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The effect of hawthorn flower and leaf extract ( Crataegus Spp.) on cardiac hemostasis and oxidative parameters in Sprague Dawley rats. Heliyon 2020. [PMID: 34337188 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are described as disorders of heart and vessels that involve stroke and coronary heart diseases. People in the Middle East converged to complementary medicine as an economic alternative to expensive healthcare services. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Lindm.) Rosacea is among the most commonly used herb for the treatment of declining cardiac performance, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Previously, we had shown that Crataegus Spp. (Hawthorn) extract increased the tendency of bleeding among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Herein, the effects of Crataegus Spp. extract on oxidative stress, cardiac and hematological parameters were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats. Male rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Group 1 served as control while groups 2-4 served as the experimental groups and were administered extract at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg. All the doses were given orally once/day and the treatment was continued for three weeks. Hawthorn treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control (1.258 (3, 24); P < 0.0001). We found a significant increase in the cardiac antithrombin III among hawthorn treated group compared to the control (4.18 (3, 24); P < 0.0001). On the other hand, hawthorn treatment decreased significantly the liver factor-X level (0.1341 (3, 22); P < 0.0001), while no significant changes were seen in soluble-platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (P-value = 0.0599). In conclusions, hawthorn extract possesses an antioxidant effect and blood-thinning properties. Hence, we recommend attention when using this herbal extract with other anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet drugs or undergoing major cardiac surgery.
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Rababa'h AM, Al Yacoub ON, El-Elimat T, Rabab'ah M, Altarabsheh S, Deo S, Al-Azayzih A, Zayed A, Alazzam S, Alzoubi KH. The effect of hawthorn flower and leaf extract ( Crataegus Spp.) on cardiac hemostasis and oxidative parameters in Sprague Dawley rats. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04617. [PMID: 32904242 PMCID: PMC7452443 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are described as disorders of heart and vessels that involve stroke and coronary heart diseases. People in the Middle East converged to complementary medicine as an economic alternative to expensive healthcare services. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Lindm.) Rosacea is among the most commonly used herb for the treatment of declining cardiac performance, hypertension, and arrhythmias. Previously, we had shown that Crataegus Spp. (Hawthorn) extract increased the tendency of bleeding among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Herein, the effects of Crataegus Spp. extract on oxidative stress, cardiac and hematological parameters were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats. Male rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Group 1 served as control while groups 2–4 served as the experimental groups and were administered extract at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg. All the doses were given orally once/day and the treatment was continued for three weeks. Hawthorn treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control (1.258 (3, 24); P < 0.0001). We found a significant increase in the cardiac antithrombin III among hawthorn treated group compared to the control (4.18 (3, 24); P < 0.0001). On the other hand, hawthorn treatment decreased significantly the liver factor-X level (0.1341 (3, 22); P < 0.0001), while no significant changes were seen in soluble-platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (P-value = 0.0599). In conclusions, hawthorn extract possesses an antioxidant effect and blood-thinning properties. Hence, we recommend attention when using this herbal extract with other anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet drugs or undergoing major cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Rababa'h
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Omar N Al Yacoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mo'ath Rabab'ah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan
| | - Salah Altarabsheh
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Queen Alia Heart Institute, Amman, 11953, Jordan
| | - Salil Deo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Surgical Services, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ahmad Al-Azayzih
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aref Zayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Sayer Alazzam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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53
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Basavaraj MG, Krishnaswamy S. Exosite binding drives substrate affinity for the activation of coagulation factor X by the intrinsic Xase complex. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15198-15207. [PMID: 32859749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor X activation by the intrinsic Xase complex, composed of factor IXa bound to factor VIIIa on membranes, is essential for the amplified blood coagulation response. The biological significance of this step is evident from bleeding arising from deficiencies in factors VIIIa or IXa in hemophilia. Here, we assess the mechanism(s) that enforce the distinctive specificity of intrinsic Xase for its biological substrate. Active-site function of IXa was assessed with a tripeptidyl substrate (PF-3688). The reversible S1 site binder, 4-aminobenzamidine (pAB), acted as a classical competitive inhibitor of PF-3688 cleavage by Xase. In contrast, pAB acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor of factor X activation. This disconnect between peptidyl substrate and protein substrate cleavage indicates a major role for interactions between factor X and extended sites on Xase in determining substrate affinity. Accordingly, an uncleavable factor X variant, not predicted to engage the active site of IXa within Xase, acted as a classical competitive inhibitor of factor X activation. Fluorescence studies confirmed the binding of factor X to Xase assembled with IXa with a covalently blocked active site. Our findings suggest that the recognition of factor X by the intrinsic Xase complex occurs through a multistep "dock-and-lock" pathway in which the initial interaction between factor X and intrinsic Xase occurs at exosites distant from the active site, followed by active-site docking and bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sriram Krishnaswamy
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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54
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Gerling K, Ölschläger S, Avci-Adali M, Neumann B, Schweizer E, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Stoppelkamp S. A Novel C1-Esterase Inhibitor Oxygenator Coating Prevents FXII Activation in Human Blood. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071042. [PMID: 32668719 PMCID: PMC7407883 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited hemocompatibility of currently used oxygenator membranes prevents long-term use of artificial lungs in patients with lung failure. To improve hemocompatibility, we developed a novel covalent C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) coating. Besides complement inhibition, C1-INH also prevents FXII activation, a very early event of contact phase activation at the crossroads of coagulation and inflammation. Covalently coated heparin, as the current anticoagulation gold standard, served as control. Additionally, a combination of both coatings (C1-INH/heparin) was established. The coatings were tested for their hemocompatibility by dynamic incubation with freshly drawn human whole blood. The analysis of various blood and plasma parameters revealed that C1-INH-containing coatings were able to markedly reduce FXIIa activity compared to heparin coating. Combined C1-INH/heparin coatings yielded similarly low levels of thrombin-antithrombin III complex formation as heparin coating. In particular, adhesion of monocytes and platelets as well as the diminished formation of fibrin networks were observed for combined coatings. We could show for the first time that a covalent coating with complement inhibitor C1-INH was able to ameliorate hemocompatibility. Thus, the early inhibition of the coagulation cascade is likely to have far-reaching consequences for the other cross-reacting plasma protein pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gerling
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstr, 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (K.G.); (S.Ö.); (M.A.-A.); (B.N.); (C.S.); (H.-P.W.)
| | - Sabrina Ölschläger
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstr, 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (K.G.); (S.Ö.); (M.A.-A.); (B.N.); (C.S.); (H.-P.W.)
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstr, 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (K.G.); (S.Ö.); (M.A.-A.); (B.N.); (C.S.); (H.-P.W.)
| | - Bernd Neumann
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstr, 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (K.G.); (S.Ö.); (M.A.-A.); (B.N.); (C.S.); (H.-P.W.)
| | - Ernst Schweizer
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Section Medical Materials and Technology, Osianderstr, 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Christian Schlensak
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstr, 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (K.G.); (S.Ö.); (M.A.-A.); (B.N.); (C.S.); (H.-P.W.)
| | - Hans-Peter Wendel
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstr, 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (K.G.); (S.Ö.); (M.A.-A.); (B.N.); (C.S.); (H.-P.W.)
| | - Sandra Stoppelkamp
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstr, 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (K.G.); (S.Ö.); (M.A.-A.); (B.N.); (C.S.); (H.-P.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-29-83340
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55
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Modeling Thrombin Generation in Plasma under Diffusion and Flow. Biophys J 2020; 119:162-181. [PMID: 32544388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the capacity of published numerical models of thrombin generation to reproduce experimentally observed threshold behavior under conditions in which diffusion and/or flow are important. Computational fluid dynamics simulations incorporating species diffusion, fluid flow, and biochemical reactions are compared with published data for thrombin generation in vitro in 1) quiescent plasma exposed to patches of tissue factor and 2) plasma perfused through a capillary coated with tissue factor. Clot time is correctly predicted in individual cases, and some models qualitatively replicate thrombin generation thresholds across a series of tissue factor patch sizes or wall shear rates. Numerical results suggest that there is not a genuine patch size threshold in quiescent plasma-clotting always occurs given enough time-whereas the shear rate threshold observed under flow is a genuine physical limit imposed by flow-mediated washout of active coagulation factors. Despite the encouraging qualitative results obtained with some models, no single model robustly reproduces all experiments, demonstrating that greater understanding of the underlying reaction network, and particularly of surface reactions, is required. In this direction, additional simulations provide evidence that 1) a surface-localized enzyme, speculatively identified as meizothrombin, is significantly active toward the fluorescent thrombin substrate used in the experiments or, less likely, 2) thrombin is irreversibly inhibited at a faster-than-expected rate, possibly explained by a stimulatory effect of plasma heparin on antithrombin. These results highlight the power of simulation to provide novel mechanistic insights that augment experimental studies and build our understanding of complex biophysicochemical processes. Further validation work is critical to unleashing the full potential of coagulation models as tools for drug development and personalized medicine.
