51
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Li J, Liu L, Sun Y, Fan W, Li M, Zhong Y. Exposure to money modulates neural responses to outcome evaluations involving social reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:111-121. [PMID: 32064532 PMCID: PMC7171377 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that exposure to monetary cues strengthens an individual's motivation to pursue monetary rewards by inducing the 'market mode' (i.e. thinking and behaving in accordance with market principles). Here, we examined the effect of market mode on social reward processes by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants primed with monetary images or neutral images acted as advisors who selected one of two options for a putative advisee. Subsequently, all participants passively observed the advisee accepting or rejecting their advice and receiving a gain or loss outcome. After money priming, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) to the advisee's gain/loss outcome was larger following incorrect as compared to correct advice irrespective of whether the advice had been accepted or rejected. A smaller P3 following incorrect advice showed only when the advice was rejected. After neutral priming, the FRN was larger for incorrect relative to correct advice only when the advice had been rejected. However, the P3 was larger for correct relative to incorrect advice irrespective of the advisee's final choice. These findings suggest that the market mode facilitates early and automatic feedback processing but reduces later and controlled responding to outcomes that had been accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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52
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He W. The effect of thinking of money on social distance: The moderating role of subjective socioeconomic status. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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53
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Kim J, Jawahar IM, Steinheider B, Stone T, Ferrell B. Development of a Measure of Calculative Mindset (CM): Establishing a Nomological Net and Predictive Utility of the CM Measure. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:2249-2273. [PMID: 33957821 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A calculative mindset (CM) describes the tendency to analyze and convert qualitative social values into numeric or monetary metrics and is a predisposition that shapes behaviors and actions of the employee. CM has been manipulated in experimental studies, but it has not been investigated in field research due to the absence of a scale to measure CM. In study 1, we followed Hinkin's scale development protocol to conceptualize, develop, and validate a measure of CM to facilirate research in organizational contexts. In Study 2, we examined the relationship between CM and measures of performance, counterproductive work behavior (CWB), organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB), and in role-performance (IRP). Results from hierarchical regression analyses indicate that CM is related to these performance outcomes and explains incremental variance over established measures of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Implications for personality research, selection of human resources, and facilitation of an ethical workplace are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongseo Kim
- Black School of Business, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, USA.,Hogan Assessment Systems, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - I M Jawahar
- Department of Management & Quantitative Methods, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA.,Hogan Assessment Systems, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Brigitte Steinheider
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma-Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Hogan Assessment Systems, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Thomas Stone
- Department of Management, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Hogan Assessment Systems, Tulsa, OK, USA
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54
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Sorokowska A, Marczak M, Misiak M, Oleszkiewicz A, Niemczyk A, Wróbel M, Sorokowski P. Humans tend to share food more generously than money and other objects: Preliminary evidence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michał Misiak
- Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology TU Dresden Dresden Germany
| | | | - Monika Wróbel
- Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
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55
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IHL CHRISTOPH, VOSSEN ALEXANDER. PAYING FOR LEGITIMACY? THE SIGNALLING EFFECT OF MONETARY REWARDS IN INNOVATION CONTESTS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1363919621500444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monetary rewards have become widely used to compensate user engagement in innovation contests. Building on literature on social judgement of organisations, we provide evidence on another important effect of monetary rewards in innovation contests, namely a signalling effect that may either enhance or lower a contest host’s legitimacy and subsequently users’ willingness to participate in the contest. Along three studies, we show that the signalling effect is especially beneficial for the innovation contest purposes that are incongruent with the host’s organisational stereotype, i.e., in cases where she lacks specific organisational traits that constitute users’ perception of organisational legitimacy. Offering a higher monetary reward in such a scenario allows hosts to overcome a lack of legitimacy and consequently foster user participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTOPH IHL
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), TUHH Institute of Entrepreneurship, Am Irrgarten 3-9, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - ALEXANDER VOSSEN
- University of Siegen, Entrepreneurship in Context, Kohlbettstr. 15, 57072 Siegen, Germany
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56
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Walczak R, Zdybek P, Giuliani F, Tommasi L. How Much Money Do You Need to Feel Taller? Impact of Money on Perception of Body Height. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094533. [PMID: 33923321 PMCID: PMC8123169 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Body height is considered to be one of the most important reproductive signals. However, there are only a few publications on what influences the sense of whether we assess ourselves as tall or short. In the present contribution, the psychological impact of money on the evaluation of a person’s own height was tested. We performed two experimental studies in which the respondents had contact with different amounts of money and were asked to evaluate their body height with the use of a laser pointer. The first experiment (N = 61) showed that contact with money significantly increased subjective height evaluation, and the effect was independent of participants’ real body height. The second experiment (N = 120) replicated the effect of money manipulation. Moreover, it was shown that higher amounts of money increased one’s own height estimation more than smaller amounts. Our research shows that money can be used for building one’s social position, which is an attractiveness signal that can influence one’s own height evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Walczak
- Psychology Institute, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Felice Giuliani
- Department of Psychological, Health & Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.G.); (L.T.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychological, Health & Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.G.); (L.T.)
