51
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OUP accepted manuscript. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6526320. [PMID: 35142862 PMCID: PMC8929677 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging, multi drug resistant fungal pathogen that has caused infectious outbreaks in over 45 countries since its first isolation over a decade ago, leading to in-hospital crude mortality rates as high as 72%. The fungus is also acclimated to disinfection procedures and persists for weeks in nosocomial ecosystems. Alarmingly, the outbreaks of C. auris infections in Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients have also been reported. The pathogenicity, drug resistance and global spread of C. auris have led to an urgent exploration of novel, candidate antifungal agents for C. auris therapeutics. This narrative review codifies the emerging data on the following new/emerging antifungal compounds and strategies: antimicrobial peptides, combinational therapy, immunotherapy, metals and nano particles, natural compounds, and repurposed drugs. Encouragingly, a vast majority of these exhibit excellent anti- C. auris properties, with promising drugs now in the pipeline in various stages of development. Nevertheless, further research on the modes of action, toxicity, and the dosage of the new formulations are warranted. Studies are needed with representation from all five C. auris clades, so as to produce data of grater relevance, and broader significance and validity.
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52
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Kordalewska M, Perlin DS. Deciphering Candida auris Paradoxical Growth Effect (Eagle Effect) in Response to Echinocandins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2517:73-85. [PMID: 35674946 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The paradoxical growth effect (PGE; also known as Eagle effect) is an in vitro phenomenon observed during antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST). In PGE, some fungal isolates grow in medium containing high concentrations of an echinocandin, above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), despite being fully susceptible at lower concentrations. The presence of PGE complicates the assignment of isolates to susceptible or resistant category, especially in the case of newly emerged pathogens like Candida auris, for which susceptibility breakpoints are not established.Here we describe a protocol aiding in the determination of whether a given C. auris isolate is echinocandin-resistant or echinocandin-susceptible but exhibiting paradoxical growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kordalewska
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA.
| | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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53
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Dental and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Related Mucormycosis: Diagnoses, Management Strategies and Outcomes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010044. [PMID: 35049983 PMCID: PMC8781413 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been nearly two years since the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected the world. Several innovations and discoveries related to COVID-19 are surfacing every day and new problems associated with the COVID-19 virus are also coming to light. A similar situation is with the emergence of deep invasive fungal infections associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent literature reported the cases of pulmonary and rhino-cerebral fungal infections appearing in patients previously infected by COVID-19. Histopathological analysis of these cases has shown that most of such infections are diagnosed as mucormycosis or aspergillosis. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis usually affects the maxillary sinus with involvement of maxillary teeth, orbits, and ethmoidal sinuses. Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for both COVID-19 as well as mucormycosis. At this point, there is scanty data on the subject and most of the published literature comprises of either case reports or case series with no long-term data available. The aim of this review paper is to present the characteristics of COVID-19 related mucormycosis and associated clinical features, outcome, diagnostic and management strategies. A prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment planning can surely benefit these patients.
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54
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da Silva Dantas A, Nogueira F, Lee KK, Walker LA, Edmondson M, Brand AC, Lenardon MD, Gow NAR. Crosstalk between the calcineurin and cell wall integrity pathways prevents chitin overexpression in Candida albicans. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258889. [PMID: 34792152 PMCID: PMC8729787 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinocandins such as caspofungin are frontline antifungal drugs that compromise β-1,3 glucan synthesis in the cell wall. Recent reports have shown that fungal cells can resist killing by caspofungin by upregulation of chitin synthesis, thereby sustaining cell wall integrity (CWI). When echinocandins are removed, the chitin content of cells quickly returns to basal levels, suggesting that there is a fitness cost associated with having elevated levels of chitin in the cell wall. We show here that simultaneous activation of the calcineurin and CWI pathways generates a subpopulation of Candida albicans yeast cells that have supra-normal chitin levels interspersed throughout the inner and outer cell wall, and that these cells are non-viable, perhaps due to loss of wall elasticity required for cell expansion and growth. Mutations in the Ca2+-calcineurin pathway prevented the formation of these non-viable supra-high chitin cells by negatively regulating chitin synthesis driven by the CWI pathway. The Ca2+-calcineurin pathway may therefore act as an attenuator that prevents the overproduction of chitin by coordinating both chitin upregulation and negative regulation of the CWI signaling pathway. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra da Silva Dantas
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Filomena Nogueira
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Labdia and Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Keunsook K. Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- NGeneBio Company, 288 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08390, South Korea
| | - Louise A. Walker
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Matt Edmondson
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Alexandra C. Brand
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Megan D. Lenardon
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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55
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Ghassemi N, Poulhazan A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Marcotte I, Wang T. Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10036-10086. [PMID: 34878762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrixes (ECMs), such as the cell walls and biofilms, are important for supporting cell integrity and function and regulating intercellular communication. These biomaterials are also of significant interest to the production of biofuels and the development of antimicrobial treatment. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magic-angle spinning-dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) are uniquely powerful for understanding the conformational structure, dynamical characteristics, and supramolecular assemblies of carbohydrates and other biomolecules in ECMs. This review highlights the recent high-resolution investigations of intact ECMs and native cells in many organisms spanning across plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. We spotlight the structural principles identified in ECMs, discuss the current technical limitation and underexplored biochemical topics, and point out the promising opportunities enabled by the recent advances of the rapidly evolving ssNMR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghassemi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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56
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Ksiezopolska E, Schikora-Tamarit MÀ, Beyer R, Nunez-Rodriguez JC, Schüller C, Gabaldón T. Narrow mutational signatures drive acquisition of multidrug resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5314-5326.e10. [PMID: 34699784 PMCID: PMC8660101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing medical concern, in part due to increased resistance to one or multiple antifungal drugs. However, the evolutionary processes underpinning the acquisition of antifungal drug resistance are poorly understood. Here, we used experimental microevolution to study the adaptation of the yeast pathogen Candida glabrata to fluconazole and anidulafungin, two widely used antifungal drugs with different modes of action. Our results show widespread ability of rapid adaptation to one or both drugs. Resistance, including multidrug resistance, is often acquired at moderate fitness costs and mediated by mutations in a limited set of genes that are recurrently and specifically mutated in strains adapted to each of the drugs. Importantly, we uncover a dual role of ERG3 mutations in resistance to anidulafungin and cross-resistance to fluconazole in a subset of anidulafungin-adapted strains. Our results shed light on the mutational paths leading to resistance and cross-resistance to antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ksiezopolska
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Àngel Schikora-Tamarit
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reinhard Beyer
- Institute of Microbial Genetics and Core Facility Bioactive Substances: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Juan Carlos Nunez-Rodriguez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph Schüller
- Institute of Microbial Genetics and Core Facility Bioactive Substances: Screening and Analysis, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Life Sciences Department, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Mechanisms of Disease Program, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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57
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Ahmadipour S, Field RA, Miller GJ. Prospects for anti- Candida therapy through targeting the cell wall: A mini-review. Cell Surf 2021; 7:100063. [PMID: 34746525 PMCID: PMC8551693 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of fungal infections on humans is a serious public health issue that has received much less attention than bacterial infection and treatment, despite ever-increasing incidence exacerbated by an increased incidence of immunocompromised individuals in the population. Candida species, in particular, cause some of the most prevalent hospital-related fungal infections. Fungal infections are also detrimental to the well-being of grazing livestock, with milk production in dairy cows, and body and coat condition adversely affected by fungal infections. Fungal cell walls are essential for viability, morphogenesis and pathogenesis: numerous anti-fungal drugs rely on targeting either the cell wall or cell membrane, but the pipeline of available bioactives is limited. There is a clear and unmet need to identify novel targets and develop new classes of anti-fungal agents. This mini review focuses on fungal cell wall structure, composition and biosynthesis in Candida spp., including C. auris. In addition, an overview of current advances in the development of cell wall targeted therapies is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadipour
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Iceni Diagnostics Ltd, The Innovation Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Iceni Diagnostics Ltd, The Innovation Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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58
