin-based therapies, inclusive of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, have become a widely utilized group of medications due to their potentially advantageous effects, such as a low risk of hypoglycemia and overall favorable tolerability profile. Accordingly, fixed-dose combination products containing metformin in combination with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor have been developed by several manufacturers. This article summarizes the current evidence for the safety and efficacy of alogliptin and metformin used in combination for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Neumiller
- a College of Pharmacy , Washington State University , Spokane , WA , USA
| | - Daniel Q Holland
- a College of Pharmacy , Washington State University , Spokane , WA , USA
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease, and most patients ultimately require two or more antidiabetes drugs in addition to lifestyle changes to achieve and maintain glycemic control. Current consensus statements and guidelines recommend metformin as first-line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of T2DM in most patients. When glycemic control cannot be maintained with metformin alone, the sequential, stepwise addition of other agents is recommended. Agents such as thiazolidinediones or sulfonylureas have typically been added to metformin therapy. Although effective in reducing glycated hemoglobin, these drugs are often associated with adverse effects, most notably weight gain, and in the case of sulfonylureas, hypoglycemia. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, are the newest class of antidiabetes drugs approved for the treatment of T2DM. Dapagliflozin effectively improves glycemic control by increasing the renal excretion of excess glucose. In clinical trials, dapagliflozin has been well tolerated and has additional benefits of weight loss, low risk of hypoglycemia and reduction in blood pressure. This review discusses the clinical evidence and rationale for the use of dapagliflozin as add-on therapy in T2DM. The results suggest that dapagliflozin add-on therapy is a promising new treatment option for a wide range of patients with T2DM. Results from an ongoing cardiovascular outcomes trial are needed to establish the long-term safety of dapagliflozin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Yacoub
- a Endocrinology , Prima Care, P.C ., Fall River , MA , USA
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Hinnen D. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Diverse Patient Populations With Type 2 Diabetes. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2015; 41:19S-31S. [PMID: 26453595 DOI: 10.1177/0145721715609420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to discuss the clinical evidence for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and to better define their use in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including in special populations, such as the elderly. DPP-4 inhibitors are incretin-based therapies that can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetes medications to treat T2DM. As monotherapy, DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated a modest and comparable glycated hemoglobin-lowering effect. As initial dual therapy with other antidiabetes agents, DPP-4 inhibitors significantly improved glycated hemoglobin when compared with monotherapy arms. Similarly, in triple combinations, DPP-4 inhibitors consistently provided additive glycemic benefits. In patients who were continuing insulin, glycemic parameters were improved with the addition of a DPP-4 inhibitor, and they required less insulin uptitration. In clinical trials, the overall occurrence of adverse events was similar between DPP-4 inhibitor groups and controls, and a low occurrence of hypoglycemia was observed, except when used in combination with a sulfonylurea. A neutral effect on weight was maintained, even in combination with insulin. Similar to outcomes observed in younger patients, DPP-4 inhibitors significantly improved glycemic efficacy in older patients, without increasing the risk for hypoglycemia. Efficacy and safety in patients with renal insufficiency are also documented. CONCLUSION DPP-4 inhibitors are therapeutically beneficial for a diverse population of patients with T2DM, including elderly patients, based on demonstrated efficacy, tolerability, and a low risk for hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hinnen
- Memorial Hospital Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Health, Colorado Springs, CO, USA (Ms Hinnen)
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Hamamoto H, Nakanishi K, Noda M. Analyzing the Factors Contributing to Withdrawal from Insulin Therapy Following Additional Administration of Alogliptin: Retrospective Study after Removing Glucotoxicity with Insulin. JAPANESE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2015; 6:15-20. [PMID: 26441486 PMCID: PMC4578556 DOI: 10.4137/jcm.s27202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to examine whether withdrawal from insulin therapy is or is not possible with administration of additional alogliptin and identify the contributing factors. The subjects were 43 adult patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing insulin therapy after admission. After glucotoxicity was removed, 25 mg alogliptin was additionally administered. Insulin was reduced by 15.6 ± 13.0 units (mean ± SD), and 17 patients (39.5%) completely withdrew from insulin therapy. Several factors were compared between the two groups of patients: those who could withdraw from insulin therapy and those who could not. The former group showed lower HbA1c levels on admission, a lower insulin dose before adding alogliptin, lower injection frequencies, and longer treatment histories prior to admission. Logistic regression analysis showed that lower insulin dose contributed significantly to withdrawal. These results suggest that a lower insulin dose is the best predictor for withdrawal from insulin therapy after adding alogliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuyama City Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Nakanishi
- Minami Isshiki Central Naika, Nagaizumi, Sunto, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Diabetes Research, Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Holzhauer B, Akacha M, Bermann G. Choice of estimand and analysis methods in diabetes trials with rescue medication. Pharm Stat 2015; 14:433-47. [PMID: 26337856 DOI: 10.1002/pst.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of clinical trials aiming to show symptomatic benefits is often complicated by the ethical requirement for rescue medication when the disease state of patients worsens. In type 2 diabetes trials, patients receive glucose-lowering rescue medications continuously for the remaining trial duration, if one of several markers of glycemic control exceeds pre-specified thresholds. This may mask differences in glycemic values between treatment groups, because it will occur more frequently in less effective treatment groups. Traditionally, the last pre-rescue medication value was carried forward and analyzed as the end-of-trial value. The deficits of such simplistic single imputation approaches are increasingly recognized by regulatory authorities and trialists. We discuss alternative approaches and evaluate them through a simulation study. When the estimand of interest is the effect attributable to the treatments initially assigned at randomization, then our recommendation for estimation and hypothesis testing is to treat data after meeting rescue criteria as deterministically 'missing' at random, because initiation of rescue medication is determined by observed in-trial values. An appropriate imputation of values after meeting rescue criteria is then possible either directly through multiple imputation or implicitly with a repeated measures model. Crucially, one needs to jointly impute or model all markers of glycemic control that can lead to the initiation of rescue medication. An alternative for hypothesis testing only are rank tests with outcomes from patients 'requiring rescue medication' ranked worst, and non-rescued patients ranked according to final visit values. However, an appropriate ranking of not observed values may be controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Holzhauer
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biostatistical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mouna Akacha
- Novartis Pharma AG, Statistical Methodology and Consulting, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georgina Bermann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biostatistical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Basel, Switzerland
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58
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Schuetz CA, Ong SH, Blüher M. Clinical trial simulation methods for estimating the impact of DPP-4 inhibitors on cardiovascular disease. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2015; 7:313-23. [PMID: 26089691 PMCID: PMC4462855 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s75935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of oral antidiabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which lower blood glucose without causing severe hypoglycemia. However, the first cardiovascular (CV) safety trials have only recently reported their results, and our understanding of these therapies remains incomplete. Using clinical trial simulations, we estimated the effectiveness of DPP-4 inhibitors in preventing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in a population like that enrolled in the SAVOR-TIMI (the Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus – Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) 53 trial. Methods We used the Archimedes Model to simulate a clinical trial of individuals (N=11,000) with diagnosed type 2 diabetes and elevated CV risk, based on established disease or multiple risk factors. The DPP-4 class was modeled with a meta-analysis of HbA1c and weight change, pooling results from published trials of alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin. The study treatments were added-on to standard care, and outcomes were tracked for 20 years. Results The DPP-4 class was associated with an HbA1c drop of 0.66% (0.71%, 0.62%) and a weight drop of 0.14 (−0.07, 0.36) kg. These biomarker improvements produced a relative risk (RR) for MACE at 5 years of 0.977 (0.968, 0.986). The number needed to treat to prevent one occurrence of MACE at 5 years was 327 (233, 550) in the elevated CV risk population. Conclusion Consistent with recent trial publications, our analysis indicates that DPP-4 inhibitors do not increase the risk of MACE relative to the standard of care. This study provides insights about the long-term benefits of DPP-4 inhibitors and supports the interpretation of the published CV safety trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Guthrie RM. Clinical use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in combination therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med 2015; 127:463-79. [PMID: 25956345 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2015.1044756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of combination treatment regimens including a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and/or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Clinical trials of combination therapies including a DPP-4 and/or SGLT2 inhibitor were identified through a PubMed database search. To be included, studies had to have a primary end point of change from baseline to ≥24 weeks in glycated hemoglobin, include ≥1 other oral antidiabetic drug (OAD), and have randomized more than 200 patients. Results were limited to medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration at the time of the search (March 2015). RESULTS A total of 1534 articles for the DPP-4 inhibitor class and 434 articles for the SGLT2 inhibitor class were retrieved from PubMed. Of these, 33 articles from the DPP-4 inhibitor class and 24 articles from the SGLT2 inhibitor class were included for review. In each study, the addition of a DPP-4 or SGLT2 inhibitor as a second or third agent resulted in improved glycemic control versus comparator arms. Reductions in weight or lack of weight gain were consistently observed, as were low rates of hypoglycemic events, particularly when the combination regimen also included metformin. Overall, the pattern of adverse events observed in combination treatment groups was consistent with the known effects of the individual agents. CONCLUSION Combination treatment with a DPP-4 and/or SGLT2 inhibitor is an efficacious option for patients with T2DM starting pharmacological therapy, or for patients who have received treatment but require additional glycemic control. Study findings indicate that the underlying mechanisms of action of DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors complement a variety of OADs.