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56
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Lee J, Park A, Mun S, Kim HJ, Son H, Choi H, Kim D, Lee SJ, Kim JG, Kang HG. Proteomics-Based Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers Related to Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050340. [PMID: 32466277 PMCID: PMC7278009 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by blood clot formation and consequent vessel blockage. Proteomic approaches provide a cost-effective alternative to current diagnostic methods, including computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To identify diagnostic biomarkers associated with ischemic stroke risk factors, we performed individual proteomic analysis of serum taken from 20 healthy controls and 20 ischemic stroke patients. We then performed SWATH analysis, a data-independent method, to assess quantitative changes in protein expression between the two experimental conditions. Our analysis identified several candidate protein biomarkers, 11 of which were validated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis as novel diagnostic biomarkers associated with ischemic stroke risk factors. Our study identifies new biomarkers associated with the risk factors and pathogenesis of ischemic stroke which, to the best of our knowledge, were previously unknown. These markers may be effective in not only the diagnosis but also the prevention and management of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea;
| | - Arum Park
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (A.P.); (S.M.); (H.-J.K.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Sora Mun
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (A.P.); (S.M.); (H.-J.K.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (A.P.); (S.M.); (H.-J.K.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Hyunsong Son
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (A.P.); (S.M.); (H.-J.K.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Hyebin Choi
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (A.P.); (S.M.); (H.-J.K.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Doojin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seongnam Central Hospital, Seongnam 13161, Korea;
| | - Soo Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Eulji University Hospital, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 35233, Korea; (S.J.L.); (J.G.K.)
| | - Jae Guk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Eulji University Hospital, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 35233, Korea; (S.J.L.); (J.G.K.)
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea; (A.P.); (S.M.); (H.-J.K.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Korea
- Seongnam Senior Industry Innovation Center, Eulji University, Seongnam 13503, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-740-7315; Fax: +82-31-740-7448
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Pei L, Shen X, Qu K, Tan C, Zou J, Wang Y, Ping F. Exploration of the Two-Way Adjustment Mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma for Cardiovascular Diseases. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:1100-1112. [PMID: 32436824 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200521120308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, and other diseases caused by vascular obstruction have always jeopardized human life and health. Several reports indicate that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma has a good clinical effect in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Owing to the complexity of herbal medicine, the pharmacodynamic mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to explore the two-way adjustment mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and provide a new solution for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study used data mining, reverse pharmacophore matching, network construction, GO and KEGG Analysis, and molecular docking to investigate the two-way adjustment mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. The methods used were based on systems pharmacology and big data analysis technology. RESULTS The results suggest that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma uses a two-way adjustment of activating blood circulation, as well as blood coagulation in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The components involved in activating blood circulation are mainly anthraquinone components. The corresponding targets are NOS2, NOS3, CALM1, and the corresponding pathways are calcium signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, platelet activation, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. For blood coagulation, the components are mainly tannin components; the corresponding targets are F2, F10, ELANE, and the corresponding pathways are the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades. CONCLUSION This study indicated that Rhei Radix et Rhizoma exerts the two-way adjustment of activating blood circulation and blood coagulation in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It can make up for the side effects of the existing blood circulation drugs for cardiovascular disease, only activating blood circulation, and the uncontrollable large-area bleeding due to the long-term use of the drugs. This study provides a material basis for the development of new blood-activating drugs based on natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Shaanxi Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Xi' an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Conge Tan
- Basic Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junbo Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Ping
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
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58
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Maddur AA, Kroh HK, Aschenbrenner ME, Gibson BHY, Panizzi P, Sheehan JH, Meiler J, Bock PE, Verhamme IM. Specificity and affinity of the N-terminal residues in staphylocoagulase in binding to prothrombin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5614-5625. [PMID: 32156702 PMCID: PMC7186164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus-caused endocarditis, the pathogen secretes staphylocoagulase (SC), thereby activating human prothrombin (ProT) and evading immune clearance. A previous structural comparison of the SC(1-325) fragment bound to thrombin and its inactive precursor prethrombin 2 has indicated that SC activates ProT by inserting its N-terminal dipeptide Ile1-Val2 into the ProT Ile16 pocket, forming a salt bridge with ProT's Asp194, thereby stabilizing the active conformation. We hypothesized that these N-terminal SC residues modulate ProT binding and activation. Here, we generated labeled SC(1-246) as a probe for competitively defining the affinities of N-terminal SC(1-246) variants preselected by modeling. Using ProT(R155Q,R271Q,R284Q) (ProTQQQ), a variant refractory to prothrombinase- or thrombin-mediated cleavage, we observed variant affinities between ∼1 and 650 nm and activation potencies ranging from 1.8-fold that of WT SC(1-246) to complete loss of function. Substrate binding to ProTQQQ caused allosteric tightening of the affinity of most SC(1-246) variants, consistent with zymogen activation through occupation of the specificity pocket. Conservative changes at positions 1 and 2 were well-tolerated, with Val1-Val2, Ile1-Ala2, and Leu1-Val2 variants exhibiting ProTQQQ affinity and activation potency comparable with WT SC(1-246). Weaker binding variants typically had reduced activation rates, although at near-saturating ProTQQQ levels, several variants exhibited limiting rates similar to or higher than that of WT SC(1-246). The Ile16 pocket in ProTQQQ appears to favor nonpolar, nonaromatic residues at SC positions 1 and 2. Our results suggest that SC variants other than WT Ile1-Val2-Thr3 might emerge with similar ProT-activating efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashoka A Maddur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561.
| | - Heather K Kroh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Mary E Aschenbrenner
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Breanne H Y Gibson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Jonathan H Sheehan
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Institute for Drug Discovery, Departments of Chemistry and Computer Science, Leipzig University Medical School, SAC 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul E Bock
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561.
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Guo X, Kolpakov MA, Hooshdaran B, Schappell W, Wang T, Eguchi S, Elliott KJ, Tilley DG, Rao AK, Andrade-Gordon P, Bunce M, Madhu C, Houser SR, Sabri A. Cardiac Expression of Factor X Mediates Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Pressure Overload. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:69-83. [PMID: 32043021 PMCID: PMC7000872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factor X expression was increased in the heart following pressure overload and in isolated cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Rivaroxaban treatment at doses that do not affect thrombin generation, blood coagulation or cardiac hemostasis attenuated cardiac inflammation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis caused by pressure overload and improved cardiac diastolic function. Activated coagulation factor X induced PAR-1/-2–mediated elongated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and PAR1-mediated cardiac fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation. Activated coagulation factor X derived from a cardiac source may represent an important physiologic and pathophysiologic activator of PAR-1/PAR-2. Non-anticoagulation dosage of rivaroxaban could provide an effective therapy to attenuate early phases of heart failure development.
Activated factor X is a key component of the coagulation cascade, but whether it directly regulates pathological cardiac remodeling is unclear. In mice subjected to pressure overload stress, cardiac factor X mRNA expression and activity increased concurrently with cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation and diastolic dysfunction, and responses blocked with a low coagulation-independent dose of rivaroxaban. In vitro, neurohormone stressors increased activated factor X expression in both cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, resulting in activated factor X-mediated activation of protease-activated receptors and pro-hypertrophic and -fibrotic responses, respectively. Thus, inhibition of cardiac-expressed activated factor X could provide an effective therapy for the prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bahman Hooshdaran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Schappell
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine J Elliott
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center of Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Koneti Rao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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60
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Ben Shimon M, Shavit-Stein E, Altman K, Pick CG, Maggio N. Thrombin as Key Mediator of Seizure Development Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1532. [PMID: 32009953 PMCID: PMC6971217 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly leads to development of seizures, accounting for approximately 20% of newly diagnosed epilepsy. Despite the high clinical significance, the mechanisms underlying the development of posttraumatic seizures (PTS) remain unclear, compromising appropriate management of these patients. Accumulating evidence suggest that thrombin, the main serine protease of the coagulation cascade, is involved in PTS genesis by mediating inflammation and hyperexcitability following blood brain barrier breakdown. In order to further understand the role of thrombin in PTS, we generated a combined mild TBI (mTBI) and status epilepticus mice model, by injecting pilocarpine to mice previously submitted to head injury. Interestingly, mTBI was able to reduce seizure onset in the pilocarpine animal model as well as increase the death rate in the treated animals. In turn, pilocarpine worsened spatial orientation of mTBI treated mice. Finally, thrombin activity as well as the expression of IL1-β and TNF-α was significantly increased in the mTBI-pilocarpine treated animals. In conclusion, these observations indicate a synergism between thrombin and mTBI in lowering seizure in the pilocarpine model and possibly aggravating inflammation. We believe that these results will improve the understanding of PTS pathophysiology and contribute to the development of more targeted therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ben Shimon
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Altman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Abstract
: Rare bleeding disorders usually begin in childhood and manifest as varying degrees of bleeding, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. With the development of gene editing technology, it is expected that hereditary coagulation factor disorders will someday be fundamentally cured by gene therapy. On account of their rarity, comprehension of these diseases is essential for the application of new treatment strategies. We have compiled the features of some newly discovered mutations of prothrombin, factor VII, and factor X in recent years. In addition, this review introduces the advances and obstacles in gene therapy.
