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Beumer JH, Pillai VC, Parise RA, Christner SM, Kiesel BF, Rudek MA, Venkataramanan R. Human hepatocyte assessment of imatinib drug-drug interactions - complexities in clinical translation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:1097-108. [PMID: 26178713 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A, such as ritonavir and efavirenz, may be used as part of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to treat HIV patients. HIV patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or gastrointestinal stromal tumour may need imatinib, a CYP3A4 substrate with known exposure response-relationships. Administration of imatinib to patients on ritonavir or efavirenz may result in altered imatinib exposure leading to increased toxicity or failure of therapy, respectively. We used primary human hepatocyte cultures to evaluate the magnitude of interaction between imatinib and ritonavir/efavirenz. METHODS Hepatocytes were pre-treated with vehicle, ritonavir, ketoconazole, efavirenz or rifampicin, and the metabolism of imatinib was characterized over time. Concentrations of imatinib and metabolite were quantitated in combined lysate and medium, using LC-MS. RESULTS The predicted changes in imatinib CLoral (95% CI) with ketoconazole, ritonavir, rifampicin and efavirenz were 4.0-fold (0, 9.2) lower, 2.8-fold (0.04, 5.5) lower, 2.9-fold (2.2, 3.5) higher and 2.0-fold (0.42, 3.5) higher, respectively. These predictions were in good agreement with clinical single dose drug-drug interaction studies, but not with reports of imatinib interactions at steady-state. Alterations in metabolism were similar after acute or chronic imatinib exposure. CONCLUSIONS In vitro human hepatocytes predicted increased clearance of imatinib with inducers and decreased clearance with inhibitors of CYP enzymes. The impact of HAART on imatinib may depend on whether it is being initiated or has already been dosed chronically in patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring may have a role in optimizing imatinib therapy in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Beumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA.,Cancer Therapeutics program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Robert A Parise
- Cancer Therapeutics program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Susan M Christner
- Cancer Therapeutics program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brian F Kiesel
- Cancer Therapeutics program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA.,Cancer Therapeutics program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Sun F, Lee L, Zhang Z, Wang X, Yu Q, Duan X, Chan E. Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of 3-deazaneplanocin A, a potent epigenetic anticancer agent, and its human pharmacokinetic prediction using GastroPlus™. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:290-302. [PMID: 26116990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DZNep is a potential epigenetic drug, and exerts potent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on broad-spectrum carcinomas via disruption of the EZH2 pathway. Antitumor studies on DZNep have been stuck in the preclinical phase because of the lack of information about its integral pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. To circumvent this problem, we extensively investigated the disposition characteristics of the DZNep in rats. By incorporating the disposition data across species into a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models using the GastroPlus(TM) software, we simulated human PK properties of DZNep and determined whether DZNep could be developed for human cancer therapy. Firstly, DZNep was found to cause nephrotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner in rats and its safe dose was determined to be 10mg/kg. DZNep showed a short plasma elimination half-life (1.1h) in rats, a low protein binding in plasma (18.5%), a low partitioning to erythrocyte (0.78), and a low intrinsic hepatic clearance in rats and humans. There was extensive tissue distribution and predominant renal excretion (80.3%). The simulated rat PBPK model of DZNep was well-verified with satisfactory coefficients of determination for all the tested tissues (R(2)>0.781). The simulated human PBPK model successfully identified that intravenous administration of DZNep at appropriate dosing regimen could be further developed for human non-small cell lung carcinoma treatments. The present findings provide valuable information regarding experimental or in silico PK characteristics of DZNep in rats and humans, which is helpful to guide future studies of DZNep in both preclinical and clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Lawrence Lee
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiaochong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Qiang Yu
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(*)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - XiaoQun Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng Road, Guilin 541004, PR China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Eli Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Nicolaï J, De Bruyn T, Van Veldhoven PP, Keemink J, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Verapamil hepatic clearance in four preclinical rat models: towards activity-based scaling. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:462-80. [PMID: 25963583 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to cross-validate rat liver microsomes (RLM), suspended rat hepatocytes (SRH) and the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model against in vivo pharmacokinetic data, using verapamil as a model drug. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km), for the metabolic disappearance kinetics of verapamil in RLM and SRH (freshly isolated and cryopreserved), were determined and corrected for non-specific binding. The 'unbound' Km determined with RLM (2.8 µM) was divided by the 'unbound' Km determined with fresh and cryopreserved SRH (3.9 µM and 2.1 µM, respectively) to calculate the ratio of intracellular to extracellular unbound concentration (Kpu,u). Kpu,u was significantly different between freshly isolated (0.71) and cryopreserved (1.31) SRH, but intracellular capacity for verapamil metabolism was maintained after cryopreservation (200 vs. 191 µl/min/million cells). Direct comparison of intrinsic clearance values (Clint) in RLM versus SRH, yielded an activity-based scaling factor (SF) of 0.28-0.30 mg microsomal protein/million cells (MPPMC). Merging the IPRL-derived Clint with the MPPMC and SRH data, resulted in scaling factors for MPPGL (80 and 43 mg microsomal protein/g liver) and HPGL (269 and 153 million cells/g liver), respectively. Likewise, the hepatic blood flow (61 ml/min/kg b.wt) was calculated using IPRL Clint and the in vivo Cl. The scaling factors determined here are consistent with previously reported CYP450-content based scaling factors. Overall, the results show that integrated interpretation of data obtained with multiple preclinical tools (i.e. RLM, SRH, IPRL) can contribute to more reliable estimates for scaling factors and ultimately to improved in vivo clearance predictions based on in vitro experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nicolaï