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Chakraborty A, Fernando LD, Fang W, Dickwella Widanage MC, Wei P, Jin C, Fontaine T, Latgé JP, Wang T. A molecular vision of fungal cell wall organization by functional genomics and solid-state NMR. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6346. [PMID: 34732740 PMCID: PMC8566572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vast efforts have been devoted to the development of antifungal drugs targeting the cell wall, but the supramolecular architecture of this carbohydrate-rich composite remains insufficiently understood. Here we compare the cell wall structure of a fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and four mutants depleted of major structural polysaccharides. High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of intact cells reveals a rigid core formed by chitin, β-1,3-glucan, and α-1,3-glucan, with galactosaminogalactan and galactomannan present in the mobile phase. Gene deletion reshuffles the composition and spatial organization of polysaccharides, with significant changes in their dynamics and water accessibility. The distribution of α-1,3-glucan in chemically isolated and dynamically distinct domains supports its functional diversity. Identification of valines in the alkali-insoluble carbohydrate core suggests a putative function in stabilizing macromolecular complexes. We propose a revised model of cell wall architecture which will improve our understanding of the structural response of fungal pathogens to stresses. The fungal cell wall is a complex structure composed mainly of glucans, chitin and glycoproteins. Here, the authors use solid-state NMR spectroscopy to assess the cell wall architecture of Aspergillus fumigatus, comparing wild-type cells and mutants lacking major structural polysaccharides, with insights into the distinct functions of these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Wenxia Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | | | - Pingzhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thierry Fontaine
- Unité de Biologie et pathogénicité fongiques, INRAE, USC2019, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institute of Molecular biology and Biotechnology (IMBBFORTH), University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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59
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Wang Q, Li Y, Cai X, Li R, Zheng B, Yang E, Liang T, Yang X, Wan Z, Liu W. Two Sequential Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata with Multidrug-Resistance to Posaconazole and Echinocandins. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101217. [PMID: 34680798 PMCID: PMC8532709 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is one of the most prevalent causative pathogens of invasive candidiasis, and multidrug-resistant strains are emerging. We identified two clinical isolates of C. glabrata, BMU10720 and BMU10722 sequentially isolated from one patient with multidrug-resistance to posaconazole (POS), caspofungin (CAS), micafungin (MCF), and anidulafungin (ANF). Overexpression of ERG11 in BMU10720 and CDR1 in BMU10722 were detected at basal level. When exposed to POS, CDR1 was significantly up-regulated in both isolates compared with susceptible reference strain, while ERG11 was up-regulated considerably only in BMU10720. PDR1 sequencing revealed that both isolates harbored P76S, P143T, and D243N substitutions, while ERG11 was intact. Cdr1 inhibitor FK520 reversed POS-resistance by down-regulating ERG11 expression. FKS sequencing revealed that both isolates harbored S663P substitution in FKS2, and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) existed in FKS2 genes between BMU10720 and BMU10722, while FKS1 was intact. Both FKS1 and FKS2 were up-regulated by CAS in BMU10720 and BMU10722. FK520 down-regulated FKS2 expression induced by CAS through inhibiting calcineurin, resulting in synergic effect with echinocandins as well as Congo Red and Calcofluor White, two cell wall-perturbing agents. In conclusion, the multidrug-resistance of C. glabrata isolates in our study was conferred by different mechanisms. CDR1 and ERG11 overexpression in one isolate and only CDR1 overexpression in the other isolate may mediate POS-resistance. S663P mutation in FKS2 and up-regulation of FKS2 may contribute to echinocandin-resistance in both isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Q.W.); (R.L.); (T.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xuan Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China;
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Q.W.); (R.L.); (T.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Y.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Ence Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Tianyu Liang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Q.W.); (R.L.); (T.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Q.W.); (R.L.); (T.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhe Wan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Q.W.); (R.L.); (T.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (Q.W.); (R.L.); (T.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.W.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8357-3075
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60
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Liang T, Chen W, Yang X, Wang Q, Wan Z, Li R, Liu W. The Elevated Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to the Sensitivity of the Amphotericin B-Resistant Isolate of Aspergillus flavus to Triazoles and Echinocandins. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:680749. [PMID: 34413836 PMCID: PMC8369828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.680749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus has been frequently reported as the second cause of invasive aspergillosis (IA), as well as the leading cause in certain tropical countries. Amphotericin B (AMB) is a clinically important therapy option for a range of invasive fungal infections including invasive aspergillosis, and in vitro resistance to AMB was associated with poor outcomes in IA patients treated with AMB. Compared with the AMB-susceptible isolates of A. terreus, the AMB-resistant isolates of A. terreus showed a lower level of AMB-induced endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was an important cause of AMB resistance. In this study, we obtained one AMB-resistant isolate of A. flavus, with an AMB MIC of 32 μg/mL, which was sensitive to triazoles and echinocandins. This isolate presented elevated endogenous ROS levels, which strongly suggested that no contribution of decreased AMB-induced endogenous ROS for AMB-resistance, opposite to those observed in A. terreus. Further, we confirmed that the elevated endogenous ROS contributed to the sensitivity of the AMB-resistant A. flavus isolate to triazoles and echinocandins. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the causes of elevated endogenous ROS and the resistance mechanism to AMB in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Liang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
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61
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Maphanga TG, Naicker SD, Kwenda S, Muñoz JF, van Schalkwyk E, Wadula J, Nana T, Ismail A, Coetzee J, Govind C, Mtshali PS, Mpembe RS, Govender NP. In Vitro Antifungal Resistance of Candida auris Isolates from Bloodstream Infections, South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0051721. [PMID: 34228535 PMCID: PMC8370198 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00517-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that is endemic in South African hospitals. We tested bloodstream C. auris isolates that were submitted to a reference laboratory for national laboratory-based surveillance for candidemia in 2016 and 2017. We confirmed the species identification by phenotypic/molecular methods. We tested susceptibility to amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole, and flucytosine using broth microdilution and Etest methods. We interpreted MICs using tentative breakpoints. We sequenced the genomes of a subset of isolates and compared them to the C. auris B8441 reference strain. Of 400 C. auris isolates, 361 (90%) were resistant to at least one antifungal agent, 339 (94%) to fluconazole alone (MICs of ≥32 µg/ml), 19 (6%) to fluconazole and amphotericin B (MICs of ≥2 µg/ml), and 1 (0.3%) to amphotericin B alone. Two (0.5%) isolates from a single patient were pan-resistant (resistant to fluconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins). Of 92 isolates selected for whole-genome sequencing, 77 clustered in clade III, including the pan-resistant isolates, 13 in clade I, and 2 in clade IV. Eighty-four of the isolates (91%) were resistant to at least one antifungal agent; both resistant and susceptible isolates had mutations. The common substitutions identified across the different clades were VF125AL, Y132F, K177R, N335S, and E343D in ERG11; N647T in MRR1; A651P, A657V, and S195G in TAC1b; S639P in FKS1HP1; and S58T in ERG3. Most South African C. auris isolates were resistant to azoles, although resistance to polyenes and echinocandins was less common. We observed mutations in resistance genes even in phenotypically susceptible isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsidiso G. Maphanga
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mycoses, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Serisha D. Naicker
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mycoses, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stanford Kwenda
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sequencing Core Facility, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jose F. Muñoz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erika van Schalkwyk
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mycoses, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeannette Wadula
- National Health Laboratory Service, Chris Hani Baragwaneth Academic Hospital, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Trusha Nana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sequencing Core Facility, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Phillip S. Mtshali
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sequencing Core Facility, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruth S. Mpembe
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mycoses, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelesh P. Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mycoses, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Dahiya S, Sharma N, Punia A, Choudhary P, Gulia P, Parmar VS, Chhillar AK. Antimycotic Drugs and their Mechanisms of Resistance to Candida Species. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:116-125. [PMID: 34551694 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210719124143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have shown an upsurge in recent decades, which is mainly because of the increasing number of immunocompromised patients and the occurrence of invasive candidiasis has been found to be 7-15 fold greater than that of invasive aspergillosis. The genus Candida comprises more than 150 distinct species, however, only a few of them are found to be pathogenic to humans. Mortality rates of Candida species are found to be around 45% and the reasons for this intensified mortality are inefficient diagnostic techniques and unfitting initial treatment strategies. There are only a few antifungal drug classes that are employed for the remedy of invasive fungal infections. which include azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, and pyrimidine analogs. During the last 2-3 decades, the usage of antifungal drugs has increased several folds due to which the reports of escalating antifungal drug resistance have also been recorded. The resistance is mostly to the triazole- based compounds. Due to the occurrence of antifungal drug resistance, the success rates of treatment have been reduced as well as major changes have been observed in the frequency of fungal infections. In this review, we have summarized the major molecular mechanisms for the development of antifungal drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Namita Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Aruna Punia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Prity Gulia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225. India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- Centre for Biotechnology, MaharshiDayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. India
