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Intercostal Muscles Oxygenation and Breathing Pattern during Exercise in Competitive Marathon Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168287. [PMID: 34444039 PMCID: PMC8393870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the association between the changes in ventilatory variables (tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR) and lung ventilation (V.E)) and deoxygenation of m.intescostales (∆SmO2-m.intercostales) during a maximal incremental exercise in 19 male high-level competitive marathon runners. The ventilatory variables and oxygen consumption (V.O2) were recorded breath-by-breath by exhaled gas analysis. A near-infrared spectroscopy device (MOXY®) located in the right-hemithorax allowed the recording of SmO2-m.intercostales. To explore changes in oxygen levels in muscles with high demand during exercise, a second MOXY® records SmO2-m.vastus laterallis. The triphasic model of exercise intensity was used for evaluating changes in SmO2 in both muscle groups. We found that ∆SmO2-m.intercostales correlated with V.O2-peak (r = 0.65; p = 0.002) and the increase of V.E (r = 0.78; p = 0.001), RR (r = 0.54; p = 0.001), but not Vt (p = 0.210). The interaction of factors (muscles × exercise-phases) in SmO2 expressed as an arbitrary unit (a.u) was significant (p = 0.005). At VT1 there was no difference (p = 0.177), but SmO2-m.intercostales was higher at VT2 (p < 0.001) and V.O2-peak (p < 0.001). In high-level competitive marathon runners, the m.intercostales deoxygenation during incremental exercise is directly associated with the aerobic capacity and increased lung ventilation and respiratory rate, but not tidal volume. Moreover, it shows less deoxygenation than m.vastus laterallis at intensities above the aerobic ventilatory threshold.
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Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Cycling Time Trial Performance and Prefrontal Cortex Activation. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers low levels of a constant current via scalp electrodes to specifically targeted areas of the brain. The effects of tDCS on whole-body exercise performance has been of interest in recent literature. The purpose of the current investigation was to investigate if tDCS, administered via Halo Sport, influences time trial performance in trained cyclists, and if changes in exercise performance are associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and/or muscle oxygenation (SmO2). Methods: Twelve recreationally trained cyclists volunteered to participate in a crossover study design involving two 10-kilometer time trials following 20 min of tDCS or a sham condition. Results: t-tests showed there was no significant difference in performance (time to completion) or physiological measures (blood lactate (BL) concentration, heart rate (HR), SmO2, PFC oxygenation) between the Halo and sham conditions. Conclusions: These results indicate that the application of tDCS via Halo Sport does not induce changes in exercise performance or related physiological parameters during a 10-kilometer cycling time trial.
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Seeley AD, Jacobs KA. IPC recovery length of 45 minutes improves muscle oxygen saturation during active sprint recovery. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1383-1390. [PMID: 34110272 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1939429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) involves brief, repeated bouts of limb occlusion and reperfusion capable of improving exercise performance at least partially by enhancing local skeletal muscle oxygenation. This study sought to investigate the effect of a lower limb IPC protocol, with either a 5-min or 45-min post-application delay, on vastus lateralis tissue saturation index (TSI) and systemic cardiac hemodynamics at rest and during short-duration intense cycling. Twelve young adults randomly completed four interventions: IPC (at 220 mmHg) with 5-min delay (IPC5), IPC with 45-min delay (IPC45), SHAM (at 20 mmHg) with 5-min delay (SHAM5), and SHAM with 45-min delay (SHAM45). Following IPC intervention and recovery delay, participants completed 5, 60-s high-intensity (100% Wpeak) cycle sprints separated by 120-sec of active recovery (30% Wpeak). Compared to baseline, TSI immediately following IPC5, but pre-exercise, remained lower than the equivalent for IPC45 (-5.9 ± 1.5%, p = .002). IPC, imposed at least 45-min before the completion of five 60-s sprint cycling efforts, significantly enhanced TSI during active recovery between sprint intervals compared to a 5-min delay (6.6 ± 2.4%, p = .021), and identical SHAM conditions (SHAM5: 5.8 ± 2.2%, p = .024; SHAM45: 6.2 ± 2.5%, p = .029). A 45-min delay following IPC appears to provide heightened skeletal muscle metabolic rebound prior to intense sprint cycling as compared to a 5-min delay. Furthermore, IPC followed by a 45-min delay enhanced recovery of skeletal muscle oxygenation during low intensity active sprint recovery, despite an unchanged decline in skeletal muscle oxygenation during near-maximal sprinting efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton D Seeley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Kevin A Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. The effect of HIIT vs. SIT on muscle oxygenation in trained sprint kayakers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2743-2759. [PMID: 34145486 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the performance change and physiological adaptations following nine sessions of short high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or sprint-interval training (SIT) in sprint kayakers. METHODS Twelve trained kayakers performed an incremental test and 3 time trials (200 m, 500 m and 1000 m) on a kayak ergometer. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and muscle oxygenation of the latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and vastus lateralis were measured. Athletes were then paired for sex and V̇O2max and randomized into a HIIT or a SIT training group, and performed nine training sessions before repeating the tests. RESULTS Training improved performance in HIIT (200 m: + 3.8 ± 3.1%, p = 0.06; 500 m: + 2.1 ± 4.1%, p = 0.056; 1000 m: + 3.0 ± 4.6%, p = 0.13) but changes in performance remained within the smallest worthwhile change in SIT (200 m: + 0.8 ± 4.1%, p = 0.59; 500 m: + 0.5 ± 4.1%, p = 0.87; 1000 m: + 1.3 ± 4.6%, p = 0.57). In the 1000 m, training led to a greater deoxygenation in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis in HIIT, and in the latissimus dorsi in SIT. In HIIT, the best predictors of improvements in 1000 m performance were increases in latissimus dorsi and vastus lateralis maximal deoxygenation. CONCLUSION In a group of trained sprint kayakers, greater improvements in performance can be obtained with HIIT compared with SIT, for any distance. Training did not change V̇O2peak, but increased muscle maximal deoxygenation, suggesting both HIIT and SIT elicit peripheral adaptations. Performance improvement in the 1000 m was associated with increased maximal muscle deoxygenation, reinforcing the contribution of peripheral adaptations to performance in sprint kayaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Spink SS, Teng F, Pera V, Peterson HM, Cormier T, Sauer-Budge A, Chargin D, Brookfield S, Eggebrecht AT, Ko N, Roblyer D. High optode-density wearable diffuse optical probe for monitoring paced breathing hemodynamics in breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200339SSR. [PMID: 34080400 PMCID: PMC8170390 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.6.062708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) provides in vivo quantification of tissue chromophores such as oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin (HbO2 and HHb, respectively). These parameters have been shown to be useful for predicting neoadjuvant treatment response in breast cancer patients. However, most DOI devices designed for the breast are nonportable, making frequent longitudinal monitoring during treatment a challenge. Furthermore, hemodynamics related to the respiratory cycle are currently unexplored in the breast and may have prognostic value. AIM To design, fabricate, and validate a high optode-density wearable continuous wave diffuse optical probe for the monitoring of breathing hemodynamics in breast tissue. APPROACH The probe has a rigid-flex design with 16 dual-wavelength sources and 16 detectors. Performance was characterized on tissue-simulating phantoms, and validation was performed through flow phantom and cuff occlusion measurements. The breasts of N = 4 healthy volunteers were measured while performing a breathing protocol. RESULTS The probe has 512 unique source-detector (S-D) pairs that span S-D separations of 10 to 54 mm. It exhibited good performance characteristics: μa drift of 0.34%/h, μa precision of 0.063%, and mean SNR ≥ 24 dB up to 41 mm S-D separation. Absorption contrast was detected in flow phantoms at depths exceeding 28 mm. A cuff occlusion measurement confirmed the ability of the probe to track expected hemodynamics in vivo. Breast measurements on healthy volunteers during paced breathing revealed median signal-to-motion artifact ratios ranging from 8.1 to 8.7 dB. Median ΔHbO2 and ΔHHb amplitudes ranged from 0.39 to 0.67 μM and 0.08 to 0.12 μM, respectively. Median oxygen saturations at the respiratory rate ranged from 82% to 87%. CONCLUSIONS A wearable diffuse optical probe has been designed and fabricated for the measurement of breast tissue hemodynamics. This device is capable of quantifying breathing-related hemodynamics in healthy breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Spink