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60
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Cai X, Han X, Luo Y, Ji L. Efficacy of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and impact on β-cell function in Asian and Caucasian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes 2015; 7:347-59. [PMID: 25043156 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work aimed to compare the efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitors and their impact on β-cell function in Asian and Caucasian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Databases were systematically searched and qualifying studies that compared DPP-4 inhibitors with other antidiabetic medications in type 2 diabetes were included. RESULTS A total of 68 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Comparison of DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo in Asian patients showed a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c ) favoring DPP-4 inhibitors (weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.81%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.95% to -0.68%; P < 0.001). Comparison of HbA1c changes between Asian and Caucasian patients showed a significant between-group difference of -0.18% (95% CI, -0.32% to -0.04%; P = 0.011) when compared with placebo. In Asian patients, the homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function (HOMA-β) was increased with DPP-4 inhibitors compared with placebo (WMD, 7.90; 95% CI, 4.29 to 11.51; P < 0.001), although to a lesser extent in Caucasian patients. Comparisons between Asian and Caucasian patients showed a significant between-group difference of -4.97 (95% CI, -9.86 to -0.09; P = 0.046) compared with placebo. Body weight increase with DPP-4 inhibitors compared with placebo was comparable in Asian and Caucasian studies (WMD, 0.37 kg and 0.45 kg and 95% CI, 0.04-0.69 and 0.27-0.62, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The glucose-lowering efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors was greater in Asian patients than in Caucasian patients, although the effect on β-cell function was inferior in Asian patients. The effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on insulin resistance and body weight in Asian patients was comparable with that observed in Caucasian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Cai
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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61
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Rotz ME, Ganetsky VS, Sen S, Thomas TF. Implications of incretin-based therapies on cardiovascular disease. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69:531-49. [PMID: 25363540 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incretin-based therapies offer another treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes. Agents that provide glycaemic control in addition to attenuating cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are important for diabetes management. This review will focus on the off-target effects of incretin-based therapies on CVD risk factors [body weight, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile and albuminuria], major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure (HF) and beta-cell preservation. METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify English-language publications for incretin-based therapies evaluating the following off-target end-points: body weight, BP, lipid profile, albuminuria, MACE, HF and beta-cell function. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were prioritised as the primary source of information. RESULTS Overall, incretin-based therapies have shown beneficial effects on CVD risk factors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists appear to have a more pronounced effect compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. RCTs are being conducted to determine if these positive effects on CVD risk factors translate to a reduction in MACE. To date, these studies have not shown an increase in MACE. A signal of increased hospitalisations for HF was observed with saxagliptin, warranting continued evaluation and vigilance in high-risk patients. In addition, incretin-based therapies have shown positive effects on measures of beta-cell function supporting their durability in the management of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Incretin-based therapies are an important treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes, offering beneficial effects on CVD risk factors without increasing MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rotz
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mearns ES, Sobieraj DM, White CM, Saulsberry WJ, Kohn CG, Doleh Y, Zaccaro E, Coleman CI. Comparative efficacy and safety of antidiabetic drug regimens added to metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125879. [PMID: 25919293 PMCID: PMC4412636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction When first line therapy with metformin is insufficient for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the optimal adjunctive therapy is unclear. We assessed the efficacy and safety of adjunctive antidiabetic agents in patients with inadequately controlled T2D on metformin alone. Materials and Methods A search of MEDLINE and CENTRAL, clinicaltrials.gov, regulatory websites was performed. We included randomized controlled trials of 3–12 months duration, evaluating Food and Drug Administration or European Union approved agents (noninsulin and long acting, once daily basal insulins) in patients experiencing inadequate glycemic control with metformin monotherapy (≥1500 mg daily or maximally tolerated dose for ≥4 weeks). Random-effects network meta-analyses were used to compare the weighted mean difference for changes from baseline in HbA1c, body weight (BW) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the risk of developing hypoglycemia, urinary (UTI) and genital tract infection (GTI). Results Sixty-two trials evaluating 25 agents were included. All agents significantly reduced HbA1c vs. placebo; albeit not to the same extent (range, 0.43% for miglitol to 1.29% for glibenclamide). Glargine, sulfonylureas (SUs) and nateglinide were associated with increased hypoglycemia risk vs. placebo (range, 4.00–11.67). Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, miglitol and empagliflozin/linagliptin significantly reduced BW (range, 1.15–2.26kg) whereas SUs, thiazolindinediones, glargine and alogliptin/pioglitazone caused weight gain (range, 1.19–2.44kg). SGLT2 inhibitors, empagliflozin/linagliptin, liraglutide and sitagliptin decreased SBP (range, 1.88–5.43mmHg). No therapy increased UTI risk vs. placebo; however, SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with an increased risk of GTI (range, 2.16–8.03). Conclusions Adding different AHAs to metformin was associated with varying effects on HbA1c, BW, SBP, hypoglycemia, UTI and GTI which should impact clinician choice when selecting adjunctive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Mearns
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Diana M. Sobieraj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - C. Michael White
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Whitney J. Saulsberry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christine G. Kohn
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yunes Doleh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Eric Zaccaro
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Craig I. Coleman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, a new class of oral hypoglycemic agents, augment glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppress glucagon levels through enhancement of the action of endogenous incretin by inhibiting DPP-4, an incretin-degrading enzyme. DPP-4 inhibitors are generally well tolerated because of their low risk of hypoglycemia and other adverse events. Moreover, with their potential to improve beta cell function, a core defect of type 2 diabetes, DPP-4 inhibitors are becoming a major component of treatment of type 2 diabetes. Alogliptin benzoate is a newly developed, highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor which has been approved in many countries throughout the world. Once-daily administration of alogliptin as either monotherapy or combination therapy with other oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin has a potent glucose-lowering effect which is similar to that of other DPP-4 inhibitors, with a low risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain. The cardiovascular safety of this drug has been confirmed in a recent randomized controlled trial. This review summarizes the efficacy and safety of alogliptin, and discusses the role of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Saisho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wu S, Hopper I, Skiba M, Krum H. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials with 55,141 participants. Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 32:147-58. [PMID: 24750644 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The association between glucose lowering in diabetes mellitus and major cardiovascular (CV) outcomes is weak; indeed, some oral hypoglycemic agents are associated with increased CV events. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors) are a new class of oral hypoglycemic agent that may have beneficial CV effects. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to appraise the CV safety and efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors. METHODS Comprehensive search for prospective trials involving DPP-4 inhibitors. Trials included reported at least one of the outcomes examined, recruited minimum 100 patients and minimum follow-up 24 weeks. The risk ratio (RR) was calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model for mortality and major cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. RESULTS Fifty trials enrolling 55,141 participants were included. Mean follow-up 45.3 weeks. DPP-4 inhibitors compared with all comparators (placebo and active) showed no difference in all-cause mortality (n = 50,982, RR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.91-1.13, P = 0.83), CV mortality (n = 48,151, RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.85-1.11, P = 0.70), acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n = 53,034 RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.87-1.08, P = 0.59), or stroke (n = 42,737, RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.81-1.18, P = 0.80), and a statistically significant increase in heart failure outcomes (n = 39,953, RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.33, P = 0.04). DISCUSSION Treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors compared with placebo shows no increase in risk with regards to all-cause mortality, CV mortality, ACS, or stroke, but a statistically significant trend toward increased risk of HF outcomes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest no cardiovascular harm (or benefit) with DPP-4 inhibitors; further large-scale CV outcome studies will resolve the issue of excess HF risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Wu