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62
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Winter WE, Greene DN, Beal SG, Isom JA, Manning H, Wilkerson G, Harris N. Clotting factors: Clinical biochemistry and their roles as plasma enzymes. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 94:31-84. [PMID: 31952574 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe structure and function of the multiple proteins of the coagulation system and their subcomponent domains. Coagulation is the process by which flowing liquid blood plasma is converted to a soft, viscous gel entrapping the cellular components of blood including red cells and platelets and thereby preventing extravasation of blood. This process is triggered by the minimal proteolysis of plasma fibrinogen. This transforms the latter to sticky fibrin monomers which polymerize into a network. The proteolysis of fibrinogen is a function of the trypsin-like enzyme termed thrombin. Thrombin in turn is activated by a cascade of trypsin-like enzymes that we term coagulation factors. In this review we examine the mechanics of the coagulation cascade with a view to the structure-function relationships of the proteins. We also note that two of the factors have no trypsin like protease domain but are essential cofactors or catalysts for the proteases. This review does not discuss the major role of platelets except to highlight their membrane function with respect to the factors. Coagulation testing is a major part of routine diagnostic clinical pathology. Testing is performed on specimens from individuals either with bleeding or with thrombotic disorders and those on anticoagulant medications. We examine the basic in-vitro laboratory coagulation tests and review the literature comparing the in vitro and in vivo processes. In vitro clinical testing typically utilizes plasma specimens and non-physiological or supraphysiological activators. Because the review focuses on coagulation factor structure, a brief overview of the evolutionary origins of the coagulation system is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Winter
- University of Florida, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dina N Greene
- Laboratory Services, Kaiser Permanente, Renton, WA, United States
| | - Stacy G Beal
- University of Florida, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - James A Isom
- University of Florida, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Neil Harris
- University of Florida, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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63
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Hirakawa Y, Tsuchishima M, Fukumura A, Kinoshita K, Hayashi N, Saito T, George J, Toshikuni N, Ueda Y, Tsutsumi M. Recombinant thrombomodulin prevented hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172681. [PMID: 31542482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM) is a novel anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from liver. We evaluated the protective effects of rTM on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Ischemia was induced by clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery of left lateral and median lobes of the liver. At 30 min before ischemia and at 6 h after reperfusion, 0.3 ml of saline (IR group) or 0.3 ml of saline containing 6 mg/kg body weight of rTM (IR-rTM group) was injected into the liver through inferior vena cava or caudate vein. Blood flow was restored at 60 min of ischemia. Blood was collected 30 min prior to induction of ischemia and before restoration of blood flow, and at 6, 12, and 24 h after reperfusion. All the animals were euthanized at 24 h after reperfusion and the livers were harvested and subjected to biochemical and pathological evaluations. Serum levels of ALT, AST, and HMGB1 were significantly lower after reperfusion in the IR-rTM group compared to IR group. Marked hepatic necrosis was present in the IR group, while necrosis was almost absent in IR-rTM group. Treatment with rTM significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and formation of 4-hydroxynonenal in the IR-rTM group compared to IR group. The results of the present study indicate that rTM could be used as a potent therapeutic agent to prevent IR-induced hepatic injury and the related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirakawa
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Fukumura
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kaori Kinoshita
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Toshikuni
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Ueda
- Department of Pathology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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64
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Negrier C, Shima M, Hoffman M. The central role of thrombin in bleeding disorders. Blood Rev 2019; 38:100582. [PMID: 31164248 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining normal hemostasis relies on a regulated system of procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways, and disruption of these processes leads to the loss of hemostatic control, with the potential for excessive bleeding or thrombosis. Evaluation of bleeding disorders has conventionally been achieved by laboratory assays that measure the activity of individual coagulation factors. While such assays have proven effective for detecting abnormalities of the coagulation system and aiding diagnosis, inherent limitations prevent them from capturing a complete picture of hemostatic function. An improved understanding of thrombin activity and its central role in hemostasis and bleeding disorders has led to the clinical development of global assays that are more physiologically relevant than traditional assays; furthermore, these global assays are able to monitor responses to therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of thrombin in hemostasis, and describe the clinical benefits of thrombin monitoring in patients with bleeding disorders. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in thrombin-targeting therapeutic strategies that aim to correct thrombin deficiency and prevent bleeding in patients with hemophilia and other rare bleeding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Negrier
- Haematology Department, Louis Pradel University Hospital, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Midori Shima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Maureane Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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65
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Blood coagulation parameters in rats with acute radiation syndrome receiving activated carbon as a preventive remedy. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj91.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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66
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Lin JH, Huang KH, Zhan SW, Yu CJ, Tseng WL, Hsieh MM. Inhibition of catalytic activity of fibrinogen-stabilized gold nanoparticles via thrombin-induced inclusion of nanoparticle into fibrin: Application for thrombin sensing with more than 10 4-fold selectivity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 210:59-65. [PMID: 30445261 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with thrombin-binding aptamer are often implemented for colorimetric, fluorescent, and electrochemical detection of thrombin in an aqueous solution. However, researchers have rarely explored the application of fibrinogen-modified AuNPs (F-AuNPs) for thrombin sensing. We present a simple, inexpensive, sensitive, and selective probe for colorimetric assay of thrombin through combining thrombin-induced inclusion of F-AuNPs into Fibrin and F-AuNPs-catalyzed reduction of 4-nitrophenol with an excess amount of NaBH4. Considering that fibrinogen stabilized citrate-capped AuNPs against a high-ionic-strength buffer, F-AuNPs efficiently catalyzed the NaBH4-mediated decrease of yellow 4-nitrophenol to colorless 4-aminophenol. The presence of thrombin converted fibrinogen into fibrin on the nanoparticle surface, leading to the inclusion of nanoparticles into fibrin. The formation of fibrin inhibited that the AuNPs catalyzed the NaBH4-mediated reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Consequently, the color of the solution gradually varied from colorless to yellow with increasing thrombin concentration. The proposed system was shown to be accurate in the quantification of small differences in the concentration of human thrombin over the range of 4-60 pM. The lowest detectable concentration of human thrombin by the naked eye was as low as 16 pM. We demonstrated the practical application of the proposed system in quantifying 1-15 nM human thrombin in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, University of Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan.
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67
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Dahms SO, Demir F, Huesgen PF, Thorn K, Brandstetter H. Sirtilins - the new old members of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor family. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:470-481. [PMID: 30644641 PMCID: PMC6850207 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Blood coagulation is driven by vitamin K (VK)-dependent proteases. We have identified and characterized 'sirtilin' as an additional VK-dependent protease. Sirtilins emerged early in the evolution of the coagulation system of vertebrates. Ubiquitous occurrence might indicate an important functional role of sirtilins. SUMMARY: Background Vitamin K (VK)-dependent proteases are major players in blood coagulation, including both the initiation and the regulation of the cascade. Five different members of this protease family have been described, comprising the following coagulation factors: factor VII, FIX, FX, protein C (PC), and prothrombin (FII). FVII, FIX, FX and PC share a typical domain architecture, with an N-terminal γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) domain, two epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domains, and a C-terminal trypsin-like serine protease (SP) domain. Objectives We have identified uncharacterized proteins in snake genomes showing the typical Gla-EGF1-EGF2-SP domain architecture but relatively low sequence conservation compared to known VK-dependent proteases. On the basis of sequence analysis, we hypothesized that these proteins are functional members of the VK-dependent protease family. Methods/results Using phylogenetic analyses, we confirmed the so-called 'sirtilins' as an additional VK-dependent protease class. These proteases were found in several vertebrates, including jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, reptiles, birds, and marsupials, but not in other mammals. The recombinant zymogen form of Thamnophis sirtalis sirtilin was produced by in vitro renaturation, and was activated with human activated FXI. The activated form of sirtilin proteolytically cleaved peptide and protein substrates, including prothrombin. Mass spectrometry-based substrate profiling of sirtilin revealed a narrower sequence specificity than those of FIX and FX. Conclusions The ubiquitous occurrence of sirtilins in many vertebrate classes might indicate an important functional role. Understanding the detailed functions of sirtilins might contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolution and function of the vertebrate coagulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven O. Dahms
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Fatih Demir
- ZEA‐3 AnalyticsCentral Institute for Engineering, Electronics and AnalyticsForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Pitter F. Huesgen
- ZEA‐3 AnalyticsCentral Institute for Engineering, Electronics and AnalyticsForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Karina Thorn
- Haemophilia ResearchNovo Nordisk A/SMåløvDenmark
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68
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A novel Kunitz protein with proposed dual function from Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea) impairs haemostasis and action of complement in vitro. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:337-346. [PMID: 30796952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serine peptidases are involved in many physiological processes including digestion, haemostasis and complement cascade. Parasites regulate activities of host serine peptidases to their own benefit, employing various inhibitors, many of which belong to the Kunitz-type protein family. In this study, we confirmed the presence of potential anticoagulants in protein extracts of the haematophagous monogenean Eudiplozoon nipponicum which parasitizes the common carp. We then focused on a Kunitz protein (EnKT1) discovered in the E. nipponicum transcriptome, which structurally resembles textilinin-1, an antihemorrhagic snake venom factor from Pseudonaja textilis. The protein was recombinantly expressed, purified and biochemically characterised. The recombinant EnKT1 did inhibit in vitro activity of Factor Xa of the coagulation cascade, but exhibited a higher activity against plasmin and plasma kallikrein, which participate in fibrinolysis, production of kinins, and complement activation. Anti-coagulation properties of EnKT1 based on the inhibition of Factor Xa were confirmed by thromboelastography, but no effect on fibrinolysis was observed. Moreover, we discovered that EnKT1 significantly impairs the function of fish complement, possibly by inhibiting plasmin or Factor Xa which can act as a C3 and C5 convertase. We localised Enkt1 transcripts and protein within haematin digestive cells of the parasite by RNA in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Based on these results, we suggest that the secretory Kunitz protein of E. nipponicum has a dual function. In particular, it impairs both haemostasis and complement activation in vitro, and thus might facilitate digestion of a host's blood and protect a parasite's gastrodermis from damage by the complement. This study presents, to our knowledge, the first characterisation of a Kunitz protein from monogeneans and the first example of a parasite Kunitz inhibitor that impairs the function of the complement.
