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Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang T, Zhou S, Liang X, Xie C, Kang Z, Chen D, Zheng L. The Small Secreted Protein FoSsp1 Elicits Plant Defenses and Negatively Regulates Pathogenesis in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc4). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:873451. [PMID: 35620677 PMCID: PMC9129915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.873451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.), a typical vascular wilt disease caused by the soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (Foc4), seriously threatens banana production worldwide. Pathogens, including vascular wilt fungi, secrete small cysteine-rich proteins during colonization. Some of these proteins are required for pathogenicity. In this study, 106 small secretory proteins that contain a classic N-terminal signal peptide were identified using bioinformatic methods in Foc4. Among them, 11 proteins were selected to show transient expressions in tobacco. Interestingly, transient expression of FoSsp1 in tobacco, an uncharacterized protein (of 145 aa), induced necrotic cell death reactive oxygen burst, and callous deposition. Furthermore, the expression of FoSSP1 in Foc4 wild type (WT) was up-regulated during the stage of banana roots colonization. A split-marker approach was used to knock out FoSSP1 in the Foc4 WT strain. Compared with the WT, the deletion mutant Fossp1 was normal in growth rate but increased in conidiation and virulence. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of four conidiation regulator genes in the Fossp1 deletion mutant was significantly decreased compared to the WT strain. In addition, the expression of four pathogenesis-related genes of bananas infected with Fossp1 deletion mutant was down-regulated in comparison with that of the WT. In summary, these results suggested that FoSSP1 is a putative elicitor that negatively regulates conidiation and pathogenicity in Foc4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xinchun Zhang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Changping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Daipeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education and School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Wei W, Xu L, Peng H, Zhu W, Tanaka K, Cheng J, Sanguinet KA, Vandemark G, Chen W. A fungal extracellular effector inactivates plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2213. [PMID: 35468894 PMCID: PMC9038911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens degrade cell wall through secreted polygalacturonases (PGs) during infection. Plants counteract the PGs by producing PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) for protection, reversibly binding fungal PGs, and mitigating their hydrolytic activities. To date, how fungal pathogens specifically overcome PGIP inhibition is unknown. Here, we report an effector, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum PGIP-INactivating Effector 1 (SsPINE1), which directly interacts with and functionally inactivates PGIP. S. sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungus that causes stem rot diseases on more than 600 plant species with tissue maceration being the most prominent symptom. SsPINE1 enhances S. sclerotiorum necrotrophic virulence by specifically interacting with host PGIPs to negate their polygalacturonase-inhibiting function via enhanced dissociation of PGIPs from PGs. Targeted deletion of SsPINE1 reduces the fungal virulence. Ectopic expression of SsPINE1 in plant reduces its resistance against S. sclerotiorum. Functional and genomic analyses reveal a conserved virulence mechanism of cognate PINE1 proteins in broad host range necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Plants produce polygalacuturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) to counteract cell wall degradation by pathogenic microbes. Here the authors show that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal pathogen that causes stem rot disease, secretes a PGIP-inactivating effector to diminish plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Science Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Science Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - George Vandemark
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,USDA Agricultural Research Service, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,Molecular Plant Science Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,USDA Agricultural Research Service, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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Wang L, Liu F, Ju L, Xue B, Wang Y, Wang D, Hou D. Genome Structures and Evolution Analysis of Hsp90 Gene Family in Brassica napus Reveal the Possible Roles of Members in Response to Salt Stress and the Infection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:854034. [PMID: 35463405 PMCID: PMC9022010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.854034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90s) are conserved proteins participating in the responses to heat stress and are found to be involved in different kinds of abiotic and biotic stresses. Brassica napus (B. napus) is an important heteropolyploid crop, producing edible oil. Salt stress is one of the most important hazards to the growth of rape in the world, while Sclerotinia stem rot is one of the most serious diseases, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum). In this study, the evolution of Hsp90 genes and their responses to these two stresses were elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis through the whole genome of B. napus identified 35 Hsp90 gene family members. Five groups were obtained via phylogenetic analysis with the 35 Hsp genes, Hsps from its two ancestor species Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea, and AtHsps. Gene structure and conservative motif analysis of these 35 Hsps indicated that the Hsps were relatively conservative in each group. Strong collinearity was also detected between the genomes of Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and B. napus, along with identifying syntenic gene pairs of Hsps among the three genomes. In addition, whole genome duplication was discovered as the main reason for the generation of BnHsp gene family. The analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that BnHsp90 might be involved in a variety of abiotic and biotic stress responses. Analysis of the expression pattern indicated that BnHsp90 participates in the responses of B. napus to salt stress and the infection of S. sclerotiorum. Fourteen and nine BnHsp90s were validated to be involved in the defense responses of B. napus against salt stress and S. sclerotiorum, respectively. Our results provide new insights for the roles of BnHsp90s in the responses of B. napus to salt stress and S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lingyue Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Daojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dianyun Hou
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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SsNEP2 Contributes to the Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040446. [PMID: 35456121 PMCID: PMC9026538 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a notorious soilborne fungal pathogen that causes serious economic losses globally. The necrosis and ethylene-inducible peptide 1 (NEP1)-like proteins (NLPs) were previously shown to play an important role in pathogenicity in fungal and oomycete pathogens. Here, we generated S. sclerotiorum necrosis and ethylene-inducible peptide 2 (SsNEP2) deletion mutant through homologous recombination and found that SsNEP2 contributes to the virulence of S. sclerotiorum without affecting the development of mycelia, the formation of appressoria, or the secretion of oxalic acid. Although knocking out SsNEP2 did not affect fungal sensitivity to oxidative stress, it did lead to decreased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, Ssnlp24SsNEP2 peptide derived from SsNEP2 triggered host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increased defense marker gene expression, and enhanced resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Taken together, our data suggest that SsNEP2 is involved in fungal virulence by affecting ROS levels in S. sclerotiorum. It can serve as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and trigger host pattern triggered immunity to promote the necrotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum.
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Chen H, Zhang S, He S, A R, Wang M, Liu S. The necrotroph Botrytis cinerea promotes disease development in Panax ginseng by manipulating plant defense signals and antifungal metabolites degradation. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:790-800. [PMID: 36312732 PMCID: PMC9597437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and △BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shouan Liu
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Zhu W, Yu M, Xu R, Bi K, Yu S, Xiong C, Liu Z, Sharon A, Jiang D, Wu M, Gu Q, Gong L, Chen W, Wei W. Botrytis cinerea BcSSP2 protein is a late infection phase, cytotoxic effector. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3420-3435. [PMID: 35170184 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a broad-host-range necrotrophic phytopathogen responsible for serious diseases in leading crops. To facilitate infection, B. cinerea secretes a large number of effectors that induce plant cell death. In screening secretome data of B. cinerea during infection stage, we identified a phytotoxic protein (BcSSP2) that can also induce immune resistance in plants. BcSSP2 is a small, cysteine-rich protein without any known domains. Transient expression of BcSSP2 in leaves caused chlorosis that intensifies with time and eventually leads to death. Point mutations in eight of 10 cysteine residues abolished phytotoxicity, but residual toxic activity remained after heating treatment, suggesting contribution of unknown epitopes to protein phytotoxicity. The expression of bcssp2 was low during the first 36 h after inoculation and increased sharply upon transition to late infection stage. Deletion of bcssp2 did not cause statistically significant changes in lesions size on bean and tobacco leaves. Further analyses indicated that the phytotoxicity of BcSSP2 is negatively regulated by the receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1. Collectively, our findings show that BcSSP2 is an effector protein that toxifies the host cells, but is also recognized by the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Mengxue Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Ran Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Kai Bi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Chao Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mingde Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qiongnan Gu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology/United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology/United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Luo X, Tian T, Feng L, Yang X, Li L, Tan X, Wu W, Li Z, Treves H, Serneels F, Ng IS, Tanaka K, Ren M. Pathogenesis-related protein 1 suppresses oomycete pathogen by targeting against AMPK kinase complex. J Adv Res 2022; 43:13-26. [PMID: 36585103 PMCID: PMC9811325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the arms race between plants and pathogens, pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) in host plants play a crucial role in disease resistance, especially PR1. PR1 constitute a secretory peptide family, and their role in plant defense has been widely demonstrated in both hosts and in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which they control host-pathogen interactions and the nature of their targets within the pathogen remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-oomycete activity of secretory PR1 proteins and elaborate their underlying mechanisms. METHODS This study was conducted in the potato-Phytophthora infestans pathosystem. After being induced by the pathogen infection, the cross-kingdom translocation of secretory PR1 was demonstrated by histochemical assays and western blot, and their targets in P. infestans were identified by yeast-two-hybrid assays, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, and co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS The results showed that the expression of secretory PR1-encoding genes was induced during pathogen infection, and the host could deliver PR1 into P. infestans to inhibit its vegetative growth and pathogenicity. The translocated secretory PR1 targeted the subunits of the AMPK kinase complex in P. infestans, thus affecting the AMPK-driven phosphorylation of downstream target proteins, preventing ROS homeostasis, and down-regulating the expression of RxLR effectors. CONCLUSION The results provide novel insights into the molecular function of PR1 in protecting plants against pathogen infection, and uncover a potential target for preventing pre- and post-harvest late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Linxuan Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Xue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Francois Serneels
- Centre for agriculture and agro-industry of Hainaut Province, Ath 7800, Belgium
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 701, China
| | - Kan Tanaka
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology; School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan 572025, China.
