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Ferreira LDMCB, Huey PU, Pulford BE, Ishii DN, Eckel RH. Sciatic nerve lipoprotein lipase is reduced in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and corrected by insulin. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1213-7. [PMID: 11897675 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.4.8723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic abnormalities underlying the cause of diabetic neuropathy have been the subject of much debate. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a 56-kDa enzyme produced by several tissues in the body and has recently been shown in vitro to be expressed in cultured Schwann cells, where it is important in phospholipid synthesis. This suggests a role for LPL in myelin biosynthesis in the peripheral nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine if acute streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes reduces the expression and regulation of sciatic nerve LPL in vivo. Adult Sprague Dawley rats were rendered diabetic via an sc injection of STZ. A decrease in sciatic nerve LPL activity was observed in the STZ-treated rats after just 2 d of diabetes and remained significantly reduced for at least 35 d. The decrease in LPL activity coincided temporally with a drop in motor nerve conduction velocity. Treatment with insulin for 4 d showed a normalization of sciatic nerve LPL activity. These results show that STZ-induced diabetes causes a decrease in LPL activity in the sciatic nerve that, as in other tissues, is reversible with insulin treatment. These data may suggest a role for LPL in the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D M C-B Ferreira
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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52
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Watanabe T, Miyagawa I. Effects of long-chain fatty alcohol on peripheral nerve conduction and bladder function in diabetic rats. Life Sci 2002; 70:2215-24. [PMID: 12005181 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cystopathy as manifested by an enlarged bladder is mainly caused by peripheral neuropathy. Long-chain fatty alcohol, which has been isolated from the Far-Eastern traditional medicinal plant, Hygrophilia erecta, Hochr., has been found to possess some neurotrophic activities on the central neuron. Cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol (FA) used in this study were synthesized in order to improve the efficiency of the molecules. The effects of this compound on peripheral nerves, however, have not yet been studied. To get more information, we evaluated the effects of this compound on peripheral nerves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in terms of nerve conduction velocity and bladder function. Three experiments were performed 8 weeks after the administration of streptozotocin to 8-week-old rats: (i) motor sciatic nerve conduction (MNCV), (ii) monitoring micturition behavior in the metabolic cage, and (iii) cystometrogram under urethane anesthesia (CMG). Half of the diabetic rats were treated with FA (8 mg/kg/day, i.p.). The difference in MNCV between control rats (49.0 +/- 2.2 m/s) and untreated diabetic rats (42.4 +/- 0.5 m/s) after 8 weeks reached significance (p = 0.0183). FA-administrated diabetic rats showed an improved MNCV (45.8 +/- 1.2 m/s). We also identified a significant improvement of bladder function in these animals. The diabetic rats had a much higher maximal micturition volume per 24 hours (4.9 +/- 0.4 ml) than control animals (1.5 +/- 0.1 ml). However, the diabetic rats treated with FA had a maximal micturition volume of only 3.7 +/- 0.3 ml. Likewise, the diabetic rats had a CMG bladder capacity of 0.90 +/- 0.14 ml while the diabetic rats treated with FA had a capacity of 0.54 +/- 0.07 ml. These results indicate that cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol has a beneficial effect on peripheral neuropathy and cystopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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53
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Asano T, Saito Y, Kawakami M, Yamada N. Fidarestat (SNK-860), a potent aldose reductase inhibitor, normalizes the elevated sorbitol accumulation in erythrocytes of diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications 2002; 16:133-8. [PMID: 12039395 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8727(01)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sorbitol accumulation in nerves has been regarded as one of the major causes of diabetic neuropathy. In this study, fidarestat (SNK-860; 1 mg daily), a potent new aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), or the commercially available ARI epalrestat (150 mg daily), was administered for 4 weeks to 58 Type 2 diabetic patients. Treatment with these drugs had no effect on glycemic control, judging from plasma glucose and HbA(1c) levels. However, fidarestat treatment normalized the elevated sorbitol content of erythrocytes under fasting as well as postprandial conditions. In contrast, the effect of epalrestat was minimal. There were no major side effects with fidarestat. Thus, fidarestat is considered to be a potent and promising ARI, possibly useful for both preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Further studies are needed to clarify how much the occurrence and progression of diabetic neuropathy are inhibited by normalizing sorbitol elevation with fidarestat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113, Tokyo, Japan.
