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Christensen PR, Hamilton VE, Mehall GL, Anwar S, Bowles H, Chase S, Farkas Z, Fisher T, Holmes A, Kubik I, Lazbin I, O’Donnell W, Ortiz C, Pelham D, Rogers S, Shamordola K, Tourville T, Woodward R. The Lucy Thermal Emission Spectrometer (L'TES) Instrument. Space Sci Rev 2023; 220:1. [PMID: 38130909 PMCID: PMC10730683 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-01029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Lucy Thermal Emission Spectrometer (L'TES) will provide remote measurements of the thermophysical properties of the Trojan asteroids studied by the Lucy mission. L'TES is build-to-print hardware copy of the OTES instrument flown on OSIRIS-REx. It is a Fourier Transform spectrometer covering the spectral range 5.71-100 μm (1750-100 cm-1) with spectral sampling intervals of 8.64, 17.3, and 34.6 cm-1 and a 7.3-mrad field of view. The L'TES telescope is a 15.2-cm diameter Cassegrain telescope that feeds a flat-plate Michelson moving mirror mounted on a linear voice-coil motor assembly to a single uncooled deuterated l-alanine doped triglycine sulfate (DLATGS) pyroelectric detector. A significant firmware change from OTES is the ability to acquire interferograms of different length and spectral resolution with acquisition times of 0.5, 1, and 2 seconds. A single ∼0.851 μm laser diode is used in a metrology interferometer to provide precise moving mirror control and IR sampling at 772 Hz. The beamsplitter is a 38-mm diameter, 1-mm thick chemical vapor deposited diamond with an antireflection microstructure to minimize surface reflection. An internal calibration cone blackbody target, together with observations of space, provides radiometric calibration. The radiometric precision in a single spectrum is ≤2.2 × 10-8 W cm-2 sr-1 /cm-1 between 300 and 1350 cm-1. The absolute temperature error is <2 K for scene temperatures >75 K. The overall L'TES envelope size is 37.6 × 29.0 × 30.4 cm, and the mass is 6.47 kg. The power consumption is 12.6 W average. L'TES was developed by Arizona State University with AZ Space Technologies developing the electronics. L'TES was integrated, tested, and radiometrically calibrated on the Arizona State University campus in Tempe, AZ. Initial data from space have verified the instrument's radiometric and spatial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - G. L. Mehall
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - S. Anwar
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - H. Bowles
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - S. Chase
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Z. Farkas
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - T. Fisher
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - A. Holmes
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - I. Kubik
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - I. Lazbin
- AZ Space Technologies, Gilbert, AZ USA
| | - W. O’Donnell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - C. Ortiz
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - D. Pelham
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - S. Rogers
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - K. Shamordola
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - T. Tourville
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - R. Woodward
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
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Grau Galofre A, Whipple KX, Christensen PR, Conway SJ. Valley Networks and the Record of Glaciation on Ancient Mars. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2022GL097974. [PMID: 36249283 PMCID: PMC9539576 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl097974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The lack of evidence for large-scale glacial landscapes on Mars has led to the belief that ancient glaciations had to be frozen to the ground. Here we propose that the fingerprints of Martian wet-based glaciation should be the remnants of the ice sheet drainage system instead of landforms generally associated with terrestrial ice sheets. We use the terrestrial glacial hydrology framework to interrogate how the Martian surface gravity affects glacial hydrology, ice sliding, and glacial erosion. Taking as reference the ancient southern circumpolar ice sheet that deposited the Dorsa Argentea formation, we compare the theoretical behavior of identical ice sheets on Mars and Earth and show that, whereas on Earth glacial drainage is predominantly inefficient, enhancing ice sliding and erosion, on Mars the lower gravity favors the formation of efficient subglacial drainage. The apparent lack of large-scale glacial fingerprints on Mars, such as drumlins or lineations, is to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Grau Galofre
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
- Laboratorie du Planétologie et Géosciences/ CNRS UMR6112Nantes UniversitéNantesFrance
- Now at the Laboratorie du Planétologie et GéosciencesNantesFrance
| | - K. X. Whipple
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - S. J. Conway
- Laboratorie du Planétologie et Géosciences/ CNRS UMR6112Nantes UniversitéNantesFrance
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3
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Lauretta DS, Adam CD, Allen AJ, Ballouz RL, Barnouin OS, Becker KJ, Becker T, Bennett CA, Bierhaus EB, Bos BJ, Burns RD, Campins H, Cho Y, Christensen PR, Church ECA, Clark BE, Connolly HC, Daly MG, DellaGiustina DN, Drouet d’Aubigny CY, Emery JP, Enos HL, Freund Kasper S, Garvin JB, Getzandanner K, Golish DR, Hamilton VE, Hergenrother CW, Kaplan HH, Keller LP, Lessac-Chenen EJ, Liounis AJ, Ma H, McCarthy LK, Miller BD, Moreau MC, Morota T, Nelson DS, Nolau JO, Olds R, Pajola M, Pelgrift JY, Polit AT, Ravine MA, Reuter DC, Rizk B, Rozitis B, Ryan AJ, Sahr EM, Sakatani N, Seabrook JA, Selznick SH, Skeen MA, Simon AA, Sugita S, Walsh KJ, Westermann MM, Wolner CWV, Yumoto K. Spacecraft sample collection and subsurface excavation of asteroid (101955) Bennu. Science 2022; 377:285-291. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Carbonaceous asteroids, such as (101955) Bennu, preserve material from the early Solar System, including volatile compounds and organic molecules. We report spacecraft imaging and spectral data collected during and after retrieval of a sample from Bennu’s surface. The sampling event mobilized rocks and dust into a debris plume, excavating a 9-m-long elliptical crater. This exposed material that is darker, spectrally redder, and more abundant in fine particulates than the original surface. The bulk density of the displaced subsurface material was 500–700 kg per cubic meter, about half that of the whole asteroid. Particulates that landed on instrument optics spectrally resemble aqueously altered carbonaceous meteorites. The spacecraft stored 250 ± 101 g of material, which will be delivered to Earth in 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - A. J. Allen
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - R.-L. Ballouz
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - O. S. Barnouin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - K. J. Becker
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T. Becker
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C. A. Bennett
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - B. J. Bos
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - R. D. Burns
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - H. Campins
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Y. Cho
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - B. E. Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - H. C. Connolly
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - M. G. Daly
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - J. P. Emery
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - H. L. Enos
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - D. R. Golish
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - H. Ma
- Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - T. Morota
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - J. O. Nolau
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - R. Olds
- Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO, USA
| | - M. Pajola
- INAF (Italian National Institute for Astrophysics) – Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - A. T. Polit
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - B. Rizk
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B. Rozitis
- School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - A. J. Ryan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - N. Sakatani
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. A. Seabrook
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S. H. Selznick
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - A. A. Simon
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S. Sugita
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. J. Walsh
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M. M. Westermann
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C. W. V. Wolner
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K. Yumoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Rozitis B, Ryan AJ, Emery JP, Christensen PR, Hamilton VE, Simon AA, Reuter DC, Al Asad M, Ballouz RL, Bandfield JL, Barnouin OS, Bennett CA, Bernacki M, Burke KN, Cambioni S, Clark BE, Daly MG, Delbo M, DellaGiustina DN, Elder CM, Hanna RD, Haberle CW, Howell ES, Golish DR, Jawin ER, Kaplan HH, Lim LF, Molaro JL, Munoz DP, Nolan MC, Rizk B, Siegler MA, Susorney HCM, Walsh KJ, Lauretta DS. Asteroid (101955) Bennu's weak boulders and thermally anomalous equator. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabc3699. [PMID: 33033037 PMCID: PMC7544501 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermal inertia and surface roughness are proxies for the physical characteristics of planetary surfaces. Global maps of these two properties distinguish the boulder population on near-Earth asteroid (NEA) (101955) Bennu into two types that differ in strength, and both have lower thermal inertia than expected for boulders and meteorites. Neither has strongly temperature-dependent thermal properties. The weaker boulder type probably would not survive atmospheric entry and thus may not be represented in the meteorite collection. The maps also show a high-thermal inertia band at Bennu's equator, which might be explained by processes such as compaction or strength sorting during mass movement, but these explanations are not wholly consistent with other data. Our findings imply that other C-complex NEAs likely have boulders similar to those on Bennu rather than finer-particulate regoliths. A tentative correlation between albedo and thermal inertia of C-complex NEAs may be due to relative abundances of boulder types.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rozitis
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | - A J Ryan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J P Emery
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - P R Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - A A Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Al Asad
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R-L Ballouz
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - O S Barnouin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - C A Bennett