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Fosp9, a novel secreted protein, is essential for full virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense on banana ( Musa spp.). Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0060421. [PMID: 35108093 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00604-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The banana vascular wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, delivers a number of different secreted proteins into host plant tissues during infection. Until now, only a few of the secreted proteins from this fungus have been shown to be virulence effectors. Here, the product of fosp9, which is a gene from this pathogen, was found to be a novel virulence effector. The fosp9 gene encodes a hypothetical 185 amino acid protein which has a functional signal peptide, but contains no known motifs or domains. The fosp9 disruptants displayed a significant reduction in producing wilt symptoms on bananas, indicating that fosp9 is essential for the full virulence of this pathogen towards banana. These disruptants did not exhibit a change in either saprophytic growth or conidiation on potato dextrose agar medium, but their invasive growth in the rhizomes of banana was markedly compromised, suggesting a pivotal role for fosp9 in the colonization of banana rhizome tissues by this fungus. Live-cell imaging revealed that the Fosp9:GFP fusion protein accumulated in the apoplast of the plant cells. Moreover, transcriptome profiling revealed that a number of virulence-associated genes were differentially expressed in the fosp9 disruptant relative to the wild-type. Taken together, these findings suggest that Fosp9 is a genuine effector of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. IMPORTANCE Fusarium wilt of bananas (also known as Panama disease) caused by the fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense is one of the most devastating banana diseases worldwide. The understanding of molecular mechanism of its pathogenicity is very limited until now. We demonstrated that the secreted protein Fosp9 from this fungus contributed to its virulence against banana hosts, and was essential for colonization of banana rhizome tissues by this fungus. Especially, Fosp9 contains no any known domains or motifs, and has no functionally characterized homologs, implying that it is a novel secreted effector involved in F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense- banana interactions. This work provides insight into molecular mechanisms of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense pathogenicity, and the fosp9 gene characterized would facilitates us develop transgenic banana and plantain resistant to this disease by silencing of this effector gene through host-induced gene silencing or other strategies in future.
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Zhang W, Li H, Wang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Kang R, Zhang M, Zhang P, Li Y, Hu Y, Wang M, Chen L, Yuan H, Ding S, Li H. A novel effector, CsSp1, from Bipolaris sorokiniana, is essential for colonization in wheat and is also involved in triggering host immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:218-236. [PMID: 34741560 PMCID: PMC8743017 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana causes root rot, leaf blotching, and black embryos in wheat and barley worldwide, resulting in significant yield and quality reductions. However, the mechanism underlying the host-pathogen interactions between B. sorokiniana and wheat or barley remains unknown. The B. sorokiniana genome encodes a large number of uncharacterized putative effector proteins. In this study, we identified a putative secreted protein, CsSp1, with a classic N-terminal signal peptide, that is induced during early infection. A split-marker approach was used to knock out CsSP1 in the Lankao 9-3 strain. Compared with the wild type, the deletion mutant ∆Cssp1 displayed less radial growth on potato dextrose agar plates and produced fewer spores, and complementary transformation completely restored the phenotype of the deletion mutant to that of the wild type. The pathogenicity of the deletion mutant in wheat was attenuated even though appressoria still penetrated the host. Additionally, the infectious hyphae in the deletion mutant became swollen and exhibited reduced growth in plant cells. The signal peptide of CsSp1 was functionally verified through a yeast YTK12 secretion system. Transient expression of CsSp1 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited lesion formation caused by Phytophthora capsici. Moreover, CsSp1 localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. In B. sorokiniana-infected wheat leaves, the salicylic acid-regulated genes TaPAL, TaPR1, and TaPR2 were down-regulated in the ∆Cssp1 strain compared with the wild-type strain under the same conditions. Therefore, CsSp1 is a virulence effector and is involved in triggering host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shunpei Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruijiao Kang
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Food EngineeringXuchang Vocational Technical CollegeXuchangChina
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs BureauXuchangChina
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
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Nie J, Zhou W, Lin Y, Liu Z, Yin Z, Huang L. Two NIS1-like proteins from apple canker pathogen (Valsa mali) play distinct roles in plant recognition and pathogen virulence. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:7. [PMID: 37676376 PMCID: PMC10442039 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Conserved effectors produced by phytopathogens play critical roles in plant-microbe interactions. NIS1-like proteins represent a newly identified family of effectors distributed in multiple fungal species. However, their biological functions in a majority of pathogenic fungi remain largely elusive and require further investigation. In this study, we characterized two NIS1-like proteins VmNIS1 and VmNIS2 from Valsa mali, the causal agent of apple Valsa canker. Both of these two proteins were predicted to be secreted. Using agroinfiltration, we found that VmNIS1 induced intense cell death, whereas VmNIS2 suppressed INF1 elicitin-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Treatment of N. benthamiana with VmNIS1 recombinant protein produced by Escherichia coli activated a series of immune responses and enhanced plant disease resistance against Phytophthora capsici. In contrast, VmNIS2 suppressed plant immune responses and promoted P. capsici infection when transiently expressed in N. benthamiana. Both VmNIS1 and VmNIS2 were shown to be highly induced at late stage of V. mali infection. By individually knocking out of these two genes in V. mali, however, only VmNIS2 was shown to be required for pathogen virulence as well as tolerance to oxidative stress. Notably, we further showed that C-terminal extension of VmNIS1 was essential for plant recognition and VmNIS2 may escape plant detection via sequence truncation. Our data collectively indicate that VmNIS1 and VmNIS2 play distinct roles in plant recognition and pathogen virulence, which provided new insights into the function of NIS1-like proteins in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonghui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Dautt-Castro M, Jijón-Moreno S, Gómez-Hernández N, del Carmen González-López M, Hernández-Hernández EJ, Rosendo-Vargas MM, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Casas-Flores S. New Insights on the Duality of Trichoderma as a Phytopathogen Killer and a Plant Protector Based on an Integrated Multi-omics Perspective. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Meng Y, Zeng F, Hu J, Li P, Xiao S, Zhou L, Gong J, Liu Y, Hao Z, Cao Z, Dong J. Novel factors contributing to fungal pathogenicity at early stages of Setosphaeria turcica infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:32-44. [PMID: 34628700 PMCID: PMC8659557 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica causes leaf blight on maize, which leads to considerable crop losses. However, how S. turcica establishes sustained systemic infection is largely unknown. Here, we report several novel factors contributing to S. turcica pathogenicity, identified using a genomic and transcriptional screen at different stages of S. turcica appressorium development. We identified two cytoskeleton regulators, SLM1 and SLM2, that are crucial for hypha and appressorium development. The SLM1 and SLM2 transcripts accumulated during germling stage but their levels were notably reduced at the appressorium stage. Deletion of SLM2 dramatically affected cell morphology, penetration ability, and pathogenicity. We also identified three different types of S. turcica glycosyl hydrolases that are critical for plant cell wall degradation. Their transcripts accumulated during the appressorium infection stage induced by cellophane and maize leaf. Most importantly, we characterized a novel and specific S. turcica effector, appressorium-coupled effector 1 (StACE1), whose expression is coupled to appressorium formation in S. turcica. This protein is required for maize infection and induces cell death on expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. These observations suggest that the phytopathogen S. turcica is primed in advance with multiple strategies for maize infection, which are coupled to appressorium formation at the early infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Fanli Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Jingjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Shenglin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Lihong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Jiangang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Yuwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Zhimin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
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Xie C, Shang Q, Mo C, Xiao Y, Wang G, Xie J, Jiang D, Xiao X. Early Secretory Pathway-Associated Proteins SsEmp24 and SsErv25 Are Involved in Morphogenesis and Pathogenicity in a Filamentous Phytopathogenic Fungus. mBio 2021; 12:e0317321. [PMID: 34933451 PMCID: PMC8689567 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03173-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper protein secretion is critical for fungal development and pathogenesis. However, the potential roles of proteins involved in the early secretory pathway are largely undescribed in filamentous fungi. p24 proteins are cargo receptors that cycle between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus in the early secretory pathway and recruit cargo proteins to nascent vesicles. This study characterized the function of two p24 family proteins (SsEmp24 and SsErv25) in a phytopathogenic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Both SsEmp24 and SsErv25 were upregulated during the early stages of S. sclerotiorum infection. ΔSsEmp24 mutant and ΔSsErv25 mutant displayed abnormal vegetative growth and sclerotium formation, were defective in infection cushion formation, and showed lower virulence on host plants. ΔSsEmp24 mutant had a more severe abnormal phenotype than ΔSsErv25 mutant, implying that SsEmp24 could play a central role in the early secretory pathway. Similar to their Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterparts, SsEmp24 interacted with SsErv25 and predominantly colocalized in the ER or nuclear envelope. The absence of SsEmp24 or SsErv25 led to defective in protein secretion in S. sclerotiorum, including the pathogenicity-related extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and effectors. It is proposed that SsEmp24 and SsErv25, components in the early secretory pathway, are involved in modulating morphogenesis and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum by mediating protein secretion. IMPORTANCE Understanding the reproduction and pathogenesis mechanism of phytopathogens could provide new opinions to effectively control fungal diseases. Although it has been known that effectors and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes secreted by phytopathogenic fungi play important roles in fungus-host