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Fei Teng
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Vivian Pera
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hannah M. Peterson
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tim Cormier
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alexis Sauer-Budge
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David Chargin
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sam Brookfield
- Boston University, Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Adam T. Eggebrecht
- Washington University, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Naomi Ko
- Boston Medical Center, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Women’s Health Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Kirby BS, Clark DA, Bradley EM, Wilkins BW. The balance of muscle oxygen supply and demand reveals critical metabolic rate and predicts time to exhaustion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1915-1927. [PMID: 33914662 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that during whole body exercise, the balance between muscle O2 supply and metabolic demand may elucidate intensity domains, reveal a critical metabolic rate, and predict time to exhaustion. Seventeen active, healthy volunteers (12 males, 5 females; 32 ± 2 yr) participated in two distinct protocols. Study 1 (n = 7) consisted of constant work rate cycling in the moderate, heavy, and severe exercise intensity domains with concurrent measures of pulmonary V̇o2 and local %SmO2 [via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)] on quadriceps and forearm sites. Average %SmO2 at both sites displayed a domain-dependent response (P < 0.05). A negative %SmO2 slope was evident during severe-domain exercise but was positive during exercise below critical power (CP) at both muscle sites. In study 2 (n = 10), quadriceps and forearm site %SmO2 was measured during three continuous running trials to exhaustion and three intermittent intensity (ratio = 60 s severe: 30 s lower intensity) trials to exhaustion. Intensity-dependent negative %SmO2 slopes were observed for all trials (P < 0.05) and predicted zero slope at critical velocity. %SmO2 accurately predicted depletion and repletion of %D' balance on a second-by-second basis (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.05; both sites). Time to exhaustion predictions during continuous and intermittent exercise were either not different or better with %SmO2 [standard error of the estimate (SEE) < 20.52 s for quad, <44.03 s for forearm] versus running velocity (SEE < 65.76 s). Muscle O2 balance provides a dynamic physiological delineation between sustainable and unsustainable exercise (consistent with a "critical metabolic rate") and predicts real-time depletion and repletion of finite work capacity and time to exhaustion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dynamic muscle O2 saturation discriminates boundaries between exercise intensity domains, exposes a critical metabolic rate as the highest rate of steady state O2 supply and demand, describes time series depletion and repletion for work above critical power, and predicts time to exhaustion during severe domain whole body exercise. These results highlight the matching of O2 supply and demand as a primary determinant for sustainable exercise intensities from those that are unsustainable and lead to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S Kirby
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Nike Inc., Beaverton, Oregon
| | - David A Clark
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Nike Inc., Beaverton, Oregon
| | | | - Brad W Wilkins
- Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington
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Changes in Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measured Using Wireless Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Resistance Training: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084293. [PMID: 33919532 PMCID: PMC8074101 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to report, through a systematic review of the literature, the baseline and final reference values obtained by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) during resistance training in healthy adults. Methods: Original research studies were searched from four databases (Scopus, PubMed, WOS, and SportDiscus). Subsequently, three independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts, followed by full-text reviews to assess the studies’ eligibility. Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria, data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed using the Downs and Black scale. Muscle oxygen saturation (% SmO2) during reported muscle strength exercises showed a decreasing trend after a muscle strength protocol; that is, before the protocol (range = 68.07–77.9%) and after (range = 9.50–46.09%). Conclusions: The trend of the SmO2 variables is to decrease after a muscle strength protocol. Studies are lacking that allow expanding the use of these devices during this type of training.
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Stöggl T, Born DP. Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Muscle Specific Analysis of Intensity and Fatigue during Cross-Country Skiing Competition-A Case Report. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2535. [PMID: 33916617 PMCID: PMC8038464 DOI: 10.3390/s21072535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to assess the robustness and non-reactiveness of wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to monitor exercise intensity during a real race scenario, and to compare oxygenation between muscle groups important for cross-country skiing (XCS). In a single-case study, one former elite XCS (age: 39 years, peak oxygen uptake: 65.6 mL/kg/min) was equipped with four NIRS devices, a high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS), and a heart rate (HR) monitor during the Vasaloppet long-distance XCS race. All data were normalized to peak values measured during incremental laboratory roller skiing tests two weeks before the race. HR reflected changes in terrain and intensity, but showed a constant decrease of 0.098 beats per minute from start to finish. Triceps brachii (TRI) muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) showed an interchangeable pattern with HR and seems to be less affected by drift across the competition (0.027% drop per minute). Additionally, TRI and vastus lateralis (VL) SmO2 revealed specific loading and unloading pattern of XCS in uphill and downhill sections, while rectus abdominus (RA) SmO2 (0.111% drop per minute) reflected fatigue patterns occurring during the race. In conclusion, the present preliminary study shows that NIRS provides a robust and non-reactive method to monitor exercise intensity and fatigue mechanisms when applied in an outdoor real race scenario. As local exercise intensity differed between muscle groups and central exercise intensity (i.e., HR) during whole-body endurance exercise such as XCS, NIRS data measured at various major muscle groups may be used for a more detailed analysis of kinetics of muscle activation and compare involvement of upper body and leg muscles. As TRI SmO2 seemed to be unaffected by central fatigue mechanisms, it may provide an alternative method to HR and GNSS data to monitor exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland;
- Swiss Swimming Federation, 3401 Bern, Switzerland
