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Bøgeskov Schmidt F, Heskes AM, Thinagaran D, Lindberg Møller B, Jørgensen K, Boughton BA. Mass Spectrometry Based Imaging of Labile Glucosides in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:892. [PMID: 30002667 PMCID: PMC6031732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatial distribution of a broad range of metabolites across a variety of sample types. The recent developments in instrumentation and computing capabilities have increased the mass range, sensitivity and resolution and rendered sample preparation the limiting step for further improvements. Sample preparation involves sectioning and mounting followed by selection and application of matrix. In plant tissues, labile small molecules and specialized metabolites are subject to degradation upon mechanical disruption of plant tissues. In this study, the benefits of cryo-sectioning, stabilization of fragile tissues and optimal application of the matrix to improve the results from MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is investigated with hydroxynitrile glucosides as the main experimental system. Denatured albumin proved an excellent agent for stabilizing fragile tissues such as Lotus japonicus leaves. In stem cross sections of Manihot esculenta, maintaining the samples frozen throughout the sectioning process and preparation of the samples by freeze drying enhanced the obtained signal intensity by twofold to fourfold. Deposition of the matrix by sublimation improved the spatial information obtained compared to spray. The imaging demonstrated that the cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) were localized in the vascular tissues in old stems of M. esculenta and in the periderm and vascular tissues of tubers. In MALDI mass spectrometry, the imaged compounds are solely identified by their m/z ratio. L. japonicus MG20 and the mutant cyd1 that is devoid of hydroxynitrile glucosides were used as negative controls to verify the assignment of the observed masses to linamarin, lotaustralin, and linamarin acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Bøgeskov Schmidt
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allison M. Heskes
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dinaiz Thinagaran
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Birger Lindberg Møller,
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berin A. Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Keller C, Maeda J, Jayaraman D, Chakraborty S, Sussman MR, Harris JM, Ané JM, Li L. Comparison of Vacuum MALDI and AP-MALDI Platforms for the Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Metabolites Involved in Salt Stress in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1238. [PMID: 30210517 PMCID: PMC6121006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is routinely used to determine the spatial distributions of various biomolecules in tissues. Recently, there has been an increased interest in creating higher resolution images using sources with more focused beams. One such source, an atmospheric pressure (AP) MALDI source from MassTech, has a laser capable of reaching spatial resolutions of 10 μm. Here, the AP-MALDI source coupled with a Q Exactive HF Orbitrap platform is compared to the commercial MALDI LTQ Orbitrap XL system using Medicago truncatula root nodules. AP-MALDI parameters, such as the S-lens value, capillary temperature, and spray voltage, were optimized on the Q Exactive-HF platform for optimal detection of plant metabolites. The performance of the two systems was evaluated for sensitivity, spatial resolution, and overall ability to detect plant metabolites. The commercial MALDI LTQ Orbitrap XL was superior regarding the number of compounds detected, as at least two times more m/z were detected compared to the AP-MALDI system. However, although the AP-MALDI source requires a spatial resolution higher than 10 μm to get the best signal, the spatial resolution at 30 μm is still superior compared to the 75 μm spatial resolution achieved on the MALDI platform. The AP-MALDI system was also used to investigate the metabolites present in M. truncatula roots and root nodules under high salt and low salt conditions. A discriminative analysis with SCiLS software revealed m/z ions specific to the control and salt conditions. This analysis revealed 44 m/z ions present at relatively higher abundances in the control samples, and 77 m/z enriched in the salt samples. Liquid chromatography-tandem MS was performed to determine the putative molecular identities of some of the mass ions enriched in each sample, including, asparagine, adenosine, and nicotianamine in the control samples, and arginine and soyasaponin I in the salt treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeanne M. Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Lingjun Li, ;
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Sarabia LD, Boughton BA, Rupasinghe T, van de Meene AML, Callahan DL, Hill CB, Roessner U. High-mass-resolution MALDI mass spectrometry imaging reveals detailed spatial distribution of metabolites and lipids in roots of barley seedlings in response to salinity stress. Metabolomics 2018; 14:63. [PMID: 29681790 PMCID: PMC5907631 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a technology that enables the visualization of the spatial distribution of hundreds to thousands of metabolites in the same tissue section simultaneously. Roots are below-ground plant organs that anchor plants to the soil, take up water and nutrients, and sense and respond to external stresses. Physiological responses to salinity are multifaceted and have predominantly been studied using whole plant tissues that cannot resolve plant salinity responses spatially. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to use a comprehensive approach to study the spatial distribution and profiles of metabolites, and to quantify the changes in the elemental content in young developing barley seminal roots before and after salinity stress. METHODS Here, we used a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI-MSI) platforms to profile and analyze the spatial distribution of ions, metabolites and lipids across three anatomically different barley root zones before and after a short-term salinity stress (150 mM NaCl). RESULTS We localized, visualized and discriminated compounds in fine detail along longitudinal root sections and compared ion, metabolite, and lipid composition before and after salt stress. Large changes in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) profiles were observed as a response to salt stress with PC 34:n showing an overall reduction in salt treated roots. ICP-MS analysis quantified changes in the elemental content of roots with increases of Na+ and decreases of K+ content. CONCLUSION Our results established the suitability of combining three mass spectrometry platforms to analyze and map ionic and metabolic responses to salinity stress in plant roots and to elucidate tolerance mechanisms in response to abiotic stress, such as salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin D Sarabia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Damien L Callahan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Camilla B Hill
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Stopka SA, Agtuca BJ, Koppenaal DW, Paša-Tolić L, Stacey G, Vertes A, Anderton CR. Laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation reveals metabolites in the symbiotic interactions of soybean roots and rhizobia. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:340-354. [PMID: 28394446 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Technologies enabling in situ metabolic profiling of living plant systems are invaluable for understanding physiological processes and could be used for rapid phenotypic screening (e.g., to produce plants with superior biological nitrogen-fixing ability). The symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria results in a specialized plant organ (i.e., root nodule) where the exchange of nutrients between host and endosymbiont occurs. Laser-ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) is a method that can be performed under ambient conditions requiring minimal sample preparation. Here, we employed LAESI-MS to explore the well characterized symbiosis between soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and its compatible symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The utilization of ion mobility separation (IMS) improved the molecular coverage, selectivity, and identification of the detected biomolecules. Specifically, incorporation of IMS resulted in an increase of 153 differentially abundant spectral features in the nodule samples. The data presented demonstrate the advantages of using LAESI-IMS-MS for the rapid analysis of intact root nodules, uninfected root segments, and free-living rhizobia. Untargeted pathway analysis revealed several metabolic processes within the nodule (e.g., zeatin, riboflavin, and purine synthesis). Compounds specific to the uninfected root and bacteria were also detected. Lastly, we performed depth profiling of intact nodules to reveal the location of metabolites to the cortex and inside the infected region, and lateral profiling of sectioned nodules confirmed these molecular distributions. Our results established the feasibility of LAESI-IMS-MS for the analysis and spatial mapping of plant tissues, with its specific demonstration to improve our understanding of the soybean-rhizobial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Beverly J Agtuca
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - David W Koppenaal