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Garcia-Rubio R, Hernandez RY, Clear A, Healey KR, Shor E, Perlin DS. Critical Assessment of Cell Wall Integrity Factors Contributing to in vivo Echinocandin Tolerance and Resistance in Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702779. [PMID: 34305871 PMCID: PMC8298035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are on the rise, and emergence of drug-resistant Candida strains refractory to treatment is particularly alarming. Resistance to azole class antifungals, which have been extensively used worldwide for several decades, is so high in several prevalent fungal pathogens, that another drug class, the echinocandins, is now recommended as a first line antifungal treatment. However, resistance to echinocandins is also prominent, particularly in certain species, such as Candida glabrata. The echinocandins target 1,3-β-glucan synthase (GS), the enzyme responsible for producing 1,3-β-glucans, a major component of the fungal cell wall. Although echinocandins are considered fungicidal, C. glabrata exhibits echinocandin tolerance both in vitro and in vivo, where a subset of the cells survives and facilitates the emergence of echinocandin-resistant mutants, which are responsible for clinical failure. Despite this critical role of echinocandin tolerance, its mechanisms are still not well understood. Additionally, most studies of tolerance are conducted in vitro and are thus not able to recapitulate the fungal-host interaction. In this study, we focused on the role of cell wall integrity factors in echinocandin tolerance in C. glabrata. We identified three genes involved in the maintenance of cell wall integrity - YPS1, YPK2, and SLT2 - that promote echinocandin tolerance both in vitro and in a mouse model of gastrointestinal (GI) colonization. In particular, we show that mice colonized with strains carrying deletions of these genes were more effectively sterilized by daily caspofungin treatment relative to mice colonized with the wild-type parental strain. Furthermore, consistent with a role of tolerant cells serving as a reservoir for generating resistant mutations, a reduction in tolerance was associated with a reduction in the emergence of resistant strains. Finally, reduced susceptibility in these strains was due both to the well described FKS-dependent mechanisms and as yet unknown, FKS-independent mechanisms. Together, these results shed light on the importance of cell wall integrity maintenance in echinocandin tolerance and emergence of resistance and lay the foundation for future studies of the factors described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Garcia-Rubio
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Rosa Y. Hernandez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Alissa Clear
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Kelley R. Healey
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Erika Shor
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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Update 2016-2018 of the Nationwide Danish Fungaemia Surveillance Study: Epidemiologic Changes in a 15-Year Perspective. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060491. [PMID: 34205349 PMCID: PMC8235436 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a national surveillance programme initiated in 2004, fungal blood isolates from 2016–2018 underwent species identification and EUCAST susceptibility testing. The epidemiology was described and compared to data from previous years. In 2016–2018, 1454 unique isolates were included. The fungaemia rate was 8.13/100,000 inhabitants compared to 8.64, 9.03, and 8.38 in 2004–2007, 2008–2011, and 2012–2015, respectively. Half of the cases (52.8%) involved patients 60–79 years old and the incidence was highest in males ≥70 years old. Candida albicans accounted for 42.1% of all isolates and Candida glabrata for 32.1%. C. albicans was more frequent in males (p = 0.03) and C. glabrata in females (p = 0.03). During the four periods, the proportion of C. albicans decreased (p < 0.001), and C. glabrata increased (p < 0.001). Consequently, fluconazole susceptibility gradually decreased from 68.5% to 59.0% (p < 0.001). Acquired fluconazole resistance was found in 4.6% Candida isolates in 2016–2018. Acquired echinocandin resistance increased during the four periods 0.0%, 0.6%, 1.7% to 1.5% (p < 0.0001). Sixteen echinocandin-resistant isolates from 2016–2018 harboured well-known FKS resistance-mutations and one echinocandin-resistant C. albicans had an FKS mutation outside the hotspot (P1354P/S) of unknown importance. In C. glabrata specifically, echinocandin resistance was detected in 12/460 (2.6%) in 2016–2018 whereas multidrug-class resistance was rare (1/460 isolates (0.2%)). Since the increase in incidence during 2004–2011, the incidence has stabilised. In contrast, the species distribution has changed gradually over the 15 years, with increased C. glabrata at the expense of C. albicans. The consequent decreased fluconazole susceptibility and the emergence of acquired echinocandin resistance complicates the management of fungaemia and calls for antifungal drug development.
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Sah SK, Hayes JJ, Rustchenko E. The role of aneuploidy in the emergence of echinocandin resistance in human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009564. [PMID: 34043737 PMCID: PMC8158998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudisht Kumar Sah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Joseph Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Rustchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Demonstration of Mutation Development and Virulence Change in Reference Candida Strains Exposed to Caspofungin. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.920675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carolus H, Pierson S, Muñoz JF, Subotić A, Cruz RB, Cuomo CA, Van Dijck P. Genome-Wide Analysis of Experimentally Evolved Candida auris Reveals Multiple Novel Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance. mBio 2021; 12:e03333-20. [PMID: 33820824 PMCID: PMC8092288 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03333-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is globally recognized as an opportunistic fungal pathogen of high concern, due to its extensive multidrug resistance (MDR). Still, molecular mechanisms of MDR are largely unexplored. This is the first account of genome-wide evolution of MDR in C. auris obtained through serial in vitro exposure to azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. We show the stepwise accumulation of copy number variations and novel mutations in genes both known and unknown in antifungal drug resistance. Echinocandin resistance was accompanied by a codon deletion in FKS1 hot spot 1 and a substitution in FKS1 "novel" hot spot 3. Mutations in ERG3 and CIS2 further increased the echinocandin MIC. Decreased azole susceptibility was linked to a mutation in transcription factor TAC1b and overexpression of the drug efflux pump Cdr1, a segmental duplication of chromosome 1 containing ERG11, and a whole chromosome 5 duplication, which contains TAC1b The latter was associated with increased expression of ERG11, TAC1b, and CDR2 but not CDR1 The simultaneous emergence of nonsense mutations in ERG3 and ERG11 was shown to decrease amphotericin B susceptibility, accompanied with fluconazole cross-resistance. A mutation in MEC3, a gene mainly known for its role in DNA damage homeostasis, further increased the polyene MIC. Overall, this study shows the alarming potential for and diversity of MDR development in C. auris, even in a clade until now not associated with MDR (clade II), stressing its clinical importance and the urge for future research.IMPORTANCECandida auris is a recently discovered human fungal pathogen and has shown an alarming potential for developing multi- and pan-resistance toward all classes of antifungals most commonly used in the clinic. Currently, C. auris has been globally recognized as a nosocomial pathogen of high concern due to this evolutionary potential. So far, this is the first study in which the stepwise progression of multidrug resistance (MDR) in C. auris is monitored in vitro Multiple novel mutations in known resistance genes and genes previously not or vaguely associated with drug resistance reveal rapid MDR evolution in a C. auris clade II isolate. Additionally, this study shows that in vitro experimental evolution can be a powerful tool to discover new drug resistance mechanisms, although it has its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Carolus
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - José F Muñoz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Subotić
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita B Cruz
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Khalaf RA, Fattouh N, Medvecky M, Hrabak J. Whole genome sequencing of a clinical drug resistant Candida albicans isolate reveals known and novel mutations in genes involved in resistance acquisition mechanisms. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001351. [PMID: 33909551 PMCID: PMC8289213 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen accounting for the majority of cases of Candida infections. Currently, C. albicans are developing resistance towards different classes of antifungal drugs and this has become a global health burden that does not spare Lebanon. This study aims at determining point mutations in genes known to be involved in resistance acquisition and correlating resistance to virulence and ergosterol content in the azole resistant C. albicans isolate CA77 from Lebanon. This pilot study is the first of its kind to be implemented in Lebanon. We carried out whole genome sequencing of the azole resistant C. albicans isolate CA77 and examined 18 genes involved in antifungal resistance. To correlate genotype to phenotype, we evaluated the virulence potential of this isolate by injecting it into BALB/c mice and we quantified membrane ergosterol. Whole genome sequencing revealed that eight out of 18 genes involved in antifungal resistance were mutated in previously reported and novel residues. These genotypic changes were associated with an increase in ergosterol content but no discrepancy in virulence potential was observed between our isolate and the susceptible C. albicans control strain SC5314. This suggests that antifungal resistance and virulence potential in this antifungal resistant isolate are not correlated and that resistance is a result of an increase in membrane ergosterol content and the occurrence of point mutations in genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. Khalaf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nour Fattouh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Matej Medvecky
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jaroslav Hrabak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Identification of Candida glabrata Transcriptional Regulators That Govern Stress Resistance and Virulence. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00146-20. [PMID: 33318139 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00146-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Candida glabrata resists host defense peptides and caspofungin are incompletely understood. To identify transcriptional regulators that enable C. glabrata to withstand these classes of stressors, a library of 215 C. glabrata transcriptional regulatory deletion mutants was screened for susceptibility to both protamine and caspofungin. We identified eight mutants that had increased susceptibility to both host defense peptides and caspofungin. Of these mutants, six were deleted for genes that were predicted to specify proteins involved in histone modification. These genes were ADA2, GCN5, SPT8, HOS2, RPD3, and SPP1 Deletion of ADA2, GCN5, and RPD3 also increased susceptibility to mammalian host defense peptides. The Δada2 and Δgcn5 mutants had increased susceptibility to other stressors, such as H2O2 and SDS. In the Galleria mellonella model of disseminated infection, the Δada2 and Δgcn5 mutants had attenuated virulence, whereas in neutropenic mice, the virulence of the Δada2 and Δrpd3 mutants was decreased. Thus, histone modification plays a central role in enabling C. glabrata to survive host defense peptides and caspofungin, and Ada2 and Rpd3 are essential for the maximal virulence of this organism during disseminated infection.
