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Farnesoid X receptor antagonizes Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 32807788 PMCID: PMC7431544 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, encoded by NR1H4), a critical regulator of bile acid homeostasis, is widely implicated in human tumorigenesis. However, the functional role of FXR in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the precise molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that FXR expression was downregulated in colon cancer tissues and decreased expression of FXR predicted a poor prognosis. Knockdown of FXR promoted colon cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro, and facilitated xenograft tumor formation and distant metastasis in vivo, whereas ectopic expression of FXR had the reserved change. Mechanistic studies indicated that FXR exerted its tumor suppressor functions by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, we identified an FXR/β-catenin interaction in colon cancer cells. The FXR/β-catenin interaction impaired β-catenin/TCF4 complex formation. In addition, our study suggested a reciprocal relationship between FXR and β-catenin, since loss of β-catenin increased the transcriptional activation of SHP by FXR. Altogether, these data indicated that FXR functions a tumor-suppressor role in CRC by antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Baulies A, Angelis N, Li VSW. Hallmarks of intestinal stem cells. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev182675. [PMID: 32747330 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are highly proliferative cells that fuel the continuous renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Understanding their regulatory mechanisms during tissue homeostasis is key to delineating their roles in development and regeneration, as well as diseases such as bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies of ISCs focused mainly on the position of these cells along the intestinal crypt and their capacity for multipotency. However, evidence increasingly suggests that ISCs also exist in distinct cellular states, which can be an acquired rather than a hardwired intrinsic property. In this Review, we summarise the recent findings into how ISC identity can be defined by proliferation state, signalling crosstalk, epigenetics and metabolism, and propose an update on the hallmarks of ISCs. We further discuss how these properties contribute to intestinal development and the dynamics of injury-induced regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baulies
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikolaos Angelis
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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Dawson HD, Chen C, Li RW, Bell LN, Shea-Donohue T, Kringel H, Beshah E, Hill DE, Urban JF. Molecular and metabolomic changes in the proximal colon of pigs infected with Trichuris suis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12853. [PMID: 32732949 PMCID: PMC7393168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig whipworm Trichuris suis is important in swine production because of its negative effects on pig performance and, notably, to some humans with inflammatory bowel disease as a therapeutic agent that modulates inflammation. The proximal colon of T. suis-infected pigs exhibited general inflammation around day 21 after inoculation with infective eggs that is transcriptionally characterized by markers of type-2 immune activation, inflammation, cellular infiltration, tissue repair enzymes, pathways of oxidative stress, and altered intestinal barrier function. Prominent gene pathways involved the Th2-response, de novo cholesterol synthesis, fructose and glucose metabolism, basic amino acid metabolism, and bile acid transport. Upstream regulatory factor analysis implicated the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor in some of these processes. Metabolic analysis indicated changes in fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, biochemicals related to methylation, protein glycosylation, extracellular matrix structure, sugars, Krebs cycle intermediates, microbe-derived metabolites and altered metabolite transport. Close to 1,200 differentially expressed genes were modulated in the proximal colon of pigs with a persistent adult worm infection that was nearly 90% lower in pigs that had expelled worms. The results support a model to test diets that favorably alter the microbiome and improve host intestinal health in both pigs and humans exposed to Trichuris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Helene Kringel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Dolores E Hill
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA. .,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Lee YJ, Lee EY, Choi BH, Jang H, Myung JK, You HJ. The Role of Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 4 (NR1H4) in Colon Cancer Cell Survival through the Regulation of c-Myc Stability. Mol Cells 2020; 43:459-468. [PMID: 32299194 PMCID: PMC7264475 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily group H member 4 (NR1H4), also known as farnesoid X receptor, has been implicated in several cellular processes in the liver and intestine. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested a role of NR1H4 in colon cancer development; however, how NR1H4 regulates colon cancer cell growth and survival remains unclear. We generated NR1H4 knockout (KO) colon cancer cells using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (CAS9) technology and explored the effects of NR1H4 KO in colon cancer cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Interestingly, NR1H4 KO cells showed impaired cell proliferation, reduced colony formation, and increased apoptotic cell death compared to control colon cancer cells. We identified MYC as an important mediator of the signaling pathway alterations induced by NR1H4 KO. NR1H4 silencing in colon cancer cells resulted in reduced MYC protein levels, while NR1H4 activation using an NR1H4 ligand, chenodeoxycholic acid, resulted in time- and dose-dependent MYC induction. Moreover, NR1H4 KO enhanced the anti-cancer effects of doxorubicin and cisplatin, supporting the role of MYC in the enhanced apoptosis observed in NR1H4 KO cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that modulating NR1H4 activity in colon cancer cells might be a promising alternative approach to treat cancer using MYC-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 0408, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 8541, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bo Hee Choi
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 0408, Korea
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 1008, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Myung
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 0408, Korea
| | - Hye Jin You
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 0408, Korea
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
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Mao J, Chen X, Wang C, Li W, Li J. Effects and mechanism of the bile acid (farnesoid X) receptor on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colon cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:337-345. [PMID: 32565960 PMCID: PMC7285806 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR; gene name, nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group h member 4), an enteric nuclear bile acid receptor, has been reported in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and FXR expression has been inversely correlated with CRC stage and clinical outcome. FXR knockdown in chronic colitis mouse models of intestinal tumorigenesis results in early mortality and increased tumor progression via promoting Wnt signaling. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects and mechanism of FXR on the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway in CRC. FXR and β-catenin protein expression levels were detected in an ulcerative colitis mouse model and human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, Caco-2 and HCT-116). Gain- and loss-of-function studies were conducted by transfecting colon cancer cells with FXR siRNA and treating them with the FXR agonist GW4064. Subsequently, β-catenin transcriptional activity was measured using the dual-luciferase assay, and β-catenin/TCF4 complex levels and β-catenin protein and mRNA expression levels were determined. FXR and β-catenin expression levels were inversely associated in both the animal model and colon cancer cells. The Wnt signaling pathway was activated by increased β-catenin/TCF4 complex levels upon FXR silencing; however, mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin were not significantly affected. The FXR agonist GW4064 significantly inhibited the proliferation of cells but promoted the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. Thus, the present study demonstrated that FXR influences the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, loss of FXR expression promotes the transcriptional activity of β-catenin, whereas FXR activation results in the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xueqi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Chunsaier Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jingnan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota Translational Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Liu J, Li Y, Sun C, Liu S, Yan Y, Pan H, Fan M, Xue L, Nie C, Zhang H, Qian H, Ying H, Wang L. Geniposide reduces cholesterol accumulation and increases its excretion by regulating the FXR-mediated liver-gut crosstalk of bile acids. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mechanisms Underlying Bone Loss Associated with Gut Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246323. [PMID: 31847438 PMCID: PMC6940820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with gastrointestinal diseases frequently suffer from skeletal abnormality, characterized by reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and/or joint inflammation. This pathological process is characterized by altered immune cell activity and elevated inflammatory cytokines in the bone marrow microenvironment due to disrupted gut immune response. Gastrointestinal disease is recognized as an immune malfunction driven by multiple factors, including cytokines and signaling molecules. However, the mechanism by which intestinal inflammation magnified by gut-residing actors stimulates bone loss remains to be elucidated. In this article, we discuss the main risk factors potentially contributing to intestinal disease-associated bone loss, and summarize current animal models, illustrating gut-bone axis to bridge the gap between intestinal inflammation and skeletal disease.
