51
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Bell JF, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Arneson HM, Bass D, Calvin W, Farrand WH, Goetz W, Golombek M, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Guinness E, Hayes AG, Hubbard MYH, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson MJ, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Kinch KM, Lemmon MT, Li R, Madsen MB, Maki JN, Malin M, McCartney E, McLennan S, McSween HY, Ming DW, Morris RV, Dobrea EZN, Parker TJ, Proton J, Rice JW, Seelos F, Soderblom JM, Soderblom LA, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Sullivan RJ, Weitz CM, Wolff MJ. Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum. Science 2004; 306:1703-9. [PMID: 15576603 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA.
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52
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Arvidson RE, Anderson RC, Bartlett P, Bell JF, Blaney D, Christensen PR, Chu P, Crumpler L, Davis K, Ehlmann BL, Fergason R, Golombek MP, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Guinness EA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff K, Johnson J, Landis G, Li R, Lindemann R, McSween H, Ming DW, Myrick T, Richter L, Seelos FP, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Wang A, Wilson J. Localization and physical properties experiments conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:821-4. [PMID: 15297662 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The precise location and relative elevation of Spirit during its traverses from the Columbia Memorial station to Bonneville crater were determined with bundle-adjusted retrievals from rover wheel turns, suspension and tilt angles, and overlapping images. Physical properties experiments show a decrease of 0.2% per Mars solar day in solar cell output resulting from deposition of airborne dust, cohesive soil-like deposits in plains and hollows, bright and dark rock coatings, and relatively weak volcanic rocks of basaltic composition. Volcanic, impact, aeolian, and water-related processes produced the encountered landforms and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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53
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Christensen PR, Ruff SW, Fergason RL, Knudson AT, Anwar S, Arvidson RE, Bandfield JL, Blaney DL, Budney C, Calvin WM, Glotch TD, Golombek MP, Gorelick N, Graff TG, Hamilton VE, Hayes A, Johnson JR, McSween HY, Mehall GL, Mehall LK, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Rogers AD, Smith MD, Squyres SW, Wolff MJ, Wyatt MB. Initial results from the Mini-TES experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover. Science 2004; 305:837-42. [PMID: 15297667 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Spirit has studied the mineralogy and thermophysical properties at Gusev crater. Undisturbed soil spectra show evidence for minor carbonates and bound water. Rocks are olivinerich basalts with varying degrees of dust and other coatings. Dark-toned soils observed on disturbed surfaces may be derived from rocks and have derived mineralogy (+/-5 to 10%) of 45% pyroxene (20% Ca-rich pyroxene and 25% pigeonite), 40% sodic to intermediate plagioclase, and 15% olivine (forsterite 45% +/-5 to 10). Two spectrally distinct coatings are observed on rocks, a possible indicator of the interaction of water, rock, and airfall dust. Diurnal temperature data indicate particle sizes from 40 to 80 microm in hollows to approximately 0.5 to 3 mm in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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54
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Greeley R, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bartlett P, Bell JF, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Farmer J, Farrand B, Golombek MP, Gorevan SP, Grant JA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson J, Landis G, Madsen MB, McLennan SM, Moersch J, Rice JW, Richter L, Ruff S, Sullivan RJ, Thompson SD, Wang A, Weitz CM, Whelley P. Wind-related processes detected by the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater, Mars. Science 2004; 305:810-3. [PMID: 15297660 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Wind-abraded rocks, ripples, drifts, and other deposits of windblown sediments are seen at the Columbia Memorial Station where the Spirit rover landed. Orientations of these features suggest formative winds from the north-northwest, consistent with predictions from atmospheric models of afternoon winds in Gusev Crater. Cuttings from the rover Rock Abrasion Tool are asymmetrically distributed toward the south-southeast, suggesting active winds from the north-northwest at the time (midday) of the abrasion operations. Characteristics of some rocks, such as a two-toned appearance, suggest that they were possibly buried and exhumed on the order of 5 to 60 centimeters by wind deflation, depending on location.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA.