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57
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Yang J, Xu T, Hou Y, Monczynski EC, Jiang X. The Effect of Money Denomination on Prosocial Behavior: Through the Perspective of Metaphorical Cognitive Theory. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:2130-2159. [PMID: 33870795 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211007080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on metaphorical cognitive theory, this research did four experiments to examine whether and how one important feature of money, denomination, could influence prosocial behavior. Study 1 was an experiment with a sample size of 209 undergraduates (Mage = 18.97) showed that a larger denomination enhanced the probability of participants engaging in prosocial behavior rather than with a smaller denomination. Study 2 collecting data from 269 undergraduates (Mage = 18.50) further showed that larger denominations condition inspired more prosocial behavior than the control condition; and the small denominations condition produced similar levels of prosocial behavior to the control condition. Study 3 used single factor design with a sample size of 192 undergraduates (Mage = 20.49) repeated the results of Study 2. Furthermore, Study 3 excluded an important alternative explanation that the value rather than the denomination influenced prosocial behavior. Last, Study 4 applied a factorial design experiment with a sample size of 132 undergraduates (Mage = 20.92) which demonstrated that generosity mediated the effect of denomination on prosocial behavior; the effect of denomination on prosocial behavior did not depend on money priming methods. Finally, theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Yang
- 12460Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Xu
- 12460Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- 2824University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
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58
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Xie S, Shi B. The impact of financial deprivation on prosocial behaviour: Comparing the roles of face‐saving consciousness versus status/success‐gaining intention. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Xie
- Department of Psychology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Bing Shi
- Department of Psychology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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59
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Albarracin D, Dai W. Priming Effects on Behavior and Priming Behavioral Concepts: A Commentary on Sherman and Rivers (2020). PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenhao Dai
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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60
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Harris C, Rohrer D, Pashler H. A Train Wreck by Any Other Name. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Harris
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Doug Rohrer
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Harold Pashler
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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61
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Shteynberg G, Kwon TA, Yoo S, Smith H, Apostle J, Mistry D, Houser K. Many minds make money: People are slower to destroy novel currency known to more ingroup members. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa A. Kwon
- Department of Marketing Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Seong‐Jae Yoo
- Social‐Organizational Psychology Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Heather Smith
- Policy and Abuse Committee Organization for Transformative Works New York NY USA
| | - Jessica Apostle
- Department of Psychology University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | - Dipal Mistry
- Department of Psychology University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
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62
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Schroeder AN, Bricka TM, Whitaker JH. Work design in a digitized gig economy. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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63
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Lee CC, Chen YJ, Wu PL, Chiou WB. An unintended consequence of social distance regulations: COVID-19 social distancing promotes the desire for money. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:866-878. [PMID: 33615446 PMCID: PMC8013677 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Social distance regulations have been widely adopted during the global COVID‐19 pandemic. From an evolutionary perspective, social connection and money are interchangeable subsistence resources for human survival. The substitutability principle of human motivation posits that scarcity in one domain (e.g., social connection) could motivate people to acquire or maintain resources in another domain (e.g., money). Two experiments were conducted to test the possibility that COVID‐19 social distancing enhances the desire for money. Results showed that compared with controls, participants receiving social distancing primes (via recollection of experiences of social distancing or a Chinese glossary‐search task) offered less money in the dictator game, showed lower willingness towards charitable donation (Experiment 1; N = 102), donated less money to a student fund, and rated money as having more importance (Experiment 2; N = 140). Our findings have far‐reaching implications for financial decisions, charitable donations, and prosociality during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chia Lee
- School of Business, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yen-Jung Chen
- Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Lu Wu
- Center for Teacher Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chiou
- Institute of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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64
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Wang X, Chen Z, G Krumhuber E, Chen H. Money and flexible generosity. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:1262-1278. [PMID: 33604913 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on money and prosociality has described a monotonic pattern, showing that money reduces generosity. The present research aimed to examine whether money differently impairs generosity when arising from altruistic versus egoistic motives. To this end, we employed economic games designed to study generosity (e.g., the Dictator game) and varied experimental currency (i.e., money vs. candy/food). The results (N = 850) showed that although money made people ignore others when others were not crucial for their future gain, generosity was not impacted when egoistic motives (Study 1: avoiding sanctions; Studies 2 and 3: building reputation) were present. In other words, although people in general showed flexible prosociality by adjusting their generosity level according to game type, this was much more strongly the case when money rather than candy/food was the currency. In addition, we demonstrate a boundary condition of money on flexible generosity, namely imbuing money with prosocial meaning (Study 3). Some implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Wang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eva G Krumhuber
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Social Psychology, Nankai University, China
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65
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YUE T, HUANG X, YUE C, XUE L, FU A. Influence of an individual’s own gains and losses on the evaluation of friends’ gambling results: Evidence from ERPs. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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66