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Sorribas M, Jakob MO, Yilmaz B, Li H, Stutz D, Noser Y, de Gottardi A, Moghadamrad S, Hassan M, Albillos A, Francés R, Juanola O, Spadoni I, Rescigno M, Wiest R. FXR modulates the gut-vascular barrier by regulating the entry sites for bacterial translocation in experimental cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2019; 71:1126-1140. [PMID: 31295531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pathological bacterial translocation (PBT) in cirrhosis is the hallmark of spontaneous bacterial infections, increasing mortality several-fold. Increased intestinal permeability is known to contribute to PBT in cirrhosis, although the role of the mucus layer has not been addressed in detail. A clear route of translocation for luminal intestinal bacteria is yet to be defined, but we hypothesize that the recently described gut-vascular barrier (GVB) is impaired in experimental portal hypertension, leading to increased accessibility of the vascular compartment for translocating bacteria. MATERIALS Cirrhosis was induced in mouse models using bile-duct ligation (BDL) and CCl4. Pre-hepatic portal-hypertension was induced by partial portal vein ligation (PPVL). Intestinal permeability was compared in these mice after GFP-Escherichia coli or different sized FITC-dextrans were injected into the intestine. RESULTS Healthy and pre-hepatic portal-hypertensive (PPVL) mice lack translocation of FITC-dextran and GFP-E. coli from the small intestine to the liver, whereas BDL and CCl4-induced cirrhotic mice demonstrate pathological translocation, which is not altered by prior thoracic-duct ligation. The mucus layer is reduced in thickness, with loss of goblet cells and Muc2-staining and expression in cirrhotic but not PPVL mice. These changes are associated with bacterial overgrowth in the inner mucus layer and pathological translocation of GFP-E. coli through the ileal epithelium. GVB is profoundly altered in BDL and CCl4-mice with Ileal extravasation of large-sized 150 kDa-FITC-dextran, but only slightly altered in PPVL mice. This pathological endothelial permeability and accessibility in cirrhotic mice is associated with augmented expression of PV1 in intestinal vessels. OCA but not fexaramine stabilizes the GVB, whereas both FXR-agonists ameliorate gut to liver translocation of GFP-E. coli. CONCLUSIONS Cirrhosis, but not portal hypertension per se, grossly impairs the endothelial and muco-epithelial barriers, promoting PBT to the portal-venous circulation. Both barriers appear to be FXR-modulated, with FXR-agonists reducing PBT via the portal-venous route. LAY SUMMARY For intestinal bacteria to enter the systemic circulation, they must cross the mucus and epithelial layer, as well as the gut-vascular barrier. Cirrhosis disrupts all 3 of these barriers, giving bacteria access to the portal-venous circulation and thus, the gut-liver axis. Diminished luminal bile acid availability, cirrhosis and the associated reduction in farnesoid x receptor (FXR) signaling seem, at least partly, to mediate these changes, as FXR-agonists reduce bacterial translocation via the portal-venous route to the liver in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Sorribas
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuel O Jakob
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Stutz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yannik Noser
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea de Gottardi
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Moshin Hassan
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, University of Alcalá, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Francés
- Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CIBERehd, San Juan, Spain
| | - Oriol Juanola
- Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CIBERehd, San Juan, Spain
| | - Ilaria Spadoni
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Wu B, Xing C, Tao J. Upregulation of microRNA-23b-3p induced by farnesoid X receptor regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:398. [PMID: 31779647 PMCID: PMC6883581 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The downstream targets of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) such as miRNAs have a potent effect on the progression of many types of cancer. We aim to study the effects of FXR on osteosarcoma (OS) development and the potential role of microRNA-23b-3p. METHODS The expressions of FXR and miR-23b-3p in normal osteoblasts and five osteosarcoma cell lines were measured. Their correlations were analyzed by Pearson's test and verified by the introduction of FXR agonist, GW4064. TargetScan predicted that cyclin G1 (CCNG1) was a target for miR-23b-3p. The transfection of FXR siRNA was performed to confirm the correlation between FXR and miR-23b-3p. We further transfected miR-23b-3p inhibitor into MG-63 cells, and the transfected cells were treated with 5 μM GW4064 for 48 h. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot were performed for expression analysis. Cell proliferation, cell apoptosis rate, and cell cycle distribution were assessed by clone formation assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Scatter plot showed a positive correlation between FXR and miR-23b-3p (Pearson's coefficient test R2 = 1.00, P = 0.0028). As CCNG1 is a target for miR-23b-3p, the treatment of GW4064 induced the downregulation of CCNG1 through upregulating miR-23b-3p. The inhibition of miR-23b-3p obviously promoted cell viability, proliferation, and cell cycle progression but reduced apoptosis rate of MG-63 cells; however, the treatment of GW4064 could partially reverse the effects of the inhibition of miR-23b-3p on OS cells. CONCLUSIONS Upregulated FXR by GW4064 can obviously suppress OS cell development, and the suppressive effects may rely on miR-23b-3p/CCNG1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Chengjuan Xing
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, No.467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116027, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, No.467 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116027, Liaoning Province, China.
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Helicase-like transcription factor (Hltf) gene-deletion promotes oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in colorectal tumors of AOM/DSS-treated mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221751. [PMID: 31461471 PMCID: PMC6713344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) gene-a tumor suppressor in human colorectal cancer (CRC)-is regulated by alternative splicing and promoter hypermethylation. In this study, we used the AOM/DSS-induced mouse model to show Hltf-deletion caused poor survival concomitant with increased tumor multiplicity, and dramatically shifted the topographic distribution of lesions into the rectum. Differential isoform expression analysis revealed both the truncated isoform that lacks a DNA-repair domain and the full length isoform capable of DNA damage repair are present during adenocarcinoma formation in controls. iPathwayGuide identified 51 dynamically regulated genes of 10,967 total genes with measured expression. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Kegg: 00190), the top biological pathway perturbed by Hltf-deletion, resulted from increased transcription of Atp5e, Cox7c, Uqcr11, Ndufa4 and Ndufb6 genes, concomitant with increased endogenous levels of ATP (p = 0.0062). Upregulation of gene expression, as validated with qRT-PCR, accompanied a stable mtDNA/nDNA ratio. This is the first study to show Hltf-deletion in an inflammation-associated CRC model elevates mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Liu T, Song X, Khan S, Li Y, Guo Z, Li C, Wang S, Dong W, Liu W, Wang B, Cao H. The gut microbiota at the intersection of bile acids and intestinal carcinogenesis: An old story, yet mesmerizing. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1780-1790. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Xueli Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Chuqiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Wenxiao Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Wentian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General HospitalTianjin Medical University Tianjin China
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Šarenac T, Mikov M. Cervical Cancer, Different Treatments and Importance of Bile Acids as Therapeutic Agents in This Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:484. [PMID: 31214018 PMCID: PMC6558109 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer can be cured, because it has a long preinvasive period. Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer at women are crucial for reducing of rate mortality. Today, there are many methods for detecting premalignant lesions and one of them is a conventional Papanicolaou test. Cervical cancer develops through a series of changes in the epithelium called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The biological and genetic characteristics of the cells at cancer in situ are irreversibly altered and abnormal cells have the potential to metastasize to others anatomical regions. Infection with human Papillomavirus, which is transmitted sexually, is considered the main cause and represent the necessary, but not the only factor for the development of cervical cancer. Types of high risk human Papillomavirus are often associated with invasive cervical cancer. The carcinogenic types of HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer and about 50% of CIN 3. Primary prevention of cervical cancer is aimed at reducing incidence, control of causes and risk factors. In this scientific work, in addition to explaining the various treatments necessary for the treatment of cervical carcinoma, we were discussed about the anticancer effects of the synthetic derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid, such as HS-1183, and synthetic derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid such as HS-1199 and HS-1200. Also, the effects of bile acid complexes with metals such as platinum, zinc, nickel, and copper were considered in the effective treatment of cervical cancer. KEY POINTS • Lymphogenic spreading of cervical cancer occurs relatively early in the regional lymph nodes, while this sort of progression of cervical cancer is rarer in the juxtaregional (paraaortic), mediastinal and supraclavicular nodes. Clinically proven supraclavicular metastases are not a rarity. In stages IIb and IIIa with metastases in paraaortal nodes occur a 20% metastases at the neck lymph nodes. Hematogenic metastases