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69
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Billur R, Sabo TM, Maurer MC. Thrombin Exosite Maturation and Ligand Binding at ABE II Help Stabilize PAR-Binding Competent Conformation at ABE I. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1048-1060. [PMID: 30672691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin, derived from zymogen prothrombin (ProT), is a serine protease involved in procoagulation, anticoagulation, and platelet activation. Thrombin's actions are regulated through anion-binding exosites I and II (ABE I and ABE II) that undergo maturation during activation. Mature ABEs can utilize exosite-based communication to fulfill thrombin functions. However, the conformational basis behind such long-range communication and the resultant ligand binding affinities are not well understood. Protease activated receptors (PARs), involved in platelet activation and aggregation, are known to target thrombin ABE I. Unexpectedly, PAR3 (44-56) can already bind to pro-ABE I of ProT. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ligand-enzyme titrations were used to characterize how individual PAR1 (49-62) residues interact with pro-ABE I and mature ABE I. 1D proton line broadening studies demonstrated that binding affinities for native PAR1P (49-62, P54) and for the weak binding variant PAR1G (49-62, P54G) increased as ProT was converted to mature thrombin. 1H,15N-HSQC titrations revealed that PAR1G residues K51, E53, F55, D58, and E60 exhibited less affinity to pro-ABE I than comparable residues in PAR3G (44-56, P51G). Individual PAR1G residues then displayed tighter binding upon exosite maturation. Long-range communication between thrombin exosites was examined by saturating ABE II with phosphorylated GpIbα (269-282, 3Yp) and monitoring the binding of PAR1 and PAR3 peptides to ABE I. Individual PAR residues exhibited increased affinities in this dual-ligand environment supporting the presence of interexosite allostery. Exosite maturation and beneficial long-range allostery are proposed to help stabilize an ABE I conformation that can effectively bind PAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Billur
- Department of Chemistry , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky 40292 , United States
| | - T Michael Sabo
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky 40202 , United States
| | - Muriel C Maurer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky 40292 , United States
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70
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Reyes-García AMDL, Aroca A, Arroyo AB, García-Barbera N, Vicente V, González-Conejero R, Martínez C. Neutrophil extracellular trap components increase the expression of coagulation factors. Biomed Rep 2019; 10:195-201. [PMID: 30906549 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent an important link between inflammation and thrombosis. Here, the present study aimed to investigate the influence of the NET components, DNA and histone H4, on hemostatic gene expression. A further aim was to confirm the influence of H4 on the expression of tissue factor (TF) and investigate a potential effect of DNA, and to test the involvement of miR-17/92 and its paralog miR-106b-25 in this regulation. In HepG2 cells, the mRNA levels of factor VII and factor XII, which are crucial in the activation of the coagulation cascade, and of serpin family F member 2 (encoding α2-antiplasmin) were significantly upregulated by DNA and H4; while the mRNA levels of factor V, which is essential for thrombin generation of protein S, a cofactor of protein C that also has the ability to inhibit the factor X activation pathway, and of serpin family C member 1 (encoding antithrombin, the main endogenous anticoagulant) were significantly upregulated only by H4. H4 and DNA also provoked an increase in hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4A) mRNA expression that could be responsible for the increase in the expression of certain coagulant factors. In THP-1 cells, it was also demonstrated that H4 caused an increase in TF mRNA while decreasing several of the microRNAs (miRNA/miRs) of the cluster miR-17/92, which may in part explain the increase in the expression of TF. The present results suggest the ability of NET components to alter the hemostatic balance and a possible involvement of HNF4α and miRNAs in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión María de Los Reyes-García
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandra Aroca
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Arroyo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Barbera
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío González-Conejero
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Constantino Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30003 Murcia, Spain
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71
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Stojanovski BM, Pelc LA, Zuo X, Pozzi N, Cera ED. Enhancing the anticoagulant profile of meizothrombin. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:169-175. [PMID: 30864392 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Meizothrombin is an active intermediate generated during the proteolytic activation of prothrombin to thrombin in the penultimate step of the coagulation cascade. Structurally, meizothrombin differs from thrombin because it retains the auxiliary Gla domain and two kringles. Functionally, meizothrombin shares with thrombin the ability to cleave procoagulant (fibrinogen), prothrombotic (PAR1) and anticoagulant (protein C) substrates, although its specificity toward fibrinogen and PAR1 is less pronounced. In this study we report information on the structural architecture of meizothrombin resolved by SAXS and single molecule FRET as an elongated arrangement of its individual domains. In addition, we show the properties of a meizothrombin construct analogous to the anticoagulant thrombin mutant W215A/E217A currently in Phase I for the treatment of thrombotic complications and stroke. The findings reveal new structural and functional aspects of meizothrombin that advance our understanding of a key intermediate of the prothrombin activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosko M Stojanovski
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 USA
| | - Leslie A Pelc
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 USA
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 USA
| | - Enrico Di Cera
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 USA
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72
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Anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) therapy: a novel approach to the treatment of haemophilia. Int J Hematol 2018; 111:42-50. [PMID: 30302740 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-2548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel approaches to the treatment of haemophilia are needed due to the limitations of the current standard of care, factor replacement therapy. Aspirations include lessening the treatment burden and effectively preventing joint damage. Treating haemophilia by restoring thrombin generation may be an effective approach. A promising target for restoring thrombin generation is tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), a multivalent Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that regulates tissue factor-induced coagulation via factor Xa-dependent feedback inhibition of the tissue factor-factor VIIa complex. Inhibition of TFPI reverts the coagulation process to a more primitive state evolutionarily, whilst regulation by other natural inhibitors is preserved. An aptamer and three monoclonal antibodies directed against TFPI have been investigated in clinical trials. As well as improving thrombin generation in the range associated with mild haemophilia, anti-TFPI therapies have the advantage of subcutaneous administration. However, the therapeutic window needs to be defined along with the potential for complications due to the novel mechanism of action. This review provides an overview of TFPI, its role in normal coagulation, the rationale for TFPI inhibition, and a summary of anti-TFPI therapies, previously or currently in development.
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73
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Qiu X, Wang W, Zhao Z, Sun S, Tang L. Pre-clinical pharmacodynamic study of a novel oral factor Xa inhibitor zifaxaban. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 836:50-56. [PMID: 30125563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zifaxaban is an orally active, direct Factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor that is in development for the prevention and treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis. This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical and pharmacological activity of zifaxaban. In vitro activity was evaluated by enzyme, platelet aggregation, and clotting assays. In vivo effects were examined in venous thrombosis, arteriovenous-shunt thrombosis, carotid thrombosis, and bleeding models in rats. Zifaxaban competitively inhibits human FXa (IC50 = 11.1 nM) with > 10,000-fold greater selectivity than other serine proteases. It did not impair platelet aggregation induced by collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or arachidonic acid. It significantly prolonged clotting time, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in the plasma of humans, rabbits, and rats, with a relatively weak effect on thrombin time (TT). In venous thrombosis models in rats, zifaxaban strongly suppressed thrombus formation with ED50 values of 3.09 mg/kg, and its best efficacy time occurred at 2 h after administration. In arteriovenous-shunt thrombosis and carotid thrombosis models in rats, it inhibited thrombus formation in a dose-dependent manner. And in the rat tail bleeding assay, it showed a trend of less bleeding than rivaroxaban at doses that achieved the same antithrombotic effect. In conclusion, zifaxaban is a selective and direct FXa inhibitor and a promising oral anticoagulant for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomiao Qiu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Weiting Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research New Drug Evaluation Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhuanyou Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research New Drug Evaluation Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shuangyong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research New Drug Evaluation Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Lida Tang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research New Drug Evaluation Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Chinnaraj M, Planer W, Pozzi N. Structure of Coagulation Factor II: Molecular Mechanism of Thrombin Generation and Development of Next-Generation Anticoagulants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:281. [PMID: 30333979 PMCID: PMC6176116 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor II, or prothrombin, is a multi-domain glycoprotein that is essential for life and a key target of anticoagulant therapy. In plasma, prothrombin circulates in two forms at equilibrium, “closed” (~80%) and “open” (~20%), brokered by the flexibility of the linker regions. Its structure remained elusive until recently when our laboratory solved the first X-ray crystal structure of the zymogen locked in the predominant closed form. Because of this technical breakthrough, fascinating aspects of the biology of prothrombin have started to become apparent, and with this, novel and important questions arise. Here, we examine the significance of the “closed”/“open” equilibrium in the context of the mechanism of thrombin generation. Further, we discuss the potential translational opportunities for the development of next-generation anticoagulants that arise from this discovery. By providing a structural overview of each alternative conformation, this minireview also offers a relevant example of modern structural biology and establishes a practical workflow to elucidate the structural features of analogous clotting and complement factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathivanan Chinnaraj
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William Planer
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Characterization of a novel selective factor Xa inhibitor, DJT06001, which reduces thrombus formation with low risk of bleeding. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 825:85-91. [PMID: 29475063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Factor Xa (FXa) is a serine protease that plays key roles in linking the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways to the final common pathway. DJT06001 is an oral, highly specific and direct FXa inhibitor for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. We characterized the compound in vitro and studied its in vivo activity in rat thrombosis models, as well as bleeding risk and Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) relationship. DJT06001 inhibited free FXa with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 0.99 nM, and exhibited >10000-fold selectivity for FXa than for other related serine proteases. DJT06001 concentration-dependently inhibited FXa activity in the prothrombinase complex with an IC50 of 2.53 nM. The concentrations for DJT06001 to double the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were 0.74 and 0.57 μM, respectively. Importantly, DJT06001 did not impair platelet aggregation induced by ADP, platelet activating factor (PAF) and collagen. Furthermore, DJT06001 inhibited thrombus formation in rat thrombosis models in a dose dependent manner. And in rat tail bleeding risk test, it caused less bleeding than rivaroxaban at doses that achieve the same antithrombotic effect. PK/PD studies further demonstrated that there was a good correlation between the plasma concentrations of DJT06001and its inhibition of plasma FXa activity and prolongation of PT. In conclusion, DJT06001 was shown to be a potent and specific FXa inhibitor with excellent PK/PD profiles and it could be developed as a new anticoagulant for the management of thromboembolic diseases.