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M Bernacki
- Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, CEMEF-Centre de mise en forme des matériaux, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - K N Burke
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Cambioni
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B E Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M G Daly
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Delbo
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D N DellaGiustina
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C M Elder
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R D Hanna
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - C W Haberle
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - E S Howell
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D R Golish
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E R Jawin
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - H H Kaplan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - L F Lim
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J L Molaro
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D Pino Munoz
- Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, CEMEF-Centre de mise en forme des matériaux, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - M C Nolan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B Rizk
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M A Siegler
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H C M Susorney
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K J Walsh
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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5
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Hamilton VE, Simon AA, Christensen PR, Reuter DC, Clark BE, Barucci MA, Bowles NE, Boynton WV, Brucato JR, Cloutis EA, Connolly HC, Hanna KLD, Emery JP, Enos HL, Fornasier S, Haberle CW, Hanna RD, Howell ES, Kaplan HH, Keller LP, Lantz C, Li JY, Lim LF, McCoy TJ, Merlin F, Nolan MC, Praet A, Rozitis B, Sandford SA, Schrader DL, Thomas CA, Zou XD, Lauretta DS. Evidence for widespread hydrated minerals on asteroid (101955) Bennu. Nat Astron 2019; 3:332-340. [PMID: 31360777 PMCID: PMC6662227 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-019-0722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Early spectral data from the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission reveal evidence for abundant hydrated minerals on the surface of near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu in the form of a near-infrared absorption near 2.7 μm and thermal infrared spectral features that are most similar to those of aqueously altered CM carbonaceous chondrites. We observe these spectral features across the surface of Bennu, and there is no evidence of substantial rotational variability at the spatial scales of tens to hundreds of meters observed to date. In the visible and near-infrared (0.4 to 2.4 μm) Bennu's spectrum appears featureless and with a blue (negative) slope, confirming previous ground-based observations. Bennu may represent a class of objects that could have brought volatiles and organic chemistry to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. E. Hamilton
- Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A. A. Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - D. C. Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B. E. Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - N. E. Bowles
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W. V. Boynton
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J. R. Brucato
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
| | - E. A. Cloutis
- Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - H. C. Connolly
- Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - K. L. Donaldson Hanna
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J. P. Emery
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - H. L. Enos
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - C. W. Haberle
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - R. D. Hanna
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - E. S. Howell
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H. H. Kaplan
- Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L. P. Keller
- ARES, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - C. Lantz
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS/Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - J.-Y. Li
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - L. F. Lim
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - F. Merlin
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France
| | - M. C. Nolan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Praet
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France
| | - B. Rozitis
- Planetary and Space Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - D. L. Schrader
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C. A. Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - X.-D. Zou
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D. S. Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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6
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Ade PAR, Aghanim N, Ahmed Z, Aikin RW, Alexander KD, Arnaud M, Aumont J, Baccigalupi C, Banday AJ, Barkats D, Barreiro RB, Bartlett JG, Bartolo N, Battaner E, Benabed K, Benoît A, Benoit-Lévy A, Benton SJ, Bernard JP, Bersanelli M, Bielewicz P, Bischoff CA, Bock JJ, Bonaldi A, Bonavera L, Bond JR, Borrill J, Bouchet FR, Boulanger F, Brevik JA, Bucher M, Buder I, Bullock E, Burigana C, Butler RC, Buza V, Calabrese E, Cardoso JF, Catalano A, Challinor A, Chary RR, Chiang HC, Christensen PR, Colombo LPL, Combet C, Connors J, Couchot F, Coulais A, Crill BP, Curto A, Cuttaia F, Danese L, Davies RD, Davis RJ, de Bernardis P, de Rosa A, de Zotti G, Delabrouille J, Delouis JM, Désert FX, Dickinson C, Diego JM, Dole H, Donzelli S, Doré O, Douspis M, Dowell CD, Duband L, Ducout A, Dunkley J, Dupac X, Dvorkin C, Efstathiou G, Elsner F, Enßlin TA, Eriksen HK, Falgarone E, Filippini JP, Finelli F, Fliescher S, Forni O, Frailis M, Fraisse AA, Franceschi E, Frejsel A, Galeotta S, Galli S, Ganga K, Ghosh T, Giard M, Gjerløw E, Golwala SR, González-Nuevo J, Górski KM, Gratton S, Gregorio A, Gruppuso A, Gudmundsson JE, Halpern M, Hansen FK, Hanson D, Harrison DL, Hasselfield M, Helou G, Henrot-Versillé S, Herranz D, Hildebrandt SR, Hilton GC, Hivon E, Hobson M, Holmes WA, Hovest W, Hristov VV, Huffenberger KM, Hui H, Hurier G, Irwin KD, Jaffe AH, Jaffe TR, Jewell J, Jones WC, Juvela M, Karakci A, Karkare KS, Kaufman JP, Keating BG, Kefeli S, Keihänen E, Kernasovskiy SA, Keskitalo R, Kisner TS, Kneissl R, Knoche J, Knox L, Kovac JM, Krachmalnicoff N, Kunz M, Kuo CL, Kurki-Suonio H, Lagache G, Lähteenmäki A, Lamarre JM, Lasenby A, Lattanzi M, Lawrence CR, Leitch EM, Leonardi R, Levrier F, Lewis A, Liguori M, Lilje PB, Linden-Vørnle M, López-Caniego M, Lubin PM, Lueker M, Macías-Pérez JF, Maffei B, Maino D, Mandolesi N, Mangilli A, Maris M, Martin PG, Martínez-González E, Masi S, Mason P, Matarrese S, Megerian KG, Meinhold PR, Melchiorri A, Mendes L, Mennella A, Migliaccio M, Mitra S, Miville-Deschênes MA, Moneti A, Montier L, Morgante G, Mortlock D, Moss A, Munshi D, Murphy JA, Naselsky P, Nati F, Natoli P, Netterfield CB, Nguyen HT, Nørgaard-Nielsen HU, Noviello F, Novikov D, Novikov I, O'Brient R, Ogburn RW, Orlando A, Pagano L, Pajot F, Paladini R, Paoletti D, Partridge B, Pasian F, Patanchon G, Pearson TJ, Perdereau O, Perotto L, Pettorino V, Piacentini F, Piat M, Pietrobon D, Plaszczynski S, Pointecouteau E, Polenta G, Ponthieu N, Pratt GW, Prunet S, Pryke C, Puget JL, Rachen JP, Reach WT, Rebolo R, Reinecke M, Remazeilles M, Renault C, Renzi A, Richter S, Ristorcelli I, Rocha G, Rossetti M, Roudier G, Rowan-Robinson M, Rubiño-Martín JA, Rusholme B, Sandri M, Santos D, Savelainen M, Savini G, Schwarz R, Scott D, Seiffert MD, Sheehy CD, Spencer LD, Staniszewski ZK, Stolyarov V, Sudiwala R, Sunyaev R, Sutton D, Suur-Uski AS, Sygnet JF, Tauber JA, Teply GP, Terenzi L, Thompson KL, Toffolatti L, Tolan JE, Tomasi M, Tristram M, Tucci M, Turner AD, Valenziano L, Valiviita J, Van Tent B, Vibert L, Vielva P, Vieregg AG, Villa F, Wade LA, Wandelt BD, Watson R, Weber AC, Wehus IK, White M, White SDM, Willmert J, Wong CL, Yoon KW, Yvon D, Zacchei A, Zonca A. Joint analysis of BICEP2/keck array and Planck Data. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:101301. [PMID: 25815919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a joint analysis of data from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck. BICEP2 and Keck Array have observed the same approximately 400 deg^{2} patch of sky centered on RA 0 h, Dec. -57.5°. The combined maps reach a depth of 57 nK deg in Stokes Q and U in a band centered at 150 GHz. Planck has observed the full sky in polarization at seven frequencies from 30 to 353 GHz, but much less deeply in any given region (1.2 μK deg in Q and U at 143 GHz). We detect 150×353 cross-correlation in B modes at high significance. We fit the single- and cross-frequency power spectra at frequencies ≥150 GHz to a lensed-ΛCDM model that includes dust and a possible contribution from inflationary gravitational waves (as parametrized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r), using a prior on the frequency spectral behavior of polarized dust emission from previous Planck analysis of other regions of the sky. We find strong evidence for dust and no statistically significant evidence for tensor modes. We probe various model variations and extensions, including adding a synchrotron component in combination with lower frequency data, and find that these make little difference to the r constraint. Finally, we present an alternative analysis which is similar to a map-based cleaning of the dust contribution, and show that this gives similar constraints. The final result is expressed as a likelihood curve for r, and yields an upper limit r_{0.05}<0.12 at 95% confidence. Marginalizing over dust and r, lensing B modes are detected at 7.0σ significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A R Ade
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - N Aghanim
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - Z Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R W Aikin
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - K D Alexander
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Arnaud
- Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d'Astrophysique-CEA/DSM-CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment 709, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J Aumont
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - C Baccigalupi
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - A J Banday
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - D Barkats
- Joint ALMA Observatory, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - R B Barreiro
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - J G Bartlett
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - N Bartolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - E Battaner
- University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
- University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Granada, Spain
| | - K Benabed
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - A Benoît
- Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - A Benoit-Lévy