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Khalifa HO, Arai T, Majima H, Watanabe A, Kamei K. Evaluation of Surveyor nuclease for rapid identification of FKS genes mutations in Candida glabrata. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:834-839. [PMID: 33582033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections with Candida glabrata have recently gained worldwide attention owing to its association with long hospitalizations and high mortality rates. This problem is highlighted when the infection is associated with echinocandin resistance, which is used for first-line therapy. Echinocandin resistance is exclusively attributed to functional mutations in FKS genes, and especially in hot spot (HS) regions. Unfortunately, few studies have focused on the rapid identification of FKS mutations associated with echinocandin resistance in C. glabrata. This study was intended to evaluate and validate the use of Surveyor nuclease assay (SN) for detection of FKS gene mutations. METHODS SN was evaluated against three segments of FKS1 and FKS2 genes including whole gene, regions including all HSs, and the region including only HS1. RESULTS Our results showed that SN results are basically dependent on the type of gene as well as the segment type. Interestingly, SN can detect mutations in the region containing HS1 in both FKS1 and FKS2 genes. Furthermore, SN can detect mutations in the segment containing all HS regions for FKS1 but not FKS2. SN was unable to detect mutations in the whole FKS1 and FKS2 genes. CONCLUSIONS As far as we know, this is the first study to validate SN for rapid identification of FKS gene mutations. This assay could be used as a sample for rapid identification of mutations associated with HS1 region in FKS genes, which have a predominant role for echinocandin resistance induction in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazim O Khalifa
- Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Teppei Arai
- Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Majima
- Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Kamei
- Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
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Asfare S, Eldabagh R, Siddiqui K, Patel B, Kaba D, Mullane J, Siddiqui U, Arnone JT. Systematic Analysis of Functionally Related Gene Clusters in the Opportunistic Pathogen, Candida albicans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020276. [PMID: 33525750 PMCID: PMC7911571 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper balance of gene expression is essential for cellular health, organismal development, and maintaining homeostasis. In response to complex internal and external signals, the cell needs to modulate gene expression to maintain proteostasis and establish cellular identity within its niche. On a genome level, single-celled prokaryotic microbes display clustering of co-expressed genes that are regulated as a polycistronic RNA. This phenomenon is largely absent from eukaryotic microbes, although there is extensive clustering of co-expressed genes as functional pairs spread throughout the genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While initial analysis demonstrated conservation of clustering in divergent fungal lineages, a comprehensive analysis has yet to be performed. Here we report on the prevalence, conservation, and significance of the functional clustering of co-regulated genes within the opportunistic human pathogen, Candida albicans. Our analysis reveals that there is extensive clustering within this organism-although the identity of the gene pairs is unique compared with those found in S. cerevisiae-indicating that this genomic arrangement evolved after these microbes diverged evolutionarily, rather than being the result of an ancestral arrangement. We report a clustered arrangement in gene families that participate in diverse molecular functions and are not the result of a divergent orientation with a shared promoter. This arrangement coordinates the transcription of the clustered genes to their neighboring genes, with the clusters congregating to genomic loci that are conducive to transcriptional regulation at a distance.
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Identification of 3-chymotrypsin like protease (3CLPro) inhibitors as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Commun Biol 2021; 4:93. [PMID: 33473151 PMCID: PMC7817688 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major threat to public health. The morbidity is increasing due to lack of SARS-CoV-2 specific drugs. Herein, we have identified potential drugs that target the 3-chymotrypsin like protease (3CLpro), the main protease that is pivotal for the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Computational molecular modeling was used to screen 3987 FDA approved drugs, and 47 drugs were selected to study their inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 specific 3CLpro enzyme in vitro. Our results indicate that boceprevir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, tipranavir, ivermectin, and micafungin exhibited inhibitory effect towards 3CLpro enzymatic activity. The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies showed that ivermectin may require homodimeric form of 3CLpro enzyme for its inhibitory activity. In summary, these molecules could be useful to develop highly specific therapeutically viable drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication either alone or in combination with drugs specific for other SARS-CoV-2 viral targets. Here, the authors identify potential drugs that target 3-chymotrypsin like protease (3CLpro), which is a pivotal protease for the replication of SARS-CoV-2. They found that off-target inhibitors such as ivermectin and micafungin inhibit 3CLpro enzyme activity, suggesting that these molecules could constitute useful therapies to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Abstract
In order to preserve genome integrity, all cells must mount appropriate responses to DNA damage, including slowing down or arresting the cell cycle to give the cells time to repair the damage and changing gene expression, for example to induce genes involved in DNA repair. The Rad53 protein kinase is a conserved central mediator of these responses in eukaryotic cells, and its extensive phosphorylation upon DNA damage is necessary for its activation and subsequent activity. DNA damage checkpoints are key guardians of genome integrity. Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by triggering extensive phosphorylation of Rad53/CHK2 effector kinase, whereupon activated Rad53/CHK2 mediates further aspects of checkpoint activation, including cell cycle arrest and transcriptional changes. Budding yeast Candida glabrata, closely related to model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is an opportunistic pathogen characterized by high genetic diversity and rapid emergence of drug-resistant mutants. However, the mechanisms underlying this genetic variability are unclear. We used Western blotting and mass spectrometry to show that, unlike S. cerevisiae, C. glabrata cells exposed to DNA damage did not induce C. glabrata Rad53 (CgRad53) phosphorylation. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that, unlike S. cerevisiae, C. glabrata cells did not accumulate in S phase upon DNA damage. Consistent with these observations, time-lapse microscopy showed C. glabrata cells continuing to divide in the presence of DNA damage, resulting in mitotic errors and cell death. Finally, transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) analysis revealed transcriptional rewiring of the DNA damage response in C. glabrata and identified several key protectors of genome stability upregulated by DNA damage in S. cerevisiae but downregulated in C. glabrata, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Together, our results reveal a noncanonical fungal DNA damage response in C. glabrata, which may contribute to rapidly generating genetic change and drug resistance.