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Dahl CJ, Wilson-Mendenhall CD, Davidson RJ. The plasticity of well-being: A training-based framework for the cultivation of human flourishing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32197-32206. [PMID: 33288719 PMCID: PMC7768706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014859117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that core dimensions of psychological well-being can be cultivated through intentional mental training. Despite growing research in this area and an increasing number of interventions designed to improve psychological well-being, the field lacks a unifying framework that clarifies the dimensions of human flourishing that can be cultivated. Here, we integrate evidence from well-being research, cognitive and affective neuroscience, and clinical psychology to highlight four core dimensions of well-being-awareness, connection, insight, and purpose. We discuss the importance of each dimension for psychological well-being, identify mechanisms that underlie their cultivation, and present evidence of their neural and psychological plasticity. This synthesis highlights key insights, as well as important gaps, in the scientific understanding of well-being and how it may be cultivated, thus highlighting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortland J Dahl
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703;
| | | | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53703;
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719
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67
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Wang S, Yang D. The Wealth State Awareness Effect on Attention Allocation in People From Impoverished and Affluent Groups. Front Psychol 2020; 11:566375. [PMID: 33281666 PMCID: PMC7689357 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that poverty influences cognitive abilities and that those who have a negative living environment exhibit worse cognitive performance. In addition, eye measures vary following the manipulation of cognitive processing. We examined the distinctive changes in impoverished and affluent persons during tasks that require a high level of concentration using eye-tracking measures. Based on the poverty effect in impoverished people, this study explored how wealth state awareness (WSA) influences them. It was found that the pupillary state indexes of the impoverished participants significantly changed when their WSA was regarding poverty. The results suggest that awareness of poverty may cause impoverished individuals to engage in tasks with more attention allocation and more concentration in the more difficult tasks but that a WSA regarding wealth does not have such effect on them. WSA has no significant effects on their more affluent peers. The findings of this study can contribute to research on WSA effects on impoverished individuals from the perspective of eye measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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68
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Bliss S, Egler M. Ecological Economics Beyond Markets. ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2020; 178:106806. [PMID: 32834498 PMCID: PMC7418754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-market practices and institutions make up much of every economy. Even in today's most developed capitalist societies, people produce things that are not for sale and allocate them through sharing, gifts, and redistribution rather than buying and selling. This article is about why and how ecological economists should study these non-market economies. Historically, markets only emerge when states forcibly create them; community members do not tend to spontaneously start selling each other goods and services. Markets work well for coordinating complex industrial webs to satisfy individual tastes, but they are not appropriate for governing the production or distribution of entities that are non-rival, non-excludable, not produced for sale, essential need satisfiers, or culturally important. Moreover, we argue, markets do not serve justice, sustainability, efficiency, or value pluralism, the foundations of ecological economics. We sketch an agenda for research on economic practices and institutions without markets by posing nine broad questions about non-market food systems and exploring the evidence and theory around each. By ignoring and demeaning non-market economies, researchers contribute to creating markets' dominance over social life. Observing, analyzing, theorizing, supporting, promoting, creating, and envisioning non-market economies challenges market hegemony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Bliss
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Megan Egler
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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69
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Pai J, DeVoe SE, Pfeffer J. How income and the economic evaluation of time affect who we socialize with outside of work. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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70
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Trope Y, Ledgerwood A, Liberman N, Fujita K. Regulatory Scope and Its Mental and Social Supports. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:204-224. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620950691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive functioning requires the ability to both immerse oneself in the here and now as well as to move beyond current experience. We leverage and expand construal-level theory to understand how individuals and groups regulate thoughts, feelings, and behavior to address both proximal and distal ends. To connect to distant versus proximal events in a way that meaningfully informs and guides responses in the immediate here and now, people must expand versus contract their regulatory scope. We propose that humans have evolved a number of mental and social tools that enable the modulation of regulatory scope and address the epistemic, emotive, and executive demands of regulation. Critically, across these tools, it is possible to distinguish a hierarchy that varies in abstractness. Whereas low-level tools enable contractive scope, high-level tools enable expansion. We review empirical results that support these assertions and highlight the novel insights that a regulatory-scope framework provides for understanding diverse phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nira Liberman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University
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71
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Cognitive labor shapes the desire for social and monetary compensation. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhen do people want something back for their mental labor? Based on equity theory, we propose that conscious experiences of success and effort—which emerge during cognitive work—shape people’s subsequent desire for social and monetary rewards. We examined this idea in a series of experiments, in which participants carried out a cognitive task, in which we manipulated task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) and performance feedback (high vs. low) within subjects. After each trial of this task, we probed people’s desire for compensation, in terms of social appreciation or money. Findings were in line with the entitlement hypothesis, which assumes that the experience of success can cause people to feel entitled to money. However, we found only indirect support for the effort compensation hypothesis, which assumes that the feeling of effort increases the subsequent desire for compensation, and no support for the intrinsic reward hypothesis, which assumes that people desire less social appreciation after already having experienced success. When considered together, our results suggest that labor-related feelings (of success and effort) shape people’s subsequent desire for money and social appreciation in several ways. These findings have potential implications for the effective use of performance feedback in work contexts.