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S J Benton
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - J-P Bernard
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - M Bersanelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - P Bielewicz
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - C A Bischoff
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J J Bock
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - A Bonaldi
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - L Bonavera
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - J R Bond
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
| | - J Borrill
- Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - F R Bouchet
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - F Boulanger
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - J A Brevik
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M Bucher
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - I Buder
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E Bullock
- Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C Burigana
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - R C Butler
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Buza
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E Calabrese
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - J-F Cardoso
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault F-75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - A Catalano
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - A Challinor
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - R-R Chary
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - H C Chiang
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - P R Christensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L P L Colombo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - C Combet
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - J Connors
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - F Couchot
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - A Coulais
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - B P Crill
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - A Curto
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - F Cuttaia
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Danese
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - R D Davies
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - R J Davis
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - P de Bernardis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
| | - A de Rosa
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - G de Zotti
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
| | - J Delabrouille
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - J-M Delouis
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - F-X Désert
- IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Dickinson
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - J M Diego
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - H Dole
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103, bd Saint-Michel, 75005, Paris, France
| | - S Donzelli
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - O Doré
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M Douspis
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - C D Dowell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - L Duband
- Service des Basses Températures, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - A Ducout
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J Dunkley
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - X Dupac
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Dvorkin
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - G Efstathiou
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - F Elsner
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T A Enßlin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - H K Eriksen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Falgarone
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - J P Filippini
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F Finelli
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Fliescher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - O Forni
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - M Frailis
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - A A Fraisse
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - E Franceschi
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Frejsel
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Galeotta
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Galli
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - K Ganga
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - T Ghosh
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - M Giard
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - E Gjerløw
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - S R Golwala
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - J González-Nuevo
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - K M Górski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
| | - S Gratton
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A Gregorio
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Alfonso Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
- INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Gruppuso
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - J E Gudmundsson
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Halpern
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - F K Hansen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Hanson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
- McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - D L Harrison
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - M Hasselfield
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Helou
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - D Herranz
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - S R Hildebrandt
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E Hivon
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - M Hobson
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - W A Holmes
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - W Hovest
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - V V Hristov
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - K M Huffenberger
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - H Hui
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - G Hurier
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - K D Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A H Jaffe
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - T R Jaffe
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - J Jewell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - W C Jones
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Juvela
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Karakci
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - K S Karkare
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J P Kaufman
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - B G Keating
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - S Kefeli
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - E Keihänen
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S A Kernasovskiy
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Keskitalo
- Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - T S Kisner
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - R Kneissl
- European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
- Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Knoche
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - L Knox
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
| | - J M Kovac
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N Krachmalnicoff
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
| | - M Kunz
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C L Kuo
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H Kurki-Suonio
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Lagache
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France
| | - A Lähteenmäki
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Department of Radio Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 13000, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - J-M Lamarre
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - A Lasenby
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - M Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - C R Lawrence
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - E M Leitch
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Leonardi
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Levrier
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - A Lewis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Liguori
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P B Lilje
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Linden-Vørnle
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M López-Caniego
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - P M Lubin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - M Lueker
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - J F Macías-Pérez
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - B Maffei
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Maino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - N Mandolesi
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Mangilli
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - M Maris
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - P G Martin
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
| | - E Martínez-González
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - S Masi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
| | - P Mason
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - S Matarrese
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100L'Aquila, Italy
| | - K G Megerian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - P R Meinhold
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - A Melchiorri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - L Mendes
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Mennella
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - M Migliaccio
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - S Mitra
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
| | - M-A Miville-Deschênes
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
| | - A Moneti
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - L Montier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - G Morgante
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Mortlock
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Moss
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D Munshi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - J A Murphy
- National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - P Naselsky
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Nati
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - P Natoli
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - C B Netterfield
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H T Nguyen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - H U Nørgaard-Nielsen
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F Noviello
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Novikov