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Endo T, Kime R, Fuse S, Murase N, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Changes in Optical Path Length Reveal Significant Potential Errors of Muscle Oxygenation Evaluation during Exercise in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:853-859. [PMID: 33017349 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), performed with a commonly available noninvasive tissue oxygenation monitoring device, is based on the modified Beer-Lambert law (MBLL). Although NIRS based on MBLL (NIRSMBLL) assumes that the optical path length (PL) is constant, the effects of changes in PL during exercise on muscle oxygenation calculated by MBLL are still incompletely understood. Thus, the purposes of this study were to examine the changes in optical properties during ramp incremental exercise and to compare muscle oxygen dynamics measured by time-resolved NIRS with those calculated based on MBLL. METHODS Twenty-two healthy young men performed ramp incremental cycling exercise until exhaustion. Optical properties (reduced scattering coefficient and PL) and absolute oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin and myoglobin concentrations (oxy[Hb + Mb], deoxy[Hb + Mb], and total[Hb + Mb], respectively) at the vastus lateralis were continuously monitored by a three-wavelength (763, 801, and 836) time-resolved NIRS device. The values of oxy-, deoxy-, and total[Hb + Mb] were then recalculated by assuming constant PL. RESULTS PL at all wavelengths statistically significantly shortened during exercise. In particular, PL at 763 nm was greatly shortened, and the average changes during exercise were a 9.8% ± 3.1% reduction. In addition, significant differences in the kinetics of oxy-, deoxy-, and total[Hb + Mb] between directly measuring PL and assuming constant PL were found. The average changes in measured PL and assuming constant PL-deoxy[Hb + Mb] were increases of 28.8 ± 16.0 μM and increases of 16.4 ± 9.3 μM, respectively. CONCLUSION Assuming constant PL in NIRSMBLL significantly underestimated actual muscle oxy/deoxygenation as compared with measurements obtained by real-time PL determination. The percent degree of the underestimated oxy/deoxygenation was greater than the percent degree of the changes in PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, JAPAN
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Vasquez-Bonilla AA, Camacho-Cardeñosa A, Timón R, Martínez-Guardado I, Camacho-Cardeñosa M, Olcina G. Muscle Oxygen Desaturation and Re-Saturation Capacity Limits in Repeated Sprint Ability Performance in Women Soccer Players: A New Physiological Interpretation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073484. [PMID: 33801649 PMCID: PMC8037739 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Muscle oxygen consumption could provide information on oxidative metabolism in women soccer players. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze muscle oxygenation dynamics during repeated sprint ability (RSA): (8 sprint × 20 s recovery) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The sample was made up of 38 professional women soccer players. To measure the external load, the best time, worst time, average time, individual speed, sprint decrement, and power were assessed. In connection with the internal load, the desaturation (sprint) and re-saturation (recovery) rates, as well as the oxygen extraction (∇%SmO2) in the gastrocnemius muscle and maximum heart rate (%HRmax) were measured. A repeated measures statistic was applied based on the inter-individual response of each subject from the baseline versus the other sprints, with linear regression and nonlinear regression analyses between variables. There was an increase in the SmO2: desaturation rate after four sprints (Δ = 32%), in the re-saturation rate after six sprints (Δ = 89%), and in ∇%SmO2 after four sprints (Δ = 72.1%). There was a linear association between the rates of desaturation and re-saturation relationships and the worst time (r = 0.85), and a non-linear association between ∇%SmO2 and speed (r = 0.89) and between ∇%SmO2 and the sprint decrease (r = 0.93). The progressive increase in SmO2 during RSA is a performance limitation to maintain a high speed; it depends on the capacity of fatigue resistance. Therefore, monitoring the muscle oxygenation dynamics could be a useful tool to evaluate the performance in women soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Vasquez-Bonilla
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardeñosa
- Faculty of Languages and Education, University of Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (M.C.-C.)
| | - Rafael Timón
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | | | - Marta Camacho-Cardeñosa
- Faculty of Languages and Education, University of Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (M.C.-C.)
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
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Matthews EL, Guers JJ, Hosick PA. Young healthy adults with a family history of hypertension have increased microvascular reactivity but decreased macrovascular function. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12676. [PMID: 33417732 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether, like hypertensives, normotensive adults with a family history of hypertension (+FHH) display lower microvascular reactivity and conduit artery function than normotensive adults without a family history of hypertension (-FHH). METHODS A forearm vascular occlusion test was performed on healthy normotensive adults while resting in the supine position. A near-infrared spectroscopy sensor placed on the forearm measured skeletal muscle oxygen saturation kinetics to determine microvascular reactivity. Simultaneously, an ultrasound probe placed on the brachial artery above the occlusion cuff was used to assess flow-mediated dilation; a test of macrovascular function. RESULTS Twenty-two participants were included in this investigation (-FHH n = 13, +FHH n = 9). Following cuff release, the resaturation slope (1st 10 s median ± SD, -FHH 2.76 ± 2.10, +FHH 5.59 ± 2.47%/s; p = .036) was greater in +FHH when accounting for the magnitude and rate of the decrease in skeletal muscle oxygen saturation during occlusion. Conversely, flow-mediated dilation (median ± SD, -FHH 5.96 ± 5.22, +FHH 4.10 ± 3.17%∆; p = .031) was lower in +FHH when accounting for baseline artery diameter and shear rate. CONCLUSIONS Young +FHH adults have altered microvascular and macrovascular reactivity compared with young -FHH adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Matthews
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - John J Guers
- Department of Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Health Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Peter A Hosick
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
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Reliability of Low-Cost Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Determination of Muscular Oxygen Saturation and Hemoglobin Concentration during Rest, Isometric and Dynamic Strength Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238824. [PMID: 33261036 PMCID: PMC7730940 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to establish the reliability of the Humon Hex near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in determining muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and hemoglobin concentration (Hgb) at rest and during isometric and dynamic strength exercises using a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD). Methods: The SmO2 and Hgb values of sixteen healthy adults (mean ± standard deviation (SD): Age = 36.1 ± 6.4 years) were recorded at rest and during isometry (8 s), dynamic strength I (initial load of 40% of the average isometric load, with 2 kg increments until muscle failure) and dynamic strength II (same as I, but with an initial load of 40% of the maximum isometric load) activity. To evaluate the reliability in the determination of SmO2 and Hgb of this device, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and coefficient of variation (CV) were obtained. Results: The main results obtained are SmO2 at rest (CV = 5.76%, SEM = 3.81, ICC = 0.90), isometric strength (CV = 3.03%, SEM = 2.08, ICC = 0.92), dynamic strength I (CV = 10.6, SEM = 7.17, ICC = 0.22) and dynamic strength II (CV = 9.69, SEM = 6.75, ICC = 0.32); Hgb at rest (CV = 1.97%, SEM = 0.24, ICC = 0.65), isometric strength (CV = 0.98%, SEM = 0.12, ICC = 0.96), dynamic strength I (CV = 3.25, SEM = 0.40, ICC = 0.54) and dynamic strength II (CV = 2.74, SEM = 0.34, ICC = 0.65). Conclusions: The study shows that Humon Hex is a reliable device to obtain SmO2 and Hgb data in healthy adult subjects at rest and during isometric strength, providing precision for measurements made with this device.
