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Albrecht-Borth V, Kauss D, Fan D, Hu Y, Collinge D, Marri S, Liebers M, Apel K, Pfannschmidt T, Chow WS, Pogson BJ. A novel proteinase, SNOWY COTYLEDON4, is required for photosynthetic acclimation to higher light intensities in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:732-45. [PMID: 23940253 PMCID: PMC3793054 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.216036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess light can have a negative impact on photosynthesis; thus, plants have evolved many different ways to adapt to different light conditions to both optimize energy use and avoid damage caused by excess light. Analysis of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant snowy cotyledon4 (sco4) revealed a mutation in a chloroplast-targeted protein that shares limited homology with CaaX-type endopeptidases. The SCO4 protein possesses an important function in photosynthesis and development, with point mutations rendering the seedlings and adult plants susceptible to photooxidative stress. The sco4 mutation impairs the acclimation of chloroplasts and their photosystems to excess light, evidenced in a reduction in photosystem I function, decreased linear electron transfer, yet increased nonphotochemical quenching. SCO4 is localized to the chloroplasts, which suggests the existence of an unreported type of protein modification within this organelle. Phylogenetic and yeast complementation analyses of SCO4-like proteins reveal that SCO4 is a member of an unknown group of higher plant-specific proteinases quite distinct from the well-described CaaX-type endopeptidases RAS Converting Enzyme1 (RCE1) and zinc metallopeptidase STE24 and lacks canonical CaaX activity. Therefore, we hypothesize that SCO4 is a novel endopeptidase required for critical protein modifications within chloroplasts, influencing the function of proteins involved in photosynthesis required for tolerance to excess light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominika Kauss
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | - Dayong Fan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | - Derek Collinge
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | - Shashikanth Marri
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | - Monique Liebers
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | | | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | - Wah S. Chow
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
| | - Barry J. Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (V.A.-B., D.C., S.M., B.J.P.) and Research School of Biology (D.F., Y.H., W.S.C.), Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (D.K., K.A.); and
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire and Végétale, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France (M.L., T.P.)
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Guo J, Wei X, Li M, Pan X, Chang W, Liu Z. Structure of the catalytic domain of a state transition kinase homolog from Micromonas algae. Protein Cell 2013; 4:607-19. [PMID: 23794031 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Under natural environments, plants and algae have evolved various photosynthetic acclimation mechanisms in response to the constantly changing light conditions. The state transition and long-term response processes in photosynthetic acclimation involve remodeling and composition alteration of thylakoid membrane. A chloroplast protein kinase named Stt7/STN7 has been found to have pivotal roles in both state transition and long-term response. Here we report the crystal structures of the kinase domain of a putative Stt7/STN7 homolog from Micromonas sp. RCC299 (MsStt7d) in the apo form and in complex with various nucleotide substrates. MsStt7d adopts a canonical protein kinase fold and contains all the essential residues at the active site. A novel hairpin motif, found to be a conserved feature of the Stt7/STN7 family and indispensable for the kinase stability, interacts with the activation loop and fixes it in an active conformation. We have also demonstrated that MsStt7d is a dualspecifi city kinase that phosphorylates both Thr and Tyr residues. Moreover, preliminary in vitro data suggest that it might be capable of phosphorylating a consensus N-terminal pentapeptide of light-harvesting proteins Micromonas Lhcp4 and Arabidopsis Lhcb1 directly. The potential peptide/protein substrate binding site is predicted based on the location of a pseudo-substrate contributed by the adjacent molecule within the crystallographic dimer. The structural and biochemical data presented here provide a framework for an improved understanding on the role of Stt7/STN7 in photosynthetic acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Guo
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Krupnik T, Kotabová E, van Bezouwen LS, Mazur R, Garstka M, Nixon PJ, Barber J, Kaňa R, Boekema EJ, Kargul J. A reaction center-dependent photoprotection mechanism in a highly robust photosystem II from an extremophilic red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23529-42. [PMID: 23775073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the rhodophytan order Cyanidiales are unique among phototrophs in their ability to live in extremely low pH levels and moderately high temperatures. The photosynthetic apparatus of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae represents an intermediate type between cyanobacteria and higher plants, suggesting that this alga may provide the evolutionary link between prokaryotic and eukaryotic phototrophs. Although we now have a detailed structural model of photosystem II (PSII) from cyanobacteria at an atomic resolution, no corresponding structure of the eukaryotic PSII complex has been published to date. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a highly active and robust dimeric PSII complex from C. merolae. We show that this complex is highly stable across a range of extreme light, temperature, and pH conditions. By measuring fluorescence quenching properties of the isolated C. merolae PSII complex, we provide the first direct evidence of pH-dependent non-photochemical quenching in the red algal PSII reaction center. This type of quenching, together with high zeaxanthin content, appears to underlie photoprotection mechanisms that are efficiently employed by this robust natural water-splitting complex under excess irradiance. In order to provide structural details of this eukaryotic form of PSII, we have employed electron microscopy and single particle analyses to obtain a 17 Å map of the C. merolae PSII dimer in which we locate the position of the protein mass corresponding to the additional extrinsic protein stabilizing the oxygen-evolving complex, PsbQ'. We conclude that this lumenal subunit is present in the vicinity of the CP43 protein, close to the membrane plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Krupnik
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Zienkiewicz M, Kokoszka N, Bacławska I, Drożak A, Romanowska E. Light intensity and quality stimulated Deg1-dependent cleavage of PSII components in the chloroplasts of maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:126-136. [PMID: 23563498 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that photo damages inducing high white light illumination of C3-type plant Arabidopsis thaliana promotes Deg1-mediated degradation of not only photosystem II core proteins D1/D2 but also minor LHCII proteins CP26, CP29 and PSII-associated PsbS protein. Using biochemical and immunological approaches we show that that the substrate pool of the heterologously expressed Deg1 ortholog protease from C4-type plant Zea mays is very similar to that of the A. thaliana in both mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. The Deg1-mediated degradation of photosystem II components has been observed after high light and red light treatment of maize leaves, while far red light did not induce Deg1-mediated degradation. Moreover, two isoforms of the Deg1 protease have been identified. Their genes are localized in chromosomes 6 and 8. The Pull-Down assay indicated that both proteins were able to bind the same set of chloroplast proteins, nevertheless in vitro digestion of Z. mays thylakoids in the form of inside-out vesicles has raveled that only Deg1 found in chromosome 8 exhibited proteolytic activity. Interestingly, the relative amount of Deg1 proteases in Z. mays bundle sheath chloroplasts (BS) is significantly higher than in mesophyll chloroplasts (M) in spite of lower content of PSII (∼20%) in BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Zienkiewicz
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Nela Kokoszka
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Bacławska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Drożak
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Romanowska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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55