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, O&N1, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Keemink
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N2, Leuven, Belgium
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Willemin ME, Kadar A, de Sousa G, Leclerc E, Rahmani R, Brochot C. In vitro human metabolism of permethrin isomers alone or as a mixture and the formation of the major metabolites in cryopreserved primary hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:803-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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55
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Ortiz D, Guiguemde WA, Johnson A, Elya C, Anderson J, Clark J, Connelly M, Yang L, Min J, Sato Y, Guy RK, Landfear SM. Identification of Selective Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Hexose Transporter PfHT by Screening Focused Libraries of Anti-Malarial Compounds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123598. [PMID: 25894322 PMCID: PMC4404333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of resistance against current antimalarial drugs necessitates the search for novel drugs that interact with different targets and have distinct mechanisms of action. Malaria parasites depend upon high levels of glucose uptake followed by inefficient metabolic utilization via the glycolytic pathway, and the Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter PfHT, which mediates uptake of glucose, has thus been recognized as a promising drug target. This transporter is highly divergent from mammalian hexose transporters, and it appears to be a permease that is essential for parasite viability in intra-erythrocytic, mosquito, and liver stages of the parasite life cycle. An assay was developed that is appropriate for high throughput screening against PfHT based upon heterologous expression of PfHT in Leishmania mexicana parasites that are null mutants for their endogenous hexose transporters. Screening of two focused libraries of antimalarial compounds identified two such compounds that are high potency selective inhibitors of PfHT compared to human GLUT1. Additionally, 7 other compounds were identified that are lower potency and lower specificity PfHT inhibitors but might nonetheless serve as starting points for identification of analogs with more selective properties. These results further support the potential of PfHT as a novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ortiz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - W. Armand Guiguemde
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Alex Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Elya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Johanna Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Julie Clark
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Michele Connelly
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - R. Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Landfear
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tegenge MA, Mitkus RJ. A first-generation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of alpha-tocopherol in human influenza vaccine adjuvant. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:353-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Choi K, Pfund WP, Andersen ME, Thomas RS, Clewell HJ, LeCluyse EL. Development of 3D Dynamic Flow Model of Human Liver and Its Application to Prediction of Metabolic Clearance of 7-Ethoxycoumarin. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:641-51. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungju Choi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Harvey J. Clewell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Pillai VC, Parise RA, Christner SM, Rudek MA, Beumer JH, Venkataramanan R. Potential interactions between HIV drugs, ritonavir and efavirenz and anticancer drug, nilotinib--a study in primary cultures of human hepatocytes that is applicable to HIV patients with cancer. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:1272-9. [PMID: 24846165 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nilotinib is used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and is metabolized by CYP3A. With a black-box warning for QT prolongation, which is exposure dependent, controlling for drug interactions is clinically relevant. Treatments of HIV patients with CML are with HAART drugs, ritonavir and efavirenz, may cause complex drug interactions through CYP3A inhibition or induction. We evaluated the interactions of ritonavir or efavirenz on nilotinib using human hepatocytes and compared these interactions with those of ketoconazole or rifampin, classical CYP3A inhibitor and inducer, respectively. Hepatocytes were treated with vehicle, ritonavir (10 μM), ketoconazole (10 μM), efavirenz (10 μM), or rifampin (10 μM) for 5 days. On day 5, nilotinib (3 μM) was coincubated for an additional 24-48 hours. The concentrations of nilotinib were quantitated in collected samples (combined lysate and medium) by LC-MS. Apparent intrinsic clearance (CL(int,app)) of nilotinib was lowered 5.8- and 3.1-fold, respectively, by ritonavir and ketoconazole. Efavirenz and rifampin increased the CL(int,app) of nilotinib by 2.1- and 4.1-fold, respectively. The clinically recommended dose (300 mg twice daily) of nilotinib may have to be reduced substantially (150 mg once daily) or increased (400 mg thrice daily), respectively, to achieve desired drug exposure, when ritonavir or efavirenz is co-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran C Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Liu F, Zhuang X, Yang C, Li Z, Xiong S, Zhang Z, Li J, Lu C, Zhang Z. Characterization of preclinicalin vitroandin vivoADME properties and prediction of human PK using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for YQA-14, a new dopamine D3receptor antagonist candidate for treatment of drug addiction. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:296-307. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA; 51 Fucheng Road Beijing 10048 PR China
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Cuiping Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Shan Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Jin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
| | - Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road Beijing 100850 PR China