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Verratti V, Bondi D, Mulliri G, Ghiani G, Crisafulli A, Pietrangelo T, Marinozzi ME, Cerretelli P. Muscle Oxygen Delivery in the Forearm and in the Vastus Lateralis Muscles in Response to Resistance Exercise: A Comparison Between Nepalese Porters and Italian Trekkers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:607616. [PMID: 33240112 PMCID: PMC7683416 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.607616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Altitude ascending represents an intriguing experimental model reproducing physiological and pathophysiological conditions sharing hypoxemia as the denominator. The aim of the present study was to investigate fractional oxygen extraction and blood dynamics in response to hypobaric hypoxia and to acute resistance exercises, taking into account several factors including different ethnic origin and muscle groups. As part of the “Kanchenjunga Exploration & Physiology” project, six Italian trekkers and six Nepalese porters took part in a high altitude trek in the Himalayas. The measurements were carried out at low (1,450 m) and high altitude (HA; 4,780 m). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived parameters, i.e., Tot-Hb and tissue saturation index (TSI), were gathered at rest and after bouts of 3-min resistive exercise, both in the quadriceps and in the forearm muscles. TSI decreased with altitude, particularly in forearm muscles (from 66.9 to 57.3%), whereas the decrement was less in the quadriceps (from 62.5 to 57.2%); Nepalese porters were characterized by greater values in thigh TSI than Italian trekkers. Tot-Hb was increased after exercise. At altitude, such increase appeared to be higher in the quadriceps. This effect might be a consequence of the long-term adaptive memory due to the frequent exposures to altitude. Although speculative, we suggest a long-term adaptation of the Nepalese porters due to improved oxygenation of muscles frequently undergoing hypoxic exercise. Muscle structure, individual factors, and altitude exposure time should be taken into account to move on the knowledge of oxygen delivery and utilization at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mulliri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ghiani
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cerretelli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Italy
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64
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Nolan J, Mclennan PL, Peoples GE. Forearm isometric fatigue-resistance is enhanced in rock climbers compared to power lifters and aerobically-trained athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1057-1064. [PMID: 32955831 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rock climbers are characterized by enhanced forearm fatigue resistance. This study compared the forearm isometric force of rock climbers (RC), strength-matched power lifters (PL) and aerobically trained (AT) athletes to determine the contribution of muscle oxygen desaturation during ischemia. METHODS Aerobically trained athletes (N.=6, 23±1 years, 77±1 kg), power lifters (N.=7, 24±1 years, 80±3 kg) and rock climbers (N.=8, 25±2 years, 74±2 kg) took part in a controlled forearm ischemic occlusion (5 min) assessment using near infrared spectroscopy. In addition, three fatigue protocols were completed: protocol 1, sustained maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until exhaustion; protocol 2, sustained 40% MVC for 3 mins duration; protocol 3, an intermittent 40% MVC (5-s contraction, 5-s recovery) for a duration of 3 mins. Forearm contractile fatigue was quantified as the reduction in MVC. RESULTS MVC was equivalent between groups (P>0.05). Sustained MVC force (time to decline 50% MVC) was longer in the RC versus AT (AT: 35±5, PL: 46±6, RC: 54±4 s, P<0.05) and both AT and PL for sustained 40% MVC (AT: 56±9, RT: 62±8, RC: 87±7 s, P<0.05). Reduction in MVC was less in RC post intermittent 40% contractions (P<0.05). Oxygen desaturation half-time was longer in the RC versus AT (AT: 65±9, RT: 86±7, RC: 99±7 s, P<0.05) and this was associated with time to 50% MVC (P<0.05, r<sup>2</sup>=0.53) and time to 40% MVC task failure (P<0.05, r<sup>2</sup>=0.32). CONCLUSIONS Rock climbers' enhanced isometric fatigue-resistance and ability to maintain MVC was associated with a lower oxygen consumption of the forearm flexors during the ischemic state. This suggests a training adaptation involving intracellular oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Nolan
- Center for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Peter L Mclennan
- Center for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Gregory E Peoples
- Center for Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia -
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65
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Di Giminiani R, Cardinale M, Ferrari M, Quaresima V. Validation of Fabric-Based Thigh-Wearable EMG Sensors and Oximetry for Monitoring Quadriceps Activity during Strength and Endurance Exercises. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20174664. [PMID: 32824976 PMCID: PMC7506815 DOI: 10.3390/s20174664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscle oximetry based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electromyography (EMG) techniques in adherent clothing might be used to monitor the muscular activity of selected muscle groups while exercising. The fusion of these wearable technologies in sporting garments can allow the objective assessment of the quality and the quantity of the muscle activity as well as the continuous monitoring of exercise programs. Several prototypes integrating EMG and NIRS have been developed previously; however, most devices presented the limitations of not measuring regional muscle oxyhemoglobin saturation and did not embed textile sensors for EMG. The purpose of this study was to compare regional muscle oxyhemoglobin saturation and surface EMG data, measured under resting and dynamic conditions (treadmill run and strength exercises) by a recently developed wearable integrated quadriceps muscle oximetry/EMG system adopting smart textiles for EMG, with those obtained by using two "gold standard" commercial instrumentations for EMG and muscle oximetry. The validity and agreement between the wearable integrated muscle oximetry/EMG system and the "gold standard" instrumentations were assessed by using the Bland-Altman agreement plots to determine the bias. The results support the validity of the data provided by the wearable electronic garment developed purposely for the quadriceps muscle group and suggest the potential of using such device to measure strength and endurance exercises in vivo in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Giminiani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-6245514
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha PO Box 29222, Qatar;
- Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.F.); (V.Q.)
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.F.); (V.Q.)
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66
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. Effect of a 3-Weeks Training Camp on Muscle Oxygenation, V ˙ O 2 and Performance in Elite Sprint Kayakers. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:47. [PMID: 33345039 PMCID: PMC7739601 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Peripheral adaptations, as assessed via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived changes in muscle oxygenation (SmO2), are good predictors of sprint kayak performance. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess changes in SmO2 andV ˙ O2 following a training camp in elite sprint kayakers to evaluate if the training prescribed elicits peripheral adaptations, and to assess associations between training-induced changes in physiological responses and performance. Methods: Eight male elite sprint kayakers, members of the Canadian National Team, performed a 200-m and 1,000-m on-water time trial (TT) before and after a 3-weeks winter training camp. Change in performance,V ˙ O2 and SmO2 of the biceps brachii were assessed in relation to training load. Results: Training load and intensity were increased by ~20% over the course of the training camp, which resulted in a 3.7 ± 1.7% (ES 1.2) and 2.8 ± 2.4% (ES 1.3) improvement in 200-m and 1,000-m performance, respectively. Performance improvement in the 200-m was concomitant to a reduced SmO2, an increasedV ˙ O2 peak and an increased reoxygenation rate after the TT. The 1,000-m TT performance improvement was concurrent with a reduced SmO2 in the last half of the TT and an increasedV ˙ O2 in the first minute of the TT. Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that peripheral skeletal muscle adaptations occurred in these athletes with the proposed training plan. This further attests the benefit of using portable NIRS as a monitoring tool to track training-induced adaptations in muscle oxygen extraction in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
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67
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Joshi S, Mahoney S, Jahan J, Pitts L, Hackney KJ, Jarajapu YP. Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and increases the circulating ACE2 levels in healthy adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1423-1431. [PMID: 32324479 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00109.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in the systemic circulation are bone marrow-derived and have the propensity of maintaining cardiovascular health. Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor pathway, the vascular protective axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), stimulates vasculogenic functions of HSPCs. In a previous study, exposure to hypoxia increased the expressions of ACE2 and Mas, and stimulated ACE2 shedding. The current study tested if blood flow restriction exercise (BFR)-induced regional hypoxia recapitulates the in vitro observations in healthy adults. Hypoxia was induced by 80% limb occlusion pressure (LOP) via inflation cuff. Muscle oxygen saturation was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy. Peripheral blood was collected 30 min after quiet sitting (control) or after BFR. Lin-CD45lowCD34+ HSPCs were enumerated by flow cytometry, and ACE and ACE2 activities were determined in plasma and cell lysates and supernatants. Regional hypoxia resulted in muscle oxygen saturation of 17.5% compared with 49.7% in the control condition (P < 0.0001, n = 9). Circulating HSPCs were increased following BFR (834.8 ± 62.1/mL) compared with control (365 ± 59, P < 0.001, n = 7), which was associated with increased stromal-derived factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor levels by four- and threefold, respectively (P < 0.001). ACE2 activity was increased in the whole cell lysates of HSPCs, resulting in an ACE2-to-ACE ratio of 11.7 ± 0.5 in BFR vs 9.1 ± 0.9 in control (P < 0.05). Cell supernatants have threefold increase in the ACE2-to-ACE ratio following BFR compared with control (P < 0.001). Collectively, these findings provide strong evidence for the upregulation of ACE2 by acute regional hypoxia in vivo. Hypoxic exercise regimens appear to be promising means of enhancing vascular regenerative capacity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although many studies have explored the mechanisms of skeletal muscle growth and adaptation with hypoxia exercise interventions, less attention has been given to the potential for vascular adaptation and regenerative capacity. This study shows for the first time an acute upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and increase in CD34+ vasculogenic cells following an acute bout of blood flow restriction with low-intensity exercise. These rapid changes collectively promote skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Therefore, this study supports the potential of hypoxic exercise interventions with low intensity for vascular and muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrinidh Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Sean Mahoney