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Floris M, Bassi R, Robaglia C, Alboresi A, Lanet E. Post-transcriptional control of light-harvesting genes expression under light stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 82:147-54. [PMID: 23526054 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to deal with fluctuating light environment and the regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus is crucial for their survival. The large multigenic family of nuclear encoded chloroplastic proteins called light harvesting complex (LHC) is involved in both light harvesting and photoprotection. Changes in light intensity induce a complex set of molecular events within both the chloroplast and the cytoplasmic compartments of the cell leading to reorganization of the photosynthetic apparatus in order to optimize photosynthesis to the new conditions. In this study we have investigated the occurrence of translational regulations during light stress in Arabidopsis thaliana by using polysomes profiling. We have observed a strong effect of light on global translation activity of the cell. We show that individual LHC genes are translationally regulated in response to light conditions by changing the ratio between polysomal versus total messenger RNA. In addition, we found that cytoplasmic translational regulation can precede nuclear transcriptional regulation. Thus translational control appears as an important component of the crosstalk between chloroplast and the nucleus in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïna Floris
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementale, Unite Mixte de Recherche 7225, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculte des Sciences de Luminy, Aix Marseille Universite, 13009, Marseille, France
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56
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Kundu N, Dozier U, Deslandes L, Somssich IE, Ullah H. Arabidopsis scaffold protein RACK1A interacts with diverse environmental stress and photosynthesis related proteins. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24012. [PMID: 23435172 PMCID: PMC3906143 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold proteins are known to regulate important cellular processes by interacting with multiple proteins to modulate molecular responses. RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) is a WD-40 type scaffold protein, conserved in eukaryotes, from Chlamydymonas to plants and humans, expresses ubiquitously and plays regulatory roles in diverse signal transduction and stress response pathways. Here we present the use of Arabidopsis RACK1A, the predominant isoform of a 3-member family, as a bait to screen a split-ubiquitin based cDNA library. In total 97 proteins from dehydration, salt stress, ribosomal and photosynthesis pathways are found to potentially interact with RACK1A. False positive interactions were eliminated following extensive selection based growth potentials. Confirmation of a sub-set of selected interactions is demonstrated through the co-transformation with individual plasmid containing cDNA and the respective bait. Interaction of diverse proteins points to a regulatory role of RACK1A in the cross-talk between signaling pathways. Promoter analysis of the stress and photosynthetic pathway genes revealed conserved transcription factor binding sites. RACK1A is known to be a multifunctional protein and the current identification of potential interacting proteins and future in vivo elucidations of the physiological basis of such interactions will shed light on the possible molecular mechanisms that RACK1A uses to regulate diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Kundu
- Department of Biology; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
| | - Uvetta Dozier
- Department of Biology; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research; Köln, Germany
| | - Imre E. Somssich
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research; Köln, Germany
| | - Hemayet Ullah
- Department of Biology; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
- Correspondence to: Hemayet Ullah,
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Rochaix JD, Lemeille S, Shapiguzov A, Samol I, Fucile G, Willig A, Goldschmidt-Clermont M. Protein kinases and phosphatases involved in the acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to a changing light environment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3466-74. [PMID: 23148273 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms are subjected to frequent changes in light quality and quantity and need to respond accordingly. These acclimatory processes are mediated to a large extent through thylakoid protein phosphorylation. Recently, two major thylakoid protein kinases have been identified and characterized. The Stt7/STN7 kinase is mainly involved in the phosphorylation of the LHCII antenna proteins and is required for state transitions. It is firmly associated with the cytochrome b(6)f complex, and its activity is regulated by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. The other kinase, Stl1/STN8, is responsible for the phosphorylation of the PSII core proteins. Using a reverse genetics approach, we have recently identified the chloroplast PPH1/TAP38 and PBPC protein phosphatases, which counteract the activity of STN7 and STN8 kinases, respectively. They belong to the PP2C-type phosphatase family and are conserved in land plants and algae. The picture that emerges from these studies is that of a complex regulatory network of chloroplast protein kinases and phosphatases that is involved in light acclimation, in maintenance of the plastoquinone redox poise under fluctuating light and in the adjustment to metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Tikkanen M, Grieco M, Nurmi M, Rantala M, Suorsa M, Aro EM. Regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus under fluctuating growth light. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3486-93. [PMID: 23148275 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe and efficient conversion of solar energy to metabolic energy by plants is based on tightly inter-regulated transfer of excitation energy, electrons and protons in the photosynthetic machinery according to the availability of light energy, as well as the needs and restrictions of metabolism itself. Plants have mechanisms to enhance the capture of energy when light is limited for growth and development. Also, when energy is in excess, the photosynthetic machinery slows down the electron transfer reactions in order to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species and the consequent damage of the photosynthetic machinery. In this opinion paper, we present a partially hypothetical scheme describing how the photosynthetic machinery controls the flow of energy and electrons in order to enable the maintenance of photosynthetic activity in nature under continual fluctuations in white light intensity. We discuss the roles of light-harvesting II protein phosphorylation, thermal dissipation of excess energy and the control of electron transfer by cytochrome b(6)f, and the role of dynamically regulated turnover of photosystem II in the maintenance of the photosynthetic machinery. We present a new hypothesis suggesting that most of the regulation in the thylakoid membrane occurs in order to prevent oxidative damage of photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Tikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Nath K, Elizabeth J, Poudyal RS, Ko SY, Lim WK, Lee CH. Mobilization of Photosystem II-Light Harvesting Complex II Supercomplexes during High Light Illumination and State Transitions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5857/rcp.2013.2.1.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hirth M, Dietzel L, Steiner S, Ludwig R, Weidenbach H, and JP, Pfannschmidt T. Photosynthetic acclimation responses of maize seedlings grown under artificial laboratory light gradients mimicking natural canopy conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:334. [PMID: 24062753 PMCID: PMC3770919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the ability of the C4 plant maize to perform long-term photosynthetic acclimation in an artificial light quality system previously used for analyzing short-term and long-term acclimation responses (LTR) in C3 plants. We aimed to test if this light system could be used as a tool for analyzing redox-regulated acclimation processes in maize seedlings. Photosynthetic parameters obtained from maize samples harvested in the field were used as control. The results indicated that field grown maize performed a pronounced LTR with significant differences between the top and the bottom levels of the plant stand corresponding to the strong light gradients occurring in it. We compared these data to results obtained from maize seedlings grown under artificial light sources preferentially exciting either photosystem II or photosystem I. In C3 plants, this light system induces redox signals within the photosynthetic electron transport chain which trigger state transitions and differential phosphorylation of LHCII (light harvesting complexes of photosystem II). The LTR to these redox signals induces changes in the accumulation of plastid psaA transcripts, in chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence values F \rm s/F \rm m, in Chl a/b ratios and in transient starch accumulation in C3 plants. Maize seedlings grown in this light system exhibited a pronounced ability to perform both short-term and long-term acclimation at the level of psaA transcripts, Chl fluorescence values F \rm s/F \rm m and Chl a/b ratios. Interestingly, maize seedlings did not exhibit redox-controlled variations of starch accumulation probably because of its specific differences in energy metabolism. In summary, the artificial laboratory light system was found to be well-suited to mimic field light conditions and provides a physiological tool for studying the molecular regulation of the LTR of maize in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hirth