are relatively rare and occur in the posterior phase. Distant metastases are detected in the lungs and liver. Preinvasive and microinvasive stages of cervical cancer are without symptoms. With deeper invasion of the strome, certain clinical symptoms such as prolonged menstruation, increased vaginal secretions, vaginal bleeding between the two periods, contact bleeding (after coitus), unilateral pelvic pain with spreading in hip joint (infiltration of the pelvic nerve plexus), dysuric disturbance, anemia, islet of the lower extremities. In order to diagnose the level spreading of primary lesion of cervical cancer most commonly are used the supplemental searches such as cytoscopy, rectoscopy, urography, irigography, lung and bone radiography, scintigraphy of the liver, kidney and bone, lymphography, CT (MR) of abdomen and pelvis, as well as laboratory analysis. Surgical treatment consists of transvaginal hysterectomy, transabdominal removal of the uterus (via laparotomy), bilateral adenectomy (removal of the ovaries and the fallopian tubes), upper and middle third of the vagina and lymphonodectomy of the regional lymph nodes. The most commonly used radiotherapy, intracavitary brachytherapy, manual afterloading technique and remote afterloading techniques. The synthetic derivatives of ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid such as HS-1183, HS-1199, and HS-1200 are used to treat cervical cancer. These derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid are capable of inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in SiHa human cells of cervix. Platinum compounds are used as catalysts in cervical cancer therapy. Clinical use of platinum complexes for which the bile acids bind is based on the desire to achieve the death of tumor cells and the spectrum of drug activity in the treatment of cervical cancer. Bisursodeoxycholate (ethylenediamine) platinum (II) [Pt(UDC)2(en)] is characterized by important cytotoxicity against HeLa cervical carcinoma cells and this effect already being clearly detectable after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Šarenac
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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You W, Li L, Sun D, Liu X, Xia Z, Xue S, Chen B, Qin H, Ai J, Jiang H. Farnesoid X Receptor Constructs an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Sensitizes FXR highPD-L1 low NSCLC to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:990-1000. [PMID: 30975694 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates inflammation and immune responses in a subset of immune-mediated diseases. We previously reported that FXR expression promotes tumor cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we study the relevance of FXR to the immune microenvironment of NSCLC. We found an inverse correlation between FXR and PD-L1 expression in a cohort of 408 NSCLC specimens; from this, we identified a subgroup of FXRhighPD-L1low patients. We showed that FXR downregulates PD-L1 via transrepression and other mechanisms in NSCLC. Cocultured with FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC cell lines, effector function and proliferation of CD8+ T cell in vitro are repressed. We also detected downregulation of PD-L1 in FXR-overexpressing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse syngeneic models, indicating an FXRhighPD-L1low subtype in which FXR suppresses tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Anti-PD-1 therapy was effective against FXRhighPD-L1low mouse LLC tumors. Altogether, our findings demonstrate an immunosuppressive role for FXR in the FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC subtype and provide translational insights into therapeutic response in PD-L1low NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1. We recommend FXRhighPD-L1low as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie You
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiao Sun
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjun Xia
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Handong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Peng Z, Chen J, Drachenberg CB, Raufman JP, Xie G. Farnesoid X receptor represses matrix metalloproteinase 7 expression, revealing this regulatory axis as a promising therapeutic target in colon cancer. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8529-8542. [PMID: 30967475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of bile acid-activated transcription factors and an important regulator of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and Wnt signaling. Down-regulated expression of FXR plays an important role in some malignancies such as colon cancer, and in rodent models of intestinal neoplasia, FXR knockout increases the size and number of colon tumors. These previous observations implicate FXR as a tumor suppressor, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Employing complementary experimental approaches and using human colon cancer specimens, human and murine colon cancer cell lines, and FXR transgenic mice, here we identified an additional, potentially important role for FXR. We observed an inverse relationship between the expression of FXR and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7), a collagenase and signaling molecule consistently associated with colon cancer progression. We noted that FXR gene ablation increases MMP7 expression. Consistent with this finding, FXR overexpression and a dominant-negative FXR mutation reduced and augmented, respectively, MMP7 expression. Of note, MMP7 was the only MMP gene family member whose expression was down-regulated after FXR activation. FXR-mediated regulation of MMP7 transcription did not require heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), indicating that FXR represses MMP7 expression independently of RXR. Last, we uncovered that FXR suppresses MMP7 transcription by binding to a negative FXR-responsive element in the 5' MMP7 promoter, an event that inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion. These findings identify the FXR-MMP7 axis as a potential therapeutic target for managing colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Peng
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jiayan Chen
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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65
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Cheng HS, Lee JXT, Wahli W, Tan NS. Exploiting vulnerabilities of cancer by targeting nuclear receptors of stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:51. [PMID: 30925918 PMCID: PMC6441226 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and dynamic cellular community comprising the tumor epithelium and various tumor-supporting cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, adipose cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. The interplay between the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells represents a key contributor to immune evasiveness, physiological hardiness and the local and systemic invasiveness of malignant cells. Nuclear receptors are master regulators of physiological processes and are known to play pro-/anti-oncogenic activities in tumor cells. However, the actions of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells have not been widely studied. Given the excellent druggability and extensive regulatory effects of nuclear receptors, understanding their biological functionality in the tumor microenvironment is of utmost importance. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize recent evidence about the roles of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells and their implications for malignant processes such as tumor proliferation, evasion of immune surveillance, angiogenesis, chemotherapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Based on findings derived mostly from cell culture studies and a few in vivo animal cancer models, the functions of VDR, PPARs, AR, ER and GR in tumor-supporting cells are relatively well-characterized. Evidence for other receptors, such as RARβ, RORγ, and FXR, is limited yet promising. Hence, the nuclear receptor signature in the tumor microenvironment may harbor prognostic value. The clinical prospects of a tumor microenvironment-oriented cancer therapy exploiting the nuclear receptors in different tumor-supporting cells are also encouraging. The major challenge, however, lies in the ability to develop a highly specific drug delivery system to facilitate precision medicine in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. Bile Acid Receptors and Gastrointestinal Functions. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:31-39. [PMID: 32368358 PMCID: PMC7197881 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids modulate several gastrointestinal functions including electrolyte secretion and absorption, gastric emptying, and small intestinal and colonic motility. High concentrations of bile acids lead to diarrhea and are implicated in the development of esophageal, gastric and colonic cancer. Alterations in bile acid homeostasis are also implicated in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these effects of bile acids on gut functions has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of bile acid receptors, including the nuclear receptors: farnesoid X receptor (FXR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR); and the G protein-coupled receptors: Takeda G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (M3R).. For example, various studies provided evidence demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effects FXR and TGR5 activation in models of intestinal inflammation. In addition, TGR5 activation in enteric neurons was recently shown to increase colonic motility, which may lead to bile acid-induced diarrhea. Interestingly, TGR5 induces the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells to enhance insulin secretion and modulate glucose metabolism. Because of the importance of these receptors, agonists of TGR5 and intestine-specific FXR agonists are currently being tested as an option for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and primary bile acid diarrhea, respectively. This review summarizes current knowledge of the functional roles of bile acid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Waddah A. Alrefai, MD: Research Career Scientist, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; ; Tel. (312) 569-7429; Fax. (312) 569-8114
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67