interactions, the secretion system for the delivery of virulence factors to the host is still largely undescribed. Although the role of the early secretory pathway-associated p24 proteins in S. cerevisiae has been well characterized, the function of these proteins in filamentous fungi was scarcely known prior to this study. The present research provides evidence that p24 proteins participate in the reproduction and pathogenesis of phytopathogenic fungi through the mediation of protein secretion. This research advances our understanding of p24 proteins in filamentous phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, the candidate cargos of the two p24 proteins, SsEmp24 and SsErv25, were screened out by comparative proteomics, which could aid the identification of novel development and virulence-associated factors in phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qingna Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chenmi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Fan H, Yang W, Nie J, Lin C, Wu J, Wu D, Wang Y. Characterization of a Secretory YML079-like Cupin Protein That Contributes to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2519. [PMID: 34946121 PMCID: PMC8704077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes devastating diseases in many agriculturally important crops, including oilseed rape and sunflower. However, the mechanisms of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a YML079-like cupin protein (SsYCP1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We showed that SsYCP1 is strongly expressed and secreted during Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection was promoted by SsYCP1 overexpression and inhibited by silencing this gene with synthetic double-stranded RNA. These results collectively indicate SsYCP1 as a putative effector protein that contributes to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenicity. These findings extend our understanding of effector-mediated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis and suggest a novel role for YML079-like cupin proteins in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiayue Nie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Chen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Dewei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (C.L.); (J.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Rana K, Ding Y, Banga SS, Liao H, Zhao S, Yu Y, Qian W. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Thioredoxin1 (SsTrx1) is required for pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1413-1426. [PMID: 34459563 PMCID: PMC8518572 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infects host plant tissues by inducing necrosis to source nutrients needed for its establishment. Tissue necrosis results from an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of infection and apoptosis. Pathogens have evolved ROS scavenging mechanisms to withstand host-induced oxidative damage. However, the genes associated with ROS scavenging pathways are yet to be fully investigated in S. sclerotiorum. We selected the S. sclerotiorum Thioredoxin1 gene (SsTrx1) for our investigations as its expression is significantly induced during S. sclerotiorum infection. RNA interference-induced silencing of SsTrx1 in S. sclerotiorum affected the hyphal growth rate, mycelial morphology, and sclerotial development under in vitro conditions. These outcomes confirmed the involvement of SsTrx1 in promoting pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance of S. sclerotiorum. We next constructed an SsTrx1-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) vector and mobilized it into Arabidopsis thaliana (HIGS-A) and Nicotiana benthamiana (HIGS-N). The disease resistance analysis revealed significantly reduced pathogenicity and disease progression in the transformed genotypes as compared to the nontransformed and empty vector controls. The relative gene expression of SsTrx1 increased under oxidative stress. Taken together, our results show that normal expression of SsTrx1 is crucial for pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Rana
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland AgricultureMinistry of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Yijuan Ding
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland AgricultureMinistry of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Surinder S. Banga
- Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsPunjab Agricultural UniversityLudhianaIndia
| | - Hongmei Liao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland AgricultureMinistry of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Siqi Zhao
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland AgricultureMinistry of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland AgricultureMinistry of EducationChongqingChina
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Zhang X, Cheng J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Xie J, Li B, Bian X, Feng Y, Liang W, Tang Q, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu C, Jiang D. Editing homologous copies of an essential gene affords crop resistance against two cosmopolitan necrotrophic pathogens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2349-2361. [PMID: 34265153 PMCID: PMC8541787 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are typical necrotrophic pathogens that can attack more than 700 and 3000 plant species, respectively, and cause huge economic losses across numerous crops. In particular, the absence of resistant cultivars makes the stem rot because of S. sclerotiorum the major threat of rapeseed (Brassica napus) worldwide along with Botrytis. Previously, we identified an effector-like protein (SsSSVP1) from S. sclerotiorum and a homologue of SsSSVP1 on B. cinerea genome and found that SsSSVP1 could interact with BnQCR8 of rapeseed, a subunit of the cytochrome b-c1 complex. In this study, we found that BnQCR8 has eight homologous copies in rapeseed cultivar Westar and reduced the copy number of BnQCR8 using CRISPR/Cas9 to improve rapeseed resistance against S. sclerotiorum. Mutants with one or more copies of BnQCR8 edited showed strong resistance against S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. BnQCR8-edited mutants did not show significant difference from Westar in terms of respiration and agronomic traits tested, including the plant shape, flowering time, silique size, seed number, thousand seed weight and seed oil content. These traits make it possible to use these mutants directly for commercial production. Our study highlights a common gene for breeding of rapeseed to unravel the key hindrance of rapeseed production caused by S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. In contrast to previously established methodologies, our findings provide a novel strategy to develop crops with high resistance against multiple pathogens by editing only a single gene that encodes the common target of pathogen effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Yang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Xuefeng Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Yanbo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Weibo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Hongxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Changxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei ProvinceChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
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Ding Y, Chen Y, Yan B, Liao H, Dong M, Meng X, Wan H, Qian W. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Multifunction Gene Sscnd1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693334. [PMID: 34690946 PMCID: PMC8531507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen and has a substantial economic impact on crop production worldwide. Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins have been suggested to be involved in the appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sscnd1, an MAS homolog gene, is highly induced at the early infection stage of S. sclerotiorum. Knock-down the expression of Sscnd1 gene severely reduced the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on intact rapeseed leaves, and their virulence was partially restored on wounded leaves. The Sscnd1 gene-silenced strains exhibited a defect in compound appressorium formation and cell integrity. The instantaneous silencing of Sscnd1 by tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) resulted in a significant reduction in disease development in tobacco. Three transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines displayed high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum and decreased Sscnd1 expression. Production of specific Sscnd1 siRNA in transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines was confirmed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This study revealed that the compound appressorium-related gene Sscnd1 is required for cell integrity and full virulence in S. sclerotiorum and that Sclerotinia stem rot can be controlled by expressing the silencing constructs of Sscnd1 in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangui Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoqin Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengquan Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinran Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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69
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Luo X, Wu W, Feng L, Treves H, Ren M. Short Peptides Make a Big Difference: The Role of Botany-Derived AMPs in Disease Control and Protection of Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11363. [PMID: 34768793 PMCID: PMC8583512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botany-derived antimicrobial peptides (BAMPs), a class of small, cysteine-rich peptides produced in plants, are an important component of the plant immune system. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated their powerful antimicrobial activity. Besides in plants, BAMPs have cross-kingdom applications in human health, with toxic and/or inhibitory effects against a variety of tumor cells and viruses. With their diverse molecular structures, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, multiple mechanisms of action, and low cytotoxicity, BAMPs provide ideal backbones for drug design, and are potential candidates for plant protection and disease treatment. Lots of original research has elucidated the properties and antimicrobial mechanisms of BAMPs, and characterized their surface receptors and in vivo targets in pathogens. In this paper, we review and introduce five kinds of representative BAMPs belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family, dissect their antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer mechanisms, and forecast their prospects in agriculture and global human health. Through the deeper understanding of BAMPs, we provide novel insights for their applications in broad-spectrum and durable plant disease prevention and control, and an outlook on the use of BAMPs in anticancer and antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.L.); (W.W.); (L.F.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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70
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Hunziker L, Tarallo M, Gough K, Guo M, Hargreaves C, Loo TS, McDougal RL, Mesarich CH, Bradshaw RE. Apoplastic effector candidates of a foliar forest pathogen trigger cell death in host and non-host plants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19958. [PMID: 34620932 PMCID: PMC8497623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests are under threat from pests, pathogens, and changing climate. A major forest pathogen worldwide is the hemibiotroph Dothistroma septosporum, which causes dothistroma needle blight (DNB) of pines. While D. septosporum uses effector proteins to facilitate host infection, it is currently unclear whether any of these effectors are recognised by immune receptors to activate the host immune system. Such information is needed to identify and select disease resistance against D. septosporum in pines. We predicted and investigated apoplastic D. septosporum candidate effectors (DsCEs) using bioinformatics and plant-based experiments. We discovered DsCEs that trigger cell death in the angiosperm Nicotiana spp., indicative of a hypersensitive defence response and suggesting their recognition by immune receptors in non-host plants. In a first for foliar forest pathogens, we developed a novel protein infiltration method to show that tissue-cultured pine shoots can respond with a cell death response to a DsCE, as well as to a reference cell death-inducing protein. The conservation of responses across plant taxa suggests that knowledge of pathogen-angiosperm interactions may also be relevant to pathogen-gymnosperm interactions. These results contribute to our understanding of forest pathogens and may ultimately provide clues to disease immunity in both commercial and natural forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hunziker