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Jesmin Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Logan Pitts
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Kyle J Hackney
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Yagna Pr Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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New Insights into Mechanical, Metabolic and Muscle Oxygenation Signals During and After High-Intensity Tethered Running. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6336. [PMID: 32286408 PMCID: PMC7156678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercises including tethered efforts are commonly used in training programs for athletes, active and even sedentary individuals. Despite this, the knowledge about the external and internal load during and after this effort is scarce. Our study aimed to characterize the kinetics of mechanical and physiological responses in all-out 30 seconds (AO30) tethered running and up to 18 minutes of passive recovery. Additionally, in an innovative way, we investigated the muscle oxygenation in more or less active muscles (vastus lateralis and biceps brachii, respectively) during and after high-intensity tethered running by near-infrared spectroscopy – NIRS. Twelve physically active young men were submitted to AO30 on a non-motorized treadmill to determine the running force, velocity and power. We used wearable technologies to monitor the muscle oxygenation and heart rate responses during rest, exercise and passive recovery. Blood lactate concentration and arterial oxygen saturation were also measured. In a synchronized analysis by high capture frequency of mechanical and physiological signals, we advance the understanding of AO30 tethered running. Muscle oxygenation responses showed rapid adjustments (both, during and after AO30) in a tissue-dependence manner, with very low tissue saturation index observed in biceps brachii during exercise when compared to vastus lateralis. Significant correlations between peak and mean blood lactate with biceps brachii oxygenation indicate an important participation of less active muscle during and after high-intensity AO30 tethered running.
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69
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Schober P, Schwarte LA. Thinking Out of the (Big) Box: A Wearable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Monitor for the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Air Med J 2020; 39:120-123. [PMID: 32197689 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In prehospital helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) settings, the medical team has limited monitoring options, usually restricted to systemic variables. Regional tissue oxygenation (rO2) can be assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), but clinical NIRS monitors are unpractical ("big boxes" and additional cables) in HEMS. As an alternative, we identified a wearable, athlete training NIRS device (Moxy; Idiag, Fehraltorf, Switzerland) and hypothesized that it would be applicable in our HEMS setting. METHODS This feasibility study was performed at the Dutch HEMS Lifeliner 1. The Moxy sensor was tested in-flight and on ground. We tested various anatomic measurement spots, and multiple conditions and interventions were imposed to track rO2. RESULTS The rO2 measurements with the wearable Moxy NIRS device are both feasible and practical in an HEMS setting. Multiple conditions and interventions were tested successfully (eg, tourniquet placement [rO2↓], muscle compression [rO2↓], reperfusion [rO2↑], oxygen administration [rO2↑], hyperemia [rO2↑], and venous congestion [rO2↓]). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that rO2 measurements with the wearable Moxy NIRS device are both feasible and practical in HEMS, and Moxy allows the tracking of simulated pathophysiologic effects on rO2. Future studies will have to verify our preliminary data and elucidate if and how wearable NIRS monitoring may support treatment in HEMS and improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schober
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Lifeliner 1, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar A Schwarte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Lifeliner 1, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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70
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Feldmann AM, Erlacher D, Pfister S, Lehmann R. Muscle oxygen dynamics in elite climbers during finger-hang tests at varying intensities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3040. [PMID: 32080325 PMCID: PMC7033122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) dynamics during a climbing specific task until failure in varying conditions. Our prediction was that SmO2 should be a good marker to predict task failure. Eleven elite level climbers performed a finger-hang test on a 23 mm wooden rung under four different weighted conditions, 1. body weight (BW), 2. body weight +20% (BW +20), 3. body weight −20% (BW −20) and 4. body weight −40% (BW −40), maintaining half crimp grip until voluntary exhaustion. During each trial SmO2 and time to task failure (TTF) were measured. TTF was then compared to the minimally attainable value of SmO2 (SmO2min) and time to SmO2min (TTmin). There is a considerable degree of agreement between attainable SmO2min at high intensity conditions (MBW = 21.6% ± 6.4; MBW+20 = 24.0% ± 7.0; MBW−20 = 23.0% ± 7.3). Bland-Altman plot with an a priori set equivalency interval of ±5% indicate that these conditions are statistically not different (MBW-BW + 20 = −2.4%, 95% CI [1.4, −6.2]; MBW−Bw−20 = −1.3, 95% CI [2.5, −5.1]). The fourth and lowest intensity condition (MBW −40 = 32.4% ± 8.8) was statistically different and not equivalent (MBW-BW −40 = −8.8%, 95% CI [−5.0, −12.6]). The same agreement was found between TTF and TTmin for the high intensity conditions plotted via Bland-Altman. While the rate with which oxygen was extracted and utilised changed with the conditions, the attainable SmO2min remained constant at high intensity conditions and was related to TTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri M Feldmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Sport Science, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Erlacher
- University of Bern, Institute of Sport Science, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Pfister
- University of Bern, Institute of Sport Science, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Remo Lehmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Sport Science, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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71
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Freitag N, Böttrich T, Weber PD, Manferdelli G, Bizjak DA, Grau M, Sanders TC, Bloch W, Schumann M. Acute Low-Dose Hyperoxia during a Single Bout of High-Intensity Interval Exercise Does Not Affect Red Blood Cell Deformability and Muscle Oxygenation in Trained Men-A Randomized Crossover Study. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8010004. [PMID: 31947980 PMCID: PMC7023206 DOI: 10.3390/sports8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological developments provide easy access to use an artificial oxygen supply (hyperoxia) during exercise training. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a commercially available oxygen compressor inducing low-dose hyperoxia, on limiting factors of endurance performance. Thirteen active men (age 24 ± 3 years) performed a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) session (5 × 3 min at 80% of Wmax, separated by 2 min at 40% Wmax) on a cycle ergometer, both in hyperoxia (4 L∙min−1, 94% O2, HYP) or ambient conditions (21% O2, NORM) in randomized order. The primary outcome was defined as red blood cell deformability (RBC-D), while our secondary interest included changes in muscle oxygenation. RBC-D was expressed by the ratio of shear stress at half-maximal deformation (SS1/2) and maximal deformability (EImax) and muscle oxygenation of the rectus femoris muscle was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. No statistically significant changes occurred in SS1/2 and EImax in either condition. The ratio of SS1/2 to EImax statistically decreased in NORM (p < 0.01; Δ: −0.10; 95%CI: −0.22, 0.02) but not HYP (p > 0.05; Δ: −0.16; 95%CI: −0.23, −0.08). Muscle oxygenation remained unchanged. This study showed that low-dose hyperoxia during HIIE using a commercially available device with a flow rate of only 4 L·min−1 may not be sufficient to induce acute ergogenic effects compared to normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Freitag
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (N.F.); (T.B.); (P.D.W.); (D.A.B.); (M.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Tim Böttrich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (N.F.); (T.B.); (P.D.W.); (D.A.B.); (M.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Pia D. Weber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (N.F.); (T.B.); (P.D.W.); (D.A.B.); (M.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, School of Exercise Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniel A. Bizjak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (N.F.); (T.B.); (P.D.W.); (D.A.B.); (M.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Marijke Grau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (N.F.); (T.B.); (P.D.W.); (D.A.B.); (M.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Tanja C. Sanders