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow, GSP-7, 117997, Russia
| | - I Novikov
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow, GSP-7, 117997, Russia
| | - R O'Brient
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - R W Ogburn
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Orlando
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - L Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Pajot
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - R Paladini
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - D Paoletti
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - B Partridge
- Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Pasian
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Patanchon
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - T J Pearson
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - O Perdereau
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - L Perotto
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - V Pettorino
- HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Piacentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
| | - M Piat
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - D Pietrobon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - E Pointecouteau
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - G Polenta
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Roma, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - N Ponthieu
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G W Pratt
- Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d'Astrophysique-CEA/DSM-CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment 709, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Prunet
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - C Pryke
- Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J-L Puget
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - J P Rachen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W T Reach
- Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - R Rebolo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Reinecke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - M Remazeilles
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - C Renault
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - A Renzi
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
| | - S Richter
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - I Ristorcelli
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - G Rocha
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M Rossetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - G Roudier
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - M Rowan-Robinson
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J A Rubiño-Martín
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - B Rusholme
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Sandri
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Santos
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - M Savelainen
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Savini
- Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Schwarz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Scott
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M D Seiffert
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - C D Sheehy
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L D Spencer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Z K Staniszewski
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - V Stolyarov
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, 369167, Russia
| | - R Sudiwala
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - R Sunyaev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Street, 84/32, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - D Sutton
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A-S Suur-Uski
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J-F Sygnet
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - J A Tauber
- European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - G P Teply
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - L Terenzi
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi e-Campus, Via Isimbardi 10, Novedrate (CO), 22060, Italy
| | - K L Thompson
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Toffolatti
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J E Tolan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tristram
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - M Tucci
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A D Turner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L Valenziano
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - J Valiviita
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Van Tent
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - L Vibert
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - P Vielva
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - A G Vieregg
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - F Villa
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - L A Wade
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - B D Wandelt
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - R Watson
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A C Weber
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - I K Wehus
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M White
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - S D M White
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - J Willmert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C L Wong
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K W Yoon
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Yvon
- DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Zacchei
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Zonca
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Edwards CS, Christensen PR. Microscopic emission and reflectance thermal infrared spectroscopy: instrumentation for quantitative in situ mineralogy of complex planetary surfaces. Appl Opt 2013; 52:2200-2217. [PMID: 23670748 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of investigations of planetary surfaces, especially Mars, using in situ instrumentation over the last decade is unprecedented in the exploration history of our solar system. The style of instrumentation that landed spacecraft can support is dependent on several parameters, including mass, power consumption, instrument complexity, cost, and desired measurement type (e.g., chemistry, mineralogy, petrology, morphology, etc.), all of which must be evaluated when deciding an appropriate spacecraft payload. We present a laboratory technique for a microscopic emission and reflectance spectrometer for the analysis of martian analog materials as a strong candidate for the next generation of in situ instruments designed to definitively assess sample mineralogy and petrology while preserving geologic context. We discuss the instrument capabilities, signal and noise, and overall system performance. We evaluate the ability of this instrument to quantitatively determine sample mineralogy, including bulk mineral abundances. This capability is greatly enhanced. Whereas the number of mineral components observed from existing emission spectrometers is high (often >5 to 10 depending on the number of accessory and alteration phases present), the number of mineral components at any microscopic measurement spot is low (typically <2 to 3). Since this style of instrument is based on a long heritage of thermal infrared emission spectrometers sent to orbit (the thermal emission spectrometer), sent to planetary surfaces [the mini-thermal emission spectrometers (mini-TES)], and evaluated in laboratory environments (e.g., the Arizona State University emission spectrometer laboratory), direct comparisons to existing data are uniquely possible with this style of instrument. The ability to obtain bulk mineralogy and atmospheric data, much in the same manner as the mini-TESs, is of significant additional value and maintains the long history of atmospheric monitoring for Mars. Miniaturization of this instrument has also been demonstrated, as the same microscope objective has been mounted to a flight-spare mini-TES. Further miniaturization of this instrument is straightforward with modern electronics, and the development of this instrument as an arm-mounted device is the end goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Edwards
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences,Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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Edwards CS, Nowicki KJ, Christensen PR, Hill J, Gorelick N, Murray K. Mosaicking of global planetary image datasets: 1. Techniques and data processing for Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) multi-spectral data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Merrifield PR, Guilford JP, Christensen PR, Frick JW. Interrelationships Between Certain Abilities and Certain Traits of Motivation and Temperament. The Journal of General Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1961.9920461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Edwards CS, Bandfield JL, Christensen PR, Fergason RL. Global distribution of bedrock exposures on Mars using THEMIS high-resolution thermal inertia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Baldridge AM, Christensen PR. A laboratory technique for thermal emission measurement of hydrated minerals. Appl Spectrosc 2009; 63:678-688. [PMID: 19531295 DOI: 10.1366/000370209788559665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory emission spectra are measured at Arizona State University's Mars Space Flight Facility for comparison to remotely sensed data from Earth and Mars. Such emission spectroscopy using an interferometric spectrometer measures the energy of the sample, including reflected and emitted background sources. The detector is uncooled at ambient temperature, which produces a very low signal when measuring the energy from a sample that has a temperature close to its own. In order to increase the energy difference between the sample and the detector, thereby increasing the signal received by the detector, samples are typically heated to between 60 and 80 degrees C for several hours prior to measurement. While this method is acceptable for most rock and mineral samples, some hydrous minerals dehydrate quickly at low relative humidity and temperatures above room temperature. This change is evident in both the physical appearance of the mineral and in the position and shape of its spectral absorptions. One solution to this problem is to heat samples to lower temperatures (e.g., 40 degrees C) for only a short time period. However, this approach results in a low signal from the sample and does not always avoid dehydration. For this reason, we have developed a technique for measuring and calibrating emission spectra of hydrated minerals that involves cooling samples to well below the temperature of the detector, which avoids dehydration, while creating a large delta temperature and a strong signal from the sample. Our method allows for accurate library spectra, with discrete, pronounced spectral features (high spectral contrast), of hydrated minerals that can be used for comparison to planetary surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Baldridge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA.