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Lars Dietzel
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Sebastian Steiner
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Robert Ludwig
- Present address: Matthias Hirth, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Professur für Molekulare Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, Jena 07743, Germany; Lars Dietzel, Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Biozentrum Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany; Sebastian Steiner, Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht Saat AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck 37574, Germany; Robert Ludwig, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie I — AG Experimentelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena — Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena 07747, Germany; Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- *Correspondence: Thomas Pfannschmidt, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France e-mail:
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Meierhoff K, Westhoff P. The Biogenesis of the Thylakoid Membrane: Photosystem II, a Case Study. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Grieco M, Tikkanen M, Paakkarinen V, Kangasjärvi S, Aro EM. Steady-state phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II proteins preserves photosystem I under fluctuating white light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1896-910. [PMID: 23033142 PMCID: PMC3510119 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the "state transitions" theory, the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) phosphorylation in plant chloroplasts is essential to adjust the relative absorption cross section of photosystem II (PSII) and PSI upon changes in light quality. The role of LHCII phosphorylation upon changes in light intensity is less thoroughly investigated, particularly when changes in light intensity are too fast to allow the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes to occur. Here, we demonstrate that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stn7 (for state transition7) mutant, devoid of the STN7 kinase and LHCII phosphorylation, shows a growth penalty only under fluctuating white light due to a low amount of PSI. Under constant growth light conditions, stn7 acquires chloroplast redox homeostasis by increasing the relative amount of PSI centers. Thus, in plant chloroplasts, the steady-state LHCII phosphorylation plays a major role in preserving PSI upon rapid fluctuations in white light intensity. Such protection of PSI results from LHCII phosphorylation-dependent equal distribution of excitation energy to both PSII and PSI from the shared LHCII antenna and occurs in cooperation with nonphotochemical quenching and the proton gradient regulation5-dependent control of electron flow, which are likewise strictly regulated by white light intensity. LHCII phosphorylation is concluded to function both as a stabilizer (in time scales of seconds to minutes) and a dynamic regulator (in time scales from tens of minutes to hours and days) of redox homeostasis in chloroplasts, subject to modifications by both environmental and metabolic cues. Exceeding the capacity of LHCII phosphorylation/dephosphorylation to balance the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI results in readjustment of photosystem stoichiometry.
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63
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Kargul J, Janna Olmos JD, Krupnik T. Structure and function of photosystem I and its application in biomimetic solar-to-fuel systems. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1639-1653. [PMID: 22784471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the most efficient biological macromolecular complexes that converts solar energy into condensed energy of chemical bonds. Despite high structural complexity, PSI operates with a quantum yield close to 1.0 and to date, no man-made synthetic system approached this remarkable efficiency. This review highlights recent developments in dissecting molecular structure and function of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic PSI. It also overviews progress in the application of this complex as a natural photocathode for production of hydrogen within the biomimetic solar-to-fuel nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kargul
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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64
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Nevo R, Charuvi D, Tsabari O, Reich Z. Composition, architecture and dynamics of the photosynthetic apparatus in higher plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:157-76. [PMID: 22449050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of oxygenic photosynthesis enabled and still sustains aerobic life on Earth. The most elaborate form of the apparatus that carries out the primary steps of this vital process is the one present in higher plants. Here, we review the overall composition and supramolecular organization of this apparatus, as well as the complex architecture of the lamellar system within which it is harbored. Along the way, we refer to the genetic, biochemical, spectroscopic and, in particular, microscopic studies that have been employed to elucidate the structure and working of this remarkable molecular energy conversion device. As an example of the highly dynamic nature of the apparatus, we discuss the molecular and structural events that enable it to maintain high photosynthetic yields under fluctuating light conditions. We conclude the review with a summary of the hypotheses made over the years about the driving forces that underlie the partition of the lamellar system of higher plants and certain green algae into appressed and non-appressed membrane domains and the segregation of the photosynthetic protein complexes within these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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65
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Zienkiewicz M, Ferenc A, Wasilewska W, Romanowska E. High light stimulates Deg1-dependent cleavage of the minor LHCII antenna proteins CP26 and CP29 and the PsbS protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2012; 235:279-288. [PMID: 21877139 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast Deg1 protein performs proteolytic cleavage of the photodamaged D1 protein of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, PSII extrinsic subunit PsbO and the soluble electron carrier plastocyanin. Using biochemical, immunological and mass spectrometry approaches we showed that the heterogeneously expressed Deg1 protease from Arabidopsis thaliana can be responsible for the degradation of the monomeric light-harvesting complex antenna subunits of PSII (LHCII), CP26 and CP29, as well as PSII-associated PsbS (CP22/NPQ4) protein. The results may indicate that cytochrome b (6) protein and two previously unknown thylakoid proteins, Ptac16 and an 18.3-kDa protein, may be the substrates for Deg1. The interaction of Deg1 with the PsbS protein and the minor LHCII subunits implies its involvement in the regulation of both excess energy dissipation and state transition adaptation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Zienkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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66
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Dockter C, Müller AH, Dietz C, Volkov A, Polyhach Y, Jeschke G, Paulsen H. Rigid core and flexible terminus: structure of solubilized light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex (LHCII) measured by EPR. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:2915-25. [PMID: 22147706 PMCID: PMC3268448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex (LHCII) was analyzed by pulsed EPR measurements and compared with the crystal structure. Site-specific spin labeling of the recombinant protein allowed the measurement of distance distributions over several intra- and intermolecular distances in monomeric and trimeric LHCII, yielding information on the protein structure and its local flexibility. A spin label rotamer library based on a molecular dynamics simulation was used to take the local mobility of spin labels into account. The core of LHCII in solution adopts a structure very similar or identical to the one seen in crystallized LHCII trimers with little motional freedom as indicated by narrow distance distributions along and between α helices. However, distances comprising the lumenal loop domain show broader distance distributions, indicating some mobility of this loop structure. Positions in the hydrophilic N-terminal domain, upstream of the first trans-membrane α helix, exhibit more and more mobility the closer they are to the N terminus. The nine amino acids at the very N terminus that have not been resolved in any of the crystal structure analyses give rise to very broad and possibly bimodal distance distributions, which may represent two families of preferred conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dockter
- From the Institut für Allgemeine Botanik der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - André H. Müller
- From the Institut für Allgemeine Botanik der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Dietz
- From the Institut für Allgemeine Botanik der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aleksei Volkov