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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Tran L, Zielinski A, Roach AH, Jende JA, Householder AM, Cole EE, Atway SA, Amornyard M, Accursi ML, Shieh SW, Thompson EE. Pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes: oral medications. Ann Pharmacother 2015; 49:540-56. [PMID: 25667196 DOI: 10.1177/1060028014558289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the oral and injectable pharmacologic treatment options for type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted using PubMed electronic database for studies published in English between 1993 and September 2014. Search terms included diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, and the individual name for each antidiabetic medication reviewed. In addition, manual searches were performed for cross-references from publications. Package inserts, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web site, Institute for Safe Medication Practices Web site, American Diabetes Association Web site and scientific session poster presentations, and individual drug company Web pages were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION This review focused on information elucidated over the past 10 years to assist prescribers in choosing optimal therapy based on individual patient characteristics. Studies leading to the approval of or raising safety concerns for the antidiabetic medications reviewed in this article were included. DATA SYNTHESIS In the past 10 years, there have been 4 novel oral antidiabetic medication classes and 9 new injectable agents and insulin products approved by the FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as well as new information regarding the safety and use of several older antidiabetic medication classes. The distinctions were reviewed for each individual agent, and a comparison was completed if there was more than one agent in a particular therapeutic class. Using current information available, select investigational agents in phase III trials or those with a pending new drug application were highlighted. CONCLUSION There are now 9 distinct oral pharmacologic classes and a variety of insulin and noninsulin injectable medications available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin remains the first-line treatment option for most patients. When considering options for alternative or additional treatment, prescribers must weigh the benefits and risks using individual patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tran
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angela Zielinski
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arpi H Roach
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jende
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Emily E Cole
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shuruq A Atway
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Melinda Amornyard
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mallory L Accursi
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Suzanna W Shieh
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin E Thompson
- Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
Incretin-based therapies are steadily gaining clinical popularity, with many more products in the developmental pipeline. Current treatment recommendations incorporate GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors as important agents for consideration in the treatment of T2DM owing to their low hypoglycemia risk, ability to address postprandial hyperglycemia (DPP-4 inhibitors and short-acting GLP-1 RAs), and potential for weight reduction (GLP-1 RAs). These properties may likewise prove advantageous in older adults in whom hypoglycemia is particularly undesirable, although older adults may be more prone to the nausea and vomiting associated with GLP-1 RA therapy. Other safety issues for incretin-based therapies, such as pancreatitis, C-cell hyperplasia, and renal failure, should be considered when choosing an appropriate patient to receive such therapies. Ongoing CV outcome studies will further inform the health care community regarding the CV safety of incretin-based therapies. The availability of both short-acting and long-acting GLP-1 RAs currently allows practitioners to consider individualized blood glucose trends and therapeutic needs when choosing an optimal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Neumiller
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA.
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Del Prato S, Camisasca R, Wilson C, Fleck P. Durability of the efficacy and safety of alogliptin compared with glipizide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 2-year study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1239-46. [PMID: 25132212 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the long-term durability of the efficacy of alogliptin compared with glipizide in combination with metformin in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on stable-dose metformin. METHODS This multicentre, double-blind, active-controlled study randomized 2639 patients aged 18-80 years to 104 weeks of treatment with metformin in addition to alogliptin 12.5 mg once daily (n = 880), alogliptin 25 mg once daily (n = 885) or glipizide 5 mg once daily, titrated to a maximum of 20 mg (n = 874). The primary endpoint was least square mean change from baseline in HbA1c level at 104 weeks. RESULTS The mean patient age was 55.4 years, the mean diabetes duration was 5.5 years and the mean baseline HbA1c was 7.6%. HbA1c reductions at week 104 were -0.68%, -0.72% and -0.59% for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg and glipizide, respectively [both doses met the criteria for non-inferiority to glipizide (p<0.001); alogliptin 25 mg met superiority criteria (p=0.010)]. Fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased by 0.05 and 0.18 mmol/l for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg, respectively, and increased by 0.30 mmol/l for glipizide (p < 0.001 for both comparisons with glipizide). Mean weight changes were -0.68, -0.89 and 0.95 kg for alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg and glipizide, respectively (p < 0.001 for both comparisons with glipizide). Hypoglycaemia occurred in 23.2% of patients in the glipizide group vs. 2.5 and 1.4% of patients in the alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg groups, respectively. Pancreatitis occurred in one patient in the alogliptin 25 mg group and three in the glipizide group. CONCLUSIONS Alogliptin efficacy was sustained over 2 years in patients with inadequate glycaemic control on metformin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Del Prato
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Bron M, Wilson C, Fleck P. A Post Hoc Analysis of HbA1c, Hypoglycemia, and Weight Change Outcomes with Alogliptin vs Glipizide in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2014; 5:521-34. [PMID: 25424968 PMCID: PMC4269655 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-014-0088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse events and complications limit the long-term use of current antidiabetic treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly for older adults who are often receiving therapy for other comorbid conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, alogliptin, versus glipizide, a sulfonylurea, in achieving glycemic control without the risk of hypoglycemia, weight gain, or both in older patients with T2DM. METHODS This was an exploratory, post hoc analysis of a global, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study comparing alogliptin and glipizide. Patients (n = 441) aged 65-90 years with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5-9.0% who failed on diet and exercise alone or who had inadequately controlled T2DM despite oral antidiabetic monotherapy were recruited from 110 sites across 15 countries. Alogliptin 25 mg (n = 222) or glipizide 5 mg up-titrated to 10 mg (n = 219) was administered once daily for 52 weeks. Composite endpoints of HbA1c ≤7.0% coupled with the absence of hypoglycemia and weight gain, or an HbA1c reduction of ≥0.5% in the absence of hypoglycemia and weight gain, were then measured. RESULTS In the primary analysis, least squares mean HbA1c changes from baseline to Week 52 were similar in both the alogliptin and glipizide groups. The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c ≤7.0% without hypoglycemia or weight gain was significantly higher for alogliptin versus glipizide (24% vs 13%, p < 0.03). Patients with a baseline HbA1c of <8.0% receiving alogliptin were also more likely to achieve HbA1c ≤7.0% without hypoglycemia or weight gain than those receiving glipizide (29% vs 13%, p < 0.03). CONCLUSION Alogliptin demonstrated similar efficacy to glipizide in lowering HbA1c in older patients with T2DM, but with significantly more patients achieving an HbA1c ≤7.0% without hypoglycemia or an increase in body weight. These results particularly apply to patients with baseline HbA1c below 8.0%. FUNDING The study was sponsored by Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc., Deerfield, IL, and Takeda Global Research and Development Centre Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Bron
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA,
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Flory JH, Mushlin AI. Observational and clinical trial findings on the comparative effectiveness of diabetes drugs showed agreement. J Clin Epidemiol 2014; 68:200-10. [PMID: 25432086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares an observational study of diabetes treatment effectiveness to randomized controlled trials to assess their convergent validity. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Multivariate models were developed using observational data to describe change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; % unit) and weight (kilograms) after addition of a second-line oral diabetes drug to metformin monotherapy. Randomized trials of these scenarios were systematically identified. The models were used to simulate each trial, and simulated and actual results were compared by linear regression and meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirty-two randomized trials of second-line diabetes oral therapy were identified. For all outcomes and drugs studied, simulation and actual results correlated (P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between meta-analyzed randomized and simulated results for effect on HbA1c. For effect on weight, results were qualitatively comparable, but for sulfonylureas, the simulated weight gain was nominally greater than seen in the randomized controlled trials. CONCLUSION An observational study of diabetes drug effectiveness showed convergent validity with randomized data. This supports cautious use of the observational research to draw conclusions about drug effectiveness in populations not studied in clinical trials. This approach may be useful in other situations where observational and randomized data need integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Flory