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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Becker L, Bellow S, Carré V, Latouche G, Poutaraud A, Merdinoglu D, Brown SC, Cerovic ZG, Chaimbault P. Correlative Analysis of Fluorescent Phytoalexins by Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Fluorescence Microscopy in Grapevine Leaves. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7099-7106. [PMID: 28570053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant response to their environment stresses is a complex mechanism involving secondary metabolites. Stilbene phytoalexins, namely resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceids and viniferins play a key role in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaf defense. Despite their well-established qualities, conventional analyses such as HPLC-DAD or LC-MS lose valuable information on metabolite localization during the extraction process. To overcome this issue, a correlative analysis combining mass spectroscopy imaging (MSI) and fluorescence imaging was developed to localize in situ stilbenes on the same stressed grapevine leaves. High-resolution images of the stilbene fluorescence provided by macroscopy were supplemented by specific distributions and structural information concerning resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceids obtained by MSI. The two imaging techniques led to consistent and complementary data on the stilbene spatial distribution for the two stresses addressed: UV-C irradiation and infection by Plasmopara viticola. Results emphasize that grapevine leaves react differently depending on the stress. A rather uniform synthesis of stilbenes is induced after UV-C irradiation, whereas a more localized synthesis of stilbenes in stomata guard cells and cell walls is induced by P. viticola infection. Finally, this combined imaging approach could be extended to map phytoalexins of various plant tissues with resolution approaching the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Becker
- Université de Lorraine. Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), EA 4632, Institut Jean Barriol - Fédération de Recherche 2843; ICPM 1, Boulevard Arago , Metz Technopole Cedex 03, F-57078, France
| | - Sébastien Bellow
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay , 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- Université de Lorraine. Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), EA 4632, Institut Jean Barriol - Fédération de Recherche 2843; ICPM 1, Boulevard Arago , Metz Technopole Cedex 03, F-57078, France
| | - Gwendal Latouche
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay , 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Poutaraud
- INRA , Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, UMR 1121, Colmar, 29 rue de Herrlisheim, F68021 Colmar Cedex, France.,Université de Lorraine , Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, UMR 1121, 2 Avenue de la forêt de Haye - TSA, 40602 - F54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Didier Merdinoglu
- INRA , UMR 1131, SVQV, F-68000 Colmar, France.,Université de Strasbourg , UMR 1131, SVQV, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Spencer C Brown
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Zoran G Cerovic
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay , 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Patrick Chaimbault
- Université de Lorraine. Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), EA 4632, Institut Jean Barriol - Fédération de Recherche 2843; ICPM 1, Boulevard Arago , Metz Technopole Cedex 03, F-57078, France
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56
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Malys BJ, Owens KG. Improving the analyte ion signal in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry via electrospray deposition by enhancing incorporation of the analyte in the matrix. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:804-812. [PMID: 28263004 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is widely used as the ionization method in high-resolution chemical imaging studies that seek to visualize the distribution of analytes within sectioned biological tissues. This work extends the use of electrospray deposition (ESD) to apply matrix with an additional solvent spray to incorporate and homogenize analyte within the matrix overlayer. METHODS Analytes and matrix are sequentially and independently applied by ESD to create a sample from which spectra are collected, mimicking a MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiment. Subsequently, an incorporation spray consisting of methanol is applied by ESD to the sample and another set of spectra are collected. The spectra prior to and after the incorporation spray are compared to evaluate the improvement in the analyte signal. RESULTS Prior to the incorporation spray, samples prepared using α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the matrix showed low signal while the sample using sinapinic acid (SA) initially exhibited good signal. Following the incorporation spray, the sample using SA did not show an increase in signal; the sample using DHB showed moderate gain factors of 2-5 (full ablation spectra) and 12-336 (raster spectra), while CHCA samples saw large increases in signal, with gain factors of 14-172 (full ablation spectra) and 148-1139 (raster spectra). CONCLUSIONS The use of an incorporation spray to apply solvent by ESD to a matrix layer already deposited by ESD provides an increase in signal by both promoting incorporation of the analyte within and homogenizing the distribution of the incorporated analyte throughout the matrix layer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Malys
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin G Owens
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Crecelius AC, Hölscher D, Hoffmann T, Schneider B, Fischer TC, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, Schwab W, Schubert US. Spatial and Temporal Localization of Flavonoid Metabolites in Strawberry Fruit (Fragaria × ananassa). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3559-3568. [PMID: 28409937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important metabolites in strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) because they accomplish an extensive collection of physiological functions and are valuable for human health. However, their localization within the fruit tissue has not been extensively explored. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI) was employed to shed light on the spatial distribution of flavonoids during fruit development. One wild-type (WT) and two transgenic lines were compared, wherein the transgenic enzymes anthocyanidin reductase (ANRi) and flavonol synthase (FLSi), respectively, were down-regulated using an RNAi-based silencing approach. In most cases, fruit development led to a reduction of the investigated flavonoids in the fruit tissue; as a consequence, they were exclusively present in the skin of mature red fruits. In the case of (epi)catechin dimer, both the ANRi and the WT phenotypes revealed low levels in mature red fruits, whereas the ANRi line bore the lowest relative concentration, as analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization multiple-step mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MSn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Crecelius
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel , Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich , Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thilo C Fischer
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich , Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technical University Munich , Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Alves WS, Manoel EA, Santos NS, Nunes RO, Domiciano GC, Soares MR. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Medicago sativa L. by fluorescence microscopy. Micron 2017; 95:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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59
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Organic matrices, ionic liquids, and organic matrices@nanoparticles assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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60
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Anne-Emmanuelle H, Hasna B, Antoine B, Marjolaine R, Guillaume M, Laetitia CG, Gilles C, Aude HB. Control of Endophytic Frankia Sporulation by Alnus Nodule Metabolites. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:205-214. [PMID: 28072559 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0235-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A unique case of microbial symbiont capable of dormancy within its living host cells has been reported in actinorhizal symbioses. Some Frankia strains, named Sp+, are able to sporulate inside plant cells, contrarily to Sp- strains. The presence of metabolically slowed-down bacterial structures in host cells alters our understanding of symbiosis based on reciprocal benefits between both partners, and its impact on the symbiotic processes remains unknown. The present work reports a metabolomic study of Sp+ and Sp- nodules (from Alnus glutinosa), in order to highlight variabilities associated with in-planta sporulation. A total of 21 amino acids, 44 sugars and organic acids, and 213 secondary metabolites were detected using UV and mass spectrometric-based profiling. Little change was observed in primary metabolites, suggesting that in-planta sporulation would not strongly affect the primary functionalities of the symbiosis. One secondary metabolite (M27) was detected only in Sp+ nodules. It was identified as gentisic acid 5-O-β-d-xylopyranoside, previously reported as involved in plant defenses against microbial pathogens. This metabolite significantly increased Frankia in-vitro sporulation, unlike another metabolite significantly more abundant in Sp- nodules [M168 = (5R)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane-5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside]. All these results suggest that the plant could play an important role in the Frankia ability to sporulate in planta and allow us to discuss a possible sanction emitted by the host against less cooperative Sp+ symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay Anne-Emmanuelle
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