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Australia
| | - Mariana Tarallo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Keiko Gough
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Guo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Cathy Hargreaves
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Trevor S Loo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca L McDougal
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
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71
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Fan H, Yang W, Nie J, Zhang W, Wu J, Wu D, Wang Y. A Novel Effector Protein SsERP1 Inhibits Plant Ethylene Signaling to Promote Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100825. [PMID: 34682246 PMCID: PMC8537369 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating pathogens in Brassica napus and causes huge economic loss worldwide. Though around one hundred putative effectors have been predicted in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genome, their functions are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized a novel effector, SsERP1 (ethylene pathway repressor protein 1), in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. SsERP1 is a secretory protein highly expressed at the early stages of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Ectopic overexpression of SsERP1 in plant leaves promoted Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, and the knockout mutants of SsERP1 showed reduced pathogenicity but retained normal mycelial growth and sclerotium formation, suggesting that SsERP1 specifically contributes to the pathogenesis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Transcriptome analysis indicated that SsERP1 promotes Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection by inhibiting plant ethylene signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed that knocking down SsERP1 by in vitro synthesized double-strand RNAs was able to effectively inhibit Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, which verifies the function of SsERP1 in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis and further suggests a potential strategy for Sclerotinia disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiayue Nie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Dewei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.F.); (W.Y.); (J.N.); (W.Z.); (J.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (Y.W.)
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72
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Qin L, Liu L, Tu J, Yang G, Wang S, Quilichini TD, Gao P, Wang H, Peng G, Blancaflor EB, Datla R, Xiang D, Wilson KE, Wei Y. The ARP2/3 complex, acting cooperatively with Class I formins, modulates penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew invasion. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3151-3175. [PMID: 34181022 PMCID: PMC8462814 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton regulates an array of diverse cellular activities that support the establishment of plant-microbe interactions and plays a critical role in the execution of plant immunity. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the assembly and rearrangement of actin filaments (AFs) at plant-pathogen interaction sites remain largely elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that one of the earliest cellular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana upon powdery mildew attack is the formation of patch-like AF structures beneath fungal invasion sites. The AFs constituting actin patches undergo rapid turnover, which is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex (W/SRC). The focal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate at fungal penetration sites appears to be a crucial upstream modulator of the W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway-mediated actin patch formation. Knockout of W/SRC-ARP2/3 pathway subunits partially compromised penetration resistance with impaired endocytic recycling of the defense-associated t-SNARE protein PEN1 and its deposition into apoplastic papillae. Simultaneously knocking out ARP3 and knocking down the Class I formin (AtFH1) abolished actin patch formation, severely impaired the deposition of cell wall appositions, and promoted powdery mildew entry into host cells. Our results demonstrate that the ARP2/3 complex and formins, two actin-nucleating systems, act cooperatively and contribute to Arabidopsis penetration resistance to fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China
| | - Jiangying Tu
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Gary Peng
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | | | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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73
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Chen W, Li Y, Yan R, Ren L, Liu F, Zeng L, Sun S, Yang H, Chen K, Xu L, Liu L, Fang X, Liu S. SnRK1.1-mediated resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to clubroot disease is inhibited by the novel Plasmodiophora brassicae effector PBZF1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1057-1069. [PMID: 34165877 PMCID: PMC8358996 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a series of strategies to combat pathogen infection. Plant SnRK1 is probably involved in shifting carbon and energy use from growth-associated processes to survival and defence upon pathogen attack, enhancing the resistance to many plant pathogens. The present study demonstrated that SnRK1.1 enhanced the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to clubroot disease caused by the plant-pathogenic protozoan Plasmodiophora brassicae. Through a yeast two-hybrid assay, glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, a P. brassicae RxLR effector, PBZF1, was shown to interact with SnRK1.1. Further expression level analysis of SnRK1.1-regulated genes showed that PBZF1 inhibited the biological function of SnRK1.1 as indicated by the disequilibration of the expression level of SnRK1.1-regulated genes in heterogeneous PBZF1-expressing A. thaliana. Moreover, heterogeneous expression of PBZF1 in A. thaliana promoted plant susceptibility to clubroot disease. In addition, PBZF1 was found to be P. brassicae-specific and conserved. This gene was significantly highly expressed in resting spores. Taken together, our results provide new insights into how the plant-pathogenic protist P. brassicae employs an effector to overcome plant resistance, and they offer new insights into the genetic improvement of plant resistance against clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical EngineeringWuhan Polytechnic UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Ruibin Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Li Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Fan Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lingyi Zeng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Huihui Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Kunrong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Li Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
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Wang C, Rollins JA. Efficient genome editing using endogenous U6 snRNA promoter-driven CRISPR/Cas9 sgRNA in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 154:103598. [PMID: 34119663 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported on a CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system for the necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This system (the TrpC-sgRNA system), based on an RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) promoter (TrpC) to drive sgRNA transcription in vivo, was successful in creating gene insertion mutants. However, relatively low efficiency targeted gene editing hampered the application of this method for functional genomic research in S. sclerotiorum. To further optimize the CRISPR-Cas9 system, a plasmid-free Cas9 protein/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated system (the RNP system) and a plasmid-based RNA polymerase III promoter (U6)-driven sgRNA transcription system (the U6-sgRNA system) were established and evaluated. The previously characterized oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (Ssoah1) locus and a new locus encoding polyketide synthase12 (Sspks12) were targeted in this study to create loss-of-function mutants. The RNP system, similar to the TrpC-sgRNA system we previously reported, creates mutations at the Ssoah1 gene locus with comparable efficiency. However, neither system successfully generated mutations at the Sspks12 gene locus. The U6-sgRNA system exhibited a significantly higher efficiency of genemutation at both loci. This technology provides a simple and efficient strategy for targeted gene mutation and thereby will accelerating the pace of research of pathogenicity and development in this economically important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, 1450 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, 1450 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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75
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Shao D, Smith DL, Kabbage M, Roth MG. Effectors of Plant Necrotrophic Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:687713. [PMID: 34149788 PMCID: PMC8213389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.687713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens result in large economic losses in field crop production worldwide. Effectors are important players of plant-pathogen interaction and deployed by pathogens to facilitate plant colonization and nutrient acquisition. Compared to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, effector biology is poorly understood for necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Recent bioinformatics advances have accelerated the prediction and discovery of effectors from necrotrophic fungi, and their functional context is currently being clarified. In this review we examine effectors utilized by necrotrophic fungi and hemibiotrophic fungi in the latter stages of disease development, including plant cell death manipulation. We define "effectors" as secreted proteins and other molecules that affect plant physiology in ways that contribute to disease establishment and progression. Studying and understanding the mechanisms of necrotrophic effectors is critical for identifying avenues of genetic intervention that could lead to improved resistance to these pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mitchell G. Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Zhang L, Yan J, Fu Z, Shi W, Ninkuu V, Li G, Yang X, Zeng H. FoEG1, a secreted glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein from Fusarium oxysporum, triggers cell death and modulates plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:522-538. [PMID: 33675158 PMCID: PMC8035634 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an important soilborne fungal pathogen with many different formae speciales that can colonize the plant vascular system and cause serious crop wilt disease worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 12 protein FoEG1, secreted by F. oxysporum, that acted as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) targeting the apoplast of plants to induce cell death. Purified FoEG1 protein triggered cell death in different plants and induced the plant defence response to enhance the disease resistance of plants. The ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death was mediated by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1, and this ability was independent of its hydrolase activity. The mutants of cysteine residues did not affect the ability of FoEG1 to induce cell death, and an 86 amino acid fragment from amino acid positions 144 to 229 of FoEG1 was sufficient to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, the expression of FoEG1 was strongly induced in the early stage of F. oxysporum infection of host plants, and FoEG1 deletion or loss of enzyme activity reduced the virulence of F. oxysporum. Therefore, our results suggest that FoEG1 can contribute to the virulence of F. oxysporum depending on its enzyme activity and can also act as a PAMP to induce plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianpei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenchao Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenjiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Vincent Ninkuu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiufen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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77