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Lundquist P, Lööf J, Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Floby E, Johansson J, Bylund J, Hoogstraate J, Afzelius L, Andersson TB. The impact of solute carrier (SLC) drug uptake transporter loss in human and rat cryopreserved hepatocytes on clearance predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:469-80. [PMID: 24396146 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreserved hepatocytes are often used as a convenient tool in studies of hepatic drug metabolism and disposition. In this study, the expression and activity of drug transporters in human and rat fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes was investigated. In human cryopreserved hepatocytes, Western blot analysis indicated that protein expression of the drug uptake transporters [human Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), human organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), human organic anion transporters, and human organic cation transporters (OCTs)] was considerably reduced compared with liver tissue. In rat cryopreserved cells, the same trend was observed but to a lesser extent. Several rat transporters were reduced as a result of both isolation and cryopreservation procedures. Immunofluorescence showed that a large portion of remaining human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters were internalized in human cryopreserved hepatocytes. Measuring uptake activity using known substrates of OATPs, OCTs, and NTCP showed decreased activity in cryopreserved as compared with fresh hepatocytes in both species. The reduced uptake in cryopreserved hepatocytes limited the in vitro metabolism of several AstraZeneca compounds. A retrospective analysis of clearance predictions of AstraZeneca compounds suggested systematic lower clearance predicted using metabolic stability data from human cryopreserved hepatocytes compared with human liver microsomes. This observation is consistent with a loss of drug uptake transporters in cryopreserved hepatocytes. In contrast, the predicted metabolic clearance from fresh rat hepatocytes was consistently higher than those predicted from liver microsomes, consistent with retention of uptake transporters. The uptake transporters, which are decreased in cryopreserved hepatocytes, may be rate-limiting for the metabolism of the compounds and thus be one explanation for underpredictions of in vivo metabolic clearance from cryopreserved hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Lundquist
- CNS and Pain Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, (P.L., J.L., A.-K.S.-S., E.F., J.J., J.B., J.H., L.A.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, (P.L., T.B.A.); Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, (P.L.); and Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, (T.B.A.), Sweden
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Waters NJ, Obach RS, Di L. Consideration of the unbound drug concentration in enzyme kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1113:119-45. [PMID: 24523111 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The study of enzyme kinetics in drug metabolism involves assessment of rates of metabolism and inhibitory potencies over a suitable concentration range. In all but the very simplest in vitro system, these drug concentrations can be influenced by a variety of nonspecific binding reservoirs that can reduce the available concentration to the enzyme system under investigation. As a consequence, the apparent kinetic parameters that are derived, such as K m or K i, can deviate from the true values. There are a number of sources of these nonspecific binding depots or barriers, including membrane permeation and partitioning, plasma or serum protein binding, and incubational binding. In the latter case, this includes binding to the assay apparatus, as well as biological depots, depending on the characteristics of the in vitro matrix being used. Given the wide array of subcellular, cellular, and recombinant enzyme systems utilized in drug metabolism, each of these has different components that can influence the free drug concentration. The physicochemical properties of the test compound are also paramount in determining the influential factors in any deviation between true and apparent kinetic behavior. This chapter describes the underlying mechanisms determining the free drug concentration in vitro and how these factors can be accounted for in drug metabolism studies, illustrated with case studies from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waters
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Epizyme Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Milić A, Mihaljević VB, Ralić J, Bokulić A, Nožinić D, Tavčar B, Mildner B, Munić V, Malnar I, Padovan J. A comparison of in vitro ADME properties and pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and selected 15-membered ring macrolides in rodents. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 39:263-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nichols JW, Hoffman AD, ter Laak TL, Fitzsimmons PN. Hepatic Clearance of 6 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Isolated Perfused Trout Livers: Prediction From In Vitro Clearance by Liver S9 Fractions. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:359-72. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zhuang XM, Shen GL, Xiao WB, Tan Y, Lu C, Li H. Assessment of the Roles of P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 in Triptolide-induced Liver Toxicity in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocyte Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2158-65. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Integration of in vitro binding mechanism into the semiphysiologically based pharmacokinetic interaction model between ketoconazole and midazolam. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2013; 2:e75. [PMID: 24448021 PMCID: PMC4026634 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro screening for drug–drug interactions is an integral component of drug development, with larger emphasis now placed on the use of in vitro parameters to predict clinical inhibition. However, large variability exists in Ki reported for ketoconazole with midazolam, a model inhibitor–substrate pair for CYP3A. We reviewed the literature and extracted Ki for ketoconazole as measured by the inhibition of hydroxymidazolam formation in human liver microsomes. The superset of data collected was analyzed for the impact of microsomal binding, using Langmuir and phase equilibrium binding models, and fitted to various inhibition models: competitive, noncompetitive, and mixed. A mixed inhibition model with binding corrected by an independent binding model was best able to fit the data (Kic = 19.2 nmol/l and Kin = 39.8 nmol/l) and to predict clinical effect of ketoconazole on midazolam area under the concentration–time curve. The variability of reported Ki may partially be explained by microsomal binding and choice of inhibition model.