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Fu T, Coulter S, Yoshihara E, Oh TG, Fang S, Cayabyab F, Zhu Q, Zhang T, Leblanc M, Liu S, He M, Waizenegger W, Gasser E, Schnabl B, Atkins AR, Yu RT, Knight R, Liddle C, Downes M, Evans RM. FXR Regulates Intestinal Cancer Stem Cell Proliferation. Cell 2019; 176:1098-1112.e18. [PMID: 30794774 PMCID: PMC6701863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of intestinal bile acids (BAs) are a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we show that the convergence of dietary factors (high-fat diet) and dysregulated WNT signaling (APC mutation) alters BA profiles to drive malignant transformations in Lgr5-expressing (Lgr5+) cancer stem cells and promote an adenoma-to-adenocarcinoma progression. Mechanistically, we show that BAs that antagonize intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) function, including tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-βMCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA), induce proliferation and DNA damage in Lgr5+ cells. Conversely, selective activation of intestinal FXR can restrict abnormal Lgr5+ cell growth and curtail CRC progression. This unexpected role for FXR in coordinating intestinal self-renewal with BA levels implicates FXR as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sungsoon Fang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, BK21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Fritz Cayabyab
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Waitt Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mingxiao He
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wanda Waizenegger
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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68
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van de Wiel SMW, Bijsmans ITGW, van Mil SWC, van de Graaf SFJ. Identification of FDA-approved drugs targeting the Farnesoid X Receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2193. [PMID: 30778102 PMCID: PMC6379390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to the nuclear receptor family and is activated by bile acids. Multiple, chemically rather diverse, FXR agonists have been developed and several of these compounds are currently tested in clinical trials for NAFLD and cholestasis. Here, we investigated possible FXR-agonism or antagonism of existing FDA/EMA-approved drugs. By using our recently developed FRET-sensor, containing the ligand binding domain of FXR (FXR-LBD), 1280 FDA-approved drugs were screened for their ability to activate FXR in living cells using flow cytometry. Fifteen compounds induced the sensor for more than twenty percent above background. Real-time confocal microscopy confirmed that avermectin B1a, gliquidone, nicardipine, bepridil and triclosan activated the FRET sensor within two minutes. These compounds, including fluticasone, increased mRNA expression of FXR target genes OSTα and OSTβ in Huh7 cells, and in most cases also of MRP2, SHP and FGF19. Finally, avermectin B1a, gliquidone, nicardipine and bepridil significantly increased IBABP promoter activity in a luciferase reporter assay in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, six FDA/EMA-approved drugs currently used in the clinical practice exhibit moderate agonistic FXR activity. This may on the one hand explain (undesired) side-effects, but on the other hand may form an opportunity for polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M W van de Wiel
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid T G W Bijsmans
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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69
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Yang ZJ, Zhu MJ, Wang FF, Di ZS, Wang YX, Li LS, Xu JD. Progress in understanding relationship between bile acid metabolic disorder and gut diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:183-189. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a large number of microorganisms in the human intestine, which rely on the nutrition in the digestive tract to survive. At the same time, they affect the intestinal neuro-immune function through the metabolism substances produced by themselves. The enteric neuro-immune system regulates the functions of digestion and absorption so as to maintain the homeostasis in the intestine. Intestinal bile acid metabolism disorder might induce gut dysfunction or intestinal immune imbalance. This review describes the effect of intestinal microbes on the enteric nervous system or other signal molecules of the bile acid pathway linked to some intestinal disorders, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Min-Jia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei-Fei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Di
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xiu Wang
- International College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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70
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Fang F, Li D, Zhao L, Li Y, Zhang T, Cui B. Expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma and its effect on the proliferation of Ishikawa cells in vitro. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:685-697. [PMID: 30705597 PMCID: PMC6343513 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s180534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our study aimed to investigate the expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma, its effect on the proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro, and the underlying mechanism of this effect. Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded, sectioned specimens and of a tissue microarray was conducted to estimate the expression of NR1H3 (liver X receptors α: LXRα) and NR1H2 (liver X receptors β: LXRβ) in endometrial carcinoma tissues. The subcellular localization of NR1H3 in the endometrial carcinoma cell line Ishikawa was determined by immunofluorescence. An agonist of NR1H3, TO901317, was then administered to activate the expression of NR1H3, and cell viability and cell-cycle progression were investigated through MTT and flow cytometric assays, respectively. The gene and protein expression levels of NR1H3, cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cyclin E (CCNE) in cells pretreated with different concentrations of TO901317 for different periods of time were also detected by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The results showed that, in contrast to NR1H2, which was expressed at low levels in endometrial tissues, NR1H3 was upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma tissues compared to levels in normal endometrial tissues and endometrial polyps. Moreover, NR1H3 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of Ishikawa cells. TO901317 significantly decreased cell viability and arrested the cell cycle in Ishikawa cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the administration of TO901317 not only promoted the expression of NR1H3 but also inhibited the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in Ishikawa cells. Conclusion We demonstrated that NR1H3 is upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma and that it inhibits cell viability by inhibiting the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in endometrial carcinoma cells. Our study indicates that NR1H3 may play a role in the development of endometrial cancer and may emerge as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Baoxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
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The FXR agonist obeticholic acid inhibits the cancerogenic potential of human cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210077. [PMID: 30677052 PMCID: PMC6345424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer with high resistance to chemotherapeutics. CCA is enriched in cancer stem cells, which correlate with aggressiveness and prognosis. FXR, a member of the metabolic nuclear receptor family, is markedly down-regulated in human CCA. Our aim was to evaluate, in primary cultures of human intrahepatic CCA (iCCA), the effects of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA), a semisynthetic bile acid derivative, on their cancerogenic potential. Primary human iCCA cell cultures were prepared from surgical specimens of mucinous or mixed iCCA subtypes. Increasing concentrations (0-2.5 μM) of OCA were added to culture media and, after 3-10 days, effects on proliferation (MTS assay, cell population doubling time), apoptosis (annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide), cell migration and invasion (wound healing response and Matrigel invasion assay), and cancerogenic potential (spheroid formation, clonogenic assay, colony formation capacity) were evaluated. Results: FXR gene expression was downregulated (RT-qPCR) in iCCA cells vs normal human biliary tree stem cells (p < 0.05) and in mucinous iCCA vs mixed iCCA cells (p < 0.05) but was upregulated by addition of OCA. OCA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited proliferation of both mucinous and mixed iCCA cells, starting at a concentration as low as 0.05 μM. Also, CDCA (but not UDCA) inhibited cell proliferation, although to a much lower extent than OCA, consistent with its different affinity for FXR. OCA significantly induced apoptosis of both iCCA subtypes and decreased their in vitro cancerogenic potential, as evaluated by impairment of colony and spheroid formation capacity and delayed wound healing and Matrigel invasion. In general, these effects were more evident in mixed than mucinous iCCA cells. When tested together with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin, OCA potentiated the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of these chemotherapeutics, but mainly in mixed iCCA cells. OCA abolished the capacity of both mucinous and mixed iCCA cells to form colonies when administered together with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin. In subcutaneous xenografts of mixed iCCA cells, OCA alone or combined with Gemcitabine or Cisplatin markedly reduced the tumor size after 5 weeks of treatment by inducing necrosis of tumor mass and inhibiting cell proliferation. In conclusion, FXR is down-regulated in iCCA cells, and its activation by OCA results in anti-cancerogenic effects against mucinous and mixed iCCA cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The effects of OCA predominated in mixed iCCA cells, consistent with the lower aggressiveness and the higher FXR expression in this CCA subtype. These results, showing the FXR-mediated capacity of OCA to inhibit cholangiocarcinogenesis, represent the basis for testing OCA in clinical trials of CCA patients.