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54
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Purves T, Middlemas A, Agthong S, Jude EB, Boulton AJ, Fernyhough P, Tomlinson DR. A role for mitogen-activated protein kinases in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy. FASEB J 2001; 15:2508-14. [PMID: 11689477 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0253hyp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The onset of diabetic neuropathy, a complication of diabetes mellitus, has been linked to poor glycemic control. We tested the hypothesis that the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) form transducers for the damaging effects of high glucose. In cultures of adult rat sensory neurons, high glucose activated JNK and p38 MAPK but did not result in cell damage. However, oxidative stress activated ERK and p38 MAPKs and resulted in cellular damage. In the dorsal root ganglia of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (a model of type I diabetes), ERK and p38 were activated at 8 wk duration, followed by activation of JNK at 12 wk duration. We report activation of JNK and increases in total levels of p38 and JNK in sural nerve of type I and II diabetic patients. These data implicate MAPKs in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy both via direct effects of glucose and via glucose-induced oxidative stress.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Butadienes/pharmacology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetic Neuropathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Neuropathies/etiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/enzymology
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/enzymology
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sural Nerve/enzymology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- T Purves
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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55
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Abstract
Peripheral polyneuropathy is the most frequent complication of diabetic mellitus. In spite of many clinical trials of different specific interventions for diabetic polyneuropathy, intensive glycemic control remains the only effective specific therapy currently available for this troublesome complication. This systematic overview reports the status of current clinical trials in diabetic polyneuropathy with an emphasis on those interventions directed towards specific pathophysiological derangements. A discussion of clinical trials of agents directed towards relieving painful symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy concludes this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bril
- Toronto General Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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56
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Verrotti A, Giuva PT, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. New trends in the etiopathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Child Neurol 2001; 16:389-94. [PMID: 11417602 DOI: 10.1177/088307380101600601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy is well recognized as a major complication of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in adults, resulting in significant morbidity and possibly an increased mortality. Both the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems can be involved, and adolescents with diabetes can show early evidence of neuropathy. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy remains unclear but is thought to involve various mechanisms. This complication can be traced to the metabolic effects of hyperglycemia and/or other effects of insulin deficiency on the various constituents of the peripheral nerve. The polyol pathway and/or nonenzymatic glycation affecting one or more cell types in the multicellular constituents of the peripheral nerve appear likely to have an inciting role. The role of other factors, such as possible direct neurotrophic effects of insulin and insulin-related growth factors, seems to be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verrotti
- Department of Medicine, University of Chieti, Italy.
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57
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Schmidt RE, Dorsey DA, Beaudet LN, Parvin CA, Escandon E. Effect of NGF and neurotrophin-3 treatment on experimental diabetic autonomic neuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:263-73. [PMID: 11245210 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.3.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a significant complication of diabetes resulting in increased patient morbidity and mortality. Deficiencies of neurotrophic substances (e.g. NGE NT-3, and IGF-I) have been proposed as pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of distal symmetrical sensory diabetic polyneuropathy, and salutary effects of exogenous NGF administration have been reported in animal models. In comparison, relatively little is known concerning the effect of NGF on experimental diabetic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy. We have developed an experimental animal model of diabetic autonomic neuropathy characterized by the regular occurrence of pathologically distinctive dystrophic axons in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and ileal mesenteric nerves of rats with chronic streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Treatment of STZ-diabetic rats for 2-3 months with pharmacologic doses of NGF or NT-3, neurotrophic substances with known effects on the adult sympathetic nervous system, did not normalize established neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) in diabetic rats in the prevertebral superior mesenteric ganglia (SMG) and ileal mesenteric nerves as had pancreatic islet transplantation and IGF-I in earlier experiments. NGF treatment of control animals actually increased the frequency of NAD in the SMG. New data suggests that, in adult sympathetic ganglia. NGF may contribute to the pathogenesis of NAD rather than its amelioration, perhaps as the result of inducing intraganglionic axonal sprouts in which dystrophic changes are superimposed. NT-3 administration did not alter the frequency of NAD in diabetic animals, although it resulted in a significant decrease in NAD in control SMG. Although deficiencies of neurotrophic substances may represent the underlying pathogenesis of a variety of experimental neuropathies, delivery of excessive levels of selected substances may produce untoward effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetic Neuropathies/drug therapy