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (N.F.); (T.B.); (P.D.W.); (D.A.B.); (M.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Moritz Schumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (N.F.); (T.B.); (P.D.W.); (D.A.B.); (M.G.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-4982-4821
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72
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Oranchuk DJ, Koral J, da Mota GR, Wrightson JG, Soares R, Twomey R, Millet GY. Effect of blood flow occlusion on neuromuscular fatigue following sustained maximal isometric contraction. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:698-706. [PMID: 31809198 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sustained isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVCs) have blood flow occlusive effects on the microvasculature. However, it is unknown if this effect would be magnified with additional blood flow restriction via a cuff and what the influence on fatigue development would be. Twelve healthy male participants performed a 1-min IMVC of the knee extensors with and without additional blood flow occlusion induced by pneumatic cuff in counterbalanced order on separate days. Vastus lateralis muscle deoxygenation was estimated via near-infrared spectroscopy-derived tissue oxygen saturation (SmO2) throughout the fatiguing contraction. Central and peripheral measures of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) were assessed via surface electromyography (EMG) and force responses to voluntary contractions and peripheral nerve/transcranial magnetic stimulations before, immediately after, and throughout an 8-min recovery period. SmO2, force, and EMG amplitude decreased during the 1-min IMVC, but there were no between-condition differences. Similarly, no significant (p > 0.05) between-condition differences were detected for any dependent variable immediately after the fatiguing contraction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-derived voluntary activation was lower (p < 0.05) in the no-cuff condition during the recovery period. Sustained IMVC results in a similar degree of muscle deoxygenation and NMF as IMVCs with additional occlusion, providing further evidence that a sustained IMVC induces full ischemia. Novelty NMF etiology, muscle oxygenation, and corticospinal factors during an IMVC are similar with or without an occlusion cuff. Contrary to all other measures, TMS-evaluated voluntary activation returned to baseline faster following the occluded condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Koral
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Université of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil
| | - James G Wrightson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rogério Soares
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rosie Twomey
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Université of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
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Feldmann A, Schmitz R, Erlacher D. Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygen saturation on a 0% to 100% scale: reliability and validity of the Moxy Monitor. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 31741352 PMCID: PMC7003144 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.11.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) is rapidly expanding into applied sports settings. However, the technology is limited due to its inability to convey quantifiable values. A test battery to assess reliability and validity of a 0% to 100% scale modeled by a commercially available NIRS device was established. This test battery applies a commonly used technique, the arterial occlusion method (AOM) to assess repeatability, reproducibility, and face validity. A total of 22 participants completed the test battery to scrutinize the 0% to 100% scale provided by the device. All participants underwent repeated AOM tests in passive and active conditions. The SmO2 minimum and SmO2 maximum values were obtained from the AOM and were used in the subsequent analysis. Repeatability and reproducibility were tested for equivalency and Bland-Altman plots were generated. Face validity was assessed by testing SmO2 values against an a priori; defined threshold for mixed venous blood during AOM response. The device exhibits an appropriately functional 0% to 100% scale that is reliable in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. Under the conditions applied in the test battery design, the device is considered valid for application in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Feldmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Sport Science, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Erlacher
- University of Bern, Institute of Sport Science, Bern, Switzerland
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74
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Michailidis Y, Chatzimagioglou A, Mikikis D, Ispirlidis I, Metaxas T. Maximal oxygen consumption and oxygen muscle saturation recovery following repeated anaerobic sprint test in youth soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:355-360. [PMID: 31684709 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to examine whether differences in aerobic capacity (VO2max) influence muscle reoxygenation following repeated anaerobic sprint test (RAST) in soccer players. We hypothesized that muscle reoxygenation is faster in players with higher aerobic capacity. METHODS Ten male, youth soccer players participated in the study and performed RAST on a synthetic grass field. Oxygen saturation in muscle (StO2) of the right vastus lateralis muscle was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Half the time that was required for StO2 recovery (T1/2 StO2) after RAST was used to evaluate the reoxygenation in the recovery period after testing. The T1/2 StO2 was defined as the time from the end of RAST testing to the time of reaching 50% of StO2. Aerobic capacity (VO2max) was estimated by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1). RESULTS The T1/2 StO2 had a significant inverse correlation with VO2max (r=-0.71; P=0.021) and with the distance which was covered by players on YYIR1 test (r=-0.71; P=0.021). In contrast, StO2 recovery rate showed no significant correlations with the VO2max in subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that aerobic capacity can influence vastus lateralis reoxygenation following RAST in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece -
| | - Aristeidis Chatzimagioglou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mikikis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ispirlidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Thomas Metaxas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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75
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Fuglestad MA, Hernandez H, Gao Y, Ybay H, Schieber MN, Brunette KE, Myers SA, Casale GP, Pipinos II. A low-cost, wireless near-infrared spectroscopy device detects the presence of lower extremity atherosclerosis as measured by computed tomographic angiography and characterizes walking impairment in peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg 2019; 71:946-957. [PMID: 31445826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.04.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who experience intermittent claudication report a range of symptoms. Patients with symptoms other than classically described intermittent claudication may be at the highest risk for functional decline and mobility loss. Therefore, technologies allowing for characterization of PAD severity are desirable. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows for measurements of muscle heme oxygen saturation (StO2) during exercise. We hypothesized lower extremities affected by PAD would exhibit distinct NIRS profiles as measured by a low-cost, wireless NIRS device and that NIRS during exercise predicts walking limitation. METHODS We recruited 40 patients with PAD and 10 control participants. All patients with PAD completed a computed tomographic angiography, 6-minute walk test, and a standardized treadmill test. Controls completed a 540-second treadmill test for comparison. StO2 measurements were continuously taken from the gastrocnemius during exercise. Variables were analyzed by Fischer's exact, χ2, Wilcoxon rank-sum, and Kruskal-Wallis tests as appropriate. Correlations were assessed by partial Spearman correlation coefficients adjusted for occlusive disease pattern. RESULTS Patients with PAD experienced claudication onset at a median of 108 seconds with a median peak walking time of 288 seconds. The baseline StO2 was similar between PAD and control. The StO2 of PAD and control participants dropped below baseline at a median of 1 and 104 seconds of exercise, respectively (P < .0001). Patients with PAD reached minimum StO2 earlier than control participants (119 seconds vs 522 seconds, respectively; P < .001) and experienced a greater change in StO2 at 1 minute of exercise (-73.2% vs 8.3%; P < .0001) and a greater decrease at minimum exercise StO2 (-83.4% vs -16.1%; P < .0001). For patients with PAD, peak walking time, and 6-minute walking distance correlated with percent change in StO2 at 1 minute of exercise (r = -0.76 and -0.67, respectively; P < .001) and time to minimum StO2 (r = 0.79 and 0.70, respectively; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In this initial evaluation of a novel, low-cost NIRS device, lower extremities affected by PAD exhibited characteristic changes in calf muscle StO2, which differentiated them from healthy controls and were strongly correlated with walking impairment. These findings confirm and expand on previous work demonstrating the potential clinical value of NIRS devices and the need for further research investigating the ability of low-cost NIRS technology to evaluate, diagnose, and monitor treatment response in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernan Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb
| | - Henamari Ybay
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb
| | - Molly N Schieber
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb
| | | | - Sara A Myers
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb
| | - George P Casale
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb
| | - Iraklis I Pipinos
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb; Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Neb; Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.