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Wang G, Wen S, Wang Y, Li L, Xiao F, Hong N. The p23 of Citrus Tristeza Virus Interacts with Host FKBP-Type Peptidyl-Prolylcis-Trans Isomerase 17-2 and Is Involved in the Intracellular Movement of the Viral Coat Protein. Cells 2021; 10:934. [PMID: 33920690 PMCID: PMC8073322 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus is a member of the genus Closterovirus in the family Closteroviridae. The p23 of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a multifunctional protein and RNA silencing suppressor. In this study, we identified a p23 interacting partner, FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 17-2, from Citrus aurantifolia (CaFKBP17-2), a susceptible host, and Nicotiana benthamiana (NbFKBP17-2), an experimental host for CTV. The interaction of p23 with CaFKBP17-2 and NbFKBP17-2 were individually confirmed by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Subcellular localization tests showed that the viral p23 translocated FKBP17-2 from chloroplasts to the plasmodesmata of epidermal cells of N. benthamiana leaves. The knocked-down expression level of NbFKBP17-2 mRNA resulted in a decreased CTV titer in N. benthamiana plants. Further, BiFC and Y2H assays showed that NbFKBP17-2 also interacted with the coat protein (CP) of CTV, and the complexes of CP/NbFKBP17-2 rapidly moved in the cytoplasm. Moreover, p23 guided the CP/NbFKBP17-2 complexes to move along the cell wall. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of viral proteins interacting with FKBP17-2 encoded by plants. Our results provide insights for further revealing the mechanism of the CTV CP protein movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuokun Yang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongle Zhang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaohua Wen
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liu Li
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (L.L.); (F.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop (Fruit Trees) Biology and Germplasm Creation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
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Bi K, Scalschi L, Jaiswal N, Mengiste T, Fried R, Sanz AB, Arroyo J, Zhu W, Masrati G, Sharon A. The Botrytis cinerea Crh1 transglycosylase is a cytoplasmic effector triggering plant cell death and defense response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2166. [PMID: 33846308 PMCID: PMC8042016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crh proteins catalyze crosslinking of chitin and glucan polymers in fungal cell walls. Here, we show that the BcCrh1 protein from the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea acts as a cytoplasmic effector and elicitor of plant defense. BcCrh1 is localized in vacuoles and the endoplasmic reticulum during saprophytic growth. However, upon plant infection, the protein accumulates in infection cushions; it is then secreted to the apoplast and translocated into plant cells, where it induces cell death and defense responses. Two regions of 53 and 35 amino acids are sufficient for protein uptake and cell death induction, respectively. BcCrh1 mutant variants that are unable to dimerize lack transglycosylation activity, but are still able to induce plant cell death. Furthermore, Arabidopsis lines expressing the bccrh1 gene exhibit reduced sensitivity to B. cinerea, suggesting a potential use of the BcCrh1 protein in plant immunization against this necrotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Plant Physiology Area, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department CAMN, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Namrata Jaiswal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Renana Fried
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Dpto. Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Dpto. Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gal Masrati
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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79
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Ding LN, Li T, Guo XJ, Li M, Liu XY, Cao J, Tan XL. Sclerotinia Stem Rot Resistance in Rapeseed: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2965-2978. [PMID: 33667087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of rapeseed (Brassica napus), caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the main diseases seriously affecting the yield and oil quality of infected rapeseed crops. The complexity of the inheritance of resistance and of the interaction mechanisms between rapeseed and S. sclerotiorum limits resistance gene identification and molecular breeding. In this review, the latest progress of research into resistance to SSR in B. napus is summarized from the following three directions: the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum, the resistance mechanisms of B. napus toward S. sclerotiorum, and rapeseed breeding for resistance to SSR. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and useful reference for analyzing the mechanism of the interaction between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, searching for gene loci associated with the resistance response, and for achieving disease-resistance genetic manipulation and molecular design breeding in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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80
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Sung YC, Outram MA, Breen S, Wang C, Dagvadorj B, Winterberg B, Kobe B, Williams SJ, Solomon PS. PR1-mediated defence via C-terminal peptide release is targeted by a fungal pathogen effector. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3467-3480. [PMID: 33277705 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effector SnTox3 from Parastagonospora nodorum elicits a strong necrotic response in susceptible wheat and also interacts with wheat pathogenesis-related protein 1 (TaPR-1), although the function of this interaction in disease is unclear. Here, we dissect TaPR1 function by studying SnTox3-TaPR1 interaction and demonstrate the dual functionality of SnTox3. We utilized site-directed mutagenesis to identify an SnTox3 variant, SnTox3P173S , that was unable to interact with TaPR1 in yeast-two-hybrid assays. Additionally, using recombinant proteins we established a novel protein-mediated phenotyping assay allowing functional studies to be undertaken in wheat. Wheat leaves infiltrated with TaPR1 proteins showed significantly less disease compared to control leaves, correlating with a strong increase in defence gene expression. This activity was dependent on release of the TaCAPE1 peptide embedded within TaPR1 by an unidentified serine protease. The priming activity of TaPR1 was compromised by SnTox3 but not the noninteracting variant SnTox3P173S , and we demonstrate that SnTox3 prevents TaCAPE1 release from TaPR1 in vitro. SnTox3 independently functions to induce necrosis through recognition by Snn3 and also suppresses host defence through a direct interaction with TaPR1 proteins. Importantly, this study also advances our understanding of the role of PR1 proteins in host-microbe interactions as inducers of host defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Sung
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Susan Breen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Chen Wang
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bayantes Dagvadorj
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Britta Winterberg
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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81
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Abstract
Plant-colonizing fungi secrete a cocktail of effector proteins during colonization. After secretion, some of these effectors are delivered into plant cells to directly dampen the plant immune system or redirect host processes benefitting fungal growth. Other effectors function in the apoplastic space either as released proteins modulating the activity of plant enzymes associated with plant defense or as proteins bound to the fungal cell wall. For such fungal cell wall-bound effectors, we know particularly little about their molecular function. In this review, we describe effectors that are associated with the fungal cell wall and discuss how they contribute to colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 10, Marburg 35043, Germany
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82
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Wang Z, Wan L, Zhang X, Xin Q, Song Y, Hong D, Sun Y, Yang G. Interaction between Brassica napus polygalacturonase inhibition proteins and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum polygalacturonase: implications for rapeseed resistance to fungal infection. PLANTA 2021; 253:34. [PMID: 33459878 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BnPGIPs interacted with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum PGs to improve rapeseed SSR resistance at different levels; the BnPGIP-overexpression lines did not affect plant morphology or seed quality traits. Plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play a crucial role in plant defence against phytopathogenic fungi by inhibiting fungal polygalacturonase (PG) activity. We overexpressed BnPGIP2, BnPGIP5, and BnPGIP10 genes in an inbred line 7492 of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Compared with 7492WT, the overexpression of BnPGIP2 lines significantly increased Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance in both seedlings and adult plants. BnPGIP5 overexpression lines exhibited decreased S. sclerotiorum disease symptoms in seedlings only, whereas BnPGIP10 overexpression lines did not improve Sclerotinia resistance for seedlings or adult plants. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of S. sclerotiorum PG1, SsPG3, SsPG5, and SsPG6 genes in overexpressing BnPGIP lines showed that these pathogenic genes in the Sclerotinia resistance transgenic lines exhibited low expression in stem tissues. Split-luciferase complementation experiments confirmed the following: BnPGIP2 interacts with SsPG1 and SsPG6 but not with SsPG3 or SsPG5; BnPGIP5 interacts with SsPG3 and SsPG6 but not with SsPG1 or SsPG5; and BnPGIP10 interacts with SsPG1 but not SsPG3, SsPG5, or SsPG6. Leaf crude protein extracts from BnPGIP2 and BnPGIP5 transgenic lines displayed high inhibitory activity against the SsPG crude protein. BnPGIP-overexpression lines with Sclerotinia resistance displayed a lower accumulation of H2O2 and higher expression of the H2O2-removing gene BnAPX (ascorbate peroxidase) than 7492WT, as well as elevated expression of defence response genes including jasmonic acid/ethylene and salicylic acid pathways after S. sclerotiorum infection. The plants overexpressing BnPGIP exhibited no difference in either agronomic traits or grain yield from 7492WT. This study provides potential target genes for developing S. sclerotiorum resistance in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanrong Wang