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Yu JH, Zheng JB, Qi J, Yang K, Wu YH, Wang K, Wang CB, Sun XJ. Bile acids promote gastric intestinal metaplasia by upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression via the FXR/NF-κB signalling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:879-892. [PMID: 30747230 PMCID: PMC6365039 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids serve a critical role in the induction of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric carcinogenesis. The present study investigated the effects of bile acids on the induction of gastric IM formation. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2), mucin 2 (MUC2) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were increased in vitro and in vivo following treatment with bile acids, and CDX2 transcriptionally activated MUC2 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of FXR attenuated bile acid-enhanced CDX2 promoter activity and protein expression. Conversely, the FXR agonist GW4064 synergistically enhanced bile acid-induced CDX2 promoter activity. Bile acid treatment led to an increase in nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and protein expression. Treatment with GW4064 or the FXR antagonist Z-guggulsterone enhanced or attenuated bile acid-induced NF-κB activity, respectively. In addition, quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that bile acids led to enhanced binding of p50 to the CDX2 promoter, whereas this effect was not observed for p65. Treatment with GW4064 or Z-guggulsterone enhanced and attenuated the binding activity of p50 to the CDX2 promoter, respectively. These results indicated that bile acids may activate the FXR/NF-κB signalling pathway, thereby upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression in normal gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hua Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Bao Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Romagnolo DF, Donovan MG, Doetschman TC, Selmin OI. n-6 Linoleic Acid Induces Epigenetics Alterations Associated with Colonic Inflammation and Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E171. [PMID: 30650553 PMCID: PMC6356359 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) protects against inflammation and cancer of the colon through maintenance of intestinal bile acid (BA) homeostasis. Conversely, higher levels of BA and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are risk factors for inflammation and cancer of the colon. In the United States, n-6 linoleic acid (LA) is the most commonly used dietary vegetable fat. Metabolism of n-6 fatty acids has been linked to a higher risk of intestinal cancer. The objectives of this study were to investigate in colonic mucosa the effects of a high-fat diet rich in LA (n-6HFD) on CpG methylation of Fxr and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (Ptsg-2) genes, and the impact on the expression of tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis Coli (Apc) and proliferative cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) genes. Weaned C57BL/6J male mice were fed for 6 weeks either an n-6HFD containing 44% energy (44%E) from 22% safflower oil (SO, 76% LA by weight) or a 13% energy (13%E) control diet (Control) from SO (5% by weight). Mice fed the n-6HFD had reduced (60%) Fxr promoter CpG methylation and increased (~50%) Fxr mRNA. The expression of FXR-target ileal bile acid-binding protein (Ibabp), small heterodimer protein (Shp), and anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated-γ1 genes was increased. The n-6HFD reduced Ptgs-2 CpG methylation, increased the expression of Cox-2, and increased Apc CpG methylation in colonic mucosa. Accordingly, reduced expression of Apc was coupled to accumulation of c-JUN and Ccnd1, respectively cofactor and gene targets for the β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway. Finally, the n-6HFD reduced the expression of histone deacetylase-1 while favoring the accumulation of acetylated histone 3. We conclude that an n-6HFD epigenetically modifies Fxr, leading to the activation of downstream factors that participate in BA homeostasis. However, epigenetic activation of Ptsg-2 coupled with silencing of Apc and accumulation of C-JUN and Ccnd1 may increase the risk of inflammation and cancer of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Romagnolo
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Micah G Donovan
- Interdisciplinary Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Tom C Doetschman
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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74
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Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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75
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Kovač U, Skubic C, Bohinc L, Rozman D, Režen T. Oxysterols and Gastrointestinal Cancers Around the Clock. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:483. [PMID: 31379749 PMCID: PMC6653998 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of oxidized sterols in three major gastrointestinal cancers (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic, and colon cancer) and how the circadian clock affects the carcinogenesis by regulating the lipid metabolism and beyond. While each field of research (cancer, oxysterols, and circadian clock) is well-studied within their specialty, little is known about the intertwining mechanisms and how these influence the disease etiology in each cancer type. Oxysterols are involved in pathology of these cancers, but final conclusions about their protective or damaging effects are elusive, since the effect depends on the type of oxysterol, concentration, and the cell type. Oxysterol concentrations, the expression of key regulators liver X receptors (LXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBP) family are modulated in tumors and plasma of cancer patients, exposing these proteins and selected oxysterols as new potential biomarkers and drug targets. Evidence about how cholesterol/oxysterol pathways are intertwined with circadian clock is building. Identified key contact points are different forms of retinoic acid receptor related orphan receptors (ROR) and LXRs. RORs and LXRs are both regulated by sterols/oxysterols and the circadian clock and in return also regulate the same pathways, representing a complex interplay between sterol metabolism and the clock. With this in mind, in addition to classical therapies to modulate cholesterol in gastrointestinal cancers, such as the statin therapy, the time is ripe also for therapies where time and duration of the drug application is taken as an important factor for successful therapies. The final goal is the personalized approach with chronotherapy for disease management and treatment in order to increase the positive drug effects.
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76
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Choi S, Snider AJ. Diet, lipids and colon cancer. CELLULAR NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND CANCER 2019; 347:105-144. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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van Zutphen T, Bertolini A, de Vries HD, Bloks VW, de Boer JF, Jonker JW, Kuipers F. Potential of Intestine-Selective FXR Modulation for Treatment of Metabolic Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:207-234. [PMID: 31236687 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor controls bile acid metabolism, both in the liver and intestine. This potent nuclear receptor not only maintains homeostasis of its own ligands, i.e., bile acids, but also regulates glucose and lipid metabolism as well as the immune system. These findings have led to substantial interest for FXR as a therapeutic target and to the recent approval of an FXR agonist for treating primary biliary cholangitis as well as ongoing clinical trials for other liver diseases. Given that FXR biology is complex, including moderate expression in tissues outside of the enterohepatic circulation, temporal expression of isoforms, posttranscriptional modifications, and the existence of several other bile acid-responsive receptors such as TGR5, clinical application of FXR modulators warrants thorough understanding of its actions. Recent findings have demonstrated remarkable physiological effects of targeting FXR specifically in the intestine (iFXR), thereby avoiding systemic release of modulators. These include local effects such as improvement of intestinal barrier function and intestinal cholesterol turnover, as well as systemic effects such as improvements in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intriguingly, metabolic improvements have been observed with both an iFXR agonist that leads to production of enteric Fgf15 and increased energy expenditure in adipose tissues and antagonists by reducing systemic ceramide levels and hepatic glucose production. Here we review the recent findings on the role of intestinal FXR and its targeting in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van Zutphen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde D de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty Campus Fryslân, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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78
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Gege C, Hambruch E, Hambruch N, Kinzel O, Kremoser C. Nonsteroidal FXR Ligands: Current Status and Clinical Applications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:167-205. [PMID: 31197565 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
FXR agonists have demonstrated very promising clinical results in the treatment of liver disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH, in particular, is one of the last uncharted white territories in the pharma landscape, and there is a huge medical need and a large potential pharmaceutical market for a NASH pharmacotherapy. Clinical efficacy superior to most other treatment options was shown by FXR agonists such as obeticholic acid (OCA) as they improved various metabolic features including liver steatosis as well as liver inflammation and fibrosis. But OCA's clinical success comes with some major liabilities such as pruritus, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) lowering, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) increase, and a potential for drug-induced liver toxicity. Some of these effects can be attributed to on-target effects exerted by FXR, but with others it is not clear whether it is FXR- or OCA-related. Therefore a quest for novel, proprietary FXR agonists is ongoing with the aim to increase FXR potency and selectivity over other proteins and to overcome at least some of the OCA-associated clinical side effects through an improved pharmacology. In this chapter we will discuss the historical and ongoing efforts in the identification and development of nonsteroidal, which largely means non-bile acid-type, FXR agonists for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gege
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Hambruch
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hambruch
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Kinzel
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Kremoser
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Drug Discovery Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
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79
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Nuclear Receptor Metabolism of Bile Acids and Xenobiotics: A Coordinated Detoxification System with Impact on Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113630. [PMID: 30453651 PMCID: PMC6274770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional studies have provided numerous insights over the past years on how members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily tightly regulate the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Besides the role of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the transcriptional control of bile acid transport and metabolism, this review provides an overview on how this metabolic sensor prevents the accumulation of toxic byproducts derived from endogenous metabolites, as well as of exogenous chemicals, in coordination with the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Decrypting this network should provide cues to better understand how these metabolic nuclear receptors participate in physiologic and pathologic processes with potential validation as therapeutic targets in human disabilities and cancers.