- Diabetic Neuropathies/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/drug effects
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/pathology
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/ultrastructure
- Intestines/innervation
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Neurotrophin 3/metabolism
- Neurotrophin 3/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Superior Cervical Ganglion/drug effects
- Superior Cervical Ganglion/pathology
- Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic/drug effects
- Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic/pathology
- Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Missouri 63110, USA
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58
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Delaney CL, Russell JW, Cheng HL, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I and over-expression of Bcl-xL prevent glucose-mediated apoptosis in Schwann cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:147-60. [PMID: 11273003 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system, are lost or damaged in patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy. In the current study, 2 model systems are used to study the mechanism of SC damage in diabetic neuropathy: the streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rat and cultures of purified SCs in vitro. Electron microscopy of dorsal root ganglia from STZ-treated rats reveals classic ultrastructural features of apoptosis in SCs, including chromatin clumping and prominent vacuolation. Bisbenzamide staining of SCs cultured in hyperglycemic defined media shows nuclear blebbing of apoptotic cells. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is protective. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor, blocks the effect of IGF-I. High glucose induces caspase cleavage in apoptotic SCs--an effect that is blocked by bok-asp-fmk (BAF), a caspase inhibitor. Although Bcl-xL expression remains unchanged in experimental conditions, over-expression of Bcl-xL protects SCs from apoptosis. In summary, hyperglycemia induces caspase activation and morphologic changes in SCs consistent with apoptotic death, both in vivo and in vitro. Over-expression of Bcl-xL, or IGF-I, signaling via PI 3-kinase, protects SCs from glucose-mediated apoptosis in vitro. IGF-I may be useful in preventing hyperglycemia-induced damage to SCs in patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Delaney
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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59
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Naba I, Yoshikawa H, Sakoda S, Itabe H, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Yanagihara T. Onion-bulb formation after a single compression injury in the macrophage scavenger receptor knockout mice. Exp Neurol 2000; 166:83-9. [PMID: 11031085 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Onion-bulb (OB) formation is often encountered in acquired neuropathies such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and diabetic neuropathy and is believed to require repeated injuries to peripheral nerves. Although this suggests that remaining damaged cell membranes, including myelin debris, might trigger OB formation, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we were successful in producing many small OBs after a single compression injury to peripheral nerves of the knockout mice deficient of macrophage scavenger receptor class A (MSR-A). Although morphometry showed no difference in the average densities of the remaining myelinating fibers between wild-type and MSR-A knockout mice after the compression injury, there were more macrophages and myelin debris positive for oxidized-phosphatidylcholine in the nerves from the MSR-A knockout mice. We believe that OB formation was induced after a single compression injury as the result of delayed phagocytosis of myelin debris possessing oxidized lipids by MSR-A deficient macrophages. The present work shed light on the molecular mechanism of OB formation seen in chronic neuropathies and provided a model for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Naba
- Department of Neurology D4, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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60
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Schmidt RE, Dorsey DA, Roth KA, Parvin CA, Hounsom L, Tomlinson DR. Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on NGF, P75(NTR) and TrkA content of prevertebral and paravertebral rat sympathetic ganglia. Brain Res 2000; 867:149-56. [PMID: 10837808 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy results in significant morbidity and mortality. Both diabetic humans and experimental animals show neuroaxonal dystrophy of autonomic nerve terminals, particularly in the prevertebral superior mesenteric ganglia (SMG) and celiac ganglia (CG) which innervate the hyperplastic/hypertrophic diabetic small intestine. Previously, investigators suggested that disturbances in ganglionic nerve growth factor (NGF) content or transport might play a pathogenetic role in diabetic autonomic pathology. To test this hypothesis, we measured NGF content and NGF receptor expression, p75(NTR) (low affinity neurotrophin receptor) and trkA (high affinity NGF receptor), in control and diabetic rat SMG, CG and superior cervical ganglia (SCG). Surprisingly, rather than a decrease, we observed an approximate doubling of NGF content in the diabetic SMG and CG, a result which reflects increased NGF content in the hyperplastic diabetic alimentary tract. No change in NGF content was detected in the diabetic SCG which is relatively spared in experimental diabetic autonomic neuropathy. NGF receptor expression was not consistently altered in any of the autonomic ganglia. These observations suggest that increased NGF content in sympathetic ganglia innervating the diabetic alimentary tract coupled with intact receptor expression may produce aberrant axonal sprouting and neuroaxonal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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61