| | - Boubakri Hasna
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
| | - Buonomo Antoine
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
| | - Rey Marjolaine
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
| | - Meiffren Guillaume
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
| | - Cotin-Galvan Laetitia
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
| | - Comte Gilles
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
| | - Herrera-Belaroussi Aude
- 1 PRES Université de Lyon, F-69361, Lyon, France and Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France; and
- 2 Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS-Lyon1, Villeurbanne
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Spatial Metabolite Profiling by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 965:291-321. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47656-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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62
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Larrainzar E, Wienkoop S. A Proteomic View on the Role of Legume Symbiotic Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1267. [PMID: 28769967 PMCID: PMC5513976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants are key elements in sustainable agriculture and represent a significant source of plant-based protein for humans and animal feed worldwide. One specific feature of the family is the ability to establish nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria. Additionally, like most vascular flowering plants, legumes are able to form a mutualistic endosymbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. These beneficial associations can enhance the plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Understanding how symbiotic interactions influence and increase plant stress tolerance are relevant questions toward maintaining crop yield and food safety in the scope of climate change. Proteomics offers numerous tools for the identification of proteins involved in such responses, allowing the study of sub-cellular localization and turnover regulation, as well as the discovery of post-translational modifications (PTMs). The current work reviews the progress made during the last decades in the field of proteomics applied to the study of the legume-Rhizobium and -AM symbioses, and highlights their influence on the plant responses to pathogens and abiotic stresses. We further discuss future perspectives and new experimental approaches that are likely to have a significant impact on the field including peptidomics, mass spectrometric imaging, and quantitative proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Larrainzar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Estíbaliz Larrainzar
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Stefanie Wienkoop
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63
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Sturtevant D, Dueñas ME, Lee YJ, Chapman KD. Three-dimensional visualization of membrane phospholipid distributions in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds: A spatial perspective of molecular heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:268-281. [PMID: 27919665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has been widely used as a model plant to study acyl lipid metabolism. Seeds of A. thaliana are quite small (approximately 500×300μm and weigh ~20μg), making lipid compositional analyses of single seeds difficult to achieve. Here we have used matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to map and visualize the three-dimensional spatial distributions of two common membrane phospholipid classes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), in single A. thaliana seeds. The 3D images revealed distinct differences in distribution of several molecular species of both phospholipids among different seed tissues. Using data from these 3D reconstructions, the PC and PI mol% lipid profiles were calculated for the embryonic axis, cotyledons, and peripheral endosperm, and these data agreed well with overall quantification of these lipids in bulk seed extracts analyzed by conventional electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In addition, MALDI-MSI was used to profile PC and PI molecular species in seeds of wild type, fad2-1, fad3-2, fad6-1, and fae1-1 acyl lipid mutants. The resulting distributions revealed previously unobserved changes in spatial distribution of several lipid molecular species, and were used to suggest new insights into biochemical heterogeneity of seed lipid metabolism. These studies highlight the value of mass spectrometry imaging to provide unprecedented spatial and chemical resolution of metabolites directly in samples even as small as a single A. thaliana seeds, and allow for expanded imaging of plant metabolites to improve our understanding of plant lipid metabolism from a spatial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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64
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Gemperline E, Keller C, Jayaraman D, Maeda J, Sussman MR, Ané JM, Li L. Examination of Endogenous Peptides in Medicago truncatula Using Mass Spectrometry Imaging. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4403-4411. [PMID: 27726374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant science is an important, rapidly developing area of study. Within plant science, one area of study that has grown tremendously with recent technological advances, such as mass spectrometry, is the field of plant-omics; however, plant peptidomics is relatively underdeveloped in comparison with proteomics and metabolomics. Endogenous plant peptides can act as signaling molecules and have been shown to affect cell division, development, nodulation, reproduction, symbiotic associations, and defense reactions. There is a growing need to uncover the role of endogenous peptides on a molecular level. Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a valuable tool for biological analyses as it allows for the detection of thousands of analytes in a single experiment and also displays spatial information for the detected analytes. Despite the prediction of a large number of plant peptides, their detection and imaging with spatial localization and chemical specificity is currently lacking. Here we analyzed the endogenous peptides and proteins in Medicago truncatula using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI. Hundreds of endogenous peptides and protein fragments were imaged, with interesting peptide spatial distribution changes observed between plants in different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gemperline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Caitlin Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dhileepkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael R Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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65
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Baker TC, Han J, Borchers CH. Recent advancements in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 43:62-69. [PMID: 27690313 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a robust tool for spatially resolved analysis of biomolecules in situ. Recent advances in high ionization-efficiency MALDI matrices, new matrix deposition procedures, and the development of high spatial-resolution and high sensitivity MS instruments continue to drive new applications of MALDI-MSI, along with other MSI techniques, which allow us to visualize and determine the regio-specific and temporal changes in proteins, peptides, lipids, drug molecules, and metabolites within the tissues, cells and microorganisms. These provide researchers with a new route to the discovery of potential biomarkers of human disease and elucidation of the underlying biology of metabolic regulation, thus bringing our understanding of human health to a new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teesha C Baker
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, #3101-4464 Markham St., Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch Building Room 207, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jun Han
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, #3101-4464 Markham St., Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria-Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, #3101-4464 Markham St., Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch Building Room 207, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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66
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Jorge TF, Rodrigues JA, Caldana C, Schmidt R, van Dongen JT, Thomas-Oates J, António C. Mass spectrometry-based plant metabolomics: Metabolite responses to abiotic stress. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:620-49. [PMID: 25589422 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is one omics approach that can be used to acquire comprehensive information on the composition of a metabolite pool to provide a functional screen of the cellular state. Studies of the plant metabolome include analysis of a wide range of chemical species with diverse physical properties, from ionic inorganic compounds to biochemically derived hydrophilic carbohydrates, organic and amino acids, and a range of hydrophobic lipid-related compounds. This complexitiy brings huge challenges to the analytical technologies employed in current plant metabolomics programs, and powerful analytical tools are required for the separation and characterization of this extremely high compound diversity present in biological sample matrices. The use of mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical platforms to profile stress-responsive metabolites that allow some plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions is fundamental in current plant biotechnology research programs for the understanding and development of stress-tolerant plants. In this review, we describe recent applications of metabolomics and emphasize its increasing application to study plant responses to environmental (stress-) factors, including drought, salt, low oxygen caused by waterlogging or flooding of the soil, temperature, light and oxidative stress (or a combination of them). Advances in understanding the global changes occurring in plant metabolism under specific abiotic stress conditions are fundamental to enhance plant fitness and increase stress tolerance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:620-649, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F Jorge