- Institute of Crops, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Wan
- Institute of Crops, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yixian Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dengfeng Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Institute of Crops, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Guangsheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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83
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Lv Z, He Z, Hao L, Kang X, Ma B, Li H, Luo Y, Yuan J, He N. Genome Sequencing Analysis of Scleromitrula shiraiana, a Causal Agent of Mulberry Sclerotial Disease With Narrow Host Range. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:603927. [PMID: 33519746 PMCID: PMC7840784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleromitrula shiraiana is a necrotrophic fungus with a narrow host range, and is one of the main causal pathogens of mulberry sclerotial disease. However, its molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we report a 39.0 Mb high-quality genome sequence for S. shiraiana strain SX-001. The S. shiraiana genome contains 11,327 protein-coding genes. The number of genes and genome size of S. shiraiana are similar to most other Ascomycetes. The cross-similarities and differences of S. shiraiana with the closely related Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea indicated that S. shiraiana differentiated earlier from their common ancestor. A comparative genomic analysis showed that S. shiraiana has fewer genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and effector proteins than that of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, as well as many other Ascomycetes. This is probably a key factor in the weaker aggressiveness of S. shiraiana to other plants. S. shiraiana has many species-specific genes encoding secondary metabolism core enzymes. The diversity of secondary metabolites may be related to the adaptation of these pathogens to specific ecological niches. However, melanin and oxalic acid are conserved metabolites among many Sclerotiniaceae fungi, and may be essential for survival and infection. Our results provide insights into the narrow host range of S. shiraiana and its adaptation to mulberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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84
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Wang J, Zeng W, Xie J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Lin Y, Chen W, Cheng J. A novel antisense long non-coding RNA participates in asexual and sexual reproduction by regulating the expression of GzmetE in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4939-4955. [PMID: 33438341 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important worldwide pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight in wheat, barley, maize and other grains. LncRNAs play important roles in many biological processes, but little is known about their functions and mechanisms in filamentous fungi. Here, we report that a natural antisense RNA, GzmetE-AS, is transcribed from the opposite strand of GzmetE. GzmetE encodes a homoserine O-acetyltransferase, which is important for sexual development and plant infection. The expression of GzmetE-AS was increased significantly during the conidiation stage, while GzmetE was upregulated in the late stage of sexual reproduction. Overexpression of GzmetE-AS inhibited the transcription of GzmetE. In contrast, the expression of GzmetE was significantly increased in GzmetE-AS transcription termination strain GzmetE-AS-T. Furthermore, GzmetE-AS-T produced more perithecia and facilitated the ascospore discharge, resembling the phenotype of GzmetE overexpressing strains. However, overexpression of GzmetE-AS in ∆dcl1/2 strain cannot inhibit the expression of GzmetE, and the GzmetE nat-siRNA is also significantly reduced in ∆dcl1/2 mutant. Taken together, we have identified a novel antisense lncRNA GzmetE-AS, which is involved in asexual and sexual reproduction by regulating its antisense gene GzmetE through RNAi pathway. Our findings reveal that the lncRNA plays critical roles in the development of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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85
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Baroni F, Gallo M, Pazzagli L, Luti S, Baccelli I, Spisni A, Pertinhez TA. A mechanistic model may explain the dissimilar biological efficiency of the fungal elicitors cerato-platanin and cerato-populin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129843. [PMID: 33444726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among their various functions, the members of the cerato-platanin family can stimulate plants' defense responses and induce resistance against microbial pathogens. Recent results suggest that conserved loops, also involved in chitin binding, might be a structural motif central for their eliciting activity. Here, we focus on cerato-platanin and its orthologous cerato-populin, searching for a rationale of their diverse efficiency to elicit plants' defense and to interact with oligosaccharides. A 3D model of cerato-populin has been generated by homology modeling using the NMR-derived cerato-platanin structure as template, and it has been validated by fitting with residual dipolar couplings. Loops β1-β2 and β2-β3 have been indicated as important for some CPPs members to express their biological function. When compared to cerato-platanin, in cerato-populin they present two mutations and an insertion that significantly modify their electrostatic surface. NMR relaxation experiments point to a reduced conformational plasticity of cerato-populin loops with respect to the ones of cerato-platanin. The different electrostatic surface of the loops combined with a distinct network of intra-molecular interactions are expected to be factors that, by leading to a diverse spatial organization and dissimilar collective motions, can regulate the eliciting efficacy of the two proteins and their affinity for oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Baroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mariana Gallo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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86
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Maximiano MR, Miranda VJ, de Barros EG, Dias SC. Validation of an in vitro system to trigger changes in the gene expression of effectors of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:885-897. [PMID: 33331046 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold, can infect several host species, including economically important crops. In this study, we propose and validate a new in vitro system able to mimic the conditions of interaction with the host and promote the induction of S. sclerotiorum effectors. METHODS AND RESULTS For culture media production, we selected three plant species, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L, cv. Requinte.), maize (Zea mays, cv. BRS1030) and beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). To validate this system as an in vitro inducer of effectors, the qRT-PCR technique was used to investigate the expression profile of some S. sclerotiorum effector genes in each growth medium at different times after inoculation. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study provide a validation of a new method to study S. sclerotiorum during mimetic interaction with different hosts. Although leaf extract does not fully represent the plant environment, the presence of plant components in the culture medium seems to induce effector genes, mimicking in planta conditions. The use of MEVM is simpler than in planta growth, bypasses problems such as the amount of mycelium produced, as well as contamination of host cells during transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We have devised MEVM media as a model mimicking the interaction of S. sclerotiorum and its hosts and used it to evaluate in vitro expression of effectors normally expressed only in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Maximiano
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - V J Miranda
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - E G de Barros
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - S C Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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87
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Wang C, Gao H, Chu Z, Ji C, Xu Y, Cao W, Zhou S, Song Y, Liu H, Zhu C. A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:48-63. [PMID: 33118686 PMCID: PMC7749752 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipidtransfer proteins (nsLTPs), which are small, cysteine-rich proteins, belong to the pathogenesis-related protein family, and several of them act as positive regulators during plant disease resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these proteins in plant immune responses are unclear. In this study, a typical nsLTP gene, StLTP10, was identified and functionally analysed in potato. StLTP10 expression was significantly induced by Phytophthora infestans, which causes late blight in potato, and defence-related phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. Characterization of StLTP10-overexpressing and knockdown lines indicated that StLTP10 positively regulates plant resistance to P. infestans. This resistance was coupled with enhanced expression of reactive oxygen species scavenging- and defence-related genes. Furthermore, we identified that StLTP10 physically interacts with ABA receptor PYL4 and affects its subcellular localization. These two proteins work together to regulate stomatal closure during pathogen infection. Interestingly, we also found that wound-induced protein kinase interacts with StLTP10 and positively regulates its protein abundance. Taken together, our results provide insight into the role of StLTP10 in resistance to P. infestans and suggest candidates to enhance broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Hongjuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Changquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Weilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Shumei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yunzhi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
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88
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Lv Z, Hao L, Ma B, He Z, Luo Y, Xin Y, He N. Ciboria carunculoides Suppresses Mulberry Immune Responses Through Regulation of Salicylic Acid Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658590. [PMID: 33889168 PMCID: PMC8057602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ciboria carunculoides is the dominant causal agent of mulberry sclerotial disease, and it is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a narrow host range that causes devastating diseases in mulberry fruit. However, little is known about the interaction between C. carunculoides and mulberry. Here, our transcriptome sequencing results showed that the transcription of genes in the secondary metabolism and defense-related hormone pathways were significantly altered in infected mulberry fruit. Due to the antimicrobial properties of proanthocyanidins (PAs), the activation of PA biosynthetic pathways contributes to defense against pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major plant defense hormones. However, SA signaling and JA signaling are antagonistic to each other. Our results showed that SA signaling was activated, while JA signaling was inhibited, in mulberry fruit infected with C. carunculoides. Yet SA mediated responses are double-edged sword against necrotrophic pathogens, as SA not only activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR) but also suppresses JA signaling. We also show here that the small secreted protein CcSSP1 of C. carunculoides activates SA signaling by targeting pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). These findings reveal that the infection strategy of C. carunculoides functions by regulating SA signaling to inhibit host defense responses.