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Hepatocyte clearance and pharmacokinetics of recombinant factor IX glycosylation variants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:485-9. [PMID: 24036269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Addition of N-linked glycosylation sites has been shown to increase serum half-life and decrease clearance for proteins such as recombinant erythropoietin (EPO). However, factor IX (FIX) variants with additional N-linked glycans ("HG" variants) that were expressed in HKB11 cells showed increased clearance in rat in vivo pharmacokinetic studies relative to FIX variants with no additional glycans. Variants with multiple additional glycans were the most rapidly cleared. A rat hepatocyte clearance assay was developed to measure intrinsic clearance of these FIX variants in vitro. The rank order of clearance of the variants was the same both in vivo and in the in vitro hepatocyte assay. In the in vitro assay, heparin, galactose, and asialo-orosomucoid inhibited clearance of a FIX HG variant by hepatocytes, and asialo-FIX was rapidly cleared, suggesting roles for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and cell surface proteoglycans in FIX clearance. Thus the in vitro hepatocyte intrinsic clearance assay is both useful and predictive for identifying rapidly cleared recombinant proteins and for helping to identify receptors involved in clearance of proteins by the liver.
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Zhuang XM, Zhong YH, Xiao WB, Li H, Lu C. Identification and Characterization of Psoralen and Isopsoralen as Potent CYP1A2 Reversible and Time-Dependent Inhibitors in Human and Rat Preclinical Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1914-22. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Pillai VC, Venkataramanan R, Parise RA, Christner SM, Gramignoli R, Strom SC, Rudek MA, Beumer JH. Ritonavir and efavirenz significantly alter the metabolism of erlotinib--an observation in primary cultures of human hepatocytes that is relevant to HIV patients with cancer. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1843-51. [PMID: 23913028 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erlotinib is approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancers, and is metabolized by CYP3A4. Inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A enzymes such as ritonavir and efavirenz, respectively, may be used as part of the highly active antiretroviral therapy drugs to treat patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). When HIV patients with a malignancy need treatment with erlotinib, there is a potential of as-yet-undefined drug-drug interaction. We evaluated these interactions using human hepatocytes benchmarked against the interaction of erlotinib with ketoconazole and rifampin, the archetype cytochrome P450 inhibitor and inducer, respectively. Hepatocytes were treated with vehicle [0.1% dimethylsulfoxide, ritonavir (10 μM)], ketoconazole (10 μM), efavirenz (10 μM), or rifampin (10 μM) for 4 days. On day 5, erlotinib (5 μM) was incubated with the above agents for another 24-48 hours. Concentrations of erlotinib and O-desmethyl erlotinib were quantitated in collected samples (combined lysate and medium) using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The half-life (t(½)) of erlotinib increased from 10.6 ± 2.6 to 153 ± 80 and 23.9 ± 4.8 hours, respectively, upon treatment with ritonavir and ketoconazole. The apparent intrinsic clearance (C(Lint, app)) of erlotinib was lowered 16-fold by ritonavir and 1.9-fold by ketoconazole. Efavirenz and rifampin decreased t1/2 of erlotinib from 10.3 ± 1.1 to 5.0 ± 1.5 and 3.4 ± 0.2 hours, respectively. Efavirenz and rifampin increased the C(Lint, app) of erlotinib by 2.2- and 2-fold, respectively. Our results suggest that to achieve desired drug exposure, the clinically used dose (150 mg daily) of erlotinib may have to be significantly reduced (25 mg every other day) or increased (300 mg daily), respectively, when ritonavir or efavirenz is coadministered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran C Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (V.C.P., R.V.); Molecular Therapeutics Drug Discovery program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.A.P., S.M.C., J.H.B.); Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (R.G., S.C.S.); and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R.)
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69
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Desbans C, Hilgendorf C, Lutz M, Bachellier P, Zacharias T, Weber JC, Dolgos H, Richert L, Ungell AL. Prediction of fraction metabolized via CYP3A in humans utilizing cryopreserved human hepatocytes from a set of 12 single donors. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:17-27. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.809617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Structure–activity relationship and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based inhibitors of 5-LO. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:865-80. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: 5-LO is an important enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are lipid mediators of immune and inflammation responses, with important roles in respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, immune responses and certain types of cancer. Therefore, this enzyme has been investigated as a potential target for the treatment of these pathophysiological conditions. Results: 5-LO inhibitory potential was investigated in intact polymorphonuclear leukocytes, a cell-free assay, in human whole blood and rodent cells to both elucidate structure–activity relationships and in vitro pharmacological evaluation. Chemical modifications for lead optimization via straight forward synthesis was used to combine small polar groups, which led to a suitable candidate (IC50 [polymorphonuclear leukocytes] = 1.15 µM, IC50 [S100] = 0.29 µM) with desired in vitro biopharmaceutical profiles in terms of solubility (451.9 µg/ml) and intrinsic clearance without demonstrating any cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Compound 9l is a novel, potent and selective 5-LO inhibitor with favorable preclinical drug-like properties.