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55
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McSween HY, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Crumpler LS, Des Marais DJ, Farmer JD, Gellert R, Ghosh A, Gorevan S, Graff T, Grant J, Haskin LA, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Klingelhoefer G, Knudson AT, McLennan S, Milam KA, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Rieder R, Ruff SW, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, WaÌnke H, Wang A, Wyatt MB, Yen A, Zipfel J. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater. Science 2004. [DOI: 10.1126/science.3050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - D. Blaney
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. A. Crisp
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - L. S. Crumpler
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - D. J. Des Marais
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. D. Farmer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. Ghosh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. Gorevan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - T. Graff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. Grant
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - L. A. Haskin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - K. E. Herkenhoff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. R. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - B. L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - G. Klingelhoefer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. T. Knudson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. McLennan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - K. A. Milam
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. V. Morris
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. Rieder
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. W. Ruff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - H. WaÌnke
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - M. B. Wyatt
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. Yen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. Zipfel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
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56
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Herkenhoff KE, Squyres SW, Arvidson R, Bass DS, Bell JF, Bertelsen P, Cabrol NA, Gaddis L, Hayes AG, Hviid SF, Johnson JR, Kinch KM, Madsen MB, Maki JN, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Rice JW, Sims M, Smith PH, Soderblom LA, Spanovich N, Sullivan R, Wang A. Textures of the Soils and Rocks at Gusev Crater from Spirit's Microscopic Imager. Science 2004. [DOI: 10.1126/science.3050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Herkenhoff
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S. W. Squyres
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R. Arvidson
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D. S. Bass
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. F. Bell
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L. Gaddis
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. G. Hayes
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S. F. Hviid
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. R. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K. M. Kinch
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. B. Madsen
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. N. Maki
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S. M. McLennan
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H. Y. McSween
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. W. Rice
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Sims
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. H. Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L. A. Soderblom
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N. Spanovich
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R. Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Wang
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics, and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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57
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Morris RV, Klingelhöfer G, Bernhardt B, Schröder C, Rodionov DS, De Souza PA, Yen A, Gellert R, Evlanov EN, Foh J, Kankeleit E, Gütlich P, Ming DW, Renz F, Wdowiak T, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE. Mineralogy at Gusev Crater from the Mossbauer Spectrometer on the Spirit Rover. Science 2004; 305:833-6. [PMID: 15297666 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mössbauer spectra measured on Mars by the Spirit rover during the primary mission are characterized by two ferrous iron doublets (olivine and probably pyroxene) and a ferric iron doublet (tentatively associated to nanophase ferric iron oxide). Two sextets resulting from nonstoichiometric magnetite are also present, except for a coating on the rock Mazatzal, where a hematite-like sextet is present. Greater proportions of ferric-bearing phases are associated with undisturbed soils and rock surfaces as compared to fresh rock surfaces exposed by grinding. The ubiquitous presence of olivine in soil suggests that physical rather than chemical weathering processes currently dominate at Gusev crater.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Morris
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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58
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Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Madsen MB, Kinch KM, Hviid SF, Knudsen JM, Gunnlaugsson HP, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Herkenhoff KE, Gorevan S, Yen AS, Myrick T, Klingelhöfer G, Rieder R, Gellert R. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:827-9. [PMID: 15297664 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars-and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of approximately 2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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59
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Grant JA, Arvidson R, Bell JF, Cabrol NA, Carr MH, Christensen P, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, Ehlmann BL, Farmer J, Golombek M, Grant FD, Greeley R, Herkenhoff K, Li R, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Rice JW, Ruff S, Richter L, Squyres S, Sullivan R, Weitz C. Surficial Deposits at Gusev Crater Along Spirit Rover Traverses. Science 2004; 305:807-10. [PMID: 15297659 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has traversed a fairly flat, rock-strewn terrain whose surface is shaped primarily by impact events, although some of the landscape has been altered by eolian processes. Impacts ejected basaltic rocks that probably were part of locally formed lava flows from at least 10 meters depth. Some rocks have been textured and/or partially buried by windblown sediments less than 2 millimeters in diameter that concentrate within shallow, partially filled, circular impact depressions referred to as hollows. The terrain traversed during the 90-sol (martian solar day) nominal mission shows no evidence for an ancient lake in Gusev crater.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA.
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60
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, d'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand W, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid S, Johnson J, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll A, Landis G, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Wänke H, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. The Spirit Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars. Science 2004. [DOI: 10.1126/science.3050794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Brückner
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - W. Calvin
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. H. Carr
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. Crumpler
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - D. J. Des Marais
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - C. d'Uston
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - T. Economou
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Farmer
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - W. Farrand
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - W. Folkner
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Golombek
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - S. Gorevan
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Greeley
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Grotzinger
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. Haskin
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - K. E. Herkenhoff
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - S. Hviid
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - A. Knoll
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - G. Landis
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Lemmon
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Li
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. C. Malin
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Moersch
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. V. Morris
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - T. Parker
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. Richter
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Rieder
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Sims
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Smith
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - P. Smith
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. A. Soderblom
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - H. Wänke
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Wolff
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - A. Yen
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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