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 E 68th Street, 20th Floor Baker Pavilion, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Alvin I Mushlin
- Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, 425 E 61st Street, 3rd Floor, Suite 301, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to be a global problem, placing an enormous burden on healthcare systems and resources. Effective treatment options to minimize the effects of hyperglycemia are essential. Most patients eventually need to take multiple drugs to maintain glycemic control, and many antidiabetic drugs are associated with adverse effects, such as hypoglycemia, weight gain or gastrointestinal effects. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor is one of the newer classes of oral antidiabetic drug, and alogliptin is the most recently approved drug in this class. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of alogliptin and the results of clinical trials evaluating its efficacy at improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes both as monotherapy and in combination with other antidiabetic drugs. The drug's tolerability and safety profiles are also considered. EXPERT OPINION Alogliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that can help in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, including the elderly. It is generally well tolerated and does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Seino
- Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, , 1-7, Fukushima 2-chome, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0003 , Japan +81 6 6458 5821 ; +81 6 7501 1403 ;
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Schwartz S. Evidence-based practice use of incretin-based therapy in the natural history of diabetes. Postgrad Med 2014; 126:66-84. [PMID: 24918793 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.05.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The incretin class of anti-hyperglycemic agents, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-inhibitors, is an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of appropriate patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise and/or with the agents metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, or any combination thereof. More recently, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for incretins were expanded to include use with basal insulin. This review article takes an evidence-based practice approach in discussing the importance of aggressive treatment for diabetes, the principles of incretin physiology and pathophysiology, use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and patient types and contexts where incretin therapy has been found beneficial, from metabolic syndrome to overt diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Schwartz
- Affiliate, Main Line Health System, Ardmore, PA; Emeritus, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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Kaku K, Mori M, Kanoo T, Katou M, Seino Y. Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, 12-week, placebo-controlled trial followed by an open-label, long-term extension phase. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:2121-30. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.956722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Grunberger G. Clinical utility of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a descriptive summary of current efficacy trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 70:1277-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ndefo UA, Okoli O, Erowele G. Alogliptin: A new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014; 71:103-9. [PMID: 24375601 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy, and place in therapy of alogliptin and its combinations for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus are reviewed. SUMMARY Alogliptin is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). It works by slowing the inactivation of the incretin hormones, thereby increasing their concentrations in the bloodstream and reducing fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in a glucose-dependent manner in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alogliptin has a moderate degree of absorption, estimated to exceed 75%, and its absorption is not affected by food. No drug interactions are known to be associated with alogliptin monotherapy. It is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The clinical efficacy and safety of alogliptin have been demonstrated in several clinical trials, reducing patients' glycosylated hemoglobin level by 0.4-1.0% in 26 weeks. Alogliptin does not require any dosage adjustment when coadministered with ketoconazole, fluconazole, gemfibrozil, warfarin, metformin, glyburide, and pioglitazone. Alogliptin selectively binds to and inhibits DPP-4 in vitro at concentrations approximating therapeutic exposures. The most common adverse events associated with alogliptin are nasopharyngitis, headache, and upper respiratory tract infection. As with the other DPP-4 inhibitors, use of alogliptin may be associated with the development of pancreatitis during therapy. CONCLUSION Alogliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, does not differ greatly from the other DPP-4 inhibitors currently available. It can be used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uche Anadu Ndefo
- Uche Anadu Ndefo, Pharm.D., BCPS, is Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas Southern University, Houston. Okwuchukwu Okoli, M.D., is Field Physician, Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres, New York, NY. Goldina Erowele, Pharm.D., is Clinical Pharmacist III, Department of Pharmacy, Harris Health Systems, Houston
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Jarvis CI, Cabrera A, Charron D. Alogliptin: a new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pharmacother 2014; 47:1532-9. [PMID: 24285765 DOI: 10.1177/1060028013504076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DATA SOURCES Searches were conducted in MEDLINE (1946-August 2013) and Embase (1974-August 2013) for English language articles using key words alogliptin, SYR-332, Nesina, Oseni, and Kazano. References of articles were reviewed to identify any additional sources. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Articles with adequate sample sizes, evaluating clinically relevant end points were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Alogliptin is a highly selective and potent competitive inhibitor of DPP-4. The DPP-4 enzyme rapidly inactivates the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. GLP-1, which releases postprandial insulin in response to meals, is thought to be deficient in patients with T2DM. Studies evaluating the role of alogliptin in T2DM have shown significant reductions in blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C (A1C) levels. Alogliptin doses of 12.5 to 25 mg once daily reduced A1C by 0.56% to 0.59% as monotherapy. Patients given alogliptin in addition to other antidiabetic agentsexperienced additional A1C lowering of 0.4% to 0.8%. Side effects of alogliptin include nasopharyngitis, upper-respiratory tract infections, and headache. Alogliptin demonstrates a neutral effect on weight. A large trial evaluating the cardiovascular safety of alogliptin is currently being conducted. CONCLUSIONS Alogliptin is the fourth DDP-4 inhibitor approved in the US for the treatment of T2DM. It is available alone (Nesina) and in fixed-dose combinations with metformin (Kazano) and pioglitazone (Oseni). It has no demonstrable advantages over other agents in its class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney I Jarvis
- MCPHS University, School of Pharmacy-Worcester/Manchester, Worcester, MA, USA
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Monami M, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:689-697. [PMID: 24793580 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recently, the SAVOR TIMI-53 (Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in patients with diabetes mellitus--Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction-53) reported a significant increase in the risk of hospitalizations for heart failure in patients treated with saxagliptin in comparison with placebo. Aim of the present meta-analysis is the systematic collection and synthesis of information on treatment-emergent cases of acute heart failure described in randomized clinical trials with DPP4. DATA SOURCES An extensive Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Database search for "vildagliptin", "sitagliptin", "saxagliptin", "alogliptin", "linagliptin", and "dutogliptin" was performed, collecting all randomized clinical trials on humans up to October 1st, 2013. Studies were included if they satisfied the following criteria: i) randomized trials, ii) duration ≥24 weeks; iii) on type 2 diabetes; iv) comparison of DPP4i with placebo or active drugs. The principal outcome was the effect of DPP4i on the incidence of acute heart failure. A total of 84 eligible trials was identified. The overall risk of acute heart failure was higher in patients treated with DPP4i in comparison with those treated with placebo/active comparators (MH-OR: 1.19[1.03; 1.37]; p = 0.015). When trials with non-cardiovascular outcomes were analysed separately no signal of risk was detectable. CONCLUSION Available data from RCTs suggest that DPP4i could be associated with an increased risk of heart failure, without any clear evidence of differences among drugs of the class. Although it is plausible that the risk is greater in some sub-populations of patients, current evidence is not yet sufficient to identify susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monami
- Section of Geriatric and Medicine, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Via delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy
| | - I Dicembrini
- Obesity Agency, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Via delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; Diabetes Agency, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Via delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy
| | - E Mannucci
- Diabetes Agency, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Via delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy.