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80
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Takahashi S, Tanaka N, Fukami T, Xie C, Yagai T, Kim D, Velenosi TJ, Yan T, Krausz KW, Levi M, Gonzalez FJ. Role of Farnesoid X Receptor and Bile Acids in Hepatic Tumor Development. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1567-1582. [PMID: 30556042 PMCID: PMC6287584 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and an association between altered bile acid (BA) metabolism, down‐regulation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is a master regulator of BA metabolism, and hepatocarcinogenesis has been documented. While global FXR deficiency in mice results in spontaneous HCC with aging, the contribution of tissue‐specific FXR deficiency to hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, the prevalence of hepatic tumors, expression of genes related to tumorigenesis, and serum/liver BA levels were compared among male whole‐body Fxr‐null, hepatocyte‐specific Fxr‐null (Fxr∆Hep), and enterocyte‐specific Fxr‐null (Fxr∆IE) mice at the age of 3, 14, and 20 months. More than 90% of 20‐month‐old whole‐body Fxr‐null mice had hepatic tumors with enhanced hepatic expression of myelocytomatosis oncogene (Myc) and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and elevated serum taurocholate (TCA) and tauromuricholate (TMCA) and their respective unconjugated derivatives. The incidence of hepatic tumors was significantly lower in Fxr∆Hep and Fxr∆IE mice (20% and 5%, respectively), and the increases in Myc and Cdk4 mRNA or serum BA concentrations were not detected in these mice compared to Fxrfloxed [fl]/fl mice; a similar tendency was observed in 14‐month‐old mice. However, increased hepatic c‐Myc protein expression was found only in Fxr‐null mice at the age of 3, 14, and 20 months. Treatment with TCA induced Myc expression in Fxr‐null cultured primary mouse hepatocytes but not in wild‐type (WT) mouse hepatocytes, demonstrating that the combination of hepatocyte FXR disruption with elevated TCA is required for Myc induction and ensuing age‐dependent hepatocarcinogenesis in Fxr‐null mice. Conclusion: There is a relatively low risk of hepatic tumors by inhibition of FXR in enterocytes, likely due to the lack of increased TCA and Myc induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology Georgetown University Washington DC
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan.,International Research Center for Agricultural Food Industry Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD.,Present address: Department of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Thomas J Velenosi
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology Georgetown University Washington DC
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
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81
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Hu Y, French SW, Chau T, Liu HX, Sheng L, Wei F, Stondell J, Garcia JC, Du Y, Bowlus CL, Wan YJY. RARβ acts as both an upstream regulator and downstream effector of miR-22, which epigenetically regulates NUR77 to induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. FASEB J 2018; 33:2314-2326. [PMID: 30252536 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801390r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanism and consequences of microRNA-22 ( miR-22) induction. Our data revealed for the first time that retinoic acid (RA) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, including short-chain fatty acids and suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA), could individually or in combination induce miR-22. This induction was mediated via RA receptor β (RARβ) binding to a direct repeat 5 (DR5) motif. In addition, we uncovered HDAC1 as a novel miR-22 target. In an miR-22-dependent manner, HDAC inhibitors and RA reduced HDAC1, HDAC4, and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which were involved in chromatin remodeling of the RARβ and nerve growth factor IB ( NUR77). Thus, HDAC inhibitors and RA-induced miR-22 resulted in simultaneous induction of cytoplasmic RARβ and NUR77, leading to apoptosis of colon cancer cells. In mice, miR-22 and its inducers inhibited the growth of xenograft colon cancer. Moreover, tumor size reduction was accompanied by elevated miR-22, NUR77, and RARβ and by reduced HDACs. In human colon polyps and adenocarcinomas, miR-22 and RARβ were consistently reduced, which was associated with elevated HDAC1, HDAC4, and SIRT1 in colon adenocarcinomas. Results from this study revealed a novel anticancer mechanism of RARβ via miR-22 induction to epigenetically regulate itself and NUR77, providing a promising cancer treatment modality using miR-22 and its inducers.-Hu, Y., French, S. W., Chau, T., Liu, H.-X., Sheng, L., Wei, F., Stondell, J., Garcia, J. C., Du, Y., Bowlus, C. L., Wan, Y.-J. Y. RARβ acts as both an upstream regulator and downstream effector of miR-22, which epigenetically regulates NUR77 to induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thinh Chau
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Lili Sheng
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Municipal People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jesse Stondell
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Juan C Garcia
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yanlei Du
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Municipal People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christopher L Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
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82
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Mroz MS, Lajczak NK, Goggins BJ, Keely S, Keely SJ. The bile acids, deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, regulate colonic epithelial wound healing. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G378-G387. [PMID: 29351391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00435.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes an innate barrier which, upon injury, undergoes self-repair processes known as restitution. Although bile acids are known as important regulators of epithelial function in health and disease, their effects on wound healing processes are not yet clear. Here we set out to investigate the effects of the colonic bile acids, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), on epithelial restitution. Wound healing in T84 cell monolayers grown on transparent, permeable supports was assessed over 48 h with or without bile acids. Cell migration was measured in Boyden chambers. mRNA and protein expression were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. DCA (50-150 µM) significantly inhibited wound closure in cultured epithelial monolayers and attenuated cell migration in Boyden chamber assays. DCA also induced nuclear accumulation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), whereas an FXR agonist, GW4064 (10 µM), inhibited wound closure. Both DCA and GW4064 attenuated the expression of CFTR Cl- channels, whereas inhibition of CFTR activity with either CFTR-inh-172 (10 µM) or GlyH-101 (25 µM) also prevented wound healing. Promoter/reporter assays revealed that FXR-induced downregulation of CFTR is mediated at the transcriptional level. In contrast, UDCA (50-150 µM) enhanced wound healing in vitro and prevented the effects of DCA. Finally, DCA inhibited and UDCA promoted mucosal healing in an in vivo mouse model. In conclusion, these studies suggest bile acids are important regulators of epithelial wound healing and are therefore good targets for development of new drugs to modulate intestinal barrier function in disease treatment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid, inhibits colonic epithelial wound healing, an effect which appears to be mediated by activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor, FXR, with subsequent downregulation of CFTR expression and activity. In contrast, ursodeoxycholic acid promotes wound healing, suggesting it may provide an alternative approach to prevent the losses of barrier function that are associated with mucosal inflammation in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena S Mroz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Natalia K Lajczak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Bridie J Goggins
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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83
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Waltonitone inhibits proliferation of hepatoma cells and tumorigenesis via FXR-miR-22-CCNA2 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75165-75175. [PMID: 27738335 PMCID: PMC5342731 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Waltonitone (WA), an ursane-type pentacyclic triterpene extracted from Gentiana waltonii Burkill, was recently appeared to exert anti-tumor effect. However, the biological underpinnings underlying the role of WA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells have not been completely elucidated. Our previous report indicated that the FXR-regulated miR-22-CCNA2 pathway contributed to the progression and development of HCC. Besides, a wide spectrum of microRNAs (miRNAs) could be up- or down-regulated upon WA treatment, including miR-22. Hence, we aimed to determine whether WA inhibited HCC cell proliferation via the FXR-miR-22-CCNA2 axis. In this study, we observed a significant downregulation of FXR and miR-22, along with upregulation of CCNA2 in 80 paired tumors relative to adjacent normal tissues of HCC subjects, which were obtained from the available GEO database in NCBI (GSE22058). Furthermore, we validated the expression patterns of these three targets in another set of HCC samples and found the highly correlation within each other. Additionally, our data demonstrated that WA induced miR-22 and repressed CCNA2 in HCC cells, which contributed to the cell proliferation arrest. In addition, evidence suggested that either miR-22 silencing or FXR knockdown reversed the diminished CCNA2 expression as well as cell proliferation inhibition caused by WA treatment and WA inhibited tumor masses in vivo in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of HCC. Overall, our data indicated that WA inhibited HCC cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through miR-22-regulated CCNA2 repression, which was at least partially through FXR modulation.
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84
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Abstract
Emerging evidence points to a strong association between the gut microbiota and the risk, development and progression of gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bile acids, produced in the liver, are metabolized by enzymes derived from intestinal bacteria and are critically important for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota, balanced lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity and innate immunity. Given the complexity of bile acid signalling and the direct biochemical interactions between the gut microbiota and the host, a systems biology perspective is required to understand the liver-bile acid-microbiota axis and its role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis to reverse the microbiota-mediated alterations in bile acid metabolism that occur in disease states. An examination of recent research progress in this area is urgently needed. In this Review, we discuss the mechanistic links between bile acids and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in CRC and HCC, which involve two major bile acid-sensing receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5). We also highlight the strategies and cutting-edge technologies to target gut-microbiota-dependent alterations in bile acid metabolism in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Weiping Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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85
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Donovan MG, Selmin OI, Doetschman TC, Romagnolo DF. Mediterranean Diet: Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Front Nutr 2017; 4:59. [PMID: 29259973 PMCID: PMC5723389 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosis and the second and third leading cause of cancer mortality in men and women, respectively. However, the majority of CRC cases are the result of sporadic tumorigenesis via the adenoma–carcinoma sequence. This process can take up to 20 years, suggesting an important window of opportunity exists for prevention such as switching toward healthier dietary patterns. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a dietary pattern associated with various health benefits including protection against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and various cancers. In this article, we review publications available in the PubMed database within the last 10 years that report on the impact of a MD eating pattern on prevention of CRC. To assist the reader with interpretation of the results and discussion, we first introduce indexes and scoring systems commonly used to experimentally determine adherence to a MD, followed by a brief introduction of the influence of the MD pattern on inflammatory bowel disease, which predisposes to CRC. Finally, we discuss key biological mechanisms through which specific bioactive food components commonly present in the MD are proposed to prevent or delay the development of CRC. We close with a discussion of future research frontiers in CRC prevention with particular reference to the role of epigenetic mechanisms and microbiome related to the MD eating pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah G Donovan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tom C Doetschman
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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86
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Di Ciaula A, Wang DQH, Molina-Molina E, Lunardi Baccetto R, Calamita G, Palmieri VO, Portincasa P. Bile Acids and Cancer: Direct and Environmental-Dependent Effects. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s87-s105. [PMID: 29080344 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) regulate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol and lipids but have also a key role as singalling molecules and in the modulation of epithelial cell proliferation, gene expression and metabolism. These homeostatic pathways, when disrupted, are able to promote local inflammation, systemic metabolic disorders and, ultimately, cancer. The effect of hydrophobic BAs, in particular, can be linked with cancer in several digestive (mainly oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, colon) and extra-digestive organs (i.e. prostate, breast) through a complex series of mechanisms including direct oxidative stress with DNA damage, apoptosis, epigenetic factors regulating gene expression, reduced/increased expression of nuclear receptors (mainly farnesoid X receptor, FXR) and altered composition of gut microbiota, also acting as a common interface between environmental factors (including diet, lifestyle, exposure to toxics) and the molecular events promoting cancerogenesis. Primary prevention strategies (i.e. changes in dietary habits and lifestyle, reduced exposure to environmental toxics) mainly able to modulate gut microbiota and the epigenome, and the therapeutic use of hydrophilic BAs to counterbalance the negative effects of the more hydrophobic BAs might be, in the near future, part of useful tools for cancer prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Raquel Lunardi Baccetto
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Vincenzo O Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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87
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Cariello M, Piccinin E, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Nuclear receptor FXR, bile acids and liver damage: Introducing the progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis with FXR mutations. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1308-1318. [PMID: 28965883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master regulator of bile acids (BAs) homeostasis since it transcriptionally drives modulation of BA synthesis, influx, efflux, and detoxification along the enterohepatic axis. Due to its crucial role, FXR alterations are involved in the progression of a plethora of BAs associated inflammatory disorders in the liver and in the gut. The involvement of the FXR pathway in cholestasis development and management has been elucidated so far with a direct role of FXR activating therapy in this condition. However, the recent identification of a new type of genetic progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) linked to FXR mutations has strengthen also the bona fide beneficial effects of target therapies that by-pass FXR activation, directly promoting the action of its target, namely the enterokine FGF19, in the repression of hepatic BAs synthesis with reduction of total BA levels in the liver and serum, accomplishing one of the major goals in cholestasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy.