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Is caspofungin efficient to treat invasive candidiasis requiring continuous veno-venous hemofiltration? A case report. Therapie 2020; 76:512-515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Garcia-Effron G. Rezafungin-Mechanisms of Action, Susceptibility and Resistance: Similarities and Differences with the Other Echinocandins. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E262. [PMID: 33139650 PMCID: PMC7711656 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rezafungin (formerly CD101) is a new β-glucan synthase inhibitor that is chemically related with anidulafungin. It is considered the first molecule of the new generation of long-acting echinocandins. It has several advantages over the already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) echinocandins as it has better tissue penetration, better pharmacokinetic/phamacodynamic (PK/PD) pharmacometrics, and a good safety profile. It is much more stable in solution than the older echinocandins, making it more flexible in terms of dosing, storage, and manufacturing. These properties would allow rezafungin to be administered once-weekly (intravenous) and to be potentially administered topically and subcutaneously. In addition, higher dose regimens were tested with no evidence of toxic effect. This will eventually prevent (or reduce) the selection of resistant strains. Rezafungin also has several similarities with older echinocandins as they share the same in vitro behavior (very similar Minimum Inhibitory Concentration required to inhibit the growth of 50% of the isolates (MIC50) and half enzyme maximal inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50)) and spectrum, the same target, and the same mechanisms of resistance. The selection of FKS mutants occurred at similar frequency for rezafungin than for anidulafungin and caspofungin. In this review, rezafungin mechanism of action, target, mechanism of resistance, and in vitro data are described in a comparative manner with the already approved echinocandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garcia-Effron
- Laboratorio de Micología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Cátedra de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C.P. 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; or ; Tel.: +54-9342-4575209 (ext. 135)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, C.P. 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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76
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Gutierrez-Armijos R, Sussmann RAC, Silber AM, Cortez M, Hernandez A. Abnormal sterol-induced cell wall glucan deficiency in yeast is due to impaired glucan synthase transport to the plasma membrane. Biochem J 2020; 477:BCJ20200663. [PMID: 33094814 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal sterols disrupt cellular functions through yet unclear mechanisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, accumulation of Δ8-sterols, the same type of sterols observed in patients of Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome or in fungi after amine fungicide treatment, leads to cell wall weakness. We have studied the influence of Δ8-sterols on the activity of glucan synthase I, the protein synthetizing the main polymer in fungal cell walls, its regulation by the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway, and its transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. We ascertained that the catalytic characteristics were mostly unaffected by the presence of abnormal sterols but the enzyme was partially retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to glucan deficit at the cell wall. Furthermore, we observed that glucan synthase I traveled through an unconventional exocytic route to the plasma membrane that is associated with low density intracellular membranes. Also, we found out that the CWI pathway remained inactive despite low glucan levels at the cell wall. Taken together, these data suggest that Δ8-sterols affect cell walls by inhibiting unconventional secretion of proteins leading to retention and degradation of glucan synthase I, while the compensatory CWI pathway is unable to activate. These results could be instrumental to understand defects of bone development in cholesterol biosynthesis disorders and fungicide mechanisms of action.
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Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles and Drug Resistance Mechanisms of Clinical Lomentospora prolificans Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00318-20. [PMID: 32816726 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00318-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lomentospora prolificans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with low susceptibility to current antifungal drugs. Here, we tested the in vitro susceptibility of 8 drugs against 42 clinical L. prolificans isolates. All isolates showed high MICs to voriconazole (MIC90>16 μg/ml), itraconazole (MIC90>16 μg/ml), posaconazole (MIC90>16 μg/ml), isavuconazole (MIC90>16 μg/ml), amphotericin B (MIC90>16 μg/ml), and terbinafine (MIC90>64 μg/ml) and high minimum effective concentrations (MECs) to micafungin (MEC90>8 μg/ml), with the exception of miltefosine showing an MIC90 value of 4 μg/ml. We examined six different in vitro drug combinations and found that the combination of voriconazole and terbinafine achieved the most synergistic effort against L. prolificans We then annotated the L. prolificans whole genome and located its Cyp51 and Fks1 genes. We completely sequenced the two genes to determine if any mutation would be related to azole and echinocandin resistance in L. prolificans We found no amino acid changes in Cyp51 protein and no tandem repeats in the 5' upstream region of the Cyp51 gene. However, we identified three intrinsic amino acid residues (G138S, M220I, and T289A) in the Cyp51 protein that were linked to azole resistance. Likewise, two intrinsic amino acid residues (F639Y, W695F) that have reported to confer echinocandin resistance were found in Fks1 hot spot regions. In addition, three new amino acid alterations (D440A, S634R, and H1245R) were found outside Fks1 hot spot regions, and their contributions to echinocandin resistance need future investigation. Overall, our findings support the notion that L. prolificans is intrinsically resistant to azoles and echinocandins.
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78
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Sumiyoshi M, Miyazaki T, Makau JN, Mizuta S, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa T, Makimura K, Hirayama T, Takazono T, Saijo T, Yamaguchi H, Shimamura S, Yamamoto K, Imamura Y, Sakamoto N, Obase Y, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Kohno S, Mukae H. Novel and potent antimicrobial effects of caspofungin on drug-resistant Candida and bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17745. [PMID: 33082485 PMCID: PMC7576149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinocandins, including caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin, are first-line antifungal agents for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. They exhibit fungicidal activity by inhibiting the synthesis of β-1,3-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. However, they are active only against proliferating fungal cells and unable to completely eradicate fungal cells even after a 24 h drug exposure in standard time-kill assays. Surprisingly, we found that caspofungin, when dissolved in low ionic solutions, had rapid and potent antimicrobial activities against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida and bacteria cells even in non-growth conditions. This effect was not observed in 0.9% NaCl or other ion-containing solutions and was not exerted by other echinocandins. Furthermore, caspofungin dissolved in low ionic solutions drastically reduced mature biofilm cells of MDR Candida auris in only 5 min, as well as Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms in a catheter-lock therapy model. Caspofungin displayed ion concentration-dependent conformational changes and intracellular accumulation with increased reactive oxygen species production, indicating a novel mechanism of action in low ionic conditions. Importantly, caspofungin dissolved in 5% glucose water did not exhibit increased toxicity to human cells. This study facilitates the development of new therapeutic strategies in the management of catheter-related biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sumiyoshi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Juliann Nzembi Makau
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizuta
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Hirayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shimamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Imamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Noriho Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Obase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Kim HR, Eom YB. Antifungal and anti-biofilm effects of 6-shogaol against Candida auris. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1142-1153. [PMID: 32981148 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to assess the antifungal and anti-biofilm effects of 6-shogaol against Candida auris using in vitro phenotypic and genotypic analyses. METHODS AND RESULTS Our results showed that 6-shogaol exhibited antifungal as well as anti-biofilm activity by inhibiting biofilm formation and eradicating the preformed biofilms of C. auris. The rate and extent of antifungal activity were further confirmed by a time-kill assay. The XTT reduction assay confirmed that 6-shogaol decreased cellular metabolic activity in the biofilm. The effect of 6-shogaol on established C. auris biofilms was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Also, this study demonstrated that 6-shogaol reduced the levels of aspartyl proteinases and downregulated the expression of the efflux pump-related CDR1 gene in C. auris. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that 6-shogaol extracted from ginger had antifungal and anti-biofilm effects on C. auris. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrated the value of the plant-derived 6-shogaol as a promising and potent bioactive compound. The mode of action of this compound against C. auris biofilm was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-R Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-B Eom
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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80
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What do we know about the biology of the emerging fungal pathogen of humans Candida auris? Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126621. [PMID: 33096325 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida auris is a worrisome fungal pathogen of humans which emerged merely about a decade ago. Ever since then the scientific community worked hard to understand clinically relevant traits, such as virulence factors, antifungal resistance mechanisms, and its ability to adhere to human skin and medical devices. Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates and epidemiological studies outlining the path of nosocomial outbreaks have been the focus of research into this pathogenic and multidrug-resistant yeast since its first description in 2009. More recently, work was started by several laboratories to explore the biology of C. auris. Here, we review the insights of studies characterizing the mechanisms underpinning antifungal drug resistance, biofilm formation, morphogenetic switching, cell aggregation, virulence, and pathogenicity of C. auris. We conclude that, although some progress has been made, there is still a long journey ahead of us, before we fully understand this novel pathogen. Critically important is the development of molecular tools for C. auris to make this fungus genetically tractable and traceable. This will allow an in-depth molecular dissection of the life cycle of C. auris, of its characteristics while interacting with the human host, and the mechanisms it employs to avoid being killed by antifungals and the immune system.
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81
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Structural base for the transfer of GPI-anchored glycoproteins into fungal cell walls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22061-22067. [PMID: 32839341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct distribution and trafficking of proteins are essential for all organisms. Eukaryotes evolved a sophisticated trafficking system which allows proteins to reach their destination within highly compartmentalized cells. One eukaryotic hallmark is the attachment of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor to C-terminal ω-peptides, which are used as a zip code to guide a subset of membrane-anchored proteins through the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane. In fungi, the final destination of many GPI-anchored proteins is their outermost compartment, the cell wall. Enzymes of the Dfg5 subfamily catalyze the essential transfer of GPI-anchored substrates from the plasma membrane to the cell wall and discriminate between plasma membrane-resident GPI-anchored proteins and those transferred to the cell wall (GPI-CWP). We solved the structure of Dfg5 from a filamentous fungus and used in crystallo glycan fragment screening to reassemble the GPI-core glycan in a U-shaped conformation within its binding pocket. The resulting model of the membrane-bound Dfg5•GPI-CWP complex is validated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and in vivo mutants in yeast. The latter show that impaired transfer of GPI-CWPs causes distorted cell-wall integrity as indicated by increased chitin levels. The structure of a Dfg5•β1,3-glycoside complex predicts transfer of GPI-CWP toward the nonreducing ends of acceptor glycans in the cell wall. In addition to our molecular model for Dfg5-mediated transglycosylation, we provide a rationale for how GPI-CWPs are specifically sorted toward the cell wall by using GPI-core glycan modifications.