- the Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, 55021 Mainz, Germany, and
| | - Yevhen Polyhach
- the Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- the Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Paulsen
- From the Institut für Allgemeine Botanik der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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67
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Schmitz J, Schöttler MA, Krueger S, Geimer S, Schneider A, Kleine T, Leister D, Bell K, Flügge UI, Häusler RE. Defects in leaf carbohydrate metabolism compromise acclimation to high light and lead to a high chlorophyll fluorescence phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:8. [PMID: 22248311 PMCID: PMC3353854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have studied the impact of carbohydrate-starvation on the acclimation response to high light using Arabidopsis thaliana double mutants strongly impaired in the day- and night path of photoassimilate export from the chloroplast. A complete knock-out mutant of the triose phosphate/phosphate translocator (TPT; tpt-2 mutant) was crossed to mutants defective in (i) starch biosynthesis (adg1-1, pgm1 and pgi1-1; knock-outs of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, plastidial phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucose isomerase) or (ii) starch mobilization (sex1-3, knock-out of glucan water dikinase) as well as in (iii) maltose export from the chloroplast (mex1-2). RESULTS All double mutants were viable and indistinguishable from the wild type when grown under low light conditions, but--except for sex1-3/tpt-2--developed a high chlorophyll fluorescence (HCF) phenotype and growth retardation when grown in high light. Immunoblots of thylakoid proteins, Blue-Native gel electrophoresis and chlorophyll fluorescence emission analyses at 77 Kelvin with the adg1-1/tpt-2 double mutant revealed that HCF was linked to a specific decrease in plastome-encoded core proteins of both photosystems (with the exception of the PSII component cytochrome b559), whereas nuclear-encoded antennae (LHCs) accumulated normally, but were predominantly not attached to their photosystems. Uncoupled antennae are the major cause for HCF of dark-adapted plants. Feeding of sucrose or glucose to high light-grown adg1-1/tpt-2 plants rescued the HCF- and growth phenotypes. Elevated sugar levels induce the expression of the glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator2 (GPT2), which in principle could compensate for the deficiency in the TPT. A triple mutant with an additional defect in GPT2 (adg1-1/tpt-2/gpt2-1) exhibited an identical rescue of the HCF- and growth phenotype in response to sugar feeding as the adg1-1/tpt-2 double mutant, indicating that this rescue is independent from the sugar-triggered induction of GPT2. CONCLUSIONS We propose that cytosolic carbohydrate availability modulates acclimation to high light in A. thaliana. It is conceivable that the strong relationship between the chloroplast and nucleus with respect to a co-ordinated expression of photosynthesis genes is modified in carbohydrate-starved plants. Hence carbohydrates may be considered as a novel component involved in chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling, an aspect that will be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmitz
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephan Krueger
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Universität Bayreuth, Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie NW I/B1, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie I - Botanik Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie I - Botanik Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie I - Botanik Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bell
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer E Häusler
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47B, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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68
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Gutu A, Kehoe DM. Emerging perspectives on the mechanisms, regulation, and distribution of light color acclimation in cyanobacteria. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1-13. [PMID: 21772031 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromatic acclimation (CA) provides many cyanobacteria with the ability to tailor the properties of their light-harvesting antennae to the spectral distribution of ambient light. CA was originally discovered as a result of its dramatic cellular phenotype in red and green light. However, discoveries over the past decade have revealed that many pairs of light colors, ranging from blue to infrared, can trigger CA responses. The capacity to undergo CA is widespread geographically, occurs in most habitats around the world, and is found within all major cyanobacterial groups. In addition, many other cellular activities have been found to be under CA control, resulting in distinct physiological and morphological states for cells under different light-color conditions. Several types of CA appear to be the result of convergent evolution, where different strategies are used to achieve the final goal of optimizing light-harvesting antenna composition to maximize photon capture. The regulation of CA has been found to occur primarily at the level of RNA abundance. The CA-regulatory pathways uncovered thus far are two-component systems that use phytochrome-class photoreceptors with sensor-kinase domains to control response regulators that function as transcription factors. However, there is also at least one CA-regulatory pathway that operates at the post-transcriptional level. It is becoming increasingly clear that large numbers of cyanobacterial species have the capacity to acclimate to a wide variety of light colors through the use of a range of different CA processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrian Gutu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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69
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Kargul J, Barber J. Structure and Function of Photosynthetic Reaction Centres. MOLECULAR SOLAR FUELS 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733038-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Extensive biochemical, biophysical, molecular biological and structural studies on a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms has revealed common features of their reaction centres where light induced charge separation and stabilization occurs. There is little doubt that all reaction centres have evolved from a common ancestor and have been optimized to maximum efficiency. As such they provide principles that can be used as a blueprint for developing artificial photo-electrochemical catalytic systems to generate solar fuels. This chapter summarises the common features of the organization of cofactors, electron transfer pathways and protein environments of reaction centres of anoxygenic and oxygenic phototrophs. In particular, the latest molecular details derived from X-ray crystallography are discussed in context of the specific catalytic functions of the Type I and Type II reaction centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kargul
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - James Barber
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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70
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Takabayashi A, Kurihara K, Kuwano M, Kasahara Y, Tanaka R, Tanaka A. The oligomeric states of the photosystems and the light-harvesting complexes in the Chl b-less mutant. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:2103-14. [PMID: 22006940 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The reversible associations between the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) and the core complexes of PSI and PSII are essential for the photoacclimation mechanisms in higher plants. Two types of Chls, Chl a and Chl b, both function in light harvesting and are required for the biogenesis of the photosystems. Chl b-less plants have been studied to determine the function of the LHCs because the Chl b deficiency has severe effects specific to the LHCs. Previous studies have shown that the amounts of the LHCs, especially the LHCII trimer, were decreased in the mutants; however, it is still unclear whether Chl b is required for the assembly of the LHCs and for the association of the LHCs with PSI and PSII. Here, to reveal the function of Chl b in the LHCs, we investigated the oligomeric states of the LHCs, PSI and PSII in the Arabidopsis Chl b-less mutant. A two-dimensional blue native-PAGE/SDS-PAGE demonstrated that the PSI-LHCI supercomplex was fully assembled in the absence of Chl b, whereas the trimeric LHCII and PSII-LHCII supercomplexes were not detected. The PSI-NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) supercomplexes were also assembled in the mutant. Furthermore, we detected two forms of monomeric LHC proteins. The faster migrating forms, which were detected primarily in the mutant, were probably apo-LHC proteins, whereas the slower migrating forms were probably the LHC proteins that contained Chl a. These findings increase our understanding of the Chl b function in the assembly of LHCs and the association of the LHCs with PSI, PSII and NDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takabayashi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan.