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Pratley RE, Fleck P, Wilson C. Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with alogliptin plus metformin versus either as monotherapy in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, 6-month study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:613-21. [PMID: 24400655 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin plus metformin (A + M) initial combination therapy versus either as monotherapy in drug-naïve T2DM patients. METHODS This international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 26-week study involved T2DM patients with hyperglycaemia (HbA1c 7.5-10.0%) following diet/exercise therapy. Patients (N = 784) received placebo, alogliptin (A, 12.5 mg BID or 25 mg QD), metformin (M, 500 or 1000 mg BID) or A + M (12.5/500 or 12.5/1000 mg BID); placebo, A25 for secondary analyses only. ENDPOINTS week 26 changes from baseline in HbA1c (primary), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h postprandial glucose (PPG); incidences of clinical response and hyperglycaemic rescue. RESULTS Week 26 mean HbA1c reductions from baseline (8.45%) were -1.22 and -1.55% with A + M 12.5/500 and 12.5/1000 versus -0.56, -0.65, and -1.11% with A12.5, M500 and M1000 (p<0.001, A + M vs. component monotherapies). FPG reductions were -1.76 and -2.55 mmol/L with 12.5/500 and 12.5/1000 versus -0.54, -0.64 and -1.78 mmol/L with A12.5, M500 and M1000 (p < 0.05, A + M vs. component monotherapies). Significantly more A + M-treated patients achieved HbA1c < 7% (47.1-59.5% vs. 20.2-34.3% with monotherapy), significantly fewer required hyperglycaemic rescue (2.6-12.3% vs. 10.8-22.9% with monotherapy). A + M caused only mild/moderate hypoglycaemia (1.9-5.3%) and weight loss (0.6-1.2 kg). CONCLUSIONS Alogliptin plus metformin initial combination therapy was well tolerated yet more efficacious in controlling glycaemia in drug-naïve T2DM patients than either as monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Pratley
- Florida Hospital, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
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Craddy P, Palin HJ, Johnson KI. Comparative effectiveness of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and mixed treatment comparison. Diabetes Ther 2014; 5:1-41. [PMID: 24664619 PMCID: PMC4065303 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-014-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the safety and efficacy of the dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control. DESIGN Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), health economic evaluation studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, followed by primary Bayesian mixed treatment comparison meta-analyses (MTCs), and secondary frequentist direct-comparison meta-analyses using a random-effects model. Outcomes were reported as weighted mean change from baseline, or odds ratio (OR) with 95% credible interval. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, and BIOSIS via Dialog ProQuest; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews via EBSCO; four diabetes and two technical congress abstracts; and health technology assessment organization websites. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control receiving any pharmacological anti-diabetic treatment. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Title/abstracts were reviewed for eligibility, followed by full-text review of publications remaining after first pass. A three-person team filtered articles and an independent reviewer checked a random selection (10%) of filtered articles. Data extraction and quality assessment of studies were also independently reviewed. Five DPP-4 inhibitors (alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin) were compared via meta-analysis (where data were available) as monotherapy, dual therapy (plus metformin, sulfonylurea, pioglitazone, or insulin), and triple therapy (plus metformin/sulfonylurea). RESULTS The review identified 6,601 articles; 163 met inclusion criteria and 85 publications from 83 RCTs contained sufficient or appropriate data for analysis. MTCs demonstrated no differences between DPP-4 inhibitors in mean change from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) or body weight, or the proportions of patients achieving HbA1c <7% or experiencing a hypoglycemic event, apart from in patients on alogliptin plus metformin, who achieved HbA1c <7% more frequently than those treated with saxagliptin plus metformin [OR 6.41 (95% CI 3.15-11.98) versus 2.17 (95% CI 1.56-2.95)]. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and MTC showed similar efficacy and safety for DPP-4 inhibitors as treatment for type 2 diabetes, either as monotherapy or combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craddy
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
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80
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Agarwal S, Parashar A, Menon V. Meta-analysis of the cardiovascular outcomes with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors: validation of the current FDA mandate. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2014; 14:191-207. [PMID: 24687214 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-014-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier meta-analyses have demonstrated a significant reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) with dipeptidyl peptidase 4-inhibitor (DPPI) use, as compared with placebo or alternative anti-diabetic therapies. However, the large phase III/IV trials, namely SAVOR-TIMI 53 and the EXAMINE trials, failed to demonstrate any significant differences in MACE between DPPI and placebo. We aimed to perform an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the differences in cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke between DPPI and placebo/alternative agents. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for relevant phase III/IV RCTs. Unpublished trials with results available on national clinical trials registers were also included. RCTs with follow-up duration ≥24 weeks were included if they compared DPPI with placebo or an alternative anti-diabetic agent. RESULTS A total of 82 RCTs including 73,678 patients were included. We did not observe any significant difference in the pooled odds of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke in the composite DPPI arm as compared with the control arm. Similarly, the pooled odds of all-cause death and MACE were statistically similar between the two groups. None of the clinical outcomes studied demonstrated evidence of statistical heterogeneity or publication bias. Due to a larger sample size and a longer duration of follow-up, both SAVOR-TIMI 53 and EXAMINE trials had a considerably larger contribution to the pooled estimates in our meta-analysis, driving the updated pooled estimates towards null for all clinical outcomes assessed. CONCLUSIONS DPPI use was not associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular mortality, MI, stroke, or MACE compared with placebo or alternative anti-diabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Agarwal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk J 3-5, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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81
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Kawalec P, Mikrut A, Łopuch S. The safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors added to metformin background therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:269-83. [PMID: 24829965 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present meta-analysis was to assess the safety profile of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors in comparison with placebo as add-on to metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials were identified by searching Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database until 15 July 2013. All included studies were critically appraised and analysed with the use of Review Manager 5.1.0 software according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement protocol. Twenty randomized and double-blinded studies published in 22 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The overall results demonstrated that the use of oral antidiabetic agents (analysed separately and together) was not associated with any significantly increased risk of any serious adverse events including hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal disorders. Moreover, the use of DPP-4 or SGLT-2 inhibitors significantly decreased risk of diarrhoea compared with placebo, when given concomitantly with metformin. However, we found that the SGLT-2 inhibitors were more likely to cause a genital infection. Despite some limitations, the findings of this meta-analysis indicate that DPP-4 or SGLT-2 inhibitors have favourable safety profile, and such therapy, when combined with metformin is well tolerated.
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82
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Filippatos TD, Athyros VG, Elisaf MS. The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:787-812. [PMID: 24746233 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.907274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of anti-hyperglycemic agents with proven efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AREAS COVERED This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors. DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their structure, metabolism, route of elimination and selectivity for DPP-4 over structurally related enzymes, such as DPP-8/DPP-9. They have a low potential for drug interactions, with the exception of saxagliptin that is largely metabolized by cytochrome CYP3A4/A5. Reports of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer have raised concerns regarding the safety of DPP-4 inhibitors and are under investigation. Post-marketing surveillance has revealed less common adverse effects, especially a number of skin- and immune-related adverse effects. These issues are covered in the present review. EXPERT OPINION DPP-4 inhibitors are useful and efficient drugs. DPP-4 inhibitors have similar mechanism of action and similar efficacy. However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles. Although clinical trials indicated a favorable safety profile, post-marketing reports revealed certain safety aspects that need further investigation. Certainly, more research is needed to clarify if the differences among DPP-4 inhibitors could lead to a different clinical and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosios D Filippatos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine , Thessaloniki , Greece
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83
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Liu X, Xiao Q, Zhang L, Yang Q, Liu X, Xu L, Cheng W. The long-term efficacy and safety of DPP-IV inhibitors monotherapy and in combination with metformin in 18,980 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus--a meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2014; 23:687-98. [PMID: 24639059 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of DPP-IV inhibitors therapy versus comparators in patients with T2DM. METHODS A comprehensive search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs; ≥24 weeks) was performed. RCTs had to compare DPP-IV inhibitors therapy with placebo, metformin and sulphonylureas + metformin. Inverse variance mean difference (IV-MD) with 95%CI was calculated for the mean HbA1c changes (%) from baseline to (imputed) endpoint. Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (MH-OR) with 95%CI was calculated for side reactions. RESULTS Twenty-three RCTs were included. The mean HbA1c changes (%) were as follows: IV-MD, 95%CI = -0.35 [-0.51, -0.19], p < 0.0001 for DPP-IV inhibitors therapy versus comparators, and IV-MD, 95%CI = 0.11 [0.04, 0.18], p = 0.002 for DPP-IV inhibitors + met versus su + met. For hypoglycaemia, MH-OR, 95%CI = 0.13 [0.09, 0.19], p < 0.00001(DPP-IV inhibitors + met vs. su + met). For diarrhoea, MH-OR, 95%CI = 0.77 [0.64, 0.93], p = 0.008 (DPP-IV inhibitors + met vs. met). By comparing DPP-IV inhibitors therapy with comparators, we found 95%CI = 0.00 [-0.01, 0.01], p = 0.49, for the upper respiratory tract infection MH-OR; 95%CI = 0.97 [0.70, 1.34], p = 0.83 for the urinary tract infection MH-OR; and 95%CI = 1.07 [0.94, 1.21], p = 0.30 for nasopharyngitis MH-OR. CONCLUSIONS DPP-IV inhibitors could achieve a long-term effective and safe glycaemic control for use as monotherapy or in combination with metformin. They have low incidences of hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal side effects. There is no evidence that DPP-IV inhibitors increase the risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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84
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Abstract
PURPOSE Alogliptin is the newest dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes either alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents. The purpose of this review is to highlight the clinical studies that led to Food and Drug Administration approval of alogliptin and to provide insight into the place in therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUMMARY As a DPP-4 inhibitor, alogliptin raises postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1, leading to insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. When given as monotherapy, alogliptin has the ability to reduce glycoslate hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by 0.4% to 1.0%. Combination therapy yielded similar reductions with some variability depending on the agent with which alogliptin was combined. The mean HbA1c reduction seen with alogliptin is relative to the degree of HbA1c elevation at baseline. Alogliptin appears to be weight neutral and is relatively well tolerated with few adverse effects. Furthermore, alogliptin has proven to result in comparable efficacy and tolerability in the elderly as in the younger population. CONCLUSION Alogliptin alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents has shown a significant reduction in HbA1c while remaining safe and tolerable. The efficacy profile of alogliptin is comparable to other DPP-4 inhibitors. Additional long-term research is necessary with regard to long-standing efficacy and effects on beta-cell function.