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Avenida República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck-partner group at the Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory/CNPEM, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Romy Schmidt
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joost T van Dongen
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Jane Thomas-Oates, Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Avenida República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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67
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Dong Y, Li B, Aharoni A. More than Pictures: When MS Imaging Meets Histology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:686-698. [PMID: 27155743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Attaining high-resolution spatial information is a recurrent challenge in biological research, particularly in the case of small-molecule distribution. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an innovative molecular histology technique that could provide such information. It allows in situ and label-free measurement of both the abundance and distribution of a variety of molecules at the tissue or single cell level. The application of MSI in plant research has received considerable attention; thus, in this review, we describe the current state of MSI in plants. In particular, we present an overview of MSI approaches, highlight the recent technical and methodological developments, and discuss a range of applications contributing to the field of plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Dong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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68
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Pandey MK, Roorkiwal M, Singh VK, Ramalingam A, Kudapa H, Thudi M, Chitikineni A, Rathore A, Varshney RK. Emerging Genomic Tools for Legume Breeding: Current Status and Future Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:455. [PMID: 27199998 PMCID: PMC4852475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Legumes play a vital role in ensuring global nutritional food security and improving soil quality through nitrogen fixation. Accelerated higher genetic gains is required to meet the demand of ever increasing global population. In recent years, speedy developments have been witnessed in legume genomics due to advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) and high-throughput genotyping technologies. Reference genome sequences for many legume crops have been reported in the last 5 years. The availability of the draft genome sequences and re-sequencing of elite genotypes for several important legume crops have made it possible to identify structural variations at large scale. Availability of large-scale genomic resources and low-cost and high-throughput genotyping technologies are enhancing the efficiency and resolution of genetic mapping and marker-trait association studies. Most importantly, deployment of molecular breeding approaches has resulted in development of improved lines in some legume crops such as chickpea and groundnut. In order to support genomics-driven crop improvement at a fast pace, the deployment of breeder-friendly genomics and decision support tools seems appear to be critical in breeding programs in developing countries. This review provides an overview of emerging genomics and informatics tools/approaches that will be the key driving force for accelerating genomics-assisted breeding and ultimately ensuring nutritional and food security in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Manish Roorkiwal
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Vikas K. Singh
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Abirami Ramalingam
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Anu Chitikineni
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Abhishek Rathore
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
- The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
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69
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Wang S, Bai H, Cai Z, Gao D, Jiang Y, Liu J, Liu H. MALDI imaging for the localization of saponins in root tissues and rapid differentiation of three Panax
herbs. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1956-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Hangrui Bai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
- School of Medicine; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen; Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University; Shenzhen P. R. China
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70
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Yoshinaga A, Kamitakahara H, Takabe K. Distribution of coniferin in differentiating normal and compression woods using MALDI mass spectrometric imaging coupled with osmium tetroxide vapor treatment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:643-52. [PMID: 26507270 PMCID: PMC4886284 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI) was employed to detect monolignol glucosides in differentiating normal and compression woods of two Japanese softwoods, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cryptomeria japonica Comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry collision-induced dissociation fragmentation analysis and structural time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF CID-FAST) spectra between coniferin and differentiating xylem also confirmed the presence of coniferin in differentiating xylem. However, as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and MALDI-TOF CID-FAST spectra of sucrose were similar to those of coniferin, it was difficult to distinguish the distribution of coniferin and sucrose using MALDI-MSI and collision-induced dissociation measurement only. To solve this problem, osmium tetroxide vapor was applied to sections of differentiating xylem. This vapor treatment caused peak shifts corresponding to the introduction of two hydroxyl groups to the C=C double bond in coniferin. The treatment did not cause a peak shift for sucrose, and therefore was effective in distinguishing coniferin and sucrose. Thus, it was found that MALDI-MSI combined with osmium tetroxide vapor treatment is a useful method to detect coniferin in differentiating xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Yoshinaga
- Laboratory of Tree Cell Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamitakahara
- Laboratory of The Chemistry of Biomaterials, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Takabe
- Laboratory of Tree Cell Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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71
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Abstract
Plant-omics is rapidly becoming an important field of study in the scientific community due to the urgent need to address many of the most important questions facing humanity today with regard to agriculture, medicine, biofuels, environmental decontamination, ecological sustainability, etc. High-performance mass spectrometry is a dominant tool for interrogating the metabolomes, peptidomes, and proteomes of a diversity of plant species under various conditions, revealing key insights into the functions and mechanisms of plant biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gemperline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Caitlin Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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72
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Brooks JM, Benson DR. Comparative metabolomics of root nodules infected with Frankia sp. strains and uninfected roots from Alnus glutinosa and Casuarina cunninghamiana reflects physiological integration. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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73
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Ramalingam A, Kudapa H, Pazhamala LT, Weckwerth W, Varshney RK. Proteomics and Metabolomics: Two Emerging Areas for Legume Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1116. [PMID: 26734026 PMCID: PMC4689856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The crop legumes such as chickpea, common bean, cowpea, peanut, pigeonpea, soybean, etc. are important sources of nutrition and contribute to a significant amount of biological nitrogen fixation (>20 million tons of fixed nitrogen) in agriculture. However, the production of legumes is constrained due to abiotic and biotic stresses. It is therefore imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms of plant response to different stresses and identify key candidate genes regulating tolerance which can be deployed in breeding programs. The information obtained from transcriptomics has facilitated the identification of candidate genes for the given trait of interest and utilizing them in crop breeding programs to improve stress tolerance. However, the mechanisms of stress tolerance are complex due to the influence of multi-genes and post-transcriptional regulations. Furthermore, stress conditions greatly affect gene expression which in turn causes modifications in the composition of plant proteomes and metabolomes. Therefore, functional genomics involving various proteomics and metabolomics approaches have been obligatory for understanding plant stress tolerance. These approaches have also been found useful to unravel different pathways related to plant and seed development as well as symbiosis. Proteome and metabolome profiling using high-throughput based systems have been extensively applied in the model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, as well as in the model crop legume, soybean, to examine stress signaling pathways, cellular and developmental processes and nodule symbiosis. Moreover, the availability of protein reference maps as well as proteomics and metabolomics databases greatly support research and understanding of various biological processes in legumes. Protein-protein interaction techniques, particularly the yeast two-hybrid system have been advantageous for studying symbiosis and stress signaling in legumes. In this review, several studies on proteomics and metabolomics in model and crop legumes have been discussed. Additionally, applications of advanced proteomics and metabolomics approaches have also been included in this review for future applications in legume research. The integration of these "omics" approaches will greatly support the identification of accurate biomarkers in legume smart breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Ramalingam