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71
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Galetskiy D, Lohscheider JN, Kononikhin AS, Popov IA, Nikolaev EN, Adamska I. Phosphorylation and nitration levels of photosynthetic proteins are conversely regulated by light stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:461-73. [PMID: 21901528 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using a label-free mass spectrometric approach, we investigated light-induced changes in the distribution of phosphorylated and nitrated proteins within subpopulations of native photosynthetic complexes in the thylakoid membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves adapted to growth light (GL) and subsequently exposed to high light (HL). Eight protein phosphorylation sites were identified in photosystem II (PSII) and the phosphorylation level of seven was regulated by HL as determined based on peak areas from ion chromatograms of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptides. Although the phosphorylation of PSII proteins was reported in the past, we demonstrated for the first time that two minor antenna LHCB4 isoforms are alternately phosphorylated under GL and HL conditions in PSII monomers, dimers and supercomplexes. A role of LHCB4 phosphorylation in state transition and monomerization of PSII under HL conditions is proposed. We determined changes in the nitration level of 23 tyrosine residues in five photosystem I (PSI) and nine PSII proteins and demonstrated for the majority of them a lower nitration level in PSI and PSII complexes and supercomplexes under HL conditions, as compared to GL. In contrast, the nitration level significantly increased in assembled/disassembled PSI and PSII subcomplexes under HL conditions. A possible role of nitration in (1) monomerization of LHCB1-3 trimers under HL conditions (2) binding properties of ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase to photosystem I, and (3) PSII photodamage and repair cycle, is discussed. Based on these data, we propose that the conversely regulated phosphorylation and nitration levels regulate the stability and turnover of photosynthetic complexes under HL conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Galetskiy
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
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72
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Reversible membrane reorganizations during photosynthesis in vivo: revealed by small-angle neutron scattering. Biochem J 2011; 436:225-30. [PMID: 21473741 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we determined characteristic repeat distances of the photosynthetic membranes in living cyanobacterial and eukaryotic algal cells, and in intact thylakoid membranes isolated from higher plants with time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering. This non-invasive technique reveals light-induced reversible reorganizations in the seconds-to-minutes time scale, which appear to be associated with functional changes in vivo.
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73
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Ballottari M, Girardon J, Dall'osto L, Bassi R. Evolution and functional properties of photosystem II light harvesting complexes in eukaryotes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:143-57. [PMID: 21704018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic organisms, the major agent of inorganic carbon fixation into biomass, convert light energy into chemical energy. The first step of photosynthesis consists of the absorption of solar energy by pigments binding protein complexes named photosystems. Within photosystems, a family of proteins called Light Harvesting Complexes (LHC), responsible for light harvesting and energy transfer to reaction centers, has evolved along with eukaryotic organisms. Besides light absorption, these proteins catalyze photoprotective reactions which allowed functioning of oxygenic photosynthetic machinery in the increasingly oxidant environment. In this work we review current knowledge of LHC proteins serving Photosystem II. Balance between light harvesting and photoprotection is critical in Photosystem II, due to the lower quantum efficiency as compared to Photosystem I. In particular, we focus on the role of each antenna complex in light harvesting, energy transfer, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, chlorophyll triplet quenching and thermal dissipation of excess energy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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74
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Shao J, Zhang Y, Yu J, Guo L, Ding Y. Isolation of thylakoid membrane complexes from rice by a new double-strips BN/SDS-PAGE and bioinformatics prediction of stromal ridge subunits interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20342. [PMID: 21637806 PMCID: PMC3102703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylakoid membrane complexes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) play crucial roles in growth and crop production. Understanding of protein interactions within the complex would provide new insights into photosynthesis. Here, a new "Double-Strips BN/SDS-PAGE" method was employed to separate thylakoid membrane complexes in order to increase the protein abundance on 2D-gels and to facilitate the identification of hydrophobic transmembrane proteins. A total of 58 protein spots could be observed and subunit constitution of these complexes exhibited on 2D-gels. The generality of this new approach was confirmed using thylakoid membrane from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and pumpkin (Cucurita spp). Furthermore, the proteins separated from rice thylakoid membrane were identified by the mass spectrometry (MS). The stromal ridge proteins PsaD and PsaE were identified both in the holo- and core- PSI complexes of rice. Using molecular dynamics simulation to explore the recognition mechanism of these subunits, we showed that salt bridge interactions between residues R19 of PsaC and E168 of PasD as well as R75 of PsaC and E91 of PsaD played important roles in the stability of the complex. This stromal ridge subunits interaction was also supported by the subsequent analysis of the binding free energy, the intramolecular distances and the intramolecular energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianlan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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75
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Savitch LV, Ivanov AG, Gudynaite-Savitch L, Huner NPA, Simmonds J. Cold Stress Effects on PSI Photochemistry in Zea mays: Differential Increase of FQR-Dependent Cyclic Electron Flow and Functional Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 52:1042-54. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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76
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Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee. Photosystem II fluorescence: slow changes--scaling from the past. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:258-70. [PMID: 21530301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of photoelectric devices (photocells, photomultipliers) in the 1930s, fluorometry of chlorophyll (Chl) a in vivo emerged as a major method in the science of photosynthesis. Early researchers employed fluorometry primarily for two tasks: to elucidate the role in photosynthesis, if any, of other plant pigments, such as Chl b, Chl c, carotenoids and phycobilins; and to use it as a convenient inverse measure of photosynthetic activity. In pursuing the latter task, it became apparent that Chl a fluorescence emission is influenced (i) by redox active Chl a molecules in the reaction center of photosystem (PS) II (photochemical quenching); (ii) by an electrochemical imbalance across the thylakoid membrane (high energy quenching); and (iii) by the size of the peripheral antennae of weakly fluorescent PSI and strongly fluorescent PSII in response to changes in the ambient light (state transitions). In this perspective we trace the historical evolution of our awareness of these concepts, particularly of the so-called 'State Transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Papageorgiou
- National Center of Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biology, Athens 15310, Greece.
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77
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Abstract
Energy conversion of sunlight by photosynthetic organisms has changed Earth and life on it. Photosynthesis arose early in Earth's history, and the earliest forms of photosynthetic life were almost certainly anoxygenic (non-oxygen evolving). The invention of oxygenic photosynthesis and the subsequent rise of atmospheric oxygen approximately 2.4 billion years ago revolutionized the energetic and enzymatic fundamentals of life. The repercussions of this revolution are manifested in novel biosynthetic pathways of photosynthetic cofactors and the modification of electron carriers, pigments, and existing and alternative modes of photosynthetic carbon fixation. The evolutionary history of photosynthetic organisms is further complicated by lateral gene transfer that involved photosynthetic components as well as by endosymbiotic events. An expanding wealth of genetic information, together with biochemical, biophysical, and physiological data, reveals a mosaic of photosynthetic features. In combination, these data provide an increasingly robust framework to formulate and evaluate hypotheses concerning the origin and evolution of photosynthesis.