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Rodrigues AVM, Rollison HE, Martin S, Sarda S, Schulz-Utermoehl T, Stahl S, Gustafsson F, Eakins J, Kenna JG, Wilson ID. In vitro exploration of potential mechanisms of toxicity of the human hepatotoxic drug fenclozic acid. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1569-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sung JH, Esch MB, Prot JM, Long CJ, Smith A, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. Microfabricated mammalian organ systems and their integration into models of whole animals and humans. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1201-12. [PMID: 23388858 PMCID: PMC3593746 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While in vitro cell based systems have been an invaluable tool in biology, they often suffer from a lack of physiological relevance. The discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo systems has been a bottleneck in drug development process and biological sciences. The recent progress in microtechnology has enabled manipulation of cellular environment at a physiologically relevant length scale, which has led to the development of novel in vitro organ systems, often termed 'organ-on-a-chip' systems. By mimicking the cellular environment of in vivo tissues, various organ-on-a-chip systems have been reported to reproduce target organ functions better than conventional in vitro model systems. Ultimately, these organ-on-a-chip systems will converge into multi-organ 'body-on-a-chip' systems composed of functional tissues that reproduce the dynamics of the whole-body response. Such microscale in vitro systems will open up new possibilities in medical science and in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Sung
- Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Korea
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Nordell P, Svanberg P, Bird J, Grime K. Predicting Metabolic Clearance for Drugs That Are Actively Transported into Hepatocytes: Incubational Binding as a Consequence of in Vitro Hepatocyte Concentration Is a Key Factor. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:836-43. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Di L, Keefer C, Scott DO, Strelevitz TJ, Chang G, Bi YA, Lai Y, Duckworth J, Fenner K, Troutman MD, Obach RS. Mechanistic insights from comparing intrinsic clearance values between human liver microsomes and hepatocytes to guide drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 57:441-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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McCoy AT, Benoist CC, Wright JW, Kawas LH, Bule-Ghogare JM, Zhu M, Appleyard SM, Wayman GA, Harding JW. Evaluation of metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analogs as procognitive/antidementia agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:141-54. [PMID: 23055539 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin IV (AngIV: VYIHPF)-related peptides have long been recognized as procognitive agents with potential as antidementia therapeutics. Their development as useful therapeutics, however, has been limited by physiochemical properties that make them susceptible to metabolic degradation and impermeable to gut and blood-brain barriers. A previous study demonstrated that the core structural information required to impart the procognitive activity of the AngIV analog, norleucine(1)-angiotensin IV, resides in its three N-terminal amino acids, Nle-Tyr-Ile. The goal of this project was to chemically modify this tripeptide in such a way to enhance its metabolic stability and barrier permeability to produce a drug candidate with potential clinical utility. Initial results demonstrated that several N- and C-terminal modifications lead to dramatically improved stability while maintaining the capability to reverse scopolamine-induced deficits in Morris water maze performance and augment hippocampal synaptogenesis. Subsequent chemical modifications, which were designed to increase hydrophobicity and decrease hydrogen bonding, yielded an orally active, blood-barrier permeant, metabolically stabilized analog, N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide (dihexa), that exhibits excellent antidementia activity in the scopolamine and aged rat models and marked synaptogenic activity. These data suggest that dihexa may have therapeutic potential as a treatment of disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, where augmented synaptic connectivity may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alene T McCoy
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, P.O. Box 6520, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA
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Kajbaf M, Ricci R, Zambon S, Fontana S. Contribution of rat intestinal metabolism to the xenobiotics clearance. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 38:33-41. [PMID: 22714869 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Michaelis-Menten constants K m and V max values were determined by product formation and substrate depletion at several substrate concentrations of 4-methylumbelliferone using rat intestinal microsomes. K m and V max values determined by measuring product formation were in good agreement with substrate depletion approach. We also investigated hepatic and intestinal in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) in the liver and intestinal microsomes and compare with reports in the literature using nine test compounds, atorvastatin, 7-ethoxycoumarin, indomethacin, 4-methylumbelliferone, midazolam, nifedipine, testosterone, terfenadine and verapamil, in rats. CLint was determined from the substrate disappearance rate at 0.1 and 0.5 μM in the rat intestinal and liver microsomes, respectively. These results showed that both the liver and the intestine contributed to the metabolism of these compounds. The intestinal intrinsic clearance values of all these drugs, except for terfenadine in the rat intestinal microsomes, were lower than their hepatic intrinsic clearance per milligram protein, showing that there was an organ difference in metabolism between the liver and intestinal. These results make the evaluation using the intestinal more useful and provide a basis for predicting clearance using intestinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Kajbaf
- Bioanalytics, Metabolism and in vitro Technologies, DMPK, Aptuit, Via A. Fleming, 4, 37135, Verona, Italy.