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Hyderabad, India
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Hyderabad, India
| | - Lekha T Pazhamala
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Hyderabad, India
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India; School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
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74
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Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) for direct visualization of plant metabolites in situ. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 37:53-60. [PMID: 26613199 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct visualization of plant tissues by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has revealed key insights into the localization of metabolites in situ. Recent efforts have determined the spatial distribution of primary and secondary metabolites in plant tissues and cells. Strategies have been applied in many areas of metabolism including isotope flux analyses, plant interactions, and transcriptional regulation of metabolite accumulation. Technological advances have pushed achievable spatial resolution to subcellular levels and increased instrument sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. It is anticipated that MALDI-MSI and other MSI approaches will bring a new level of understanding to metabolomics as scientists will be encouraged to consider spatial heterogeneity of metabolites in descriptions of metabolic pathway regulation.
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75
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Jacobson RS, Thurston RL, Shrestha B, Vertes A. In Situ Analysis of Small Populations of Adherent Mammalian Cells Using Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry in Transmission Geometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12130-6. [PMID: 26558336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Most cultured cells used for biomedical research are cultured adherently, and the requisite detachment prior to biochemical analysis might induce chemical changes. This is especially crucial if accurate metabolic measurements are desired, given the rapid turnover of metabolites in living organisms. There are only a few methods available for the nontargeted in situ analysis of small adherent cell populations. Here we show that laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry (MS) can be used to analyze adherent cells directly, while still attached to the culture surface. To reduce the size of the analyzed cell population, the spot size constraints of conventional focusing in reflection geometry (rg) LAESI had to be eliminated. By introducing transmission geometry (tg) LAESI and incorporating an objective with a high numerical aperture, spot sizes of 10-20 μm were readily achieved. As few as five adherent cells could be specifically selected for analysis in their culturing environment. The importance of in situ analysis was highlighted by comparing the metabolite composition of adherent versus suspended cells. For example, we observed that cells analyzed adherently yielded higher values for the adenylate energy charge (0.90 ± 0.09 for adherent cells vs 0.09 ± 0.03 for suspended cells). Additionally, due to the smaller focal spot size, tg-LAESI enabled the analysis of ∼20 times smaller cell populations compared to rg-LAESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle S Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
| | - Richard L Thurston
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
| | - Bindesh Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University , Washington DC, 20052, United States
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76
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Bai H, Wang S, Liu J, Gao D, Jiang Y, Liu H, Cai Z. Localization of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng with different age by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1026:263-271. [PMID: 26520809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (P. ginseng) is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines, with ginsenosides as its main bioactive components. Because different ginsenosides have varied pharmacological effects, extraction and separation of ginsenosides are usually required for the investigation of pharmacological effects of different ginsenosides. However, the contents of ginsenosides vary with the ages and tissues of P. ginseng root. In this research, an efficient method to explore the distribution of ginsenosides and differentiate P. ginseng roots with different ages was developed based on matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF-MSI). After a simple sample preparation, there were 18 peaks corresponding to 31 ginsenosides with distinct localization in the mass range of m/z 700-1400 identified by MALDI-TOF-MSI and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. All the three types of ginsenosides were successfully detected and visualized in images, which could be correlated with anatomical features. The P. ginseng at the ages of 2, 4 and 6 could be differentiated finely through the principal component analysis of data collected from the cork based on the ion images but not data from the whole tissue. The experimental result implies that the established method for the direct analysis of metabolites in plant tissues has high potential for the rapid identification of metabolites and analysis of their localizations in medicinal herbs. Furthermore, this technique also provides valuable information for the component-specific extraction and pharmacological research of herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangrui Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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77
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Boughton BA, Thinagaran D, Sarabia D, Bacic A, Roessner U. Mass spectrometry imaging for plant biology: a review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2015; 15:445-488. [PMID: 27340381 PMCID: PMC4870303 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-015-9440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a developing technique to measure the spatio-temporal distribution of many biomolecules in tissues. Over the preceding decade, MSI has been adopted by plant biologists and applied in a broad range of areas, including primary metabolism, natural products, plant defense, plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress, plant lipids and the developing field of spatial metabolomics. This review covers recent advances in plant-based MSI, general aspects of instrumentation, analytical approaches, sample preparation and the current trends in respective plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berin A. Boughton
- />Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Dinaiz Thinagaran
- />School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Daniel Sarabia
- />School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- />School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- />Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- />School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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78
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Sumner LW, Lei Z, Nikolau BJ, Saito K. Modern plant metabolomics: advanced natural product gene discoveries, improved technologies, and future prospects. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:212-29. [PMID: 25342293 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolomics has matured and modern plant metabolomics has accelerated gene discoveries and the elucidation of a variety of plant natural product biosynthetic pathways. This review covers the approximate period of 2000 to 2014, and highlights specific examples of the discovery and characterization of novel genes and enzymes associated with the biosynthesis of natural products such as flavonoids, glucosinolates, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Additional examples of the integration of metabolomics with genome-based functional characterizations of plant natural products that are important to modern pharmaceutical technology are also reviewed. This article also provides a substantial review of recent technical advances in mass spectrometry imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, integrated LC-MS-SPE-NMR for metabolite identifications, and X-ray crystallography of microgram quantities for structural determinations. The review closes with a discussion on the future prospects of metabolomics related to crop species and herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd W Sumner
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA.