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82
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Healey KR, Paderu P, Hou X, Jimenez Ortigosa C, Bagley N, Patel B, Zhao Y, Perlin DS. Differential Regulation of Echinocandin Targets Fks1 and Fks2 in Candida glabrata by the Post-Transcriptional Regulator Ssd1. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030143. [PMID: 32825653 PMCID: PMC7558938 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata are treated with echinocandin antifungals that target β-1,3-glucan synthase, an enzyme critical for fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Echinocandin resistance develops upon mutation of genes (FKS1 or FKS2) that encode the glucan synthase catalytic subunits. We have analyzed cellular factors that influence echinocandin susceptibility and here describe effects of the post-transcriptional regulator Ssd1, which in S. cerevisiae, can bind cell wall related gene transcripts. The SSD1 homolog in C. glabrata was disrupted in isogenic wild type and equivalent FKS1 and FKS2 mutant strains that demonstrate echinocandin resistance (MICs ˃ 0.5 µg/mL). A reversal of resistance (8- to 128-fold decrease in MICs) was observed in FKS1 mutants, but not in FKS2 mutants, following SSD1 deletion. Additionally, this phenotype was complemented upon expression of SSD1 from plasmid (pSSD1). All SSD1 disruptants displayed susceptibility to the calcineurin inhibitor FK506, similar to fks1∆. Decreases in relative gene expression ratios of FKS1 to FKS2 (2.6- to 4.5-fold) and in protein ratios of Fks1 to Fks2 (2.7- and 8.4-fold) were observed in FKS mutants upon SSD1 disruption. Additionally, a complementary increase in protein ratio was observed in the pSSD1 expressing strain. Overall, we describe a cellular factor that influences Fks1-specific mediated resistance and demonstrates further differential regulation of FKS1 and FKS2 in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley R. Healey
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA; (N.B.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Padmaja Paderu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
| | - Xin Hou
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Cristina Jimenez Ortigosa
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
| | - Nicole Bagley
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA; (N.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Biren Patel
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA; (N.B.); (B.P.)
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; (P.P.); (X.H.); (C.J.O.); (Y.Z.); (D.S.P.)
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83
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Yu Y, Albrecht K, Groll J, Beilhack A. Innovative therapies for invasive fungal infections in preclinical and clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:961-971. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1791819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory for Experimental Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krystyna Albrecht
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Laboratory for Experimental Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
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84
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Hashemian SM, Farhadi T, Velayati AA. Caspofungin: a review of its characteristics, activity, and use in intensive care units. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1213-1220. [PMID: 32662712 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1794817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candidemia is the fourth frequent reason of healthcare-related bloodstream infections in critically ill patients. For initial management of (suspected) invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients, usage of an echinocandin, e.g. caspofungin, has been recommended. AREAS COVERED In this study, characteristics of caspofungin and its use in intensive care unit (ICU) patients are reviewed based on an electronic search using PubMed and Google scholar. EXPERT OPINION Caspofungin is a semisynthetic derivative from pneumocandin B and the first member of the echinocandins that was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to fight fungal infection. Caspofungin inhibits the enzyme β(1,3)-D-glucan synthase of the fungal cell wall resulted in inhibition of the synthesis of β(1,3)-D-glucan. For critically ill patients, inter- and intraindividual variations affect the caspofungin concentration. The incidence rates and densities of candidemia in surgical ICUs may be higher than medical ICUs resulting in a higher burden of candidemia in surgical ICUs. However, the mortality rate in surgical ICU patients with candidemia is higher than that medical ICU patients due to differences in their underlying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed MohammadReza Hashemian
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Farhadi
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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85
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Bermas A, Geddes‐McAlister J. Combatting the evolution of antifungal resistance in
Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:721-734. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Bermas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, one of the most important human-pathogenic fungal species, is able to cause aspergillosis, a heterogeneous group of diseases that presents a wide range of clinical manifestations. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is the most serious pathology in terms of patient outcome and treatment, with a high mortality rate ranging from 50% to 95% primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Azoles have been used for many years as the main antifungal agents to treat and prevent invasive aspergillosis. However, there were several reports of evolution of clinical azole resistance in the last decade. Caspofungin, a noncompetitive β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor, has been used against A. fumigatus, but it is fungistatic and is recommended as second-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis. More information about caspofungin tolerance and resistance is necessary in order to refine antifungal strategies that target the fungal cell wall. Here, we screened a transcription factor (TF) deletion library for TFs that can mediate caspofungin tolerance and resistance. We have identified 11 TFs that are important for caspofungin sensitivity and/or for the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE). These TFs encode proteins involved in the basal modulation of the RNA polymerase II initiation sites, calcium metabolism or cell wall remodeling, and mitochondrial respiratory function. The study of those genes regulated by TFs identified in this work will provide a better understanding of the signaling pathways that are important for caspofungin tolerance and resistance. Aspergillus fumigatus is the leading cause of pulmonary fungal diseases. Azoles have been used for many years as the main antifungal agents to treat and prevent invasive aspergillosis. However, in the last 10 years there have been several reports of azole resistance in A. fumigatus and new strategies are needed to combat invasive aspergillosis. Caspofungin is effective against other human-pathogenic fungal species, but it is fungistatic only against A. fumigatus. Resistance to caspofungin in A. fumigatus has been linked to mutations in the fksA gene that encodes the target enzyme of the drug β-1,3-glucan synthase. However, tolerance of high caspofungin concentrations, a phenomenon known as the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE), is also important for subsequent adaptation and drug resistance evolution. Here, we identified and characterized the transcription factors involved in the response to CPE by screening an A. fumigatus library of 484 null transcription factors (TFs) in CPE drug concentrations. We identified 11 TFs that had reduced CPE and that encoded proteins involved in the basal modulation of the RNA polymerase II initiation sites, calcium metabolism, and cell wall remodeling. One of these TFs, FhdA, was important for mitochondrial respiratory function and iron metabolism. The ΔfhdA mutant showed decreased growth when exposed to Congo red or to high temperature. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and further experimental validation indicated that the ΔfhdA mutant showed diminished respiratory capacity, probably affecting several pathways related to the caspofungin tolerance and resistance. Our results provide the foundation to understand signaling pathways that are important for caspofungin tolerance and resistance.