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Bergmeier W, Antoniak S, Conway EM, Denis CV, George LA, Isermann B, Key NS, Krishnaswamy S, Lam WA, Lillicrap D, Liu J, Looney MR, López JA, Maas C, Peyvandi F, Ruf W, Sood AK, Versteeg HH, Wolberg AS, Wong PC, Wood JP, Weiler H. Advances in Clinical and Basic Science of Coagulation: Illustrated abstracts of the 9th Chapel Hill Symposium on Hemostasis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:407-428. [PMID: 30046746 PMCID: PMC6046595 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This 9th Symposium on Hemostasis is an international scientific meeting held biannually in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The meeting is in large measure the result of the close friendship between the late Dr. Harold R. Roberts of UNC Chapel Hill and Dr. Ulla Hedner of Novo Nordisk. When Novo Nordisk was developing the hemophilia therapy that would become NovoSeven, they sponsored a series of meetings to understand the basic biology and clinical applications of factor VIIa. The first meeting in Chapel Hill was held April 4-6, 2002 with Dr. Roberts as the organizer. Over the years, the conference emphasis has expanded from discussions of factor VIIa and tissue factor to additional topics in hemostasis and thrombosis. This year's meeting includes presentations by internationally renowned speakers that discuss the state-of-the-art on an array of important topics, including von Willebrand factor, engineering advances, coagulation and disease, tissue factor biology, therapeutic advances, and basic clotting factor biology. Included in this review article are illustrated abstracts provided by our speakers, which highlight the main conclusions of each invited talk. This will be the first meeting without Dr. Roberts in attendance, yet his commitment to excellent science and his focus on turning science to patient care are pervasively reflected in the presentations by our speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | | | | | - Lindsey A George
- University of Pennsylvania Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | - Nigel S Key
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Sriram Krishnaswamy
- University of Pennsylvania Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Mark R Looney
- University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - José A López
- School of Medicine Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Coen Maas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | | | - Alisa S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Pancras C Wong
- Transfusion Medicine Hematology Bristol-Meyers Squibb Pennington NJ USA
| | - Jeremy P Wood
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute Blood Center of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA
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77
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Gresele P, Momi S, Malvestiti M, Sebastiano M. Platelet-targeted pharmacologic treatments as anti-cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:331-355. [PMID: 28707198 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelets act as multifunctional cells participating in immune response, inflammation, allergy, tissue regeneration, and lymphoangiogenesis. Among the best-established aspects of a role of platelets in non-hemostatic or thrombotic disorders, there is their participation in cancer invasion and metastasis. The interaction of many different cancer cells with platelets leads to platelet activation, and on the other hand platelet activation is strongly instrumental to the pro-carcinogenic and pro-metastatic activities of platelets. It is thus obvious that over the last years a lot of interest has focused on the possible chemopreventive effect of platelet-targeted pharmacologic treatments. This article gives an overview of the platelet-targeted pharmacologic approaches that have been attempted in the prevention of cancer development, progression, and metastasis, including the application of anti-platelet drugs currently used for cardiovascular disease and of new and novel pharmacologic strategies. Despite the fact that very promising results have been obtained with some of these approaches in pre-clinical models, with the exclusion of aspirin, clinical evidence of a beneficial effect of anti-platelet agents in cancer is however still largely missing. Future studies with platelet-targeted drugs in cancer must carefully deal with design issues, and in particular with the careful selection of patients, and/or explore novel platelet targets in order to provide a solution to the critical issue of the risk/benefit profile of long-term anti-platelet therapy in the prevention of cancer progression and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gresele
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Via Enrico dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - S Momi
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Via Enrico dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Malvestiti
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Via Enrico dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Sebastiano
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Via Enrico dal Pozzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Heinzmann A, Hackeng TM, Hartmann R, Scheiflinger F, Dockal M, Rosing J, Peraramelli S, Thomassen S. Role of exosite binding modulators in the inhibition of Fxa by TFPI. Thromb Haemost 2018; 115:580-90. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-04-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) down-regulates the extrinsic coagulation pathway by inhibiting FXa and FVIIa. Both TFPI and FXa interact with several plasma proteins (e. g. prothrombin, FV/FVa, protein S) and non-proteinaceous compounds (e. g. phospholipids, heparin). It was our aim to investigate effects of ligands that bind to FXa and TFPI on FXa inhibition by full-length TFPI (designated TFPI) and truncated TFPI (TFPI1-150). Inhibition of FXa by TFPI and TFPI1-150 and effects of phospholipids, heparin, prothrombin, FV, FVa, and protein S thereon was quantified from progress curves of conversion of the FXa-specific chromogenic substrate CS11-(65). Low concentrations negatively charged phospholipids (~10 μM) already maximally stimulated (up to 5- to 6-fold) FXa inhibition by TFPI. Unfractionated heparin at concentrations (0.2–1 U/ml) enhanced FXa inhibition by TFPI ~8-fold, but impaired inhibition at concentrations > 1 U/ml. Physiological protein S and FV concentrations both enhanced FXa inhibition by TFPI 2- to 3-fold. In contrast, thrombin-activated FV (FVa) impaired the ability of TFPI to inhibit FXa. FXa inhibition by TFPI1–150 was not affected by FV, FVa, protein S, phospholipids and heparin. TFPI potently inhibited FXa-catalysed prothrombin activation in the absence of FVa, but hardly inhibited prothrombin activation in the presence of thrombin-activated FVa. In conclusion, physiological concentrations TFPI (0.25–0.5 nM TFPI) inhibit FXa with a t1/2 between 3–15 minutes. Direct FXa inhibition by TFPI is modulated by physiological concentrations prothrombin, FV, FVa, protein S, phospholipids and heparin indicating the importance of these modulators for the in vivo anticoagulant activity of TFPI.
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79
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Chakraborty P, Acquasaliente L, Pelc LA, Di Cera E. Interplay between conformational selection and zymogen activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4080. [PMID: 29511224 PMCID: PMC5840343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-like proteases are synthesized as zymogens and activated through a mechanism that folds the active site for efficient binding and catalysis. Ligand binding to the active site is therefore a valuable source of information on the changes that accompany zymogen activation. Using the physiologically relevant transition of the clotting zymogen prothrombin to the mature protease thrombin, we show that the mechanism of ligand recognition follows selection within a pre-existing ensemble of conformations with the active site accessible (E) or inaccessible (E*) to binding. Prothrombin exists mainly in the E* conformational ensemble and conversion to thrombin produces two dominant changes: a progressive shift toward the E conformational ensemble triggered by removal of the auxiliary domains upon cleavage at R271 and a drastic drop of the rate of ligand dissociation from the active site triggered by cleavage at R320. Together, these effects produce a significant (700-fold) increase in binding affinity. Limited proteolysis reveals how the E*-E equilibrium shifts during prothrombin activation and influences exposure of the sites of cleavage at R271 and R320. These new findings on the molecular underpinnings of prothrombin activation are relevant to other zymogens with modular assembly involved in blood coagulation, complement and fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Chakraborty
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Leslie A Pelc
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Enrico Di Cera
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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80
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Dual inhibition of HY023016 based on binding properties of platelet membrane receptor subunit glycoprotein Ibα and thrombin exosites. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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81
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Structure of prothrombin in the closed form reveals new details on the mechanism of activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2945. [PMID: 29440720 PMCID: PMC5811608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The clotting factor prothrombin exists in equilibrium between closed and open conformations, but the physiological role of these forms remains unclear. As for other allosteric proteins, elucidation of the linkage between molecular transitions and function is facilitated by reagents stabilized in each of the alternative conformations. The open form of prothrombin has been characterized structurally, but little is known about the architecture of the closed form that predominates in solution under physiological conditions. Using X-ray crystallography and single-molecule FRET, we characterize a prothrombin construct locked in the closed conformation through an engineered disulfide bond. The construct: (i) provides structural validation of the intramolecular collapse of kringle-1 onto the protease domain reported recently; (ii) documents the critical role of the linker connecting kringle-1 to kringle-2 in stabilizing the closed form; and (iii) reveals novel mechanisms to shift the equilibrium toward the open conformation. Together with functional studies, our findings define the role of closed and open conformations in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and establish a molecular framework for prothrombin activation that rationalizes existing phenotypes associated with prothrombin mutations and points to new strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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82