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85
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Ravva P, Karlsson MO, French JL. A linearization approach for the model-based analysis of combined aggregate and individual patient data. Stat Med 2014; 33:1460-76. [PMID: 24488864 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The application of model-based meta-analysis in drug development has gained prominence recently, particularly for characterizing dose-response relationships and quantifying treatment effect sizes of competitor drugs. The models are typically nonlinear in nature and involve covariates to explain the heterogeneity in summary-level literature (or aggregate data (AD)). Inferring individual patient-level relationships from these nonlinear meta-analysis models leads to aggregation bias. Individual patient-level data (IPD) are indeed required to characterize patient-level relationships but too often this information is limited. Since combined analyses of AD and IPD allow advantage of the information they share to be taken, the models developed for AD must be derived from IPD models; in the case of linear models, the solution is a closed form, while for nonlinear models, closed form solutions do not exist. Here, we propose a linearization method based on a second order Taylor series approximation for fitting models to AD alone or combined AD and IPD. The application of this method is illustrated by an analysis of a continuous landmark endpoint, i.e., change from baseline in HbA1c at week 12, from 18 clinical trials evaluating the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. The performance of this method is demonstrated by a simulation study where the effects of varying the degree of nonlinearity and of heterogeneity in covariates (as assessed by the ratio of between-trial to within-trial variability) were studied. A dose-response relationship using an Emax model with linear and nonlinear effects of covariates on the emax parameter was used to simulate data. The simulation results showed that when an IPD model is simply used for modeling AD, the bias in the emax parameter estimate increased noticeably with an increasing degree of nonlinearity in the model, with respect to covariates. When using an appropriately derived AD model, the linearization method adequately corrected for bias. It was also noted that the bias in the model parameter estimates decreased as the ratio of between-trial to within-trial variability in covariate distribution increased. Taken together, the proposed linearization approach allows addressing the issue of aggregation bias in the particular case of nonlinear models of aggregate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patanjali Ravva
- Pharmacometrics, Primary Care Business Unit, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, U.S.A
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86
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Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The July 2013 monograph topics are prothrombin complex concentrate (human), cysteamine bitartrate delayed-release capsules, doxylamine succinate/pyridoxine hydrochloride, tedizolid phosphate, and sofosbuvir. The DUE/MUE is on canaglifozin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terri L Levien
- Clinical Associate Professor of Pharmacotherapy, Drug Information Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Danial E Baker
- Director, Drug Information Center, and Professor of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, PO Box 1495, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495. The authors indicate no relationships that could be perceived as a conflict of interest
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87
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Alanazi AS. Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of combinational therapy with metformin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 23:603-13. [PMID: 26702254 PMCID: PMC4669429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinational therapies are often required in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among the important candidates, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPPIs) and metformin combination (DPPI-MET) have shown promising endeavors. In order to examine the efficacy and safety of such a combination therapy in T2DM patients finding inadequate control with metformin, this systematic review and meta-analysis has been conducted. Literature search was made in multiple electronic databases. Inclusion criteria included; RCTs examining the efficacy and safety of DPPI-MET against placebo-MET or MET-only groups of T2DM patients by observing changes in disease endpoints including HbA1c and FPG, and the length of trial be at least 12 weeks. Mean differences based meta-analyses were performed and heterogeneity assessment was carried out. Nineteen studies were selected and included in the meta-analyses. DPPI-MET significantly improved all disease endpoints and the difference could be noticed up to 2 years in the majority of outcome measures. In comparison with PBO-MET, the DPPI-MET combinational therapy resulted in the percent HbA1c changes from baseline with a mean difference [95% CI] of −0.77 [−0.86, −0.69] in 3-month (P < 0.00001), −0.67 [−0.76, −0.59] in 6-month (P < 0.00001), −0.67 [−0.88, −0.47] in 1-year (P < 0.00001) and −0.36 [−0.53, −0.20] in 2-year trials (P < 0.0003). Reduction in body weight and safety profile in the treated and control groups were not different. A combinational therapy with DPPI and metformin significantly improves diabetes clinical indicators and this effect has been observed for up to 2 years herein. Safety and tolerability of DPPI-MET combination have been found well-manageable with a very similar adverse event profile in both treated and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman S Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, P.O. Box 1627, Hail 81441, Saudi Arabia
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88
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Monami M, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and pancreatitis risk: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:48-56. [PMID: 23837679 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Some observational studies reporting an increased risk of pancreatitis in association with Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) have raised concerns on the overall safety of this class. Aim of the present meta-analysis is the systematic collection of information on pancreatitis in randomized clinical trials with DPP4i. DATA SOURCES an extensive Medline, Embase and Cochrane Database search for 'vildagliptin', 'sitagliptin', 'saxagliptin', 'alogliptin', 'linagliptin' and 'dutogliptin' was performed up to 1 March 2013. STUDY SELECTION studies were included if they satisfied the following criteria: (i) randomized trials, (ii) duration ≥12 weeks, (iii) on type 2 diabetes and (iv) comparison of DPP4i with placebo or active drugs. The identification and the selection of studies, and the subsequent data extraction were performed independently by two authors. Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio with 95% Confidence Interval (MH-OR) was calculated for all the adverse events defined below. The principal outcome was the effect of DPP4i on the incidence of pancreatitis. RESULTS A total of 134 eligible trials were identified. The overall risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer was not different between DPP4i and comparators (MH-OR: 0.93[0.51-1.69]; p = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS It should be recognized that the number of observed cases of incident pancreatitis is small and the confidence intervals of risk estimates are wide. However, the present meta-analysis do not suggest any increase in the risk of pancreatitis with DPP4i.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monami
- Section of Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
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89
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Wu D, Li L, Liu C. Efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and metformin as initial combination therapy and as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:30-7. [PMID: 23803146 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This meta-analysis was performed to provide an update on the efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and metformin as initial combination therapy and as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We conducted a search on MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Collaborative database for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin as initial combination therapy or as monotherapy in patients with T2DM by the end of December 2012, using the key words 'alogliptin', 'dutogliptin', 'linagliptin', 'saxagliptin', 'sitagliptin', 'vildagliptin' and 'metformin'. RCTs were selected for meta-analysis if (1) they were RCTs comparing DPP-4 inhibitors plus metformin as initial combination therapy or DPP-4 inhibitor monotherapy to metformin monotherapy, (2) duration of treatment was ≥12 weeks and (3) reported data on haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) change, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) change, weight change, adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, hypoglycaemia or gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs). RESULTS A total of eight RCTs were included. Compared with metformin monotherapy, DPP-4 inhibitors monotherapy was associated with lower reduction in HbA1c level [weighted mean differences (MD) = 0.28, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (0.17, 0.40), p < 0.00001], lower reduction in FPG level [MD = 0.81, 95% CI(0.60, 1.02), p <0.00001], lower weight loss [MD = 1.51, 95% CI (0.89, 2.13), p < 0.00001], but lower risk of adverse CV events [risk ratio (RR) = 0.36, 95% CI (0.15, 0.85), p = 0.02], lower risk of hypoglycaemia [RR = 0.44, 95% CI (0.27, 0.72), p = 0.001] and lower risk of gastrointestinal AEs [RR = 0.63, 95% CI(0.55, 0.70), p <0.00001]. Compared with metformin monotherapy, DPP-4 inhibitors plus metformin as initial combination therapy was associated with higher reduction in HbA1c level [MD = -0.49, 95% CI (-0.57, -0.40), p < 0.00001], higher reduction in FPG level [MD = -0.80, 95% CI (-0.87, -0.74), p < 0.00001], lower weight loss [MD = 0.44, 95% CI (0.22, 0.67), p = 0.0001]; but was not associated with a further reduction in adverse CV events [RR=0.54, 95% CI (0.25, 1.19), p = 0.13], nor the higher risk of hypoglycaemia [RR = 1.04, 95% CI (0.72, 1.50), p = 0.82], nor the prolonged risk of gastrointestinal AEs [RR = 0.98, 95% CI (0.88, 1.10), p = 0.77]. CONCLUSIONS DPP-4 inhibitors, which are safe and effective in controlling the blood glucose, may possibly decrease the risk of CV events in patients with T2DM. It could be a credible alternative for T2DM patients who, for some reason, cannot use metformin, or are in high risk of CV exposure. High-quality, large sample and long-term follow-up clinical trails are needed to confirm the long-term conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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90