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87
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Vera‐González N, Bailey‐Hytholt CM, Langlois L, Camargo Ribeiro F, Souza Santos EL, Junqueira JC, Shukla A. Anidulafungin liposome nanoparticles exhibit antifungal activity against planktonic and biofilm
Candida albicans. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2263-2276. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Vera‐González
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Christina M. Bailey‐Hytholt
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Luc Langlois
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Felipe Camargo Ribeiro
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Anita Shukla
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
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88
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Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk MA. Candida auris: a fungus with identity crisis. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:ftaa034. [PMID: 32643757 PMCID: PMC7371155 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a new fungal species that has puzzlingly and simultaneously emerged on five continents. Since its identification in 2009, the scientific community has witnessed an exponential emergence of infection episodes and outbreaks in healthcare facilities world-wide. Candida auris exhibits several concerning features compared to other related Candida species, including persistent colonization of skin and nosocomial surfaces, ability to resist common disinfectants and to spread rapidly among patients. Resistance to multiple drug classes and misidentification by available laboratory identification systems has complicated clinical management, and outcomes of infection have generally been poor with mortality rates approaching 68%. Currently, the origins of C. auris are unclear, and therefore, it is impossible to determine whether environmental and climactic changes were contributing factors in its recent emergence as a pathogen. Nevertheless, a robust response involving rapid diagnostics, prompt interventions and implementation of precautions, are paramount in curtailing the spread of infections by this fungal species. Importantly, there is a pressing need for the development of new antifungal drugs. In this article, we present a brief overview highlighting some of the important aspects of C. auris epidemiology, pathogenesis and its puzzling global emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissa Vila
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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89
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Siddharthan S, Rajamohamed BS, Gopal V. Streptomyces diastaticus isolated from the marine crustacean Portunus sanguinolentus with potential antibiofilm activity against Candida albicans. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1977-1984. [PMID: 32476046 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-mediated multidrug resistance has turned into major challenge for the treatment of C. albicans infections. In the present study, actinomycetes (SS5) isolated from marine crustacean were investigated for their ability to inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation. Cultural, morphological and 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the isolated strain was Streptomyces diastaticus. Ethyl acetate bioactive fractions (6 µg mL-1) from SS5 showed potent antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. Light microscopic and CLSM analysis further substantiated the antibiofilm activity of the bioactive fraction against C. albicans. The bioactive fraction was subjected to FTIR and GC-MS for characterization. From GC-MS analysis, the presence of 31 compounds were revealed, among which the alkanes are predominantly present. Hence, further investigation for the potential of these bioactive compounds against C. albicans biofilm will help in the identification of promising candidate for the prevention of biofilm-mediated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Siddharthan
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beema Shafreen Rajamohamed
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Vinothini Gopal
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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90
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Accoceberry I, Couzigou C, Fitton-Ouhabi V, Biteau N, Noël T. Challenging SNP impact on caspofungin resistance by full-length FKS1 allele replacement in Candida lusitaniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:618-624. [PMID: 30517635 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A strain of the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida lusitaniae was genetically engineered for full-length replacement of the FKS1 gene encoding the target of echinocandin antifungals in order to assess the impact of FKS mutations on echinocandin resistance and reduced echinocandin susceptibility (RES). METHODS FKS1 allelic exchange was achieved by transforming C. lusitaniae with two DNA fragments covering the entire FKS1 ORF. Both fragments overlap a 40 bp region where SNPs or small indels of interest were inserted. To target integration at the FKS1 locus, each DNA fragment was fused with split auxotrophic markers of which complementary truncated parts were previously inserted into the chromosomal regions flanking FKS1, allowing selection on minimal medium. RESULTS Three SNPs described in the FKS1 hotspot (HS) regions HS1 or HS2 of clinical isolates of Candida albicans were expressed at an equivalent position in C. lusitaniae and were confirmed to confer either reduced susceptibility (F641V) or full resistance (S645P and R1361G) to caspofungin. The F659 deletion reported in an FKS2 allele of Candida glabrata and the naturally occurring P660A substitution in FKS1 of Candida parapsilosis were shown to confer a 256-fold and 6-fold increase in caspofungin MIC, respectively, when introduced into an FKS1 allele of C. lusitaniae. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed a C. lusitaniae strain for the expression of full-length FKS1 alleles harbouring known mutations contributing to reduced susceptibility or resistance to caspofungin, thus opening the way for the screening of other FKS1/FKS2 mutations potentially involved in RES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Accoceberry
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Célia Couzigou
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Fitton-Ouhabi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Biteau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Noël
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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91
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Alex J, González K, Kindel T, Bellstedt P, Weber C, Heinekamp T, Orasch T, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Schubert US, Brakhage AA. Caspofungin Functionalized Polymethacrylates with Antifungal Properties. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2104-2115. [PMID: 32286800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of hydrophilic poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PmPEGMA) and hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) caspofungin conjugates by a post-polymerization modification of copolymers containing 10 mol % pentafluorophenyl methacrylate (PFPMA), which were obtained via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer copolymerization. The coupling of the clinically used antifungal caspofungin was confirmed and quantified in detail by a combination of 1H-, 19F- and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. The trifunctional amine-containing antifungal was attached via several amide bonds to the hydrophobic PMMA, but sterical hindrance induced by the mPEGMA side chains prohibited intramolecular double functionalization. Both polymer-drug conjugates revealed activity against important human-pathogenic fungi, that is, two strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and one strain of Candida albicans (2.5 mg L-1 < MEC < 8 mg L-1, MIC50 = 4 mg L-1), whereas RAW 264.7 macrophages as well as HeLa cells remained unaffected at these concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Alex
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katherine González
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Till Kindel
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Orasch
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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92
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Biswas C, Wang Q, van Hal SJ, Eyre DW, Hudson B, Halliday CL, Mazsewska K, Kizny Gordon A, Lee A, Irinyi L, Heath CH, Chakrabarti A, Govender NP, Meyer W, Sintchenko V, Chen SCA. Genetic Heterogeneity of Australian Candida auris Isolates: Insights From a Nonoutbreak Setting Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa158. [PMID: 32500091 PMCID: PMC7255648 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing clustered Australian Candida auris isolates from sporadic cases within clade III. Case isolates were genomically distinct; however, unexpectedly, those from 1 case comprised 2 groups separated by >60 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with no isolate being identical, in contrast to outbreaks where isolates from any 1 individual have differed by <3 SNPs. Multidrug resistance was absent. High within-host genetic heterogeneity should be considered when investigating C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Biswas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qinning Wang
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan J van Hal
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology, The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - David W Eyre
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Hudson
- Department of Microbiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catriona L Halliday
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krystyna Mazsewska
- Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alice Kizny Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andie Lee
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology, The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laszlo Irinyi
- Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher H Heath
- Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nelesh P Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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93
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Mroczyńska M, Brillowska-Dąbrowska A. Review on Current Status of Echinocandins Use. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050227. [PMID: 32370108 PMCID: PMC7277767 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are rising all over the world every year. There are only five medical compound classes for treatment: triazoles, echinocandins, polyenes, flucytosine and allylamine. Currently, echinocandins are the most important compounds, because of their wide activity spectrum and much lower sides effects that may occur during therapy with other drugs. Echinocandins are secondary metabolites of fungi, which can inhibit the biosynthesis of β-(1,3)-D-glucan. These compounds have fungicidal and fungistatic activity depending on different genera of fungi, against which they are used. Echinocandin resistance is rare—the major cause of resistance is mutations in the gene encoding the β-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase enzyme. In this review of the literature we have summarized the characteristics of echinocandins, the mechanism of their antifungal activity with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the resistance issue.
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94
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Lotfali E, Mardani M, Abolghasemi S, Darvishnia D, Rabiei MM, Ghasemi R, Fattahi A. Isolation of Candida africana in oral candidiasis: First report among cancer patients in Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2020; 6:58-62. [PMID: 33628984 PMCID: PMC7888514 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.2.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a fungal infection of the oral cavity caused by the members of C. albicans complex. Although C. africana, as a part of the complex, is considered to be mostly responsible for the development of vulvovaginal candidiasis, it may be associated with a wider clinical spectrum. Case report: This report described two cases diagnosed with oral candidiasis during the receipt of treatment for malignancies. Conventional and molecular tests were performed on the samples collected from the patients’ oral cavities. The test results revealed C. africana as the causative agent of oral candidiasis. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal susceptibility test indicated the full susceptibility of all C. africana isolates to caspofungin. However, the data were also suggestive of the resistance against fluconazole and amphotericin B. Caspofungin was used as the main antifungal agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis, resulting in the improvement of thrush in patients. The resistance of C. africana to fluconazole and amphotericin B suggests the necessity of performing in vitro susceptibility testing on the isolates for the selection of appropriate antifungal agents. Conclusion: As the findings indicated, the achievement of knowledge regarding C. africana as an emerging non-albicans Candida species and its antifungal susceptibility profile is crucial to select antifungal prophylaxis and empirical therapy for oral candidiasis in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. None: non
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mardani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Abolghasemi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Darvishnia