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Smith KEC, Rein A, Trapp S, Mayer P, Karlson UG. Dynamic passive dosing for studying the biotransformation of hydrophobic organic chemicals: microbial degradation as an example. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4852-4860. [PMID: 22458885 DOI: 10.1021/es204050u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation plays a key role in hydrophobic organic compound (HOC) fate, and understanding kinetics as a function of (bio)availability is critical for elucidating persistence, accumulation, and toxicity. Biotransformation mainly occurs in an aqueous environment, posing technical challenges for producing kinetic data because of low HOC solubilities and sorptive losses. To overcome these, a new experimental approach based on passive dosing is presented. This avoids using cosolvent for introducing the HOC substrate, buffers substrate depletion so biotransformation is measured within a narrow and defined dissolved concentration range, and enables high compound turnover even at low concentrations to simplify end point measurement. As a case study, the biodegradation kinetics of two model HOCs by the bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis EPA505 were measured at defined dissolved concentrations ranging over 4 orders of magnitude, from 0.017 to 658 μg L(-1) for phenanthrene and from 0.006 to 90.0 μg L(-1) for fluoranthene. Both compounds had similar mineralization fluxes, and these increased by 2 orders of magnitude with increasing dissolved concentrations. First-order mineralization rate constants were also similar for both PAHs, but decreased by around 2 orders of magnitude with increasing dissolved concentrations. Dynamic passive dosing is a useful tool for measuring biotransformation kinetics at realistically low and defined dissolved HOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E C Smith
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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79
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Hallifax D, Turlizzi E, Zanelli U, Houston JB. Clearance-dependent underprediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance from human hepatocytes: Comparison with permeabilities from artificial membrane (PAMPA) assay, in silico and caco-2 assay, for 65 drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:570-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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80
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Fenner KS, Jones HM, Ullah M, Kempshall S, Dickins M, Lai Y, Morgan P, Barton HA. The evolution of the OATP hepatic uptake transport protein family in DMPK sciences: from obscure liver transporters to key determinants of hepatobiliary clearance. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:28-45. [PMID: 22077101 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.626464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the impact on drug pharmacokinetics of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs: OATP-1B1, 1B3 and 2B1), expressed on the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocyte, has been increasingly recognized. OATP-mediated uptake into the hepatocyte coupled with subsequent excretion into bile via efflux proteins, such as MRP2, is often referred to as hepatobiliary excretion. OATP transporter proteins can impact some drugs in several ways including pharmacokinetic variability, pharmacodynamic response and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The impact of transporter mediated hepatic clearance is illustrated with case examples, from the literature and also from the Pfizer portfolio. The currently available in vitro techniques to study the hepatic transporter proteins involved in the hepatobiliary clearance of drugs are reviewed herein along with recent advances in using these in vitro data to predict the human clearance of compounds recognized by hepatic uptake transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Fenner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK.
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81
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Gooyit M, Lee M, Schroeder VA, Ikejiri M, Suckow MA, Mobashery S, Chang M. Selective water-soluble gelatinase inhibitor prodrugs. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6676-90. [PMID: 21866961 DOI: 10.1021/jm200566e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SB-3CT (1), a selective and potent thiirane-based gelatinase inhibitor, is effective in animal models of cancer metastasis and stroke; however, it is limited by poor aqueous solubility and extensive metabolism. We addressed these issues by blocking the primary site of metabolism and capitalizing on a prodrug strategy to achieve >5000-fold increased solubility. The amide prodrugs were quantitatively hydrolyzed in human blood to a potent gelatinase inhibitor, ND-322 (3). The arginyl amide prodrug (ND-478, 5d) was metabolically stable in mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes. Both 5d and 3 were nonmutagenic in the Ames II mutagenicity assay. The prodrug 5d showed moderate clearance of 0.0582 L/min/kg, remained mostly in the extracellular fluid compartment (Vd = 0.0978 L/kg), and had a terminal half-life of >4 h. The prodrug 5d had superior pharmacokinetic properties than those of 3, making the thiirane class of selective gelatinase inhibitors suitable for intravenous administration in the treatment of acute gelatinase-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Major Gooyit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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82
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Testero SA, Lee M, Staran RT, Espahbodi M, Llarrull LI, Toth M, Mobashery S, Chang M. Sulfonate-containing thiiranes as selective gelatinase inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:177-81. [PMID: 24900296 DOI: 10.1021/ml100254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important zinc-dependent endopeptidases. Two members of this family of enzymes called gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) have been implicated in a number of human diseases, including cancer, neurological and cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation, to name a few. We describe in this report the preparation and evaluation of two structural types of thiirane inhibitors that show selectivity toward gelatinases. The biphenyl series targets both gelatinases, whereas the monophenyl analogues exhibit potent inhibition of only MMP-2. The latter structural type also exhibits improved water solubility and metabolic stability, both traits desirable for progress of these molecules forward in gelatinase-dependent animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Testero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Rachel T. Staran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mana Espahbodi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Leticia I. Llarrull
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Marta Toth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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83