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McDonald AE, Ivanov AG, Bode R, Maxwell DP, Rodermel SR, Hüner NPA. Flexibility in photosynthetic electron transport: the physiological role of plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:954-67. [PMID: 21056542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis depends on a highly conserved electron transport system, which must be particularly dynamic in its response to environmental and physiological changes, in order to avoid an excess of excitation energy and subsequent oxidative damage. Apart from cyclic electron flow around PSII and around PSI, several alternative electron transport pathways exist including a plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) that mediates electron flow from plastoquinol to O(2). The existence of PTOX was first hypothesized in 1982 and this was verified years later based on the discovery of a non-heme, di-iron carboxylate protein localized to thylakoid membranes that displayed sequence similarity to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase. The absence of this protein renders higher plants susceptible to excitation pressure dependant variegation combined with impaired carotenoid synthesis. Chloroplasts, as well as other plastids (i.e. etioplasts, amyloplasts and chromoplasts), fail to assemble organized internal membrane structures correctly, when exposed to high excitation pressure early in development. While the role of PTOX in plastid development is established, its physiological role under stress conditions remains equivocal and we postulate that it serves as an alternative electron sink under conditions where the acceptor side of PSI is limited. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the past achievements in this field and to offer directions for future investigative efforts. Plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) is involved in an alternative electron transport pathway that mediates electron flow from plastoquinol to O(2). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Electron Transport in Chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E McDonald
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Science Building, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5.
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79
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Fristedt R, Granath P, Vener AV. A protein phosphorylation threshold for functional stacking of plant photosynthetic membranes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10963. [PMID: 20532038 PMCID: PMC2881038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of photosystem II (PSII) proteins affects macroscopic structure of thylakoid photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts of the model plant Arabidopsis. In this study, light-scattering spectroscopy revealed that stacking of thylakoids isolated from wild type Arabidopsis and the mutant lacking STN7 protein kinase was highly influenced by cation (Mg++) concentrations. The stacking of thylakoids from the stn8 and stn7stn8 mutants, deficient in STN8 kinase and consequently in light-dependent phosphorylation of PSII, was increased even in the absence of Mg++. Additional PSII protein phosphorylation in wild type plants exposed to high light enhanced Mg++-dependence of thylakoid stacking. Protein phosphorylation in the plant leaves was analyzed during day, night and prolonged darkness using three independent techniques: immunoblotting with anti-phosphothreonine antibodies; Diamond ProQ phosphoprotein staining; and quantitative mass spectrometry of peptides released from the thylakoid membranes by trypsin. All assays revealed dark/night-induced increase in phosphorylation of the 43 kDa chlorophyll-binding protein CP43, which compensated for decrease in phosphorylation of the other PSII proteins in wild type and stn7, but not in the stn8 and stn7stn8 mutants. Quantitative mass spectrometry determined that every PSII in wild type and stn7 contained on average 2.5±0.1 or 1.4±0.1 phosphoryl groups during day or night, correspondingly, while less than every second PSII had a phosphoryl group in stn8 and stn7stn8. It is postulated that functional cation-dependent stacking of plant thylakoid membranes requires at least one phosphoryl group per PSII, and increased phosphorylation of PSII in plants exposed to high light enhances stacking dynamics of the photosynthetic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Fristedt
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pontus Granath
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alexander V. Vener
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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80
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Tikkanen M, Grieco M, Kangasjärvi S, Aro EM. Thylakoid protein phosphorylation in higher plant chloroplasts optimizes electron transfer under fluctuating light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:723-35. [PMID: 19965965 PMCID: PMC2815896 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.150250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several proteins of photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting antenna (LHCII) are reversibly phosphorylated according to light quantity and quality. Nevertheless, the interdependence of protein phosphorylation, nonphotochemical quenching, and efficiency of electron transfer in the thylakoid membrane has remained elusive. These questions were addressed by investigating in parallel the wild type and the stn7, stn8, and stn7 stn8 kinase mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), using the stn7 npq4, npq4, npq1, and pgr5 mutants as controls. Phosphorylation of PSII-LHCII proteins is strongly and dynamically regulated according to white light intensity. Yet, the changes in phosphorylation do not notably modify the relative excitation energy distribution between PSII and PSI, as typically occurs when phosphorylation is induced by "state 2" light that selectively excites PSII and induces the phosphorylation of both the PSII core and LHCII proteins. On the contrary, under low-light conditions, when excitation energy transfer from LHCII to reaction centers is efficient, the STN7-dependent LHCII protein phosphorylation guarantees a balanced distribution of excitation energy to both photosystems. The importance of this regulation diminishes at high light upon induction of thermal dissipation of excitation energy. Lack of the STN7 kinase, and thus the capacity for equal distribution of excitation energy to PSII and PSI, causes relative overexcitation of PSII under low light but not under high light, leading to disturbed maintenance of fluent electron flow under fluctuating light intensities. The physiological relevance of the STN7-dependent regulation is evidenced by severely stunted phenotypes of the stn7 and stn7 stn8 mutants under strongly fluctuating light conditions.