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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95
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Dawson CS, Garcia-Ceron D, Rajapaksha H, Faou P, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA. Protein markers for Candida albicans EVs include claudin-like Sur7 family proteins. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1750810. [PMID: 32363014 PMCID: PMC7178836 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1750810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen communication in some fungal diseases. In depth research into fungal EVs has been hindered by the lack of specific protein markers such as those found in mammalian EVs that have enabled sophisticated isolation and analysis techniques. Despite their role in fungal EV biogenesis, ESCRT proteins such as Vps23 (Tsg101) and Bro1 (ALIX) are not present as fungal EV cargo. Furthermore, tetraspanin homologs are yet to be identified in many fungi including the model yeast S. cerevisiae. Objective: We performed de novo identification of EV protein markers for the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans with adherence to MISEV2018 guidelines. Materials and methods: EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation from DAY286, ATCC90028 and ATCC10231 yeast cells, as well as DAY286 biofilms. Whole cell lysates (WCL) were also obtained from the EV-releasing cells. Label-free quantitative proteomics was performed to determine the set of proteins consistently enriched in EVs compared to WCL. Results: 47 proteins were consistently enriched in C. albicans EVs. We refined these to 22 putative C. albicans EV protein markers including the claudin-like Sur7 family (Pfam: PF06687) proteins Sur7 and Evp1 (orf19.6741). A complementary set of 62 EV depleted proteins was selected as potential negative markers. Conclusions: The marker proteins for C. albicans EVs identified in this study will be useful tools for studies on EV biogenesis and cargo loading in C. albicans and potentially other fungal species and will also assist in elucidating the role of EVs in C. albicans pathogenesis. Many of the proteins identified as putative markers are fungal specific proteins indicating that the pathways of EV biogenesis and cargo loading may be specific to fungi, and that assumptions made based on studies in mammalian cells could be misleading. Abbreviations: A1 - ATCC10231; A9 - ATCC90028; DAY B - DAY286 biofilm; DAY Y - DAY286 yeast; EV - extracellular vesicle; Evp1 - extracellular vesicle protein 1 (orf19.6741); GO - gene ontology; Log2(FC) - log2(fold change); MCC - membrane compartment of Can1; MDS - multidimensional scaling; MISEV - minimal information for studies of EVs; sEVs - small EVs; SP - signal peptide; TEMs - tetraspanin enriched microdomains; TM - transmembrane; VDM - vesicle-depleted medium; WCL - whole cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S Dawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science. La Trobe University, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donovan Garcia-Ceron
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science. La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science. La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science. La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Mark R Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science. La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Marilyn A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science. La Trobe University, Australia
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96
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Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. Review of methods and antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing against Pythium insidiosum. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03737. [PMID: 32322727 PMCID: PMC7160450 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the oomycete microorganism Pythium insidiosum. The disease has been increasingly diagnosed worldwide. P. insidiosum inhabits freshwater and presents in two forms: mycelium and zoospore. Clinical manifestations of pythiosis include an infection of the artery, eye, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. The management of pythiosis is problematic due to the lack of effective treatment. Many patients die from an uncontrolled infection. The drug susceptibility testing provides clinically-useful information that could lead to proper drug selection against P. insidiosum. Currently, no standard CLSI protocol for the drug susceptibility of P. insidiosum is available. This review aims at describing methods and antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing against P. insidiosum. Several in-house in vitro susceptibility methods (i.e., broth microdilution method, radial growth method, and agar diffusion method) have been established for P. insidiosum. Either mycelium or zoospore can be an inoculum. Rabbit is the commonly-used model of pythiosis for in vivo drug susceptibility testing. Based on the susceptibility results (i.e., minimal inhibitory concentration and inhibition zone), several antibacterial and antifungal drugs, alone or combination, exhibited an in vitro or in vivo effect against P. insidiosum. Some distinct compounds, antiseptic agents, essential oils, and plant extracts, also show anti-P. insidiosum activities. Successfully medical treatment, guided by the drug susceptibility data, has been reported in some pythiosis patients. Future studies should emphasize finding a novel and effective anti-P. insidiosum drug, standardizing in vitro susceptibility method and correlating drug susceptibility data and clinical outcome of pythiosis patients for a better interpretation of the susceptibility results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Yolanda
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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97
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Prevalence and Therapeutic Challenges of Fungal Drug Resistance: Role for Plants in Drug Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040150. [PMID: 32244276 PMCID: PMC7235788 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global issue that threatens the effective practice of modern medicine and global health. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal strains of Candida auris and azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus were highlighted in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) 2019 report, Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. Conventional antifungals used to treat fungal infections are no longer as effective, leading to increased mortality. Compounding this issue, there are very few new antifungals currently in development. Plants from traditional medicine represent one possible research path to addressing the issue of MDR fungal pathogens. In this commentary piece, we discuss how medical ethnobotany—the study of how people use plants in medicine—can be used as a guide to identify plant species for the discovery and development of novel antifungal therapies.
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98
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Wassano NS, Leite AB, Reichert-Lima F, Schreiber AZ, Moretti NS, Damasio A. Lysine acetylation as drug target in fungi: an underexplored potential in Aspergillus spp. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:673-683. [PMID: 32170592 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the intensification of the use of immunosuppressive therapies has increased the incidence of invasive infections caused by opportunistic fungi. Considering that, the spread of azole resistance and amphotericin B (AmB) inefficiency against some clinical and environmental isolates has been described. Thus, to avoid a global problem when controlling fungal infections and critical failures in medicine, and food security, new approaches for drug target identification and for the development of new treatments that are more effective against pathogenic fungi are desired. Recent studies indicate that protein acetylation is present in hundreds of proteins of different cellular compartments and is involved in several biological processes, i.e., metabolism, translation, gene expression regulation, and oxidative stress response, from prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including fungi, demonstrating that lysine acetylation plays an important role in essential mechanisms. Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and lysine deacetylases (KDACs), the two enzyme families responsible for regulating protein acetylation levels, have been explored as drug targets for the treatment of several human diseases and infections. Aspergilli have on average 8 KAT genes and 11 KDAC genes in their genomes. This review aims to summarize the available knowledge about Aspergillus spp. azole resistance mechanisms and the role of lysine acetylation in the control of biological processes in fungi. We also want to discuss the lysine acetylation as a potential target for fungal infection treatment and drug target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Sayuri Wassano
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariely Barbosa Leite
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Franqueline Reichert-Lima
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelica Zaninelli Schreiber
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilmar S Moretti
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Damasio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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99
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Howard KC, Dennis EK, Watt DS, Garneau-Tsodikova S. A comprehensive overview of the medicinal chemistry of antifungal drugs: perspectives and promise. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2426-2480. [PMID: 32140691 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new fungal pathogens makes the development of new antifungal drugs a medical imperative that in recent years motivates the talents of numerous investigators across the world. Understanding not only the structural families of these drugs but also their biological targets provides a rational means for evaluating the merits and selectivity of new agents for fungal pathogens and normal cells. An equally important aspect of modern antifungal drug development takes a balanced look at the problems of drug potency and drug resistance. The future development of new antifungal agents will rest with those who employ synthetic and semisynthetic methodology as well as natural product isolation to tackle these problems and with those who possess a clear understanding of fungal cell architecture and drug resistance mechanisms. This review endeavors to provide an introduction to a growing and increasingly important literature, including coverage of the new developments in medicinal chemistry since 2015, and also endeavors to spark the curiosity of investigators who might enter this fascinatingly complex fungal landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlind C Howard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
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100
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Hou X, Healey KR, Shor E, Kordalewska M, Ortigosa CJ, Paderu P, Xiao M, Wang H, Zhao Y, Lin LY, Zhang YH, Li YZ, Xu YC, Perlin DS, Zhao Y. Novel FKS1 and FKS2 modifications in a high-level echinocandin resistant clinical isolate of Candida glabrata. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1619-1625. [PMID: 31711370 PMCID: PMC6853239 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1684209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata poses a serious clinical challenge. The underlying resistance mechanism of a pan-echinocandin-resistant C. glabrata isolate (strain L74) was investigated in this study. FKS mutants carrying specific mutations found in L74 were reconstructed by the Alt-R CRISPR-Cas9 system (Fks1 WT/Fks2-E655K, strain CRISPR 31) and site-directed mutagenesis (strain fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K). Sequence analysis of strain L74 revealed a premature stop codon W508stop in FKS1 and an E655K mutation preceding the hotspot 1 region in FKS2. Introduction of the Fks2-E655K mutation in ATCC 2001 (strain CRISPR 31) conferred a modest reduction in susceptibility. However, the same FKS2 mutation in the fks1Δ background (strain fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K) resulted in high levels of resistance to echinocandins. Glucan synthase isolated from L74 was dramatically less sensitive to micafungin (MCF) relative to ATCC 2001. Both FKS1/FKS2 transcript ratios and Fks1/Fks2 protein ratios were significantly lower in L74 and fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K compared to ATCC 2001 and CRISPR 31 (P <0.05). Mice challenged with CRISPR 31 and fks1Δ/Fks2-E655K mutants failed to respond to MCF. In conclusion, the high-level of echinocandin resistance in the clinical isolate of C. glabrata L74 was concluded to result from the combination of null function of Fks1 and the point mutation E655K in Fks2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Kelley R Healey
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, USA
| | - Erika Shor
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Milena Kordalewska
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | | | - Padmaja Paderu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yan Lin
- School of Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hai Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Hebei Yanda Hospital, Langfang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases (BZ0447), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, USA
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