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79
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Luzzatto-Knaan T, Melnik AV, Dorrestein PC. Mass spectrometry tools and workflows for revealing microbial chemistry. Analyst 2015; 140:4949-66. [PMID: 25996313 PMCID: PMC5444374 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the time Van Leeuwenhoek was able to observe microbes through a microscope, an innovation that led to the birth of the field of microbiology, we have aimed to understand how microorganisms function, interact and communicate. The exciting progress in the development of analytical technologies and workflows has demonstrated that mass spectrometry is a very powerful technique for the interrogation of microbiology at the molecular level. In this review, we aim to highlight the available and emerging tools in mass spectrometry for microbial analysis by overviewing the methods and workflow advances for taxonomic identification, microbial interaction, dereplication and drug discovery. We emphasize their potential for future development and point out unsolved problems and future directions that would aid in the analysis of the chemistry produced by microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Luzzatto-Knaan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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80
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Wolfender JL, Marti G, Thomas A, Bertrand S. Current approaches and challenges for the metabolite profiling of complex natural extracts. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:136-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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81
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Gemperline E, Jayaraman D, Maeda J, Ané JM, Li L. Multifaceted investigation of metabolites during nitrogen fixation in Medicago via high resolution MALDI-MS imaging and ESI-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:149-58. [PMID: 25323862 PMCID: PMC4286419 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have developed the unique ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria known as rhizobia. This interaction results in the formation of root nodules in which rhizobia thrive and reduce atmospheric dinitrogen into plant-usable ammonium through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Owing to the availability of genetic information for both of the symbiotic partners, the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti association is an excellent model for examining the BNF process. Although metabolites are important in this symbiotic association, few studies have investigated the array of metabolites that influence this process. Of these studies, most target only a few specific metabolites, the roles of which are either well known or are part of a well-characterized metabolic pathway. Here, we used a multifaceted mass spectrometric (MS) approach to detect and identify the key metabolites that are present during BNF using the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti association as the model system. High mass accuracy and high resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) Orbitrap instruments were used in this study and provide complementary results for more in-depth characterization of the nitrogen-fixation process. We used well-characterized plant and bacterial mutants to highlight differences between the metabolites that are present in functional versus nonfunctional nodules. Our study highlights the benefits of using a combination of mass spectrometric techniques to detect differences in metabolite composition and the distributions of these metabolites in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gemperline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Address reprint requests to: Lingjun Li, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Pharmacy, 5125 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222 Phone: 608-265-8491 Fax: 608-262-5345
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82
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Gemperline E, Li L. MALDI-MS-assisted molecular imaging of metabolites in legume plants. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1203:29-40. [PMID: 25361664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1357-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful analytical tool that provides spatial information of several compounds in a single experiment. This technique has been used extensively to study proteins, peptides, and lipids, and is becoming more common for studying small molecules such as endogenous metabolites. With matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI, spatial distributions of multiple metabolites can be simultaneously detected within a biological tissue section. Herein, we present a method developed specifically for imaging metabolites in legume plant roots and root nodules which can be adapted for studying metabolites in other legume organs and even other biological tissue samples. We focus on essential steps such as sample preparation and matrix application, comparing several useful techniques, and present a standard workflow that can be easily modified for different tissue types and instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gemperline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5232 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA
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83
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Hamerly T, H. Butler M, T. Fisher S, K. Hilmer J, A. James G, Bothner B. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Chlorhexidine and Bacteria in a Model Wound. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2015.3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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84
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Feenstra AD, Hansen RL, Lee YJ. Multi-matrix, dual polarity, tandem mass spectrometry imaging strategy applied to a germinated maize seed: toward mass spectrometry imaging of an untargeted metabolome. Analyst 2015; 140:7293-304. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging strategy to allow for visualization and identification of compounds on tissue to help understand plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Feenstra
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE
| | - Rebecca L. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Ames Laboratory-US DOE
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85
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Crecelius AC, Schubert US, von Eggeling F. MALDI mass spectrometric imaging meets “omics”: recent advances in the fruitful marriage. Analyst 2015; 140:5806-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI MSI) is a method that allows the investigation of the molecular content of surfaces, in particular, tissues, within its morphological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Crecelius
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - U. S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - F. von Eggeling
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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86
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Spengler
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical
Chemistry, Schubertstrasse
60, Building 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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87
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Challenges and recent advances in mass spectrometric imaging of neurotransmitters. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:525-40. [PMID: 24568355 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool that grants the ability to investigate a broad mass range of molecules, from small molecules to large proteins, by creating detailed distribution maps of selected compounds. To date, MSI has demonstrated its versatility in the study of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides of different classes toward investigation of neurobiological functions and diseases. These studies have provided significant insight in neurobiology over the years and current technical advances are facilitating further improvements in this field. Herein, we briefly review new MSI studies of neurotransmitters, focusing specifically on the challenges and recent advances of MSI of neurotransmitters.