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81
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Pesaresi P, Hertle A, Pribi M, Schneider A, Kleine T, Leister D. Optimizing photosynthesis under fluctuating light: the role of the Arabidopsis STN7 kinase. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:21-5. [PMID: 20592803 PMCID: PMC2835952 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.1.10198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optimal photosynthetic performance requires that equal amounts of light are absorbed by photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSi), which are functionally linked through the photosynthetic electron transport chain. However, photosynthetic organisms must cope with light conditions that lead to the preferential stimulation of one or the other of the photosystems. Plants react to such imbalances by mounting acclimation responses that redistribute excitation energy between photosystems and restore the photosynthetic redox poise. in the short term, this involves the so-called state transition process, which, over periods of minutes, alters the antennal cross-sections of the photosystems through the reversible association of a mobile fraction of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) with PSI or PSII. Longer-lasting changes in light quality initiate a long-term response (LTr), occurring on a timescale of hours to days, that redresses imbalances in excitation energy by changing the relative amounts of the two photosystems. Despite the differences in their timescales of action, state transitions and LTr are both triggered by the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool, via the activation of the thylakoid kinase STN7, which appears to act as a common redox sensor and/or signal transducer for both responses. This review highlights recent findings concerning the role of STN7 in coordinating short- and long-term photosynthetic acclimation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Hertle
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik; Department Biologie I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mathias Pribi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan, Italy
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik; Department Biologie I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik; Department Biologie I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik; Department Biologie I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik; Department Biologie I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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82
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Damkjær JT, Kereïche S, Johnson MP, Kovacs L, Kiss AZ, Boekema EJ, Ruban AV, Horton P, Jansson S. The photosystem II light-harvesting protein Lhcb3 affects the macrostructure of photosystem II and the rate of state transitions in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3245-56. [PMID: 19880802 PMCID: PMC2782274 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.064006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The main trimeric light-harvesting complex of higher plants (LHCII) consists of three different Lhcb proteins (Lhcb1-3). We show that Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA knockout plants lacking Lhcb3 (koLhcb3) compensate for the lack of Lhcb3 by producing increased amounts of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2. As in wild-type plants, LHCII-photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes were present in Lhcb3 knockout plants (koLhcb3), and preservation of the LHCII trimers (M trimers) indicates that the Lhcb3 in M trimers has been replaced by Lhcb1 and/or Lhcb2. However, the rotational position of the M LHCII trimer was altered, suggesting that the Lhcb3 subunit affects the macrostructural arrangement of the LHCII antenna. The absence of Lhcb3 did not result in any significant alteration in PSII efficiency or qE type of nonphotochemical quenching, but the rate of transition from State 1 to State 2 was increased in koLhcb3, although the final extent of state transition was unchanged. The level of phosphorylation of LHCII was increased in the koLhcb3 plants compared with wild-type plants in both State 1 and State 2. The relative increase in phosphorylation upon transition from State 1 to State 2 was also significantly higher in koLhcb3. It is suggested that the main function of Lhcb3 is to modulate the rate of state transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob T. Damkjær
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sami Kereïche
- Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew P. Johnson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Laszlo Kovacs
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anett Z. Kiss
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Egbert J. Boekema
- Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander V. Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Horton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Address correspondence to
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83
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Krol M, Ivanov AG, Booij-James I, Mattoo AK, Sane PV, Hüner NP. Absence of the major light-harvesting antenna proteins alters the redox properties of photosystem II reaction centres in thechlorina F2mutant of barley. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:557-66. [DOI: 10.1139/o09-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the chlorina F2 mutant of barley specifically exhibits reduced levels of the major light-harvesting polypeptides associated with photosystem II (PSII), thermoluminescence measurements of photosystem reaction centre photochemistry revealed that S2/S3QB–charge recombinations were shifted to lower temperatures, while the characteristic peak of S2QA–charge recombinations was shifted to higher temperatures compared with wild-type (WT) barley. Thus, we show that the absence of the major light-harvesting polypeptides affects the redox properties of PSII reaction centres. Radiolabeling studies in vivo and in vitro with [32P]orthophosphate or [γ-32P]ATP, respectively, demonstrated that the D1 PSII reaction centre polypeptide is phosphorylated in both the WT and the F2 mutant. In contrast with the radiolabeling results, phosphorylation of D1 and other PSII proteins, although detected in WT barley, was ambiguous in the F2 mutant when the phosphothreonine antibody method of detection was used. Thus, caution must be exercised in the use of commercially available phosphothreonine antibodies to estimate thylakoid polypeptide phosphorylation. Furthermore, in membrano, the D1 polypeptide of the F2 mutant was less susceptible to trypsin treatment than that of WT barley. The role of the light-harvesting complex in modulating the structure and function of the D1 polypeptide of PSII reaction centers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Krol
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Alexander G. Ivanov
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Isabelle Booij-James
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - P. V. Sane
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Norman P.A. Hüner
- Department of Biology and the Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA/ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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84
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Pokorska B, Zienkiewicz M, Powikrowska M, Drozak A, Romanowska E. Differential turnover of the photosystem II reaction centre D1 protein in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1161-9. [PMID: 19450540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition is caused by an imbalance between the rates of the damage and repair cycle of photosystem II D1 protein in thylakoid membranes. The PSII repair processes include (i) disassembly of damaged PSII-LHCII supercomplexes and PSII core dimers into monomers, (ii) migration of the PSII monomers to the stroma regions of thylakoid membranes, (iii) dephosphorylation of the CP43, D1 and D2 subunits, (iv) degradation of damaged D1 protein, and (v) co-translational insertion of the newly synthesized D1 polypeptide and reassembly of functional PSII complex. Here, we studied the D1 turnover cycle in maize mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts using a protein synthesis inhibitor, lincomycin. In both types of maize chloroplasts, PSII was found as the PSII-LHCII supercomplex, dimer and monomer. The PSII core and the LHCII proteins were phosphorylated in both types of chloroplasts in a light-dependent manner. The rate constants for photoinhibition measured for lincomycin-treated leaves were comparable to those reported for C3 plants, suggesting that the kinetics of the PSII photodamage is similar in C3 and C4 species. During the photoinhibitory treatment the D1 protein was dephosphorylated in both types of chloroplasts but it was rapidly degraded only in the bundle sheath chloroplasts. In mesophyll chloroplasts, PSII monomers accumulated and little degradation of D1 protein was observed. We postulate that the low content of the Deg1 enzyme observed in mesophyll chloroplasts isolated from moderate light grown maize may retard the D1 repair processes in this type of plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenika Pokorska
- University of Warsaw, Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw, Poland
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85
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Amunts A, Nelson N. Plant Photosystem I Design in the Light of Evolution. Structure 2009; 17:637-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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86