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76
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. Sustained Muscle Deoxygenation vs. Sustained High VO 2 During High-Intensity Interval Training in Sprint Canoe-Kayak. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:6. [PMID: 33344930 PMCID: PMC7739754 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggests that peripheral adaptations, i.e., the muscle ability to extract and use oxygen, may be a stronger predictor of canoe-kayak sprint performance compared to VO2max or central adaptations. If maximizing the time near VO2max during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions is believed to optimize central adaptations, maximizing the time near maximal levels of muscle desaturation could represent a critical stimulus to optimize peripheral adaptations. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the VO2, muscle oxygenation and cardiac output responses to various HIIT sessions, and to determine which type of HIIT elicits the lowest muscle oxygenation and the longest cumulated time at low muscle O2 saturation. Methods: Thirteen well-trained canoe-kayak athletes performed an incremental test to determine VO2max and peak power output (PPO), and 4 HIIT sessions (HIIT-15: 40x[15 s at 115%PPO, 15 s at 30%PPO]; HIIT-30: 20x[30 s at 115%PPO, 30 s at 30%PPO]; HIIT-60: 6x[1 min at 130%PPO, 3 min rest]; sprint interval training (SIT): 6x[30 s all-out, 3 min 30 rest]) on a canoe or kayak ergometer. Portable near-infrared spectroscopy monitors were placed on the Latissimus dorsi (LD), Biceps brachii (BB), and Vastus lateralis (VL) during every session to assess changes in muscle O2 saturation (SmO2, % of physiological range). Results: HIIT-15 and HIIT-30 elicited a longer time >90%VO2max (HIIT-15: 8.1 ± 6.2 min, HIIT-30: 6.8 ± 4.6 min), compared to SIT (1.7 ± 1.3 min, p = 0.006 and p = 0.035) but not HIIT-60 (4.1 ± 1.7 min). SIT and HIIT-60 elicited the lowest SmO2 in the VL (SIT: 0 ± 1%, HIIT-60: 8 ± 9%) compared to HIIT-15 (26 ± 12%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007) and HIIT-30 (25 ± 12%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.030). SIT produced the longest time at >90% of maximal deoxygenation in all 3 muscles, with effect sizes ranging from small to very large. Conclusions: Short HIIT performed on a canoe/kayak ergometer elicits the longest time near VO2max, potentially conducive to VO2max improvements, but SIT is needed in order to maximize muscle deoxygenation during training, which would potentially conduct to greater peripheral adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Institut National du sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Institut National du sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
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77
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Petrick HL, Pignanelli C, Barbeau PA, Churchward-Venne TA, Dennis KMJH, van Loon LJC, Burr JF, Goossens GH, Holloway GP. Blood flow restricted resistance exercise and reductions in oxygen tension attenuate mitochondrial H 2 O 2 emission rates in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2019; 597:3985-3997. [PMID: 31194254 DOI: 10.1113/jp277765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFR-RE) is capable of inducing comparable adaptations to traditional resistance exercise (RE), despite a lower total exercise volume. It has been suggested that an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may be involved in this response; however, oxygen partial pressure ( P O 2 ) is reduced during BFR-RE, and the influence of P O 2 on mitochondrial redox balance remains poorly understood. In human skeletal muscle tissue, we demonstrate that both maximal and submaximal mitochondrial ROS emission rates are acutely decreased 2 h following BFR-RE, but not RE, occurring along with a reduction in tissue oxygenation during BFR-RE. We further suggest that P O 2 is involved in this response because an in vitro analysis revealed that reducing P O 2 dramatically decreased mitochondrial ROS emissions and electron leak to ROS. Altogether, these data indicate that mitochondrial ROS emission rates are attenuated following BFR-RE, and such a response is likely influenced by reductions in P O 2 . ABSTRACT Low-load blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFR-RE) training has been proposed to induce comparable adaptations to traditional resistance exercise (RE) training, however, the acute signalling events remain unknown. Although a suggested mechanism of BFR-RE is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxygen partial pressure ( P O 2 ) is reduced during BFR-RE, and the influence of O2 tension on mitochondrial redox balance remains ambiguous. We therefore aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics were altered following an acute bout of BFR-RE or RE, and to further examine the role of P O 2 in this response. Accordingly, muscle biopsies were obtained from 10 males at rest and 2 h after performing three sets of single-leg squats (RE or BFR-RE) to failure at 30% one-repetition maximum. We determined that mitochondrial respiratory capacity and ADP sensitivity were not altered in response to RE or BFR-RE. Although maximal (succinate) and submaximal (non-saturating ADP) mitochondrial ROS emission rates were unchanged following RE, BFR-RE attenuated these responses by ∼30% compared to pre-exercise, occurring along with a reduction in skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation during BFR-RE (P < 0.01 vs. RE). In a separate cohort of participants, evaluation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in vitro revealed that mild O2 restriction (50 µm) dramatically attenuated maximal (∼4-fold) and submaximal (∼50-fold) mitochondrial ROS emission rates and the fraction of electron leak to ROS compared to room air (200 µm). Combined, these data demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS emissions are attenuated following BFR-RE, a response which may be mediated by a reduction in skeletal muscle P O 2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Petrick
- Human Health & Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Pierre-Andre Barbeau
- Human Health & Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaitlyn M J H Dennis
- Human Health & Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health & Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Human Health & Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Effect of external compression on femoral retrograde shear and microvascular oxygenation in exercise trained and recreationally active young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1809-1818. [PMID: 31190212 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retrograde shear causes endothelial damage and is pro-atherogenic. The purpose of our study was to examine the impact of vascular remodeling from habitual exercise training on acute changes in retrograde shear and microvascular oxygenation (SMO2) induced via 30 min of external compression. METHODS Participants included 11 exercise trained (ET) men (Division I track athletes; age 20 ± 3 years) and 18 recreationally active (RA) men (age 23 ± 5 years). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure vastus medialis SMO2. Doppler-ultrasound was used to assess SFA intima-media thickness, diameter and flow velocity to derive retrograde shear. Vascular measures were made at baseline (BASELINE), during a sham condition (calf compression to 5 mmHg, SHAM) and during the experimental condition (calf compression to 60 mmHg, EXP). RESULTS Compared to RA, ET had larger SFA diameters (0.66 ± 0.06 vs 0.58 ± 0.06 cm, p < 0.05) and lower SFA IMT (0.33 ± 0.03 vs 0.36 ± 0.07 mm, p < 0.05). Retrograde shear increased similarly in both groups during EXP (p < 0.05) but ET men had lower overall retrograde shear during the conditions (BASELINE 75.8 ± 26.8 vs EXP 88.2 ± 16.9 s-1) compared to RA men (BASELINE 84.4 ± 23.3 vs EXP 106.4 ± 19.6 s-1p < 0.05). There was a similar increase in SMO2 from BASELINE to SHAM (ET + 8.1 ± 4.8 vs RA + 6.4 ± 9.7%) and BASELINE to EXP (ET + 8.7 ± 6.4 vs RA + 7.1 ± 9.0%) in both groups. CONCLUSION Beneficial vascular remodeling in ET men is associated with lower retrograde shear during external compression. Acute increases in retrograde shear with external compression do not detrimentally impact microvascular oxygenation.