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Squyres SW, Knoll AH, Arvidson RE, Ashley JW, Bell JF, Calvin WM, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Cohen BA, de Souza PA, Edgar L, Farrand WH, Fleischer I, Gellert R, Golombek MP, Grant J, Grotzinger J, Hayes A, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Jolliff B, Klingelhöfer G, Knudson A, Li R, McCoy TJ, McLennan SM, Ming DW, Mittlefehldt DW, Morris RV, Rice JW, Schröder C, Sullivan RJ, Yen A, Yingst RA. Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity. Science 2009; 324:1058-61. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. H. Knoll
- Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63031, USA
| | - J. W. Ashley
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - W. M. Calvin
- University of Nevada, Reno, Geological Sciences, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Lockheed Martin Corporation, Littleton, CO 80127, USA
| | - B. A. Cohen
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Tasmanian Information and Communication Technologies Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Castray Esplanade, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - L. Edgar
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - I. Fleischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - J. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A. Hayes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | | - B. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63031, USA
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Knudson
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - D. W. Mittlefehldt
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - R. V. Morris
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - R. A. Yingst
- Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
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Calvin WM, Shoffner JD, Johnson JR, Knoll AH, Pocock JM, Squyres SW, Weitz CM, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Christensen PR, de Souza PA, Farrand WH, Glotch TD, Herkenhoff KE, Jolliff BL, Knudson AT, McLennan SM, Rogers AD, Thompson SD. Hematite spherules at Meridiani: Results from MI, Mini-TES, and Pancam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fergason RL, Christensen PR. Formation and erosion of layered materials: Geologic and dust cycle history of eastern Arabia Terra, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McSween HY, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Gellert R, Klingelhöfer G, Christensen PR, McCoy TJ, Ghosh A, Moersch JM, Cohen BA, Rogers AD, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Crisp J, Yen A. Mineralogy of volcanic rocks in Gusev Crater, Mars: Reconciling Mössbauer, Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer, and Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Osterloo MM, Hamilton VE, Bandfield JL, Glotch TD, Baldridge AM, Christensen PR, Tornabene LL, Anderson FS. Chloride-Bearing Materials in the Southern Highlands of Mars. Science 2008; 319:1651-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1150690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Wolff MJ, Smith MD, Clancy RT, Spanovich N, Whitney BA, Lemmon MT, Bandfield JL, Banfield D, Ghosh A, Landis G, Christensen PR, Bell JF, Squyres SW. Constraints on dust aerosols from the Mars Exploration Rovers using MGS overflights and Mini-TES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Wolff
- Space Science Institute; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. D. Smith
- Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - N. Spanovich
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - J. L. Bandfield
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. Banfield
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - A. Ghosh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - G. Landis
- Photovoltaics and Space Environment Branch; NASA John Glenn Research Center; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Ruff SW, Christensen PR, Blaney DL, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Michalski JR, Moersch JE, Wright SP, Squyres SW. The rocks of Gusev Crater as viewed by the Mini-TES instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Ruff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | | | | | - J. R. Michalski
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - S. P. Wright
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bollen D, Bell JF, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin WM, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, d'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand WH, Folkner W, Gellert R, Glotch TD, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid S, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, Landis G, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Schröder C, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Tosca NJ, Wänke H, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum: Eagle Crater to Purgatory Ripple. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University, Space Sciences Building; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - D. Bollen
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University, Space Sciences Building; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University, Space Sciences Building; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. Brückner
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Kosmochemie; Mainz Germany
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute; Moffett Field California USA
| | - W. M. Calvin
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Nevada, Reno; Reno Nevada USA
| | - M. H. Carr
- U.S. Geological Survey; Menlo Park California USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Lockheed Martin Corporation; Littleton Colorado USA
| | - L. Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | | | - C. d'Uston
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements; Toulouse France
| | - T. Economou
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - J. Farmer
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - W. Folkner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - T. D. Glotch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - J. A. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D. C. USA
| | - R. Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - S. Hviid
- Max Planck Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | | | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - A. H. Knoll
- Botanical Museum; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - G. Landis
- NASA Glenn Research Center; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - M. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute; Ørsted Laboratory; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. C. Malin
- Malin Space Science Systems; San Diego California USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - J. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | | | - T. Parker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - L. Richter
- DLR Institute of Space Simulation; Cologne Germany
| | - R. Rieder
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Kosmochemie; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - M. Sims
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - M. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - P. Smith
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | | | - R. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University, Space Sciences Building; Ithaca New York USA
| | - N. J. Tosca
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - H. Wänke
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Kosmochemie; Mainz Germany
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - M. Wolff
- Space Science Institute; Martinez Georgia USA
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Golombek MP, Grant JA, Crumpler LS, Greeley R, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Weitz CM, Sullivan R, Christensen PR, Soderblom LA, Squyres SW. Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC USA
| | - L. S. Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - R. Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. M. Weitz
- Planetary Science Institute; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - R. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Arvidson RE, Poulet F, Morris RV, Bibring JP, Bell JF, Squyres SW, Christensen PR, Bellucci G, Gondet B, Ehlmann BL, Farrand WH, Fergason RL, Golombek M, Griffes JL, Grotzinger J, Guinness EA, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Langevin Y, Ming D, Seelos K, Sullivan RJ, Ward JG, Wiseman SM, Wolff M. Nature and origin of the hematite-bearing plains of Terra Meridiani based on analyses of orbital and Mars Exploration rover data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | | | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - G. Bellucci
- Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; Rome Italy
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - B. L. Ehlmann
- School of Geography and Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | | | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - M. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. L. Griffes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - J. Grotzinger
- Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - E. A. Guinness
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - D. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - K. Seelos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. G. Ward
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - S. M. Wiseman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - M. Wolff
- Space Science Institute; Boulder Colorado USA
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Squyres SW, Aharonson O, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Farrand W, Glotch T, Golombek MP, Grant J, Grotzinger J, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Knoll AH, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Moore JM, Rice JW, Tosca N. Planetary science: bedrock formation at Meridiani Planum. Nature 2006; 443:E1-2; discussion E2. [PMID: 16957684 DOI: 10.1038/nature05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity discovered sulphate-rich sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum on Mars, which are interpreted by McCollom and Hynek as altered volcanic rocks. However, their conclusions are derived from an incorrect representation of our depositional model, which is upheld by more recent Rover data. We contend that all the available data still support an aeolian and aqueous sedimentary origin for Meridiani bedrock.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Golombek MP, Crumpler LS, Grant JA, Greeley R, Cabrol NA, Parker TJ, Rice JW, Ward JG, Arvidson RE, Moersch JE, Fergason RL, Christensen PR, Castaño A, Castaño R, Haldemann AFC, Li R, Bell JF, Squyres SW. Geology of the Gusev cratered plains from the Spirit rover transverse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. S. Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | | | - R. Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - T. J. Parker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. G. Ward
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - A. Castaño
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. Castaño
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. F. C. Haldemann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Arvidson RE, Squyres SW, Anderson RC, Bell JF, Blaney D, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin WM, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, de Souza PA, d'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand WH, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Guinness E, Hahn BC, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, Hviid S, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, Landis G, Leff C, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Rodionov DS, Schröder C, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Thompson SD, Tosca NJ, Wang A, Wänke H, Ward J, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Greeley R, Arvidson RE, Barlett PW, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Fergason RL, Golombek MP, Landis GA, Lemmon MT, McLennan SM, Maki JN, Michaels T, Moersch JE, Neakrase LDV, Rafkin SCR, Richter L, Squyres SW, de Souza PA, Sullivan RJ, Thompson SD, Whelley PL. Gusev crater: Wind-related features and processes observed by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - Diana Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - L. D. V. Neakrase
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - Lutz Richter
- Institut für Raumsimulation; Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Cologne Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. D. Thompson
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. L. Whelley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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26
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McSween HY, Wyatt MB, Gellert R, Bell JF, Morris RV, Herkenhoff KE, Crumpler LS, Milam KA, Stockstill KR, Tornabene LL, Arvidson RE, Bartlett P, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Des Marais DJ, Economou T, Farmer JD, Farrand W, Ghosh A, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Greeley R, Hamilton VE, Johnson JR, Joliff BL, Klingelhöfer G, Knudson AT, McLennan S, Ming D, Moersch JE, Rieder R, Ruff SW, Schröder C, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, Wänke H, Wang A, Yen A, Zipfel J. Characterization and petrologic interpretation of olivine-rich basalts at Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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McSween HY, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Bell JF, Herkenhoff K, Gellert R, Stockstill KR, Tornabene LL, Squyres SW, Crisp JA, Christensen PR, McCoy TJ, Mittlefehldt DW, Schmidt M. Alkaline volcanic rocks from the Columbia Hills, Gusev crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Christensen PR, McSween HY, Bandfield JL, Ruff SW, Rogers AD, Hamilton VE, Gorelick N, Wyatt MB, Jakosky BM, Kieffer HH, Malin MC, Moersch JE. Evidence for magmatic evolution and diversity on Mars from infrared observations. Nature 2005; 436:504-9. [PMID: 16007077 DOI: 10.1038/nature03639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compositional mapping of Mars at the 100-metre scale with the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) has revealed a wide diversity of igneous materials. Volcanic evolution produced compositions from low-silica basalts to high-silica dacite in the Syrtis Major caldera. The existence of dacite demonstrates that highly evolved lavas have been produced, at least locally, by magma evolution through fractional crystallization. Olivine basalts are observed on crater floors and in layers exposed in canyon walls up to 4.5 km beneath the surface. This vertical distribution suggests that olivine-rich lavas were emplaced at various times throughout the formation of the upper crust, with their growing inventory suggesting that such ultramafic (picritic) basalts may be relatively common. Quartz-bearing granitoid rocks have also been discovered, demonstrating that extreme differentiation has occurred. These observations show that the martian crust, while dominated by basalt, contains a diversity of igneous materials whose range in composition from picritic basalts to granitoids rivals that found on the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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29
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Golombek MP, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Christensen PR, Crisp JA, Crumpler LS, Ehlmann BL, Fergason RL, Grant JA, Greeley R, Haldemann AFC, Kass DM, Parker TJ, Schofield JT, Squyres SW, Zurek RW. Assessment of Mars Exploration Rover landing site predictions. Nature 2005; 436:44-8. [PMID: 16001058 DOI: 10.1038/nature03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive analyses of remote sensing data during the three-year effort to select the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites at Gusev crater and at Meridiani Planum correctly predicted the atmospheric density profile during entry and descent and the safe and trafficable surfaces explored by the two rovers. The Gusev crater site was correctly predicted to be a low-relief surface that was less rocky than the Viking landing sites but comparably dusty. A dark, low-albedo, flat plain composed of basaltic sand and haematite with very few rocks was expected and found at Meridiani Planum. These results argue that future efforts to select safe landing sites based on existing and acquired remote sensing data will be successful. In contrast, geological interpretations of the sites based on remote sensing data were less certain and less successful, which emphasizes the inherent ambiguities in understanding surface geology from remotely sensed data and the uncertainty in predicting exactly what materials will be available for study at a landing site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA.