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88
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Cell-Surface and Nuclear Receptors in the Colon as Targets for Bacterial Metabolites and Its Relevance to Colon Health. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080856. [PMID: 28796169 PMCID: PMC5579649 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic co-habitation of bacteria in the host colon is mutually beneficial to both partners. While the host provides the place and food for the bacteria to colonize and live, the bacteria in turn help the host in energy and nutritional homeostasis, development and maturation of the mucosal immune system, and protection against inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this review, we highlight the molecular mediators of the effective communication between the bacteria and the host, focusing on selective metabolites from the bacteria that serve as messengers to the host by acting through selective receptors in the host colon. These bacterial metabolites include the short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the tryptophan degradation products indole-3-aldehyde, indole-3-acetic, acid and indole-3-propionic acid, and derivatives of endogenous bile acids. The targets for these bacterial products in the host include the cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A and the nuclear receptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The chemical communication between these bacterial metabolite messengers and the host targets collectively has the ability to impact metabolism, gene expression, and epigenetics in colonic epithelial cells as well as in mucosal immune cells. The end result, for the most part, is the maintenance of optimal colonic health.
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89
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Giaginis C, Tsoukalas N, Alexandrou P, Tsourouflis G, Dana E, Delladetsima I, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Clinical significance of farnesoid X receptor expression in thyroid neoplasia. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1785-1792. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the clinical significance of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in thyroid neoplasia. Patients & methods: FXR expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 88 thyroid neoplastic tissues (benign = 44, malignant = 44). Results: Enhanced FXR was more frequently observed in papillary carcinomas compared with hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0489). In malignant lesions, elevated FXR was associated with capsular (p = 0.0004) and vascular invasion (p = 0.0056) and increased follicular cells’ proliferative rate (p < 0.0001). Elevated FXR expression was also associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.0086), presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.0239) and lymphatic invasion (p = 0.0086) and increased recurrence rate risk (p = 0.0239). Conclusion: FXR may be associated with tumor aggressiveness that affects patients’ survival in thyroid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Giaginis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos 81400, Greece
| | | | - Paraskevi Alexandrou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eugene Dana
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Ioanna Delladetsima
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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90
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Bile acids and colon cancer: Is FXR the solution of the conundrum? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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91
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Dermadi D, Valo S, Ollila S, Soliymani R, Sipari N, Pussila M, Sarantaus L, Linden J, Baumann M, Nyström M. Western Diet Deregulates Bile Acid Homeostasis, Cell Proliferation, and Tumorigenesis in Colon. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3352-3363. [PMID: 28416481 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Western-style diets (WD) high in fat and scarce in fiber and vitamin D increase risks of colorectal cancer. Here, we performed a long-term diet study in mice to follow tumorigenesis and characterize structural and metabolic changes in colon mucosa associated with WD and predisposition to colorectal cancer. WD increased colon tumor numbers, and mucosa proteomic analysis indicated severe deregulation of intracellular bile acid (BA) homeostasis and activation of cell proliferation. WD also increased crypt depth and colon cell proliferation. Despite increased luminal BA, colonocytes from WD-fed mice exhibited decreased expression of the BA transporters FABP6, OSTβ, and ASBT and decreased concentrations of secondary BA deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, indicating reduced activity of the nuclear BA receptor FXR. Overall, our results suggest that WD increases cancer risk by FXR inactivation, leading to BA deregulation and increased colon cell proliferation. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3352-63. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Dermadi
- Department of Biosciences, Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Satu Valo
- Department of Biosciences, Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Ollila
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Pussila
- Department of Biosciences, Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Sarantaus
- Department of Biosciences, Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jere Linden
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Nyström
- Department of Biosciences, Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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92
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Farnesoid X receptor, a novel proto-oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer, promotes tumor growth via directly transactivating CCND1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:591. [PMID: 28377627 PMCID: PMC5428828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor for maintaining bile acid homeostasis, has been recognized as a tumor suppressor in enterohepatic tissues. However, its expression and functional role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. We report that FXR is significantly increased in NSCLC and that it predicts poor clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients. FXR knockdown in NSCLC cells inhibited in vitro cell proliferation, blocked xenograft growth in nude mice, and delayed the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, whereas ectopic overexpression of FXR promoted NSCLC cell proliferation. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that FXR could directly bind to an inverted repeat-0 sequence in the CCND1 promoter and activate its transcription. Cyclin D1 overexpression rescued NSCLC cells from the delayed G1/S transition and the impaired cell proliferation induced by FXR knockdown. Importantly, a positive correlation between the expression of FXR and cyclin D1 was confirmed in NSCLC samples, and patients with high expression of both FXR and cyclin D1 had the worst prognosis. In summary, our results suggest that FXR has oncogenic potential in NSCLC development, providing mechanistic insights that could be exploited for both prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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93
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Niu Y, Xu M, Slagle BL, Huang H, Li S, Guo GL, Shi G, Qin W, Xie W. Farnesoid X receptor ablation sensitizes mice to hepatitis b virus X protein-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2017; 65:893-906. [PMID: 28102638 PMCID: PMC5319891 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a hepatitis B virus protein that has multiple cellular functions, but its role in HCC pathogenesis has been controversial. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor with activities in anti-inflammation and inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis. However, whether or how FXR can impact hepatitis B virus/HBx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we showed that HBx can interact with FXR and function as a coactivator of FXR. Expression of HBx in vivo enhanced FXR-responsive gene regulation. HBx also increased the transcriptional activity of FXR in a luciferase reporter gene assay. The HBx-FXR interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays, and the FXR activation function 1 domain was mapped to bind to the third α helix in the C terminus of HBx. We also found that the C-terminally truncated variants of HBx, which were found in clinical HCC, were not effective at transactivating FXR. Interestingly, recruitment of the full-length HBx, but not the C-terminally truncated HBx, enhanced the binding of FXR to its response element. In vivo, FXR ablation markedly sensitized mice to HBx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We propose that transactivation of FXR by full-length HBx may represent a protective mechanism to inhibit HCC and that this inhibition may be compromised upon the appearance of C-terminally truncated HBx or when the expression and/or activity of FXR is decreased. (Hepatology 2017;65:893-906).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Niu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Betty L. Slagle
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haihua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515021, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Dr. Wen Xie, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. ; or Dr. Wenxin Qin, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
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94
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Bhat AA, Prabhu KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Krishnankutty R, Babu J, Mohammad RM, Uddin S. Potential therapeutic targets of Guggulsterone in cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:23. [PMID: 28261317 PMCID: PMC5331628 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells have always been of considerable interest as potential anti-cancer agents. Many such compounds are under screening and development with their potential evolution as a clinical drug benefiting many of the cancer patients. Guggulsterone (GS), a phytosterol isolated gum resin of the tree Commiphora mukul has been widely used in Indian traditional medicine as a remedy for various diseses. GS has been shown to possess cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential as established by in vitro and in vivo studies. GS has been shown to target constitutively activated survival pathways such as PI3-kinase/AKT, JAK/STAT, and NFκB signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of growth and inflammatory responses via regulation of antiapoptotic and inflammatory genes. The current review focuses on the molecular targets of GS, cellular responses, and the animal model studies in various cancers. The mechanistic action of GS in different types of cancers also forms a part of this review. The perspective of translating this natural compound into a clinically approved drug with its pros and cons is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Bhat