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89
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O’Sullivan CA, Belt K, Thatcher LF. Tackling Control of a Cosmopolitan Phytopathogen: Sclerotinia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:707509. [PMID: 34490008 PMCID: PMC8417578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic members of the Sclerotinia genus cause widespread disease across a broad range of economically important crops. In particular, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is considered one of the most destructive and cosmopolitan of plant pathogens. Here, were review the epidemiology of the pathogen, its economic impact on agricultural production, and measures employed toward control of disease. We review the broad approaches required to tackle Sclerotinia diseases and include cultural practices, crop genetic resistance, chemical fungicides, and biological controls. We highlight the benefits and drawbacks of each approach along with recent advances within these controls and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise F. Thatcher
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Louise F. Thatcher,
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90
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Chen X, Tang J, Pei Z, Liu H, Huang J, Luo C, Tom H, Zheng L. The 'pears and lemons' protein UvPal1 regulates development and virulence of Ustilaginoidea virens. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5414-5432. [PMID: 33073491 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is an economically important fungus causing a devastating grain disease, rice false smut. An insertional mutagenesis screen was used to explore biological mechanisms underlying infection process of U. virens. T184, a new mutant was identified, with abnormal conidial morphology and deficient virulence. Analysis of the T-DNA inserted gene UvPal1 in the mutant confirmed it as a putative homologue of a cellular morphogenetic protein in yeast, Pal1, whose function has not been well characterized. Deletion of UvPal1 affected hyphal growth, cell morphology, stress adaptation and virulence. UvPal1 could interact with the endocytic proteins, UvEde1 and UvSla2, but was not required for receptor-mediated endocytosis. A yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis was further carried out to screen the UvPal1-interacting proteins, resulting in the identification of 16 putative interacting proteins. Interestingly, UvPal1 interacted with a septin protein, UvCdc11 in vivo and in vitro, and also affected subcellular localization of UvCdc11 protein. Deletion of the four core septins impaired the growth, morphogenesis, stress response and virulence. Collectively, effects on cell morphology, oxidative stress response and virulence are similar to those of UvPal1, suggesting that UvPal1 physically interacts with UvCdc11 to mediate the septin complex to maintain the cellular morphology and virulence of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jintian Tang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhangxin Pei
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hsiang Tom
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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91
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Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Responsive to Sclerotinia scleroterum and Cloning of the Ss-Inducible Chitinase Genes in Morus laevigata. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218358. [PMID: 33171780 PMCID: PMC7664649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss) is a devastating fungal pathogen that causes Sclerotinia stem rot in rapeseed (Brassica napus), and is also detrimental to mulberry and many other crops. A wild mulberry germplasm, Morus laevigata, showed high resistance to Ss, but the molecular basis for the resistance is largely unknown. Here, the transcriptome response characteristics of M. laevigata to Ss infection were revealed by RNA-seq. A total of 833 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected after the Ss inoculation in the leaf of M. laevigata. After the GO terms and KEGG pathways enrichment analyses, 42 resistance-related genes were selected as core candidates from the upregulated DEGs. Their expression patterns were detected in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of M. laevigata. Most of them (30/42) were specifically or mainly expressed in flowers, which was consistent with the fact that Ss mainly infects plants through floral organs, and indicated that Ss-resistance genes could be induced by pathogen inoculation on ectopic organs. After the Ss inoculation, these candidate genes were also induced in the two susceptible varieties of mulberry, but the responses of most of them were much slower with lower extents. Based on the expression patterns and functional annotation of the 42 candidate genes, we cloned the full-length gDNA and cDNA sequences of the Ss-inducible chitinase gene set (MlChi family). Phylogenetic tree construction, protein interaction network prediction, and gene expression analysis revealed their special roles in response to Ss infection. In prokaryotic expression, their protein products were all in the form of an inclusion body. Our results will help in the understanding of the molecular basis of Ss-resistance in M. laevigata, and the isolated MlChi genes are candidates for the improvement in plant Ss-resistance via biotechnology.
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92
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Pradhan A, Ghosh S, Sahoo D, Jha G. Fungal effectors, the double edge sword of phytopathogens. Curr Genet 2020; 67:27-40. [PMID: 33146780 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phyto-pathogenic fungi can cause huge damage to crop production. During millions of years of coexistence, fungi have evolved diverse life-style to obtain nutrients from the host and to colonize upon them. They deploy various proteinaceous as well as non-proteinaceous secreted molecules commonly referred as effectors to sabotage host machinery during the infection process. The effectors are important virulence determinants of pathogenic fungi and play important role in successful pathogenesis, predominantly by avoiding host-surveillance system. However, besides being important for pathogenesis, the fungal effectors end-up being recognized by the resistant cultivars of the host, which mount a strong immune response to ward-off pathogens. Various recent studies involving different pathosystem have revealed the virulence/avirulence functions of fungal effectors and their involvement in governing the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. However, the effectors and their cognate resistance gene in the host remain elusive for several economically important fungal pathogens. In this review, using examples from some of the biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, we elaborate the double-edged functions of fungal effectors. We emphasize that knowledge of effector functions can be helpful in effective management of fungal diseases in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pradhan
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Srayan Ghosh
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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93
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Luti S, Bemporad F, Vivoli Vega M, Leri M, Musiani F, Baccelli I, Pazzagli L. Partitioning the structural features that underlie expansin-like and elicitor activities of cerato-platanin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2845-2854. [PMID: 33736287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerato-platanin family (CPF) proteins are produced by fungi and elicit defences when applied to plants, behaving as PAMPs/MAMPs. CPF proteins share structural similarity to plant and bacterial expansins, and have been demonstrated, in some cases, to possess expansin-like loosening activity on cellulose. This is the case of cerato-platanin (CP), the founder of the CPF, which shows both eliciting and cellulose-loosening activities, raising the question as to whether the expansin-like activity may be responsible for defence activation. To pinpoint structural and thermodynamic features underlying eliciting and expansin-like activity of CP, we carried out site-directed mutagenesis targeting separately net charge (N84D mutation), conformational stability (V63A mutation), or conserved position previously shown to affect expansin-like activity in CP (D77A mutation), and characterized wild-type protein and its variants. Removing or adding negative charges on the protein surface led to reducing or increasing, respectively, the expansin-like activity. The activity was instead not affected by mutations affecting protein fold and stability. In contrast, all the mutants showed reduced capacity to elicit defences in plants. We conclude that the expansin-like activity of CP depends on net charge and ability to (weakly) bind cellulose, whereas the eliciting activity on plants does not depend on the cellulose-loosening activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - F Bemporad
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - M Vivoli Vega
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - M Leri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - F Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - L Pazzagli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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94
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Li J, Gao M, Gabriel DW, Liang W, Song L. Secretome-Wide Analysis of Lysine Acetylation in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Provides Novel Insights Into Infection-Related Proteins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559440. [PMID: 33013791 PMCID: PMC7506082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.559440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in tomato. Proteins secreted by this pathogen during initial host colonization largely determine the outcome of pathogen-host interactions. Lysine acetylation (Kac) plays a vital role in the functions of many proteins, but little is known about Kac in Fol secreted proteins. In this study, we analyzed lysine acetylation of the entire Fol secretome. Using high affinity enrichment of Kac peptides and LC-MS/MS analysis, 50 potentially secreted Fol proteins were identified and acetylation sites determined. Bioinformatics analysis revealed 32 proteins with canonical N-terminal signal peptide leaders, and most of them were predicted to be enzymes involved in a variety of biological processes and metabolic pathways. Remarkably, all 32 predicted secreted proteins were novel and encoded on the core chromosomes rather than on the previously identified LS pathogenicity chromosomes. Homolog scanning of the secreted proteins among 40 different species revealed 4 proteins that were species specific, 3 proteins that were class-specific in the Ascomycota phylum, and 25 proteins that were more widely conserved genes. These secreted proteins provide a starting resource for investigating putative novel pathogenic genes, with 26 up-regulated genes encoding Kac proteins that may play an important role during initial symptomless infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Li
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Song
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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95