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Dahlbäck B, Guo LJ, Livaja‐Koshiar R, Tran S. Factor V-short and protein S as synergistic tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPIα) cofactors. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:114-124. [PMID: 30046712 PMCID: PMC6055574 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FV-Short is a normal splice variant of Factor V (FV) having a short B domain, which exposes a high affinity-binding site for tissue factor pathway inhibitor α (TFPIα). FV-Short and TFPIα circulate in complex in plasma. OBJECTIVES The aim was to elucidate whether FV-Short affects TFPIα as inhibitor of coagulation FXa and to test whether the TFPIα-cofactor activity of protein S is influenced by FV-Short. METHODS Recombinant FV, wild-type FV-Short and a FV-Short thrombin-cleavage resistant variant were expressed and purified. The influence of FV and FV-Short variants and/or protein S on the FXa inhibitory activity of TFPIα was monitored both in a purified system and in a plasma-based thrombin generation assay. RESULTS FV-Short had intrinsically weak TFPIα-cofactor activity but with protein S present, FV-Short yielded efficient inactivation of FXa. Protein S alone did not promote full TFPIα-activity. Intact FV was inefficient at low protein S concentrations and had 10-fold lower activity compared to FV-Short at physiological protein S levels. Activation of FV-Short by thrombin resulted in the loss of the TFPIα-cofactor activity. The synergistic TFPIα-cofactor activity of FV-Short and protein S was also demonstrated in plasma using a thrombin generation assay. CONCLUSIONS FV-Short and protein S are highly efficient, synergistic cofactors to TFPIα in the regulation of FXa activity, whereas full length FV has lower activity. Our results suggest the formation of an efficient FXa-inhibitory complex between FV-Short, TFPIα and protein S on the surface of negatively charged phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Dahlbäck
- Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversitySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Li Jun Guo
- Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversitySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Ruzica Livaja‐Koshiar
- Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversitySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Sinh Tran
- Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversitySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
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83
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Billur R, Ban D, Sabo TM, Maurer MC. Deciphering Conformational Changes Associated with the Maturation of Thrombin Anion Binding Exosite I. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6343-6354. [PMID: 29111672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin participates in procoagulation, anticoagulation, and platelet activation. This enzyme contains anion binding exosites, ABE I and ABE II, which attract regulatory biomolecules. As prothrombin is activated to thrombin, pro-ABE I is converted into mature ABE I. Unexpectedly, certain ligands can bind to pro-ABE I specifically. Moreover, knowledge of changes in conformation and affinity that occur at the individual residue level as pro-ABE I is converted to ABE I is lacking. Such changes are transient and were not captured by crystallography. Therefore, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titrations to monitor development of ABE I using peptides based on protease-activated receptor 3 (PAR3). Proton line broadening NMR revealed that PAR3 (44-56) and more weakly binding PAR3G (44-56) could already interact with pro-ABE I on prothrombin. 1H-15N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence NMR titrations were then used to probe binding of individual 15N-labeled PAR3G residues (F47, E48, L52, and D54). PAR3G E48 and D54 could interact electrostatically with prothrombin and tightened upon thrombin maturation. The higher affinity for PAR3G D54 suggests the region surrounding thrombin R77a is better oriented to bind D54 than the interaction between PAR3G E48 and thrombin R75. Aromatic PAR3G F47 and aliphatic L52 both reported on significant changes in the chemical environment upon conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The ABE I region surrounding the 30s loop was more affected than the hydrophobic pocket (F34, L65, and I82). Our NMR titrations demonstrate that PAR3 residues document structural rearrangements occurring during exosite maturation that are missed by reported X-ray crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Billur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - David Ban
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - T Michael Sabo
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - Muriel C Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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84
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Dahlbäck B. Novel insights into the regulation of coagulation by factor V isoforms, tissue factor pathway inhibitorα, and protein S. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1241-1250. [PMID: 28671348 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Factor V (FV) is a regulator of both pro- and anticoagulant pathways. It circulates as a single-chain procofactor, which is activated by thrombin or FXa to FVa that serves as cofactor for FXa in prothrombin activation. The cofactor function of FVa is regulated by activated protein C (APC) and protein S. FV can also function as an anticoagulant APC cofactor in the inhibition of FVIIIa in the membrane-bound tenase complex (FIXa/FVIIIa). In recent years, it has become clear that FV also functions in multiple ways in the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) anticoagulant pathway. Of particular importance is a FV splice variant (FV-Short) that serves as a carrier and cofactor to TFPIα in the inhibition of FXa. FV-Short is generated through alternative splicing of exon 13 that encodes the large activation B domain. A highly negatively charged binding site for TFPIα is exposed in the C-terminus of the FV-Short B domain, which binds the positively charged C-terminus of TFPIα, thus keeping TFPIα in circulation. The binding of TFPIα to FV-Short is also instrumental in localizing the inhibitor to the surface of negatively charged phospholipids, where TFPIα inhibits FXa in process that is stimulated by protein S. Plasma FV activation intermediates and partially proteolyzed platelet FV similarly bind TFPIα with high affinity and regulate formation of prothrombinase. The novel insights gained into the interaction between FV isoforms, TFPIα, and protein S have opened a new avenue for research about the mechanisms of coagulation regulation and also for future development of therapeutics aimed at modulating coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dahlbäck
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
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85
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Kastelowitz N, Tamura R, Onasoga A, Stalker TJ, White OR, Brown PN, Brodsky GL, Brass LF, Branchford BR, Di Paola J, Yin H. Peptides derived from MARCKS block coagulation complex assembly on phosphatidylserine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4275. [PMID: 28655899 PMCID: PMC5487340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation involves activation of platelets and coagulation factors. At the interface of these two processes resides the lipid phosphatidylserine. Activated platelets expose phosphatidylserine on their outer membrane leaflet and activated clotting factors assemble into enzymatically active complexes on the exposed lipid, ultimately leading to the formation of fibrin. Here, we describe how small peptide and peptidomimetic probes derived from the lipid binding domain of the protein myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) bind to phosphatidylserine exposed on activated platelets and thereby inhibit fibrin formation. The MARCKS peptides antagonize the binding of factor Xa to phosphatidylserine and inhibit the enzymatic activity of prothrombinase. In whole blood under flow, the MARCKS peptides colocalize with, and inhibit fibrin cross-linking, of adherent platelets. In vivo, we find that the MARCKS peptides circulate to remote injuries and bind to activated platelets in the inner core of developing thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Kastelowitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryo Tamura
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Abimbola Onasoga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy J Stalker
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ormacinda R White
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter N Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Gary L Brodsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lawrence F Brass
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian R Branchford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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86
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Govindarajan V, Rakesh V, Reifman J, Mitrophanov AY. Computational Study of Thrombus Formation and Clotting Factor Effects under Venous Flow Conditions. Biophys J 2017; 110:1869-1885. [PMID: 27119646 PMCID: PMC4850327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of thrombus formation as a physicochemical process that has evolved to protect the integrity of the human vasculature is critical to our ability to predict and control pathological states caused by a malfunctioning blood coagulation system. Despite numerous investigations, the spatial and temporal details of thrombus growth as a multicomponent process are not fully understood. Here, we used computational modeling to investigate the temporal changes in the spatial distributions of the key enzymatic (i.e., thrombin) and structural (i.e., platelets and fibrin) components within a growing thrombus. Moreover, we investigated the interplay between clot structure and its mechanical properties, such as hydraulic resistance to flow. Our model relied on the coupling of computational fluid dynamics and biochemical kinetics, and was validated using flow-chamber data from a previous experimental study. The model allowed us to identify the distinct patterns characterizing the spatial distributions of thrombin, platelets, and fibrin accumulating within a thrombus. Our modeling results suggested that under the simulated conditions, thrombin kinetics was determined predominantly by prothrombinase. Furthermore, our simulations showed that thrombus resistance imparted by fibrin was ∼30-fold higher than that imparted by platelets. Yet, thrombus-mediated bloodflow occlusion was driven primarily by the platelet deposition process, because the height of the platelet accumulation domain was approximately twice that of the fibrin accumulation domain. Fibrinogen supplementation in normal blood resulted in a nonlinear increase in thrombus resistance, and for a supplemented fibrinogen level of 48%, the thrombus resistance increased by ∼2.7-fold. Finally, our model predicted that restoring the normal levels of clotting factors II, IX, and X while simultaneously restoring fibrinogen (to 88% of its normal level) in diluted blood can restore fibrin generation to ∼78% of its normal level and hence improve clot formation under dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Govindarajan
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Vineet Rakesh
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
| | - Alexander Y Mitrophanov
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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87
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Galochkina T, Bouchnita A, Kurbatova P, Volpert V. Reaction-diffusion waves of blood coagulation. Math Biosci 2017; 288:130-139. [PMID: 28347652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of blood coagulation is the speed of clot growth. In the current work we consider a mathematical model of the coagulation cascade and study existence, stability and speed of propagation of the reaction-diffusion waves of blood coagulation. We also develop a simplified one-equation model that reflects the main features of the thrombin wave propagation. For this equation we estimate the wave speed analytically. The resulting formulas provide a good approximation for the speed of wave propagation in a more complex model as well as for the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Galochkina
- Camille Jordan Institute, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69622 France; INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Antenne Lyon la Doua, Villeurbanne, 69603 France; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia.