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Jarvis MF, Wessale JL, Zhu CZ, Lynch JJ, Dayton BD, Calzadilla SV, Padley RJ, Opgenorth TJ, Kowaluk EA. ABT-627, an endothelin ET(A) receptor-selective antagonist, attenuates tactile allodynia in a diabetic rat model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 388:29-35. [PMID: 10657544 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tactile allodynia, the enhanced perception of pain in response to normally non-painful stimulation, represents a common complication of diabetic neuropathy. The activation of endothelin ET(A) receptors has been implicated in diabetes-induced reductions in peripheral neurovascularization and concomitant endoneurial hypoxia. Endothelin receptor activation has also been shown to alter the peripheral and central processing of nociceptive information. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of the novel endothelin ET(A) receptor-selective antagonist, 2R-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4S-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-(N, N-di(n-butyl)aminocarbonyl-methyl)-pyrrolidine-3R-carboxylic acid (ABT-627), in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model of neuropathic pain. Rats were injected with 75 mg/kg streptozotocin (i. p.), and drug effects were assessed 8-12 weeks following streptozotocin treatment to allow for stabilization of blood glucose levels (>/=240 mg/dl) and tactile allodynia thresholds (</=8.0 g). Systemic (i.p.) administration of ABT-627 (1 and 10 mg/kg) was found to produce a dose-dependent increase in tactile allodynia thresholds. A significant antinociceptive effect (40-50% increase in tactile allodynia thresholds, P<0.05) was observed at the dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p., within 0.5-2-h post-dosing. The antinociceptive effects of ABT-627 (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1), p.o.) were maintained following chronic administration of the antagonist in drinking water for 7 days. In comparison, morphine administered acutely at a dose of 8 mg/kg, i.p., produced a significant 90% increase in streptozotocin-induced tactile allodynia thresholds. The endothelin ET(B) receptor-selective antagonist, 2R-(4-propoxyphenyl)-4S-(1, 3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-(N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)aminocarbonyl-methyl)-pyrrolidine-3R-carboxy lic acid (A-192621; 20 mg/kg, i.p.), did not significantly alter tactile allodynia thresholds in streptozotocin-treated rats. Although combined i.p. administration of ABT-627 and A-192621 produced a significant, acute increase in tactile allodynia thresholds, this effect was significantly less than that produced by ABT-627 alone. These results indicate that the selective blockade of endothelin ET(A) receptors results in an attenuation of tactile allodynia in the streptozotocin-treated rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Jarvis
- Neurological and Urological Diseases Research and Metabolic Diseases Research, Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA.
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62
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Schmidt RE, Dorsey DA, Beaudet LN, Plurad SB, Parvin CA, Miller MS. Insulin-like growth factor I reverses experimental diabetic autonomic neuropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:1651-60. [PMID: 10550321 PMCID: PMC1866997 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a role for neurotrophic substances in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. In this study, the effect of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on diabetic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy was examined in an experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Two months of IGF-I treatment of chronically diabetic rats with established neuroaxonal dystrophy (the neuropathological hallmark of the disease) involving the superior mesenteric ganglion and ileal mesenteric nerves resulted in nearly complete normalization of the frequency of neuroaxonal dystrophy in both sites without altering the severity of diabetes. Treatment with low-dose insulin (to control for the transient glucose-lowering effects of IGF-I) failed to affect the frequency of ganglionic or mesenteric nerve neuroaxonal dystrophy or the severity of diabetes. The striking improvement in the severity of diabetic autonomic neuropathy shown with IGF-I treatment in these studies and the fidelity of the rat model to findings in diabetic human sympathetic ganglia provide promise for the development of new clinical therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Schmidt
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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63
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Feldman EL, Russell JW, Sullivan KA, Golovoy D. New insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 1999; 12:553-63. [PMID: 10590892 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-199910000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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