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30
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Marais DJD, d'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand W, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid S, Johnson J, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, Landis G, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Wänke H, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. The Opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Science 2004; 306:1698-703. [PMID: 15576602 DOI: 10.1126/science.1106171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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31
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Arvidson RE, Anderson RC, Bartlett P, Bell JF, Christensen PR, Chu P, Davis K, Ehlmann BL, Golombek MP, Gorevan S, Guinness EA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff KE, Landis G, Li R, Lindemann R, Ming DW, Myrick T, Parker T, Richter L, Seelos FP, Soderblom LA, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Wilson J. Localization and physical property experiments conducted by Opportunity at Meridiani Planum. Science 2004; 306:1730-3. [PMID: 15576608 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The location of the Opportunity landing site was determined to better than 10-m absolute accuracy from analyses of radio tracking data. We determined Rover locations during traverses with an error as small as several centimeters using engineering telemetry and overlapping images. Topographic profiles generated from rover data show that the plains are very smooth from meter- to centimeter-length scales, consistent with analyses of orbital observations. Solar cell output decreased because of the deposition of airborne dust on the panels. The lack of dust-covered surfaces on Meridiani Planum indicates that high velocity winds must remove this material on a continuing basis. The low mechanical strength of the evaporitic rocks as determined from grinding experiments, and the abundance of coarse-grained surface particles argue for differential erosion of Meridiani Planum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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32
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Squyres SW, Grotzinger JP, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Calvin W, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Farrand WH, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Morris RV, Rice JW, Rieder R, Soderblom LA. In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Science 2004; 306:1709-14. [PMID: 15576604 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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33
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Soderblom LA, Anderson RC, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Economou T, Ehlmann BL, Farrand WH, Fike D, Gellert R, Glotch TD, Golombek MP, Greeley R, Grotzinger JP, Herkenhoff KE, Jerolmack DJ, Johnson JR, Jolliff B, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, Learner ZA, Li R, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Morris RV, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Rodionov D, Schröder C, Seelos FP, Soderblom JM, Squyres SW, Sullivan R, Watters WA, Weitz CM, Wyatt MB, Yen A, Zipfel J. Soils of Eagle Crater and Meridiani Planum at the Opportunity Rover Landing Site. Science 2004; 306:1723-6. [PMID: 15576606 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface.
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34
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Christensen PR, Wyatt MB, Glotch TD, Rogers AD, Anwar S, Arvidson RE, Bandfield JL, Blaney DL, Budney C, Calvin WM, Fallacaro A, Fergason RL, Gorelick N, Graff TG, Hamilton VE, Hayes AG, Johnson JR, Knudson AT, McSween HY, Mehall GL, Mehall LK, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Smith MD, Squyres SW, Ruff SW, Wolff MJ. Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES Experiment on the Opportunity Rover. Science 2004; 306:1733-9. [PMID: 15576609 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Opportunity investigated the mineral abundances and compositions of outcrops, rocks, and soils at Meridiani Planum. Coarse crystalline hematite and olivine-rich basaltic sands were observed as predicted from orbital TES spectroscopy. Outcrops of aqueous origin are composed of 15 to 35% by volume magnesium and calcium sulfates [a high-silica component modeled as a combination of glass, feldspar, and sheet silicates (approximately 20 to 30%)], and hematite; only minor jarosite is identified in Mini-TES spectra. Mini-TES spectra show only a hematite signature in the millimeter-sized spherules. Basaltic materials have more plagioclase than pyroxene, contain olivine, and are similar in inferred mineral composition to basalt mapped from orbit. Bounce rock is dominated by clinopyroxene and is close in inferred mineral composition to the basaltic martian meteorites. Bright wind streak material matches global dust. Waterlain rocks covered by unaltered basaltic sands suggest a change from an aqueous environment to one dominated by physical weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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35
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, D'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand W, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid S, Johnson J, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll A, Landis G, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Wänke H, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. The Spirit Rover's Athena science investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars. Science 2004; 305:794-9. [PMID: 15297657 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Athena science payload have been used to investigate a landing site in Gusev crater. Gusev is hypothesized to be the site of a former lake, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to date. Instead, the dominant lithology is basalt, and the dominant geologic processes are impact events and eolian transport. Many rocks exhibit coatings and other characteristics that may be evidence for minor aqueous alteration. Any lacustrine sediments that may exist at this location within Gusev apparently have been buried by lavas that have undergone subsequent impact disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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36
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Arvidson RE, Anderson RC, Bartlett P, Bell JF, Blaney D, Christensen PR, Chu P, Crumpler L, Davis K, Ehlmann BL, Fergason R, Golombek MP, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Guinness EA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff K, Johnson J, Landis G, Li R, Lindemann R, McSween H, Ming DW, Myrick T, Richter L, Seelos FP, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Wang A, Wilson J. Localization and physical properties experiments conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:821-4. [PMID: 15297662 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The precise location and relative elevation of Spirit during its traverses from the Columbia Memorial station to Bonneville crater were determined with bundle-adjusted retrievals from rover wheel turns, suspension and tilt angles, and overlapping images. Physical properties experiments show a decrease of 0.2% per Mars solar day in solar cell output resulting from deposition of airborne dust, cohesive soil-like deposits in plains and hollows, bright and dark rock coatings, and relatively weak volcanic rocks of basaltic composition. Volcanic, impact, aeolian, and water-related processes produced the encountered landforms and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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37
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Christensen PR, Ruff SW, Fergason RL, Knudson AT, Anwar S, Arvidson RE, Bandfield JL, Blaney DL, Budney C, Calvin WM, Glotch TD, Golombek MP, Gorelick N, Graff TG, Hamilton VE, Hayes A, Johnson JR, McSween HY, Mehall GL, Mehall LK, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Rogers AD, Smith MD, Squyres SW, Wolff MJ, Wyatt MB. Initial results from the Mini-TES experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover. Science 2004; 305:837-42. [PMID: 15297667 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Spirit has studied the mineralogy and thermophysical properties at Gusev crater. Undisturbed soil spectra show evidence for minor carbonates and bound water. Rocks are olivinerich basalts with varying degrees of dust and other coatings. Dark-toned soils observed on disturbed surfaces may be derived from rocks and have derived mineralogy (+/-5 to 10%) of 45% pyroxene (20% Ca-rich pyroxene and 25% pigeonite), 40% sodic to intermediate plagioclase, and 15% olivine (forsterite 45% +/-5 to 10). Two spectrally distinct coatings are observed on rocks, a possible indicator of the interaction of water, rock, and airfall dust. Diurnal temperature data indicate particle sizes from 40 to 80 microm in hollows to approximately 0.5 to 3 mm in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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38
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McSween HY, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Crumpler LS, Des Marais DJ, Farmer JD, Gellert R, Ghosh A, Gorevan S, Graff T, Grant J, Haskin LA, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Klingelhoefer G, Knudson AT, McLennan S, Milam KA, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Rieder R, Ruff SW, De Souza PA, Squyres SW, Wänke H, Wang A, Wyatt MB, Yen A, Zipfel J. Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater. Science 2004; 305:842-5. [PMID: 15297668 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain </=25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. Mössbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA.