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Baek MS, Yu RZ, Gaus H, Grundy JS, Geary RS. In vitro metabolic stabilities and metabolism of 2'-O-(methoxyethyl) partially modified phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides in preincubated rat or human whole liver homogenates. Oligonucleotides 2010; 20:309-16. [PMID: 21117960 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2010.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro metabolic stability testing of phosphorothioate 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) partially modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is not routinely performed to help screen discovery compounds (eg, predict in vivo half-lives), as no suitable in vitro test system currently exists. The aims of this work were to develop, optimize, and evaluate an in vitro whole liver homogenate (rat or human) test system. The test system was used to evaluate in vitro metabolic stabilities (intrinsic clearance) of selected ASOs, with results compared to reported in vivo half-lives, and generated metabolites also identified. Test system optimization involved preincubating whole liver homogenates at 37°C for ≥24 hours, which increased in vitro ASO metabolism rate. From calculated in vitro intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) values in preincubated rat or human whole liver homogenates, metabolic stabilities of fully phosphorothioated 2'-MOE ASOs (ISIS 104838 and ISIS 301012) were, as expected, greater (ie, lower CL(int)) than a 2'-MOE ASO containing a single phosphodiester substitution (ISIS 104838PO10). However, comparable-to-lower in vitro metabolic stability for ISIS 301012 was seen compared to ISIS 104838, in contrast to reported ∼2-fold longer in vivo tissue elimination half-lives for ISIS 301012. Identified in vitro metabolic products of ISIS 301012 were consistent with previously reported in vivo observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Son Baek
- Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Pharmacology Group, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA.
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84
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Oh SJ, Lee K, Ryu J, Yu HE, Han G, Park SK, Kang JS, Kim HM, Kim YC. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, KBH-A40, in rats. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:155-63. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.531790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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85
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Inhibitive effect of cremophor RH40 or tween 80-based self-microemulsiflying drug delivery system on cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in murine hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:562-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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86
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Foster JA, Houston JB, Hallifax D. Comparison of intrinsic clearances in human liver microsomes and suspended hepatocytes from the same donor livers: clearance-dependent relationship and implications for prediction ofin vivoclearance. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:124-36. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.530700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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87
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Prediction of Human Metabolic Clearance from In Vitro Systems: Retrospective Analysis and Prospective View. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2150-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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88
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Chao P, Uss AS, Cheng KC. Use of intrinsic clearance for prediction of human hepatic clearance. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:189-98. [PMID: 20073997 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903405622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The use of intrinsic metabolic stability/clearance and other in vitro pharmacokinetic data for the selection of drug candidates for clinical evaluation during discovery lead optimization has become one of the primary focuses of research organizations involved in new drug discovery. Using intrinsic clearance determined from human liver microsomal preparations and/or hepatocyte to predict human clearance has become more acceptable. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the current methods for determining intrinsic clearance and scaling to predict human hepatic clearance, and novel physiologically-based models for improvement of human hepatic clearance prediction. Published microsomal metabolic stability data and in-house hepatocyte clearance data were compared with published in vivo human hepatic clearance data. Various scaling models and the effect of protein binding were examined. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Use of a novel microfluidic model and other physiologically-based models are presented. Microsomal metabolic clearance requires correction for protein binding and in vitro microsomal binding in order to better predict in vivo hepatic clearance of compounds that are mainly eliminated by hepatic metabolism. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Metabolic clearance obtained using hepatocytes may work well in combination with the well-stirred model. Novel models incorporating flow and protein binding in the system may be the most complete models for prediction of human in vivo metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyun Chao
- Hurel Corporation, Bervely Hills, CA 91201, USA
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89
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Hepatic Disposition of Ximelagatran and Its Metabolites in Pig; Prediction of the Impact of Membrane Transporters Through a Simple Disposition Model. Pharm Res 2010; 27:597-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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90
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Evaluation of drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and in vitro hepatotoxicity with cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 640:281-94. [PMID: 20645058 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human-based in vitro hepatic experimental systems are now used routinely in drug development. The initial concept of the use of human-based in vitro systems is based on the known species-species differences in drug properties. Human-specific drug properties, by definition, cannot be defined using nonhuman experimental animals and therefore can be only assessed in the preclinical phase of drug development using in vitro human-based experimental systems such as human hepatocytes. Successful cryopreservation of human hepatocytes greatly enhances the utility of this valuable in vitro experimental system, allowing storage, transport, convenient scheduling of experimentation, and repeat experimentation using hepatocytes isolated from the same donors. Assay procedures with cryopreserved human hepatocytes using multiwell plates for the evaluation of critical drug properties including metabolic stability, drug-drug interaction potential, and drug toxicity during drug development are described.