| | - Anass Bouchnita
- Camille Jordan Institute, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69622 France; INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Antenne Lyon la Doua, Villeurbanne, 69603 France; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Lyon, 69376 France; Laboratory of Study and Research in Applied Mathematics, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohamed V university, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Polina Kurbatova
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Lyon, 69376 France
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Camille Jordan Institute, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69622 France; INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Antenne Lyon la Doua, Villeurbanne, 69603 France; RUDN University, Moscow, 117198 Russia
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88
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Abstract
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, an essential posttranslational modification catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, is required for the biological functions of proteins that control blood coagulation, vascular calcification, bone metabolism, and other important physiological processes. Concomitant with carboxylation, reduced vitamin K (KH2) is oxidized to vitamin K epoxide (KO). KO must be recycled back to KH2 by the enzymes vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K reductase in a pathway known as the vitamin K cycle. Our current knowledge about the enzymes of the vitamin K cycle is mainly based on in vitro studies of each individual enzymes under artificial conditions, which are of limited usefulness in understanding how the complex carboxylation process is carried out in the physiological environment. In this chapter, we review the current in vitro activity assays for vitamin K cycle enzymes. We describe the rationale, establishment, and application of cell-based assays for the functional study of these enzymes in the native cellular milieu. In these cell-based assays, different vitamin K-dependent proteins were designed and stably expressed in mammalian cells as reporter proteins to accommodate the readily used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for carboxylation efficiency evaluation. Additionally, recently emerged genome-editing techniques TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9 were used to knock out the endogenous enzymes in the reporter cell lines to eliminate the background. These cell-based assays are easy to scale up for high-throughput screening of inhibitors of vitamin K cycle enzymes and have been successfully used to clarify the genotypes and their clinical phenotypes of enzymes of the vitamin K cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-K Tie
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - D W Stafford
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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89
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Pozzi N, Di Cera E. Dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1814-8. [PMID: 27359051 PMCID: PMC5035593 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Prothrombin converts slowly to thrombin upon interaction with histone H4. Histone H4 may also affect the reactivity of prothrombin toward factor Xa. Histone H4 enhances or inhibits activation by factor Xa depending on cofactor Va. The results reveal an unanticipated dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation by factor Xa. SUMMARY Background Recent studies have documented the ability of prothrombin to convert to the mature protease thrombin upon interaction with histone H4. The effect is abrogated by mutation of the catalytic Ser and requires the Gla domain. Objectives To explore the effect of histone H4 on the reactivity of prothrombin to its physiological activator factor (F) Xa, free or assembled in the prothrombinase complex. Methods The effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation by FXa and prothrombinase is studied with kinetic assays. The potential epitope of prothrombin recognizing histone H4 is explored with electrostatic calculations using recent crystal structures. Results and Conclusions Binding of histone H4 has a dual effect on prothrombin activation by FXa that is of mechanistic significance: it enhances the reaction > 10-fold in the absence of cofactor Va, but produces complete inhibition in the presence of cofactor. Histone H4 binding to prothrombin produces very slow autoactivation independent of the coagulation cascade and promotes slow thrombin generation by FXa in the absence of phospholipids. In addition, histone H4 has a rapid and drastic inhibitory effect on prothrombin activation by prothrombinase that is likely to dominate pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - E Di Cera
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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90
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Abstract
Factor XII is a mysterious plasma protein without a clear physiologic function. It was identified as a clotting factor, but has no clear role in hemostasis. However, FXII also contributes to the production of bradykinin, a short-lived inflammatory peptide. A growing body of mechanistic research from animal models indicates that FXII contributes to thrombotic disease by triggering excessive coagulation. FXII is evolutionarily conserved, suggesting that this molecule does have a physiologic function. This leads to intriguing questions: What does FXII really do? Is it even a real clotting factor at all? Before the groundbreaking discovery of a role for FXII in thrombotic disease, many studies investigated the biochemical properties of FXII and its activators. In this review, we highlight several biochemical studies that reveal much about the natural behavior of FXII. On the basis of these findings, it is possible to draft a conceptual model to explain how FXII reacts to surface materials. We then discuss how this model applies to the activities of FXII in its natural environment. There are two tentative physiologic functions of FXII that can operate exclusively: (i) maintenance of thrombus stability; (ii) local regulation of vascular permeability. Either, or both, of these natural functions may explain the evolutionary development and maintenance of FXII.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Maat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Maas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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91
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Dabigatran and Argatroban Diametrically Modulate Thrombin Exosite Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157471. [PMID: 27305147 PMCID: PMC4909201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a highly plastic molecule whose activity and specificity are regulated by exosites 1 and 2, positively-charged domains that flank the active site. Exosite binding by substrates and cofactors regulates thrombin activity by localizing thrombin, guiding substrates, and by inducing allosteric changes at the active site. Although inter-exosite and exosite-to-active-site allostery have been demonstrated, the impact of active site ligation on exosite function has not been examined. To address this gap, we used surface plasmon resonance to determine the effects of dabigatran and argatroban, active site-directed inhibitors, on thrombin binding to immobilized γA/γA-fibrin or glycoprotein Ibα peptide via exosite 1 and 2, respectively, and thrombin binding to γA/γ′-fibrin or factor Va, which is mediated by both exosites. Whereas dabigatran attenuated binding, argatroban increased thrombin binding to γA/γA- and γA/γ′-fibrin and to factor Va. The results with immobilized fibrin were confirmed by examining the binding of radiolabeled thrombin to fibrin clots. Thus, dabigatran modestly accelerated the dissociation of thrombin from γA/γA-fibrin clots, whereas argatroban attenuated dissociation. Dabigatran had no effect on thrombin binding to glycoprotein Ibα peptide, whereas argatroban promoted binding. These findings not only highlight functional effects of thrombin allostery, but also suggest that individual active site-directed thrombin inhibitors uniquely modulate exosite function, thereby identifying potential novel mechanisms of action.
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92
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Tie JK, Carneiro JDA, Jin DY, Martinhago CD, Vermeer C, Stafford DW. Characterization of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase mutations that cause bleeding and nonbleeding disorders. Blood 2016; 127:1847-55. [PMID: 26758921 PMCID: PMC4832504 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-677633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors deficiency is a bleeding disorder mainly associated with mutations in γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) that often has fatal outcomes. Some patients with nonbleeding syndromes linked to GGCX mutations, however, show no coagulation abnormalities. The correlation between GGCX genotypes and their clinical phenotypes has been previously unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of novel GGCX mutations in a patient with both severe cerebral bleeding disorder and comorbid Keutel syndrome, a nonbleeding malady caused by functional defects of matrix γ-carboxyglutamate protein (MGP). To characterize GGCX mutants in a cellular milieu, we established a cell-based assay by stably expressing 2 reporter proteins (a chimeric coagulation factor and MGP) in HEK293 cells. The endogenous GGCX gene in these cells was knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing. Our results show that, compared with wild-type GGCX, the patient's GGCX D153G mutant significantly decreased coagulation factor carboxylation and abolished MGP carboxylation at the physiological concentration of vitamin K. Higher vitamin K concentrations can restore up to 60% of coagulation factor carboxylation but do not ameliorate MGP carboxylation. These results are consistent with the clinical results obtained from the patient treated with vitamin K, suggesting that the D153G alteration in GGCX is the causative mutation for both the bleeding and nonbleeding disorders in our patient. These findings provide the first evidence of a GGCX mutation resulting in 2 distinct clinical phenotypes; the established cell-based assay provides a powerful tool for studying the clinical consequences of naturally occurring GGCX mutations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ke Tie
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jorge D A Carneiro
- Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Da-Yun Jin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Cees Vermeer
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Darrel W Stafford
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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93
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Bradford HN, Krishnaswamy S. The Fragment 1 Region of Prothrombin Facilitates the Favored Binding of Fragment 12 to Zymogen and Enforces Zymogen-like Character in the Proteinase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11114-23. [PMID: 27013660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is produced from the C-terminal half of prothrombin following its proteolytic activation. The N-terminal half, released as the propiece Fragment 12 (F12), is composed of an N-terminal γ-carboxyglutamate domain (Gla) followed by two kringles (K1 and K2). The propiece plays essential roles in regulating prothrombin activation and proteinase function. The latter results from the ability of F12 to reversibly bind to the (pro)catalytic domain through K2 with high affinity and highly favorable thermodynamic constants when it is a zymogen in comparison to proteinase. Such discrimination is lost for K2 binding after proteolytic removal of the N-terminal Gla-K1 region of F12. The Ca(2+)-stabilized structure of the Gla domain is not required for F12 to bind the zymogen form more favorably. Enhanced binding to zymogen versus proteinase correlates with the ability of the propiece to enforce zymogen-like character in the proteinase. This is evident in variants of meizothrombin, an intermediate of prothrombin activation that contains the propiece covalently attached. This phenomenon is also independent of the Gla domain. Thus, the presence of K1 in covalent linkage with K2 in the propiece governs the ability of K2 to bind the (pro)catalytic domain in favor of zymogen, thereby enforcing zymogen-like character in the proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlan N Bradford
- From the Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and
| | - Sriram Krishnaswamy
- From the Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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94
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Jenny L, Dobó J, Gál P, Schroeder V. MASP-1 Induced Clotting--The First Model of Prothrombin Activation by MASP-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144633. [PMID: 26645987 PMCID: PMC4672900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), a protein of the complement lectin pathway, resembles thrombin in terms of structural features and substrate specificity. Due to its interplay with several coagulation factors, it has the ability to induce fibrin clot formation independent of the usual coagulation activation pathways. We have recently shown that MASP-1 activates prothrombin and identified arginine (R) 155, R271, and R393 as potential cleavage sites. FXa cleaves R320 instead of R393, and thrombin cleaves R155 and R284 in prothrombin. Here we have used three arginine-to-glutamine mutants of prothrombin, R271Q, R320Q, R393Q and the serine-to-alanine active site mutant S525A to investigate in detail the mechanism of MASP-1 mediated prothrombin activation. Prothrombin wildtype and mutants were digested with MASP-1 and the cleavage products were analysed by SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing. A functional clotting assay was performed by thrombelastography. We have found that MASP-1 activates prothrombin via two simultaneous pathways, either cleaving at R271 or R393 first. Both pathways result in the formation of several active alternative thrombin species. Functional studies confirmed that both R393 and R320 are required for prothrombin activation by MASP-1, whereas R155 is not considered to be an important cleavage site in this process. In conclusion, we have described for the first time a detailed model of prothrombin activation by MASP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Jenny
- University Clinic of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verena Schroeder
- University Clinic of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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95
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease with different described behaviors, including stricture. At present, there are no laboratory studies that can differentiate stricturing CD from other phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease. We performed a pilot study to examine differences in the proteome among patients with stricturing CD, nonstricturing CD, and ulcerative colitis. METHODS Serum samples were selected from the Ocean State Crohn's and Colitis Area Registry, an established cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Patients with CD with surgically resected stricture were matched with similar patients with CD without known stricture and with ulcerative colitis. Serum samples from each patient were digested and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize the proteome. Statistical analyses were performed to identify peptides and proteins that can differentiate CD with stricture. RESULTS Samples from 9 patients in each group (27 total patients) were analyzed. Baseline demographic characteristics were similar among the 3 groups. We quantified 7668 peptides and 897 proteins for analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a subset of peptides with an area under the curve greater than 0.9, indicating greater separation potential. Partial least squares discriminant analysis was able to distinguish among the three groups with up to 70% accuracy by peptides and up to 80% accuracy by proteins. We identified the significantly different proteins and peptides and determined their function based on previously published literature. CONCLUSIONS The serum of patients with stricturing CD, nonstricturing CD, and ulcerative colitis is distinguishable through proteomic analysis. Some of the proteins that differentiate the stricturing phenotype have been implicated in complement activation, fibrinolytic pathways, and lymphocyte adhesion.