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88
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Gemperline E, Rawson S, Li L. Optimization and comparison of multiple MALDI matrix application methods for small molecule mass spectrometric imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10030-5. [PMID: 25331774 PMCID: PMC4204912 DOI: 10.1021/ac5028534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The matrix application technique is critical to the success of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) experiment. This work presents a systematic study aiming to evaluate three different matrix application techniques for MALDI mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) of endogenous metabolites from legume plant, Medicago truncatula, root nodules. Airbrush, automatic sprayer, and sublimation matrix application methods were optimized individually for detection of metabolites in the positive ionization mode exploiting the two most widely used MALDI matrices, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA). Analytical reproducibility and analyte diffusion were examined and compared side-by-side for each method. When using DHB, the optimized method developed for the automatic matrix sprayer system resulted in approximately double the number of metabolites detected when compared to sublimation and airbrush. The automatic sprayer method also showed more reproducible results and less analyte diffusion than the airbrush method. Sublimation matrix deposition yielded high spatial resolution and reproducibility but fewer analytes in the higher m/z range (500-1000 m/z). When the samples were placed in a humidity chamber after sublimation, there was enhanced detection of higher mass metabolites but increased analyte diffusion in the lower mass range. When using CHCA, the optimized automatic sprayer method and humidified sublimation method resulted in double the number of metabolites detected compared to standard airbrush method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gemperline
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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89
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Li B, Bhandari DR, Janfelt C, Römpp A, Spengler B. Natural products in Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) rhizome imaged at the cellular level by atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry imaging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:161-71. [PMID: 25040821 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rhizome of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) was analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry imaging and tandem mass spectrometry imaging. An atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging ion source was combined with an orbital trapping mass spectrometer in order to obtain high-resolution imaging in mass and space. Sections of the rhizome were imaged with a spatial resolution of 10 μm in the positive ion mode, and a large number of secondary metabolites were localized and identified based on their accurate mass and MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Major tissue-specific metabolites, including free flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides and saponins, were successfully detected and visualized in images, showing their distributions at the cellular level. The analytical power of the technique was tested in the imaging of two isobaric licorice saponins with a mass difference of only 0.02 Da. With a mass resolving power of 140 000 and a bin width of 5 ppm in the image processing, the two compounds were well resolved in full-scan mode, and appeared with different distributions in the tissue sections. The identities of the compounds and their distributions were validated in a subsequent MS/MS imaging experiment, thereby confirming their identities and excluding possible analyte interference. The use of high spatial resolution, high mass resolution and tandem mass spectrometry in imaging experiments provides significant information about the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids and saponins in legume species, combing the spatially resolved chemical information with morphological details at the microscopic level. Furthermore, the technique offers a scheme capable of high-throughput profiling of metabolites in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 60, building 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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90
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Fukushima A, Kusano M. A network perspective on nitrogen metabolism from model to crop plants using integrated 'omics' approaches. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5619-30. [PMID: 25129130 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), as an essential element in amino acids, nucleotides, and proteins, is a key factor in plant growth and development. Omics approaches such as metabolomics and transcriptomics have become a promising way to inspect complex network interactions in N metabolism and can be used for monitoring the uptake and regulation, translocation, and remobilization of N. In this review, the authors highlight recent progress in omics approaches, including transcript profiling using microarrays and deep sequencing, and show recent technical developments in metabolite profiling for N studies. Further, network analysis studies including network inference methods with correlations, information-theoretic measures, and a network concept to examine gene expression clusters in relation to N regulatory systems in plants are introduced, and integrating network inference methods and integrated networks using multiple omics data are discussed. Finally, this review summarizes recent omics application examples using metabolite and/or transcript profiling analysis to elucidate the regulation of N metabolism and signalling and the coordination of N and carbon metabolism in model plants (Arabidopsis and rice), crops (tomato, maize, and legumes), and trees (Populus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan JST, National Bioscience Database Center (NBDC), 5-3, Yonbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0081, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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91
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Seaman C, Flinders B, Eijkel G, Heeren RMA, Bricklebank N, Clench MR. "Afterlife experiment": use of MALDI-MS and SIMS imaging for the study of the nitrogen cycle within plants. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10071-7. [PMID: 25230319 DOI: 10.1021/ac501191w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of a project to demonstrate the science of decay, a series of mass spectrometry imaging experiments were performed. The aim was to demonstrate that decay and decomposition are only part of the story and to show pictorially that atoms and molecules from dead plants and animals are incorporated into new life. Radish plants (Raphanus sativus) were grown hydroponically using a nutrient system containing (15)N KNO3 (98% labeled) as the only source of nitrogen. Plants were cropped and left to ferment in water for 2 weeks to create a radish "tea", which was used as a source of nitrogen for radish grown in a second hydroponics experiment. After 5 weeks of growth, the radish plants were harvested and cryosectioned, and sections were imaged by positive-ion MALDI and SIMS mass spectrometry imaging. The presence of labeled species in the plants grown using (15)N KNO3 as nutrient and those grown from the radish "tea" was readily discernible. The uptake of (15)N into a number of identifiable metabolites has been studied by MALDI-MS and SIMS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie Seaman
- Biomedical Research Centre, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University , Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
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92
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Wilson SA, Cummings EM, Roberts SC. Multi-scale engineering of plant cell cultures for promotion of specialized metabolism. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 29:163-70. [PMID: 25063984 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To establish plant culture systems for product synthesis, a multi-scale engineering approach is necessary. At the intracellular level, the influx of 'omics' data has necessitated development of new methods to properly annotate and establish useful metabolic models that can be applied to elucidate unknown steps in specialized metabolite biosynthesis, define effective metabolic engineering strategies and increase enzyme diversity available for synthetic biology platforms. On an intercellular level, the presence of aggregates in culture leads to distinct metabolic sub-populations. Recent advances in flow cytometric analyses and mass spectrometry imaging allow for resolution of metabolites on the single cell level, providing an increased understanding of culture heterogeneity. Finally, extracellular engineering can be used to enhance culture performance through media manipulation, co-culture with bacteria, the use of exogenous elicitors or modulation of shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Cummings
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Susan C Roberts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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93
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Becker L, Carré V, Poutaraud A, Merdinoglu D, Chaimbault P. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for the simultaneous location of resveratrol, pterostilbene and viniferins on grapevine leaves. Molecules 2014; 19:10587-600. [PMID: 25050857 PMCID: PMC6271053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the in-situ response to a stress, grapevine leaves have been subjected to mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) experiments. The Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI) approach using different matrices has been evaluated. Among all the tested matrices, the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was found to be the most efficient matrix allowing a broader range of detected stilbene phytoalexins. Resveratrol, but also more toxic compounds against fungi such as pterostilbene and viniferins, were identified and mapped. Their spatial distributions on grapevine leaves irradiated by UV show their specific colocation around the veins. Moreover, MALDI MSI reveals that resveratrol (and piceids) and viniferins are not specifically located on the same area when leaves are infected by Plasmopara viticola. Results obtained by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging demonstrate that this technique would be essential to improve the level of knowledge concerning the role of the stilbene phytoalexins involved in a stress event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Becker
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), Institut Jean Barriol (FR 2843), Université de Lorraine, ICPM 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz, France.