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79
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Effects of Cycling on Subsequent Running Performance, Stride Length, and Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Triathletes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050115. [PMID: 31100906 PMCID: PMC6572577 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Running performance is a determinant factor for victory in Sprint and Olympic distance triathlon. Previous cycling may impair running performance in triathlons, so brick training becomes an important part of training. Wearable technology that is used by triathletes can offer several metrics for optimising training in real-time. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of previous cycling on subsequent running performance in a field test, while using kinematics metrics and SmO2 provided by wearable devices that are potentially used by triathletes. Ten trained triathletes participated in a randomised crossover study, performing two trial sessions that were separated by seven days: the isolated run trial (IRT) and the bike-run trial (BRT). Running kinematics, physiological outcomes, and perceptual parameters were assessed before and after each running test. The running distance was significantly lower in the BRT when compared to the IRT, with a decrease in stride length of 0.1 m (p = 0.00) and higher %SmO2 (p = 0.00) in spite of the maximal intensity of exercise. No effects were reported in vertical oscillation, ground contact time, running cadence, and average heart rate. These findings may only be relevant to 'moderate level' triathletes, but not to 'elite' ones. Triathletes might monitor their %SmO2 and stride length during brick training and then compare it with isolated running to evaluate performance changes. Using wearable technology (near-infrared spectroscopy, accelerometry) for specific brick training may be a good option for triathletes.
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80
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Proctor DN, Luck JC, Maman SR, Leuenberger UA, Muller MD. Esmolol acutely alters oxygen supply-demand balance in exercising muscles of healthy humans. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13673. [PMID: 29665297 PMCID: PMC5903697 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta‐adrenoreceptor antagonists (β blockers) reduce systemic O2 delivery and blood pressure (BP) during exercise, but the subsequent effects on O2 extraction within the active limb muscles are unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of the fast‐acting, β1 selective blocker esmolol on systemic hemodynamics and leg muscle O2 saturation (near infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) during submaximal leg ergometry. Our main hypothesis was that esmolol would augment exercise‐induced reductions in leg muscle O2 saturation. Eight healthy adults (6 men, 2 women; 23–67 year) performed light and moderate intensity bouts of recumbent leg cycling before (PRE), during (β1‐blocked), and 45 min following (POST) intravenous infusion of esmolol. Oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR), BP, and O2 saturation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles were measured continuously. Esmolol attenuated the increases in HR and systolic BP during light (−12 ± 9 bpm and −26 ± 12 mmHg vs. PRE) and moderate intensity (−20 ± 10 bpm and −40 ± 18 mmHg vs. PRE) cycling (all P < 0.01). Exercise‐induced reductions in SmO2 occurred to a greater extent during the β1‐blockade trial in both the VL (P = 0.001 vs. PRE) and MG muscles (P = 0.022 vs. PRE). HR, SBP and SmO2 were restored during POST (all P < 0.01 vs. β1‐blocked). In conclusion, esmolol rapidly and reversibly increases O2 extraction within exercising muscles of healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Proctor
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - J Carter Luck
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan R Maman
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Urs A Leuenberger
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew D Muller
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Master of Science in Anesthesia Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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81
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Bretonneau Q, Pichon A, de Bisschop C. Intercostal muscle oxygenation during expiratory load breathing at rest. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 261:24-30. [PMID: 30583068 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During acute bronchial obstruction, despite a higher work of breathing, blood supply and oxygen availability may be reduced in intercostal muscles because of mechanical constraints. This hypothesis was assessed in healthy subjects breathing with and without expiratory load (ETL). METHODS Eleven men (24 ± 2 years) breathed at rest for 5 min in unloaded condition and for 20 min through a 20-cmH2O ETL. Tissue saturation index (TSI) and changes (Δ) in concentration of total and oxy-haemoglobin ([tHb] and [O2Hb]) were measured in the seventh intercostal space by near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS [tHb] and [O2Hb] decreased with ETL (-5.16 μM and -3.54 μM; p < 0.05). TSI did not vary. Negative correlations were observed between Δ[O2Hb] and changes in expiratory flow rate (ΔVt/Te) and between ΔTSI and Δ V˙E (r = -0.78 and -0.74; p ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite decreases in Hb concentrations, saturation in oxygen was not reduced with ETL in intercostal muscles, suggesting a satisfactory ventilatory and/or hemodynamic arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bretonneau
- Laboratoire 'MOVE', EA 6314 - Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, 8, allée Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Aurélien Pichon
- Laboratoire 'MOVE', EA 6314 - Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, 8, allée Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Claire de Bisschop
- Laboratoire 'MOVE', EA 6314 - Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, 8, allée Jean Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France.
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82
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Peake JM, Kerr G, Sullivan JP. A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:743. [PMID: 30002629 PMCID: PMC6031746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial market for technologies to monitor and improve personal health and sports performance is ever expanding. A wide range of smart watches, bands, garments, and patches with embedded sensors, small portable devices and mobile applications now exist to record and provide users with feedback on many different physical performance variables. These variables include cardiorespiratory function, movement patterns, sweat analysis, tissue oxygenation, sleep, emotional state, and changes in cognitive function following concussion. In this review, we have summarized the features and evaluated the characteristics of a cross-section of technologies for health and sports performance according to what the technology is claimed to do, whether it has been validated and is reliable, and if it is suitable for general consumer use. Consumers who are choosing new technology should consider whether it (1) produces desirable (or non-desirable) outcomes, (2) has been developed based on real-world need, and (3) has been tested and proven effective in applied studies in different settings. Among the technologies included in this review, more than half have not been validated through independent research. Only 5% of the technologies have been formally validated. Around 10% of technologies have been developed for and used in research. The value of such technologies for consumer use is debatable, however, because they may require extra time to set up and interpret the data they produce. Looking to the future, the rapidly expanding market of health and sports performance technology has much to offer consumers. To create a competitive advantage, companies producing health and performance technologies should consult with consumers to identify real-world need, and invest in research to prove the effectiveness of their products. To get the best value, consumers should carefully select such products, not only based on their personal needs, but also according to the strength of supporting evidence and effectiveness of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham Kerr
- Movement Neuroscience and Injury Prevention Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John P Sullivan
- Clinical and Sports Consulting Services, Providence, RI, United States
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