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roopesh Krishnankutty
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayaprakash Babu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
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95
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Martinot E, Sèdes L, Baptissart M, Lobaccaro JM, Caira F, Beaudoin C, Volle DH. Bile acids and their receptors. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:2-9. [PMID: 28153453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary bile acids are synthetized from cholesterol within the liver and then transformed by the bacteria in the intestine to secondary bile acids. In addition to their involvement in digestion and fat solubilization, bile acids also act as signaling molecules. Several receptors are sensors of bile acids. Among these receptors, this review focuses on the nuclear receptor FXRα and the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. This review briefly presents the potential links between bile acids and cancers that are discussed in more details in the other articles of this special issue of Molecular Aspects of Medicine focused on "Bile acids, roles in integrative physiology and pathophysiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Martinot
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lauriane Sèdes
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marine Baptissart
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lobaccaro
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Caira
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H Volle
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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96
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Gonzalez FJ, Jiang C, Xie C, Patterson AD. Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling Modulates Metabolic Disease. Dig Dis 2017; 35:178-184. [PMID: 28249275 PMCID: PMC6595218 DOI: 10.1159/000450908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates the synthesis, transport and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BA) by modulating the expression of related genes in the liver and small intestine. The composition of the gut microbiota is correlated with metabolic diseases, notably obesity and non-alcoholic fatty acid disease (NAFLD). Recent studies revealed that bacterial metabolism of BA can modulate FXR signaling in the intestine by altering the composition and concentrations of FXR agonist and antagonist. FXR agonist enhances while FXR antagonist suppresses obesity, NAFLD and insulin resistance. The role of intestinal FXR in metabolic disease was firmly established by the analysis of mice lacking FXR that are metabolic resistant to HFD-induced metabolic disease. This is mediated by FXR modulating in part the expression of genes involved in ceramide synthesis in the small intestine. In ileum of obese mice due to the presence of endogenous FXR agonists produced in the liver, these genes are activated, while in mice with altered levels of specific gut bacteria, levels of an FXR antagonist, tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA) increase and FXR signaling and ceramide synthesis are repressed. T-β-MCA, which is metabolized in wild-type mice, led to the discovery of glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-MCA) that is stable in the intestine and a potent inhibitor of FXR signaling. These studies reveal that ceramides produced in the ileum under the control of FXR, influence metabolic disease, and suggest that novel FXR antagonist such as Gly-MCA that specifically inhibit intestine FXR, could serve as potential drug for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., USA
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97
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Gonzalez FJ, Jiang C, Patterson AD. An Intestinal Microbiota-Farnesoid X Receptor Axis Modulates Metabolic Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:845-859. [PMID: 27639801 PMCID: PMC5159222 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is associated with metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as shown by correlative studies and by transplant of microbiota from obese humans and mice into germ-free mice. Modification of the microbiota by treatment of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice with tempol or antibiotics resulted in decreased adverse metabolic phenotypes. This was owing to lower levels of the genera Lactobacillus and decreased bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. The decreased BSH resulted in increased levels of tauro-β-muricholic acid (MCA), a substrate of BSH and a potent farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist. Mice lacking expression of FXR in the intestine were resistant to HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, thus confirming that intestinal FXR is involved in the potentiation of metabolic disease. A potent intestinal FXR antagonist, glycine-β-MCA (Gly-MCA), which is resistant to BSH, was developed, which, when administered to HFD-treated mice, mimics the effect of the altered microbiota on HFD-induced metabolic disease. Gly-MCA had similar effects on genetically obese leptin-deficient mice. The decrease in adverse metabolic phenotype by tempol, antibiotics, and Gly-MCA was caused by decreased serum ceramides. Mice lacking FXR in the intestine also have lower serum ceramide levels, and are resistant to HFD-induced metabolic disease, and this was reversed by injection of C16:0 ceramide. In mouse ileum, because of the presence of endogenous FXR agonists produced in the liver, FXR target genes involved in ceramide synthesis are activated and when Gly-MCA is administered they are repressed, which likely accounts for the decrease in serum ceramides. These studies show that ceramides produced in the ileum under control of FXR influence metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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98
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Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R, Pijnenburg D, Khuc T, Hamm J, Zhao J, Lynch C, van Beuningen R, Chang X, Houtman R, Xia M. Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:138-148. [PMID: 27773686 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals that alter normal function of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) have been shown to affect the homeostasis of bile acids, glucose, and lipids. Several structural classes of environmental chemicals and drugs that modulated FXR transactivation were previously identified by quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) of the Tox21 10K chemical collection. In the present study, we validated the FXR antagonist activity of selected structural classes, including avermectin anthelmintics, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, 1,3-indandione rodenticides, and pyrethroid pesticides, using in vitro assay and quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis approaches. (Z)-Guggulsterone, chlorophacinone, ivermectin, and their analogs were profiled for their ability to alter CDCA-mediated FXR binding using a panel of 154 coregulator motifs and to induce or inhibit transactivation and coactivator recruitment activities of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), or pregnane X receptor (PXR). Our results showed that chlorophacinone and ivermectin had distinct modes of action (MOA) in modulating FXR-coregulator interactions and compound selectivity against the four aforementioned functionally-relevant nuclear receptors. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights regarding compound activities against FXR and possible explanations for in vivo toxicological observations of chlorophacinone, ivermectin, and their analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Hsu
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Thai Khuc
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jon Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory System, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rinie van Beuningen
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory System, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Menghang Xia
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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99
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Zhu Y, Liu H, Zhang M, Guo GL. Fatty liver diseases, bile acids, and FXR. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:409-412. [PMID: 27709009 PMCID: PMC5045552 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) worldwide has increased at an alarming rate, which will likely result in enormous medical and economic burden. NAFLD presents as a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism(s) of NAFLD-to-NASH transition remains elusive with various genetic and environmental susceptibility factors possibly involved. An understanding of the mechanism may provide novel strategies in the prevention and treatment to NASH. Abnormal regulation of bile acid homeostasis emerges as an important mechanism to liver injury. The bile acid homeostasis is critically regulated by the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) that is activated by bile acids. FXR has been known to exert tissue-specific effects in regulating bile acid synthesis and transport. Current investigations demonstrate FXR also plays a principle role in regulating lipid metabolism and suppressing inflammation in the liver. Therefore, the future determination of the molecular mechanism by which FXR protects the liver from developing NAFLD may shed light to the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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100
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Ceulemans LJ, Canovai E, Verbeke L, Pirenne J, Farré R. The expanding role of the bile acid receptor farnesoid X in the intestine and its potential clinical implications. Acta Chir Belg 2016; 116:156-163. [PMID: 27684270 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2016.1215953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the intestine is rapidly expanding. In pre-clinical animal models of inflammatory bowel disease and bile duct ligation, FXR activation has proven to directly target the three pillars of intestinal homeostasis: intestinal permeability, inflammation and bacterial translocation. The protective role of FXR-ligands on this homeostasis has implications for many intestinal pathologies like inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia reperfusion injury, the metabolic syndrome, colon cancer and even diarrhea. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which FXR-activation exerts these protective effects and we discuss its potential clinical applications.
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