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McSween HY, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Crumpler LS, Des Marais DJ, Farmer JD, Gellert R, Ghosh A, Gorevan S, Graff T, Grant J, Haskin LA, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Klingelhoefer G, Knudson AT, McLennan S, Milam KA, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Rieder R, Ruff SW, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, WaÌnke H, Wang A, Wyatt MB, Yen A, Zipfel J. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater. Science 2004. [DOI: 10.1126/science.3050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - D. Blaney
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. A. Crisp
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - L. S. Crumpler
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - D. J. Des Marais
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. D. Farmer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. Ghosh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. Gorevan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - T. Graff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. Grant
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - L. A. Haskin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - K. E. Herkenhoff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. R. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - B. L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - G. Klingelhoefer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. T. Knudson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. McLennan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - K. A. Milam
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. V. Morris
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - R. Rieder
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. W. Ruff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - H. WaÌnke
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - M. B. Wyatt
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - A. Yen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
| | - J. Zipfel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996â1410, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130â4899, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853â6801, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109â8099, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035â1000, USA
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, d'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand W, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid S, Johnson J, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll A, Landis G, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Wänke H, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. The Spirit Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars. Science 2004. [DOI: 10.1126/science.3050794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Brückner
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - W. Calvin
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. H. Carr
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. Crumpler
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - D. J. Des Marais
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - C. d'Uston
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - T. Economou
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Farmer
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - W. Farrand
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - W. Folkner
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Golombek
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - S. Gorevan
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Greeley
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Grotzinger
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. Haskin
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - K. E. Herkenhoff
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - S. Hviid
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - A. Knoll
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - G. Landis
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Lemmon
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Li
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. C. Malin
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. Moersch
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. V. Morris
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - T. Parker
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. Richter
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Rieder
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Sims
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Smith
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - P. Smith
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - L. A. Soderblom
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - H. Wänke
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - M. Wolff
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - A. Yen
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Abteilung Kosmochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- NASA Ames/SETI Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Golombek MP, Grant JA, Parker TJ, Kass DM, Crisp JA, Squyres SW, Haldemann AFC, Adler M, Lee WJ, Bridges NT, Arvidson RE, Carr MH, Kirk RL, Knocke PC, Roncoli RB, Weitz CM, Schofield JT, Zurek RW, Christensen PR, Fergason RL, Anderson FS, Rice JW. Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies; National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
| | - T. J. Parker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. M. Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - A. F. C. Haldemann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Adler
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - W. J. Lee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - N. T. Bridges
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - M. H. Carr
- U.S. Geological Survey; Menlo Park California USA
| | - R. L. Kirk
- U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - P. C. Knocke
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. B. Roncoli
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - J. T. Schofield
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. W. Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - F. S. Anderson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Christensen PR. The Radio Language Arts Project: adapting the radio mathematics model. Dev Commun Rep 2002:3-4. [PMID: 12341671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Christensen PR, Morris RV, Lane MD, Bandfield JL, Malin MC. Global mapping of Martian hematite mineral deposits: Remnants of water-driven processes on early Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Christensen PR, Bandfield JL, Hamilton VE, Ruff SW, Kieffer HH, Titus TN, Malin MC, Morris RV, Lane MD, Clark RL, Jakosky BM, Mellon MT, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Smith MD, Clancy RT, Kuzmin RO, Roush T, Mehall GL, Gorelick N, Bender K, Murray K, Dason S, Greene E, Silverman S, Greenfield M. Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 782] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clifford SM, Crisp D, Fisher DA, Herkenhoff KE, Smrekar SE, Thomas PC, Wynn-Williams DD, Zurek RW, Barnes JR, Bills BG, Blake EW, Calvin WM, Cameron JM, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Clow GD, Cutts JA, Dahl-Jensen D, Durham WB, Fanale FP, Farmer JD, Forget F, Gotto-Azuma K, Zwally HJ. The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration. Icarus 2000; 144:210-242. [PMID: 11543391 DOI: 10.1006/icar.1999.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As the planet's principal cold traps, the martian polar regions have accumulated extensive mantles of ice and dust that cover individual areas of approximately 10(6) km2 and total as much as 3-4 km thick. From the scarcity of superposed craters on their surface, these layered deposits are thought to be comparatively young--preserving a record of the seasonal and climatic cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and dust over the past approximately 10(5)-10(8) years. For this reason, the martian polar deposits may serve as a Rosetta Stone for understanding the geologic and climatic history of the planet--documenting variations in insolation (due to quasiperiodic oscillations in the planet's obliquity and orbital elements), volatile mass balance, atmospheric composition, dust storm activity, volcanic eruptions, large impacts, catastrophic floods, solar luminosity, supernovae, and perhaps even a record of microbial life. Beyond their scientific value, the polar regions may soon prove important for another reason--providing a valuable and accessible reservoir of water to support the long-term human exploration of Mars. In this paper we assess the current state of Mars polar research, identify the key questions that motivate the exploration of the polar regions, discuss the extent to which current missions will address these questions, and speculate about what additional capabilities and investigations may be required to address the issues that remain outstanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Clifford
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
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Christensen PR, Bandfield JL, Clark RN, Edgett KS, Hamilton VE, Hoefen T, Kieffer HH, Kuzmin RO, Lane MD, Malin MC, Morris RV, Pearl JC, Pearson R, Roush TL, Ruff SW, Smith MD. Detection of crystalline hematite mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer: Evidence for near-surface water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clancy RT, Sandor BJ, Wolff MJ, Christensen PR, Smith MD, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Wilson RJ. An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, MGS TES, and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements: Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Christensen PR, Anderson DL, Chase SC, Clancy RT, Clark RN, Conrath BJ, Kieffer HH, Kuzmin RO, Malin MC, Pearl JC, Roush TL, Smith MD. Results from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer. Science 1998; 279:1692-8. [PMID: 9497282 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5357.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra of low albedo surface materials suggests that a four to one mixture of pyroxene to plagioclase, together with about a 35 percent dust component provides the best fit to the spectrum. Qualitative upper limits can be placed on the concentration of carbonates (<10 percent), olivine (<10 percent), clay minerals (<20 percent), and quartz (<5 percent) in the limited regions observed. Limb observations in the northern hemisphere reveal low-lying dust hazes and detached water-ice clouds at altitudes up to 55 kilometers. At an aerocentric longitude of 224 degrees a major dust storm developed in the Noachis Terra region. The south polar cap retreat was similar to that observed by Viking.
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Moersch JE, Christensen PR. Thermal emission from particulate surfaces: A comparison of scattering models with measured spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Ahlburg P, Andersen M, Nielsen SF, Christensen PR. [The Vejle transport stretcher]. Ugeskr Laeger 1988; 150:2915. [PMID: 3206712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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