| | - Vincent Carré
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), Institut Jean Barriol (FR 2843), Université de Lorraine, ICPM 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz, France.
| | - Anne Poutaraud
- Institut National de Recherche en Agronomie (INRA) - Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin (UMR 1131), 28 rue de Herrlisheim, F-68021 Colmar, France.
| | - Didier Merdinoglu
- Institut National de Recherche en Agronomie (INRA) - Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin (UMR 1131), 28 rue de Herrlisheim, F-68021 Colmar, France.
| | - Patrick Chaimbault
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), Institut Jean Barriol (FR 2843), Université de Lorraine, ICPM 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz, France.
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94
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Veličković D, Ropartz D, Guillon F, Saulnier L, Rogniaux H. New insights into the structural and spatial variability of cell-wall polysaccharides during wheat grain development, as revealed through MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2079-91. [PMID: 24600018 PMCID: PMC3991742 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) and (1→3),(1→4)-β-glucans (BG) are the major components of wheat grain cell walls. Although incompletely described at the molecular level, it is known that the chemical and distributional heterogeneity of these compounds impacts the quality and use of wheat. In this work, an emerging technique based on MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was employed to map variations in the quantity, localization, and structure of these polysaccharides in the endosperm during wheat maturation. MALDI MSI couples detailed structural information with the spatial localization observed at the micrometer scale. The enzymic hydrolysis of AX and BG was performed directly on the grain sections, resulting in the efficient formation of smaller oligosaccharides that are easily measurable through MS, with no relocation across the grain. The relative quantification of the generated oligosaccharides was achieved. The method was validated by confirming data previously obtained using other analytical techniques. Furthermore, in situ analysis of grain cell walls through MSI revealed previously undetectable intense acetylation of AX in young compared to mature grains, together with findings concerning the feruloylation of AX and different structural features of BG. These results provide new insights into the physiological roles of these polysaccharides in cell walls and the specificity of the hydrolytic enzymes involved.
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95
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Horn PJ, Chapman KD. Lipidomics in situ: Insights into plant lipid metabolism from high resolution spatial maps of metabolites. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:32-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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96
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Gemperline E, Li L. MALDI-mass spectrometric imaging for the investigation of metabolites in Medicago truncatula root nodules. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24637669 DOI: 10.3791/51434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most techniques used to study small molecules, such as pharmaceutical drugs or endogenous metabolites, employ tissue extracts which require the homogenization of the tissue of interest that could potentially cause changes in the metabolic pathways being studied(1). Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful analytical tool that can provide spatial information of analytes within intact slices of biological tissue samples(1-5). This technique has been used extensively to study various types of compounds including proteins, peptides, lipids, and small molecules such as endogenous metabolites. With matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI, spatial distributions of multiple metabolites can be simultaneously detected. Herein, a method developed specifically for conducting untargeted metabolomics MSI experiments on legume roots and root nodules is presented which could reveal insights into the biological processes taking place. The method presented here shows a typical MSI workflow, from sample preparation to image acquisition, and focuses on the matrix application step, demonstrating several matrix application techniques that are useful for detecting small molecules. Once the MS images are generated, the analysis and identification of metabolites of interest is discussed and demonstrated. The standard workflow presented here can be easily modified for different tissue types, molecular species, and instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin- Madison; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin- Madison;
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97
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Bjarnholt N, Li B, D'Alvise J, Janfelt C. Mass spectrometry imaging of plant metabolites--principles and possibilities. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:818-37. [PMID: 24452137 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2013 New mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques are gaining importance in the analysis of plant metabolite distributions, and significant technological improvements have been introduced in the past decade. This review provides an introduction to the different MSI techniques and their applications in plant science. The most common methods for sample preparation are described, and the review also features a comprehensive table of published studies in MSI of plant material. A number of significant works are highlighted for their contributions to advance the understanding of plant biology through applications of plant metabolite imaging. Particular attention is given to the possibility for imaging of surface metabolites since this is highly dependent on the methods and techniques which are applied in imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Bjarnholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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98
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Lebeis SL. The potential for give and take in plant-microbiome relationships. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:287. [PMID: 24999348 PMCID: PMC4064451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic microbes present in plant-associate microbial communities provide a variety of benefits for their host, including reciprocal exchange of nutrients and/or protection from biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Plant microbiomes have remarkably robust composition in comparison to the complex and dynamic microbial environments from which they form, suggesting finely tuned discrimination by the plant host. Here the intersection between the plant immune system and microbiomes will be explored, both as a possible means of shaping community membership and as a consequence elicited by certain colonizing microbes. Notably, the advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies allows the investigation of these beneficial microbial functions within whole community settings, so we can now ask how engagement of the immune response influences subsequent microbial interactions. Thus, we are currently poised for future work defining how the plant immune system impacts microbiomes and consequently host health, allowing us to better understand the potential of plant productivity optimization within complex microbial surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Lebeis
- *Correspondence: Sarah L. Lebeis, Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA e-mail:
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99
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Kilcrease J, Collins AM, Richins RD, Timlin JA, O'Connell MA. Multiple microscopic approaches demonstrate linkage between chromoplast architecture and carotenoid composition in diverse Capsicum annuum fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:1074-83. [PMID: 24118159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased accumulation of specific carotenoids in plastids through plant breeding or genetic engineering requires an understanding of the limitations that storage sites for these compounds may impose on that accumulation. Here, using Capsicum annuum L. fruit, we demonstrate directly the unique sub-organellar accumulation sites of specific carotenoids using live cell hyperspectral confocal Raman microscopy. Further, we show that chromoplasts from specific cultivars vary in shape and size, and these structural variations are associated with carotenoid compositional differences. Live-cell imaging utilizing laser scanning confocal (LSCM) and confocal Raman microscopy, as well as fixed tissue imaging by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), all demonstrated morphological differences with high concordance for the measurements across the multiple imaging modalities. These results reveal additional opportunities for genetic controls on fruit color and carotenoid-based phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kilcrease
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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