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Rocafort M, Fudal I, Mesarich CH. Apoplastic effector proteins of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:9-19. [PMID: 32247857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of an interaction between a plant and a fungus or an oomycete, whether compatibility or incompatibility, is often determined in the hostile extracellular spaces and matrices of the apoplast. Indeed, for compatibility to occur, many plant-associated fungi and oomycetes must first neutralize the apoplast, which is both monitored by plant cell-surface immune receptors, and enriched in plant (and frequently, competitor)-derived antimicrobial compounds. Research is highlighting the diverse roles that fungal and oomycete effector proteins play in the apoplast to promote compatibility, with most recent progress made towards understanding the role of these proteins in evading chitin-triggered immunity. Research is also showcasing the ability of apoplastic effector proteins to bring about incompatibility upon recognition by diverse plant cell-surface immune receptors, and the use of effectoromics to rapidly identify apoplastic effector protein-cell-surface immune receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR BIOGER, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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96
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Luo L, Hao J, Li J. Characterization of cmcp Gene as a Pathogenicity Factor of Ceratocystis manginecans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1824. [PMID: 32849428 PMCID: PMC7411389 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratocystis manginecans causes mango wilt with significant economic losses. In the infection court, cerato-platanin (CP) family proteins (CPPs) are believed to involve in pathogenesis but has not been determined in C. manginecans. To confirm this function, a CP protein (CmCP) of C. manginecans was characterized in this study. A protoplast of C. manginecans was prepared by treating its mycelia with driselase and lysing enzymes. The cmcp gene was edited using CRISPR/Cas-U6-1 expression vectors in 60% PEG and 50 μg/mL hygromycin B in the medium, resulting in mutants with cmcp deletion (Δcmcp). A complemented mutant (Δcmcp-C) was obtained by transforming cmcp to Δcmcp. Both Δcmcp and Δcmcp-C were characterized by comparing them with a wild-type strain on morphology, mycelial growth, conidial production and pathogenicity. Additionally, cmcp was transformed and expressed in Pichia pastoris, and the derived recombinant protein CmCP caused a severe necrosis on Nicotiana tabacum leaves. CmCP-treated plant leaves showed symptoms of hypersensitive response including electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species generation and overexpression of defense-related genes PR-1, PAD3, ERF1, HSR203J, and HIN1. All those results suggested that cmcp gene was required for the growth development of C. manginecans and functioned as a major pathogenicity factor in mango infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection/Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbin Li
- College of Plant Protection/Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Laixin Luo
- College of Plant Protection/Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Jianqiang Li
- College of Plant Protection/Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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97
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TaTLP1 interacts with TaPR1 to contribute to wheat defense responses to leaf rust fungus. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008713. [PMID: 32658889 PMCID: PMC7357741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), which are defined as pathogenesis-related protein family 5 (PR5) members, are common plant proteins involved in defense responses and confer antifungal activity against many plant pathogens. Our earlier studies have reported that the TaTLP1 gene was isolated from wheat and proved to be involved in wheat defense in response to leaf rust attack. The present study aims to identify the interacting proteins of TaTLP1 and characterize the role of the interaction between wheat and Puccinia triticina (Pt). Pull-down experiments designed to isolate the molecular target of TaTLP1 in tobacco resulted in the identification of TaPR1, a pathogenesis-related protein of family 1, and the interaction between TaTLP1 and TaPR1 was confirmed by yeast two-hybrid experiments (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). In vitro, TaTLP1 and TaPR1 together increased antifungal activity against Pt. In vivo, the disease resistance phenotype, histological observations of fungal growth and host responses, and accumulation of H2O2 in TaTLP1-TaPR1 in co-silenced plants indicated that co-silencing significantly enhanced wheat susceptibility compared to single knockdown TaTLP1 or TaPR1 plants. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly reduced in co-silenced plants compared to controls during Pt infection, which suggested that the TaTLP1-TaPR1 interaction positively modulates wheat resistance to Pt in an ROS-dependent manner. Our findings provide new insights for understanding the roles of two different PRs, TaTLP1 and TaPR1, in wheat resistance to leaf rust.
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98
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Li Y, Han Y, Qu M, Chen J, Chen X, Geng X, Wang Z, Chen S. Apoplastic Cell Death-Inducing Proteins of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Roles in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32676100 PMCID: PMC7333776 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes and fungi, secrete a remarkable diversity of apoplastic effector proteins to facilitate infection, many of which are able to induce cell death in plants. Over the past decades, over 177 apoplastic cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) have been identified in filamentous oomycetes and fungi. An emerging number of studies have demonstrated the role of many apoplastic CDIPs as essential virulence factors. At the same time, apoplastic CDIPs have been documented to be recognized by plant cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recent findings of extracellular recognition of apoplastic CDIPs by plant leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) have greatly advanced our understanding of how plants detect them and mount a defense response. This review summarizes the latest advances in identifying apoplastic CDIPs of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, and our current understanding of the dual roles of apoplastic CDIPs in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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The Evolutionary and Functional Paradox of Cerato-platanins in Fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00696-20. [PMID: 32332135 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00696-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerato-platanins (CPs) form a family of fungal small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCPs) and are of particular interest not only because of their surface activity but also their abundant secretion by fungi. We performed an evolutionary analysis of 283 CPs from 157 fungal genomes with the focus on the environmental opportunistic plant-beneficial and mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma Our results revealed a long evolutionary history of CPs in Dikarya fungi that have undergone several events of lateral gene transfer and gene duplication. Three genes were maintained in the core genome of Trichoderma, while some species have up to four CP-encoding genes. All Trichoderma CPs evolve under stabilizing natural selection pressure. The functional genomic analysis of CPs in Trichoderma guizhouense and Trichoderma harzianum revealed that only epl1 is active at all stages of development but that it plays a minor role in interactions with other fungi and bacteria. The deletion of this gene results in increased colonization of tomato roots by Trichoderma spp. Similarly, biochemical tests of EPL1 heterologously produced by Pichia pastoris support the claims described above. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the function of CPs is probably linked to their surfactant properties and the ability to modify the hyphosphere of submerged mycelia and, thus, facilitate the nutritional versatility of fungi. The effector-like functions do not sufficiently describe the diversity and evolution of these proteins in fungi, as they are also maintained, duplicated, or laterally transferred in the genomes of nonherbivore fungi.IMPORTANCE Cerato-platanins (CPs) are surface-active small proteins abundantly secreted by filamentous fungi. Consequently, immune systems of plants and other organisms recognize CPs and activate defense mechanisms. Some CPs are toxic to plants and act as virulence factors in plant-pathogenic fungi. Our analysis, however, demonstrates that the interactions with plants do not explain the origin and evolution of CPs in the fungal kingdom. We revealed a long evolutionary history of CPs with multiple cases of gene duplication and events of interfungal lateral gene transfers. In the mycoparasitic Trichoderma spp., CPs evolve under stabilizing natural selection and hamper the colonization of roots. We propose that the ability to modify the hydrophobicity of the fungal hyphosphere is a key to unlock the evolutionary and functional paradox of these proteins.
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100
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Sun H, Kav NNV, Liang Y, Sun L, Chen W. Proteome of the fungus Phoma macdonaldii, the causal agent of black stem of sunflower. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103878. [PMID: 32535146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phoma macdonaldii causes black stem of sunflower, which severely affects sunflower yield and quality. There is currently little molecular information available for this pathogenic fungus. In this study, a global proteomic analysis of P. macdonaldii was performed to determine the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of this pathogen. A total of 1498 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS in all biological replicates. Among the identified proteins, 1420 proteins were classified into the three main GO categories (biological process, cellular component, and molecular function) while 806 proteins were annotated into the five major KEGG database (metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, cellular processes, and organismal systems). The regulated expression levels of eight genes encoding selected identified proteins were investigated to assess their potential effects on fungal development and pathogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the proteome of the necrotrophic fungus P. macdonaldii. The presented results provide novel insights into the development and pathogenesis of P. macdonaldii and possibly other Phoma species. SIGNIFICANCE: Black stem of sunflower is a devastating disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Phoma macdonaldii. Relatively little is known regarding the molecular characteristics of this pathogen, and no proteomic investigation has been reported. Thus, we conducted a global proteomic analysis of P. macdonaldii. Many proteins were found to be differentially regulated during fungal development and pathogenesis, suggesting they may be important for these two processes. This is the first proteomic study of P. macdonaldii, and the data presented herein will be useful for elucidating the molecular characteristics of this fungus as well as other Phoma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Nat N V Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2P5, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Xinjiang Yili Vocational Technical College, Yining 835000, China
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