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Foyer CH, Noctor G. Redox regulation in photosynthetic organisms: signaling, acclimation, and practical implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:861-905. [PMID: 19239350 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multifaceted roles in the orchestration of plant gene expression and gene-product regulation. Cellular redox homeostasis is considered to be an "integrator" of information from metabolism and the environment controlling plant growth and acclimation responses, as well as cell suicide events. The different ROS forms influence gene expression in specific and sometimes antagonistic ways. Low molecular antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate, glutathione) serve not only to limit the lifetime of the ROS signals but also to participate in an extensive range of other redox signaling and regulatory functions. In contrast to the low molecular weight antioxidants, the "redox" states of components involved in photosynthesis such as plastoquinone show rapid and often transient shifts in response to changes in light and other environmental signals. Whereas both types of "redox regulation" are intimately linked through the thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and pyridine nucleotide pools, they also act independently of each other to achieve overall energy balance between energy-producing and energy-utilizing pathways. This review focuses on current knowledge of the pathways of redox regulation, with discussion of the somewhat juxtaposed hypotheses of "oxidative damage" versus "oxidative signaling," within the wider context of physiological function, from plant cell biology to potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agriculture Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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87
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Várkonyi Z, Nagy G, Lambrev P, Kiss AZ, Székely N, Rosta L, Garab G. Effect of phosphorylation on the thermal and light stability of the thylakoid membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 99:161-71. [PMID: 19037744 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Higher plant thylakoid membranes contain a protein kinase that phosphorylates certain threonine residues of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), the main light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II (PSII) and some other phosphoproteins (Allen, Biochim Biophys Acta 1098:275, 1992). While it has been established that phosphorylation induces a conformational change of LHCII and also brings about changes in the lateral organization of the thylakoid membrane, it is not clear how phosphorylation affects the dynamic architecture of the thylakoid membranes. In order to contribute to the elucidation of this complex question, we have investigated the effect of duroquinol-induced phosphorylation on the membrane ultrastructure and the thermal and light stability of the chiral macrodomains and of the trimeric organization of LHCII. As shown by small angle neutron scattering on thylakoid membranes, duroquinol treatment induced a moderate (~10%) increase in the repeat distance of stroma membranes, and phosphorylation caused an additional loss of the scattering intensity, which is probably associated with the partial unstacking of the granum membranes. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements also revealed only minor changes in the chiral macro-organization of the complexes and in the oligomerization state of LHCII. However, temperature dependences of characteristic CD bands showed that phosphorylation significantly decreased the thermal stability of the chiral macrodomains in phosphorylated compared to the non-phosphorylated samples (in leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes, from 48.3 degrees C to 42.6 degrees C and from 47.5 degrees C to 44.3 degrees C, respectively). As shown by non-denaturing PAGE of thylakoid membranes and CD spectroscopy on EDTA washed membranes, phosphorylation decreased by about 5 degrees C, the trimer-to-monomer transition temperature of LHCII. It also enhanced the light-induced disassembly of the chiral macrodomains and the monomerization of the LHCII trimers at 25 degrees C. These data strongly suggest that phosphorylation of the membranes considerably facilitates the heat- and light-inducible reorganizations in the thylakoid membranes and thus enhances the structural flexibility of the membrane architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Várkonyi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701, Szeged, Hungary
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88
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Umate P, Fellerer C, Schwenkert S, Zoryan M, Eichacker LA, Sadanandam A, Ohad I, Herrmann RG, Meurer J. Impact of PsbTc on forward and back electron flow, assembly, and phosphorylation patterns of photosystem II in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:1342-53. [PMID: 18805952 PMCID: PMC2577276 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.126060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) of oxygen-evolving cyanobacteria, algae, and land plants mediates electron transfer from the Mn(4)Ca cluster to the plastoquinone pool. It is a dimeric supramolecular complex comprising more than 30 subunits per monomer, of which 16 are bitopic or peripheral, low-molecular-weight components. Directed inactivation of the plastid gene encoding the low-molecular-weight peptide PsbTc in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) does not prevent photoautotrophic growth. Mutant plants appear normal green, and levels of PSII proteins are not affected. Yet, PSII-dependent electron transport, stability of PSII dimers, and assembly of PSII light-harvesting complexes (LHCII) are significantly impaired. PSII light sensitivity is moderately increased and recovery from photoinhibition is delayed, leading to faster D1 degradation in DeltapsbTc under high light. Thermoluminescence emission measurements revealed alterations of midpoint potentials of primary/secondary electron-accepting plastoquinone of PSII interaction. Only traces of CP43 and no D1/D2 proteins are phosphorylated, presumably due to structural changes of PSII in DeltapsbTc. In striking contrast to the wild type, LHCII in the mutant is phosphorylated in darkness, consistent with its association with PSI, indicating an increased pool of reduced plastoquinone in the dark. Finally, our data suggest that the secondary electron-accepting plastoquinone of PSII site, the properties of which are altered in DeltapsbTc, is required for oxidation of reduced plastoquinone in darkness in an oxygen-dependent manner. These data present novel aspects of plastoquinone redox regulation, chlororespiration, and redox control of LHCII phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Umate
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany
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89
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Romanowska E, Kargul J, Powikrowska M, Finazzi G, Nield J, Drozak A, Pokorska B. Structural organization of photosynthetic apparatus in agranal chloroplasts of maize. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:26037-46. [PMID: 18632664 PMCID: PMC3258860 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803711200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the organization of photosystem II (PSII) in agranal bundle sheath thylakoids from a C(4) plant maize. Using blue native/SDS-PAGE and single particle analysis, we show for the first time that PSII in the bundle sheath (BS) chloroplasts exists in a dimeric form and forms light-harvesting complex II (LHCII).PSII supercomplexes. We also demonstrate that a similar set of photosynthetic membrane complexes exists in mesophyll and agranal BS chloroplasts, including intact LHCI.PSI supercomplexes, PSI monomers, PSII core dimers, PSII monomers devoid of CP43, LHCII trimers, LHCII monomers, ATP synthase, and cytochrome b(6)f complex. Fluorescence functional measurements clearly indicate that BS chloroplasts contain PSII complexes that are capable of performing charge separation and are efficiently sensitized by the associated LHCII. We identified a fraction of LHCII present within BS thylakoids that is weakly energetically coupled to the PSII reaction center; however, the majority of BS LHCII is shown to be tightly connected to PSII. Overall, we demonstrate that organization of the photosynthetic apparatus in BS agranal chloroplasts of a model C(4) plant is clearly distinct from that of the stroma lamellae of the C(3) plants. In particular, supramolecular organization of the dimeric LHCII.PSII in the BS thylakoids strongly suggests that PSII in the BS agranal membranes may donate electrons to PSI. We propose that the residual PSII activity may supply electrons to poise cyclic electron flow around PSI and prevent PSI overoxidation, which is essential for the CO(2) fixation in BS cells, and hence, may optimize ATP production within this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Romanowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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90
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Enhanced photoprotection pathways in symbiotic dinoflagellates of shallow-water corals and other cnidarians. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13674-8. [PMID: 18757737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805187105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinhibition, exacerbated by elevated temperatures, underlies coral bleaching, but sensitivity to photosynthetic loss differs among various phylotypes of Symbiodinium, their dinoflagellate symbionts. Symbiodinium is a common symbiont in many cnidarian species including corals, jellyfish, anemones, and giant clams. Here, we provide evidence that most members of clade A Symbiodinium, but not clades B-D or F, exhibit enhanced capabilities for alternative photosynthetic electron-transport pathways including cyclic electron transport (CET). Unlike other clades, clade A Symbiodinium also undergo pronounced light-induced dissociation of antenna complexes from photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers. We propose these attributes promote survival of most cnidarians with clade A symbionts at high light intensities and confer resistance to bleaching conditions that conspicuously impact deeper dwelling corals that harbor non-clade A Symbiodinium.
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