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Takahara M, Shiraiwa T, Katakami N, Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Shimomura I. Efficacy of adding once- and thrice-daily voglibose in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients treated with alogliptin. Endocr J 2014; 61:447-56. [PMID: 24561488 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of once- and thrice-daily voglibose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, as an add-on therapy to alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, on glycemic control in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. In this 12-week, parallel-group, randomized, open-label, three-arm trial, 151 participants treated with alogliptin were randomly allocated to the following three arms; one was the group to initiate once-daily voglibose, another was to initiate thrice daily voglibose, and the other was the control group. The primary endpoint was the change of hemoglobin A1c levels at the end of the study, which was revealed to be significantly different among groups (p < 0.001). The once- and thrice-daily voglibose groups had a significantly greater reduction than the control group; the difference was -0.27% and -0.33% in the once- and thrice-daily voglibose group, respectively (both p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two voglibose groups (p = 0.615). On the other hand, the increase of 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels were 3.3 and 5.5 μg/ml greater in the once- and thrice-daily voglibose groups than the control group (both p < 0.001). The thrice-daily voglibose group had a greater increase of 1,5- anhydroglucitol levels compared to the once-daily voglibose group (p = 0.005). In conclusion, once- and thrice-daily voglibose as an add-on to alogliptin significantly improved glycemic control in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Takahara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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91
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Holland DQ, Neumiller JJ. Alogliptin in combination with metformin and pioglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7:277-88. [PMID: 25050071 PMCID: PMC4090041 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s37648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alogliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor recently marketed for once-daily administration in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fixed-dose combinations of alogliptin with both metformin and pioglitazone are also commercially available, providing a measure of convenience in addition to an effective mode of delivering combination therapy to improve glycemic control. Alogliptin has been studied clinically as initial therapy in treatment-naïve patients with T2DM and as initial therapy or add-on in combination with other antidiabetic agents. Clinical trial data with alogliptin demonstrate clinical efficacy in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose reductions when used both as monotherapy and as a component of two- or three-drug combination regimens for the treatment of T2DM. Extensive Phase II and Phase III clinical trial data support the use of alogliptin in combination with metformin and pioglitazone. Glycemic reduction with both combinations is similar to the sum of the respective monotherapies, with adverse event rates similar - or more moderate - than those observed with up-titration of monotherapy or the addition of other antihyperglycemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Q Holland
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua J Neumiller
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Correspondence: Joshua J Neumiller, Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA, Tel +1 509 368 6756, Fax +1 888 557 6162, Email
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92
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Capuano A, Sportiello L, Maiorino MI, Rossi F, Giugliano D, Esposito K. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes therapy--focus on alogliptin. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:989-1001. [PMID: 24068868 PMCID: PMC3782406 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s37647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex and progressive disease that is showing an apparently unstoppable increase worldwide. Although there is general agreement on the first-line use of metformin in most patients with type 2 diabetes, the ideal drug sequence after metformin failure is an area of increasing uncertainty. New treatment strategies target pancreatic islet dysfunction, in particular gut-derived incretin hormones. Inhibition of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) slows degradation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and thereby enhances and prolongs the action of the endogenous incretin hormones. The five available DPP-4 inhibitors, also known as 'gliptins' (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, alogliptin), are small molecules used orally with similar overall clinical efficacy and safety profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. The main differences between the five gliptins on the market include: potency, target selectivity, oral bioavailability, long or short half-life, high or low binding to plasma proteins, metabolism, presence of active or inactive metabolites, excretion routes, dosage adjustment for renal and liver insufficiency, and potential drug-drug interactions. On average, treatment with gliptins is expected to produce a mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decrease of 0.5%-0.8%, with about 40% of diabetic subjects at target for the HbA1c goal <7%. There are very few studies comparing DPP-4 inhibitors. Alogliptin as monotherapy or added to metformin, pioglitazone, glibenclamide, voglibose, or insulin therapy significantly improves glycemic control compared with placebo in adult or elderly patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes. In the EXAMINE trial, alogliptin is being compared with placebo on cardiovascular outcomes in approximately 5,400 patients with type 2 diabetes. In clinical studies, DPP-4 inhibitors were generally safe and well tolerated. However, there are limited data on their tolerability, due to their relatively recent marketing approval. Alogliptin will be used most when avoidance of hypoglycemic events is paramount, such as in patients with congestive heart failure, renal failure, and liver disease, and in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Liberata Sportiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences, and Geriatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Giugliano
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences, and Geriatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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93
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Mathers MC, Zarbock SD, Sutton EE. New and Future Medications for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Lifestyle Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827613498694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With almost 30 million individuals predicted to be diagnosed by the year 2025, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States. Because of the progressive dysfunction of the pancreatic β-cells and increasing insulin resistance over time, the need for treatments with different mechanisms or addition of medications to a regimen is becoming commonplace. Because of this, developing new medications to treat T2DM has been the focus of a lot of recent research and drug development. Molecular substrates such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), and the sodium glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) have all become new therapeutic targets. GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors are 2 of the newest classes of Food and Drug Administration–approved medications for diabetes. By increasing GLP-1 to supraphysiologic levels (GLP-1 agonists) and delaying endogenous GLP-1 degradation (DPP-4 inhibitors), these drugs increase insulin secretion and decrease glucagon production. SGLT2 inhibitors, the newest antihyperglycemic class, promote glycosuria by inhibiting sodium and glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the renal nephron. Other novel agents for the treatment of diabetes include the use of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine, the cholesterol medication colesevelam, and a new form of inhaled insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Mathers
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences–Vermont Campus, Colchester, Vermont
| | - Sommer D. Zarbock
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences–Vermont Campus, Colchester, Vermont
| | - Emily E. Sutton
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences–Vermont Campus, Colchester, Vermont
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94
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White WB, Pratley R, Fleck P, Munsaka M, Hisada M, Wilson C, Menon V. Cardiovascular safety of the dipetidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:668-73. [PMID: 23489301 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM As there have been concerns that some classes or agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes may increase CV risk, we evaluated the cardiovascular profile of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin. METHODS We evaluated the incidence of CV events in patients treated with alogliptin, placebo or comparator antihyperglycaemic drugs in the clinical trial database for alogliptin using the composite major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) endpoints of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke. RESULTS The pooled analysis included 4168 patients exposed to alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg daily for 2023 patient-years compared to 691 patients treated with placebo for 263 patient-years and 1169 patients treated with other antidiabetic agents (metformin, sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones) for 703 patient-years. CV events were adjudicated by an expert endpoint committee blinded to treatment allocation. The incidence rates of the combined MACE were not significantly different between patients treated with alogliptin and comparator therapies (hazard ratio=0.635, 95% confidence interval, 0.0, 1.41). Additionally, other types of serious CV events were not significantly different between patients treated with alogliptin and comparator therapies. CONCLUSION These analyses have not shown a signal of increased CV risk with alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Future results from the adequately powered EXAMINE trial will definitively assess the CV safety profile of aloglipin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B White
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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95
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Abstract
Aimed to review newer therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes that are related to hormones responsible for glucose metabolism other than insulin. Data from several new therapeutic agents were reviewed to provide an overview of the efficacy and tolerability of these agents. With a greater understanding of the physiology of glucose homeostasis and the pathophysiology of diabetes, new therapeutic agents have been developed to address other hormonal deficiencies/defects that are seen in the disease. These new agents fall under the categories of incretin-related therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and amylin analogs. A1c reductions with these agents range from 0.4% to 1.6% (depending on each agent), with added benefits such as weight neutrality/loss and low risk for hypoglycemia.