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91
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Wang C. Utilization of Immonium Product Ions for the Determination of Peptides with Intra-loops in Biological Matrices. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903201974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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92
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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93
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Chiba M, Ishii Y, Sugiyama Y. Prediction of hepatic clearance in human from in vitro data for successful drug development. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:262-76. [PMID: 19408130 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo metabolic clearance in human has been successfully predicted by using in vitro data of metabolic stability in cryopreserved preparations of human hepatocytes. In the predictions by human hepatocytes, the systematic underpredictions of in vivo clearance have been commonly observed among different datasets. The regression-based scaling factor for the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation has mitigated discrepancy between in vitro prediction and in vivo observation. In addition to the elimination by metabolic degradation, the important roles of transporter-mediated hepatic uptake and canalicular excretion have been increasingly recognized as a rate-determining step in the hepatic clearance. It has been, therefore, proposed that the in vitro assessment should allow the evaluation of clearances for both transporter(s)-mediated uptake/excretion and metabolic degradation. This review first outlines the limited ability of subcellular fractions such as liver microsomes to predict hepatic clearance in vivo. It highlights the advantages of cryopreserved human hepatocytes as one of the versatile in vitro systems for the prediction of in vivo metabolic clearance in human at the early development stage. The following section discusses the mechanisms underlying the systematic underprediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance by hepatocytes. It leads to the proposal for the assessment of hepatic uptake clearance as one of the kinetically important determinants for accurate predictions of hepatic clearance in human. The judicious combination of advanced technologies and understandings for the drug disposition allows us to rationally optimize new chemical entities to the drug candidate with higher probability of success during the clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Chiba
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Okubo 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-0810, Japan
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94
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Bruyère A, Declevès X, Bouzom F, Proust L, Martinet M, Walther B, Parmentier Y. Development of an optimized procedure for the preparation of rat intestinal microsomes: comparison of hepatic and intestinal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in two rat strains. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:22-32. [PMID: 19219745 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802517714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities in both intestinal and hepatic microsomes from Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Specific probes for measuring CYP activities were selected using rat recombinant CYP. The intestinal microsome preparation was optimized getting a more relevant and reproducible abundance of CYPs to measure CYP activities. Testosterone, propranolol, diclofenac, and midazolam were determined as specific substrates of rat CYP2C11, CYP2D2, CYP2C6, and CYP3A, respectively. Ethoxyresorufin and pentoxyresorufin were not specific substrates of CYP1A2 and CYP2B1, respectively. Hepatic and intestinal microsomes expressed active CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, and CYP3A2. Only liver expressed active CYP2C6, CYP2C11, and CYP2D2. Wistar liver expressed more active CYP1A and CYP3A2, but less active CYP2B1 than Wistar intestine. Sprague-Dawley liver expressed more active CYP2B1 and CYP3A2, but less active CYP1A than Sprague-Dawley intestine. In conclusion, CYP activities were qualitatively equivalent but not quantitatively in both strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bruyère
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Technologie Servier, Orleans, France.
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95
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Subramanian K, Raghavan S, Rajan Bhat A, Das S, Bajpai Dikshit J, Kumar R, Narasimha MK, Nalini R, Radhakrishnan R, Raghunathan S. A systems biology based integrative framework to enhance the predictivity ofin vitromethods for drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2008; 7:647-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14740330802501211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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96
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Stringer R, Nicklin PL, Houston JB. Reliability of human cryopreserved hepatocytes and liver microsomes asin vitrosystems to predict metabolic clearance. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:1313-29. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802446286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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97
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Baker M, Parton T. Kinetic determinants of hepatic clearance: Plasma protein binding and hepatic uptake. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:1110-34. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250701658296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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98
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Dennison JB, Mohutsky MA, Barbuch RJ, Wrighton SA, Hall SD. Apparent High CYP3A5 Expression Is Required for Significant Metabolism of Vincristine by Human Cryopreserved Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:248-57. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.139998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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99
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Gagné S, Laterreur J, Mahrouche L, Sørensen D, Gauthier JY, Truong VL, Chauret N, Lévesque JF. Selective isolation of in vitro phase II conjugates using a lipophilic anionic exchange solid phase extraction method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:242-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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100
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Webborn PJH, Parker AJ, Denton RL, Riley RJ. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of hepatic clearance involving active uptake: theoretical and experimental aspects. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:1090-109. [PMID: 17968738 DOI: 10.3109/00498250701557266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of hepatic uptake transporters in drug clearance is well recognized. The subject is reviewed with the intention of providing an overview of the concepts in order to link the increasing knowledge of transporter-mediated uptake into established models of hepatic clearance. In order to understand and quantify their impact, models of hepatic elimination that incorporate permeability barriers are required. Models that include both active and passive uptake into hepatocytes are discussed and simulations of the influence of active uptake and passive diffusion on hepatic clearance are presented. The advantages and weaknesses of a number of in vitro assays of hepatic uptake are described, and their ability to predict hepatic clearance is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J H Webborn
- Physical and Metabolic Science, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, UK.
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