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96
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Naudin C, Hurley SM, Malmström E, Plug T, Shannon O, Meijers JCM, Mörgelin M, Björck L, Herwald H. Active but inoperable thrombin is accumulated in a plasma protein layer surrounding Streptococcus pyogenes. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:717-26. [PMID: 25994766 DOI: 10.1160/th15-02-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of thrombin is a critical determinant in many physiological and pathological processes including haemostasis and inflammation. Under physiological conditions many of these functions are involved in wound healing or eradication of an invading pathogen. However, when activated systemically, thrombin can contribute to severe and life-threatening conditions by causing complications such as multiple multi-organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In the present study we investigated how the activity of thrombin is modulated when it is bound to the surface of Streptococcus pyogenes. Our data show that S. pyogenes bacteria become covered with a proteinaceous layer when incubated with human plasma, and that thrombin is a constituent of this layer. Though the coagulation factor is found attached to the bacteria with a functional active site, thrombin has lost its capacity to interact with its natural substrates and inhibitors. Thus, the interaction of bacteria with human plasma renders thrombin completely inoperable at the streptococcal surface. This could represent a host defense mechanism to avoid systemic activation of coagulation which could be otherwise induced when bacteria enter the circulation and cause systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Naudin
- Clément Naudin, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center (BMC), Floor B14, Tornavägen 10, 22184 Lund, Sweden, Tel.: + 46 46 2226807, Fax: + 46 46 157756, E-mail:
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97
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Jenny L, Dobó J, Gál P, Schroeder V. MASP-1 of the complement system promotes clotting via prothrombin activation. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:398-405. [PMID: 25745807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), a protein of the complement lectin pathway, resembles thrombin in terms of structural features and substrate specificity, and it has been shown to activate coagulation factors. Here we studied the effects of MASP-1 on clot formation in whole blood (WB) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) by thrombelastography and further elucidated the underlying mechanism. Cleavage of prothrombin by MASP-1 was investigated by SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing of cleavage products. Addition of MASP-1 or thrombin to WB and PPP shortened the clotting time and clot formation time significantly compared to recalcified-only samples. The combination of MASP-1 and thrombin had additive effects. In a purified system, MASP-1 was able to induce clotting only in presence of prothrombin. Analysis of MASP-1-digested prothrombin confirmed that MASP-1 cleaves prothrombin at three cleavage sites. In conclusion, we have shown that MASP-1 is able to induce and promote clot formation measured in a global setting using the technique of thrombelastography. We further confirmed that MASP-1-induced clotting is dependent on prothrombin. Finally, we have demonstrated that MASP-1 cleaves prothrombin and identified its cleavage sites, suggesting that MASP-1 gives rise to an alternative active form of thrombin by cleaving at the cleavage site R393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Jenny
- University Clinic of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verena Schroeder
- University Clinic of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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98
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Sabino F, Hermes O, Egli FE, Kockmann T, Schlage P, Croizat P, Kizhakkedathu JN, Smola H, auf dem Keller U. In vivo assessment of protease dynamics in cutaneous wound healing by degradomics analysis of porcine wound exudates. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:354-70. [PMID: 25516628 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases control complex tissue responses by modulating inflammation, cell proliferation and migration, and matrix remodeling. All these processes are orchestrated in cutaneous wound healing to restore the skin's barrier function upon injury. Altered protease activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of healing impairments, and proteases are important targets in diagnosis and therapy of this pathology. Global assessment of proteolysis at critical turning points after injury will define crucial events in acute healing that might be disturbed in healing disorders. As optimal biospecimens, wound exudates contain an ideal proteome to detect extracellular proteolytic events, are noninvasively accessible, and can be collected at multiple time points along the healing process from the same wound in the clinics. In this study, we applied multiplexed Terminal Amine Isotopic Labeling of Substrates (TAILS) to globally assess proteolysis in early phases of cutaneous wound healing. By quantitative analysis of proteins and protein N termini in wound fluids from a clinically relevant pig wound model, we identified more than 650 proteins and discerned major healing phases through distinctive abundance clustering of markers of inflammation, granulation tissue formation, and re-epithelialization. TAILS revealed a high degree of proteolysis at all time points after injury by detecting almost 1300 N-terminal peptides in ∼450 proteins. Quantitative positional proteomics mapped pivotal interdependent processing events in the blood coagulation and complement cascades, temporally discerned clotting and fibrinolysis during the healing process, and detected processing of complement C3 at distinct time points after wounding and by different proteases. Exploiting data on primary cleavage specificities, we related candidate proteases to cleavage events and revealed processing of the integrin adapter protein kindlin-3 by caspase-3, generating new hypotheses for protease-substrate relations in the healing skin wound in vivo. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifier PXD001198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sabino
- From the ‡ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Hermes
- From the ‡ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian E Egli
- From the ‡ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kockmann
- From the ‡ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schlage
- From the ‡ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Croizat
- §Paul Hartmann AG, Paul Hartmann Strasse 12, 89522 Heidenheim, Germany
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- ¶University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Chemistry, Centre for Blood Research, 4.401 Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Hans Smola
- §Paul Hartmann AG, Paul Hartmann Strasse 12, 89522 Heidenheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich auf dem Keller
- From the ‡ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
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99
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Li YJ, Chiu WJ, Unnikrishnan B, Huang CC. Monitoring thrombin generation and screening anticoagulants through pulse laser-induced fragmentation of biofunctional nanogold on cellulose membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15253-15261. [PMID: 25141032 DOI: 10.1021/am503615c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin generation (TG) has an important part in the blood coagulation system, and monitoring TG is useful for diagnosing various health issues related to hypo-coagulability and hyper-coagulability. In this study, we constructed probes by using mixed cellulose ester membranes (MCEMs) modified with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for monitoring thrombin activity using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). The LDI process produced Au cationic clusters ([Au(n)](+); n = 1-3) that we detected through MS. When thrombin reacted with fibrinogen on the Au NPs-MCEMs, insoluble fibrin was formed, hindering the formation of Au cationic clusters and, thereby, decreasing the intensity of their signals in the mass spectrum. Accordingly, we incorporated fibrinogen onto the Au NPs-MCEMs to form Fib-Au NPs-MCEM probes to monitor TG with good selectivity (>1000-fold toward thrombin with respect to other proteins or enzymes) and sensitivity (limit of detection for thrombin of ca. 2.5 pM in human plasma samples). Our probe exhibited remarkable performance in monitoring the inhibition of thrombin activity by direct thrombin inhibitors. Analyses of real samples using our new membrane-based probe suggested that it will be highly useful in practical applications for the effective management of hemostatic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Li
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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100
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Bafunno V, Bury L, Tiscia GL, Fierro T, Favuzzi G, Caliandro R, Sessa F, Grandone E, Margaglione M, Gresele P. A novel congenital dysprothrombinemia leading to defective prothrombin maturation. Thromb Res 2014; 134:1135-41. [PMID: 25242243 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prothrombin deficiency is a very rare disorder caused by mutations in the F2 gene that generate hypoprothrombinemia or dysprothrombinemia and is characterized by bleeding manifestations that can vary from clinically irrelevant to life-threatening. AIM Here we characterize a patient with a novel missense mutation in F2, c.1090T/A (p.Val322Glu), that causes severe dysprothrombinemia. METHODS Coagulation assays, prothrombin Western Blotting, FII activation by Ecarin, fibrinogen degradation products quantification and thrombin generation assay were carried out to assess prothrombin expression and function. PCR followed by direct sequencing was carried out to characterize the mutation. In silico analysis for missense variant and molecular modeling were applied to predict the mechanism that leads to dysprothrombinemia. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The homozygous patient had a markedly prolonged prothrombin time, strongly reduced FII activity (0.82%) but normal antigen levels. In the thrombin generation assay the lag time and the peak height were unmeasurable, suggesting that the Val322Glu mutation results in the inability of the mutant prothrombin to be fully activated to thrombin. In fact, prothrombin activation by ecarin was defective, with a massive accumulation of the meizothrombin intermediate. Molecular modeling and dynamic simulation studies showed that the Val322Glu mutation interferes with protein flexibility at Arg271 and Arg320. This impairs the switch of the protein from zymogen to proteinase, thus preventing the formation of thrombin. Accumulated meizothrombin, however, maintains some fibrinogen-degrading activity, as shown by the formation of FDPs, and this probably explains the patient's mild bleeding phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bafunno
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Bury
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Tiscia
- Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Unit, Research Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Fierro
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Favuzzi
- Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Unit, Research Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Elvira Grandone
- Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Unit, Research Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Margaglione
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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