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96
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Eckerle Mize DL, Salehi M. The place of GLP-1-based therapy in diabetes management: differences between DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13:307-18. [PMID: 23479200 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease characterized by the need for additional antidiabetic agents overtime to maintain a stable level of glycemic control. The discovery of the glucagon like peptide 1, 1 of the 2 major incretins, was pivotal to the development of novel therapies, which can be used in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Two classes of drugs, GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, provide comparable or superior glycemic effects to previous antidiabetic agents without increasing side effects, such as weight gain and hypoglycemia. Therefore, they represent valuable additions to the current therapeutic options for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara L Eckerle Mize
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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97
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Ahrén B. Avoiding hypoglycemia: a key to success for glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013; 9:155-63. [PMID: 23637538 PMCID: PMC3639216 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s33934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes carries a risk for hypoglycemia, particularly in patients on an intensive glucose control plan as a glucose-lowering strategy, where hypoglycemia may be a limitation for the therapy and also a factor underlying clinical inertia. Glucose-lowering medications that increase circulating insulin in a glucose-independent manner, such as insulin and sulfonylurea therapy, are the most common cause of hypoglycemia. However, other factors such as a delayed or missed meal, physical exercise, or drug or alcohol consumption may also contribute. Specific risk factors for development of hypoglycemia are old age, long duration of diabetes, some concomitant medication, renal dysfunction, hypoglycemia unawareness, and cognitive dysfunction. Hypoglycemia is associated with acute short-term symptoms related to either counterregulation, such as tachycardia and sweating, or to neuroglycopenia, such as irritability, confusion, and in severe cases stupor, coma, and even death. However, there are also long-term consequences of hypoglycemia such as reduced working capacity, weight gain, loss of self-confidence with reduced quality of life, and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. For both the patients, the health care system, and the society at large, hypoglycemia carries a high cost. Strategies to mitigate the risk of hypoglycemia include awareness of the condition; education of patients, relatives, and health care providers; and selecting appropriate glucose-lowering medication that also judges the risk for hypoglycemia to prevent this complication. This article summarizes the current knowledge of hypoglycemia and its consequences with a special emphasis on its consequences for the choice of glucose-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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98
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Kim YG, Hahn S, Oh TJ, Kwak SH, Park KS, Cho YM. Differences in the glucose-lowering efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors between Asians and non-Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2013; 56:696-708. [PMID: 23344728 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this work was to compare the glucose-lowering efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors between Asian and non-Asian patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov and conference proceedings. Studies were eligible if they were randomised controlled trials with a treatment duration of at least 12 weeks, compared a DPP-4 inhibitor with a placebo as either monotherapy or oral combination therapy, had information on ethnicity and HbA1c values and were published or described in English. A systematic review and meta-analysis with a meta-regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS Among 809 potentially relevant studies, 55 trials were included. A meta-analysis revealed that DPP-4 inhibitors lowered HbA1c to a greater extent in studies with ≥50% Asian participants (weighted mean difference [WMD] -0.92%; 95% CI -1.03, -0.82) than in studies with <50% Asian participants (WMD -0.65%; 95% CI -0.69, -0.60). The between-group difference was -0.26% (95% CI -0.36, -0.17, p < 0.001). The baseline BMI significantly correlated with the HbA1c-lowering efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors. The RR of achieving the goal of HbA1c <7.0% (53.0 mmol/mol) was higher in studies with ≥50% Asian participants (3.4 [95% CI 2.6, 4.7] vs 1.9 [95% CI 1.8, 2.0]). The fasting plasma glucose-lowering efficacy was higher with monotherapy in the Asian-dominant studies, but the postprandial glucose-lowering efficacy and changes in body weight were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION DPP-4 inhibitors exhibit a better glucose-lowering efficacy in Asians than in other ethnic groups; this requires further investigation to understand the underlying mechanism, particularly in relation to BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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99
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Fass AD, Gershman JA. Efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin. Adv Ther 2013; 30:337-53. [PMID: 23605247 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-013-0023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors is prevalent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes since they have fewer adverse effects compared with other non-insulin medications currently available; however, as monotherapy, the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)-lowering power of these agents is moderate. The aim of this article is to evaluate the current literature regarding the safety and efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin. METHODS A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (from 1950 to October 2012), PubMed (from 1966 to October 2012), EMBASE (from 1966 to October 2012), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (from 1970 to October 2012) using the search terms "sitagliptin," "linagliptin," "alogliptin," "vildagliptin," "saxagliptin," and "metformin." Studies that did not evaluate the DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin and those that were not phase 3, were excluded. RESULTS Many of the studies evaluated DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin versus glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, placebo, DPP-4 inhibitors as monotherapy, thiazolidinediones, and sulfonylureas. The results of these noninferiority trials were that DPP-4 inhibitors as a whole are noninferior to either each other or other agents except for GLP-1 agonists. Also, in superiority studies, GLP-1 agonists proved to have greater HbA1c lowering. CONCLUSION In summary, DPP-4 inhibitors play a vital role in the treatment of diabetes. They have relatively limited adverse effects, especially regarding hypoglycemia. DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin are generally well tolerated and are available as combination products to reduce pill burden and enhance compliance. The limitations to DPP-4 inhibitors are the lack of outcomes data and more limited HbA1c lowering than other medications currently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, as previously stated, thiazolidinediones, glinides, sulfonylureas, pramlinitide, and GLP-1 agonists are all quite beneficial in HbA1c lowering but are not without major adverse effects. Therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors have a vital role as an oral add-on agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Fass
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, 3200 South University Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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100
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Berhan A, Berhan Y. Efficacy of alogliptin in type 2 diabetes treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled studies. BMC Endocr Disord 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23452780 PMCID: PMC3639816 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alogliptin is a new dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) inhibitor, which is under investigation for treatment of type 2 diabetes either alone or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Computer based search was performed in MEDLINE, Cochrane library, and HINARI (Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative) databases. Meta-analysis was carried out by incorporating double-blind randomized controlled studies done on the efficacy of alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes. The efficacy and tolerability of alogliptin was determined by standardized mean differences (SMDs) and Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio. Heterogeneity was assessed by the chi-squared test (Cochran Q test) and I2 statistics. RESULTS The pooled SMDs demonstrated a significant reduction in HbA1c in patients treated with alogliptin 12.5 mg (SMD = -0.81; 95% CI, -1.11 to -0.51) or alogliptin 25 mg (SMD= -0.98; 95%CI= -1.30 to -0.66) as compared with controls. The SMD for reduction in fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) from baseline was also statistically significant among alogliptin treated patients. However, the effect of alogliptin on body weight change was inconclusive. The proportion of patients who discontinued alogliptin due to adverse events was not different from controls. Similarly, the meta-analyses of specific adverse events did not demonstrate statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Alogliptin alone or in combination with other antidiabetic drug has shown a significant reduction in HbA1c and FPG level in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, its consistent efficacy for longer duration of therapy needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asres Berhan
- Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P. O. Box: 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Yifru Berhan
- Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, P. O. Box: 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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