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72
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Zheng X, Song M, Chen H. Could Wealth Make Religiosity Less Needed for Subjective Well-Being? A Dual-Path Effect Hypothesis of Religious Faith Versus Practice. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1636. [PMID: 32849002 PMCID: PMC7396607 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Religiosity is important for religious people to maintain their subjective well-being (SWB). We propose a dual-path effect hypothesis to explore different working mechanisms of religious faith and practice on benefiting people’s SWB. Religious faith can promote SWB mainly via an intrinsic meaning-making path although religious practice can promote SWB via both an intrinsic meaning-making path and an extrinsic capital-accumulating path. If the dual-path effect hypothesis stands, then the role of religious practice in influencing SWB should be partly substituted by good economic status, but the role of religious faith should not. Then, only the effect of religious practice would be moderated by wealth. Results show that people’s individual income and national GDP have significant moderating effects on the relationship between religious practice and SWB, but they had no moderating effect on the association between religious faith and SWB, indicating wealth could be an alternative source of accumulating capital and social resources between religious practice and SWB. Results provide important evidence for the dual-path effect hypothesis. The findings uniquely contribute to the literature of religiosity, SWB, and their connections with wealth. Implications for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zheng
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mengjiao Song
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Social Psychology, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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73
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Wang C, Huang J, Liao J, Wan X. Food Sharing With Choice: Influence on Social Evaluation. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2070. [PMID: 32982856 PMCID: PMC7477305 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted two studies to investigate the influence of food sharing on people’s social evaluation. In Study 1, the results of an online survey revealed that Chinese adults expected voluntary food sharing to influence the recipient’s social evaluation of the sharer. In Study 2, we ran a laboratory-based experiment in which each participant broke bread with one of two unacquainted individuals. When the participants could choose whom to share food with, they rated the selected person as being more prosocial than the person they did not choose. These results demonstrate the influence of voluntary food sharing with choice on people’s social evaluation of unacquainted individuals, and shed some light on the influence of eating behavior on social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangqun Liao
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoang Wan
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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74
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Guo W, Liu H, Yang J, Mo Y, Zhong C, Yamada Y. Stage 2 Registered Report: How subtle linguistic cues prevent unethical behaviors. F1000Res 2020; 9:996. [PMID: 33145010 PMCID: PMC7590892 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25573.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Differences in descriptions can influence people's evaluations and behaviors. A previous study by Bryan and colleagues suggested that subtle linguistic differences in ethical reminders can differentially prevent readers' unethical behavior. The present study tried to replicate the previous finding in the Japanese context (Experiment 1); additionally, we explored the influence of unfamiliar Japanese instruction words that captured participants' attention (Experiment 2). Methods: In two online experiments, participants were asked to make 10 coin-tosses and report the number of "heads" results, which would indicate the amount of money that they could earn. In Experiment 1, we analyzed the difference in the number of "heads" results as reported by 768 participants under three conditions with different instructions ("Don't cheat" vs. "Don't be a cheater" vs. baseline as a control). In Experiment 2, we conducted an extended experiment with an additional task in which more attention was directed toward the text. Results: In Experiment 1, we successfully replicated the results of the original experiment. The results of Experiment 2 showed no evidence that the results in Experiment 1 were influenced by attentional factors. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of the present study supported the hypothesis that self-identity-related words of moral reminder curb unethical behaviors more effectively. Stage 1 report: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20183.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huanxu Liu
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuqi Mo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Can Zhong
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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75
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Guo W, Liu H, Yang J, Mo Y, Zhong C, Yamada Y. Stage 2 Registered Report: How subtle linguistic cues prevent unethical behaviors. F1000Res 2020; 9:996. [PMID: 33145010 PMCID: PMC7590892 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25573.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 03/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Differences in descriptions can influence people's evaluations and behaviors. A previous study by Bryan and colleagues suggested that subtle linguistic differences in ethical reminders can differentially prevent readers' unethical behavior. The present study tried to replicate the previous finding in the Japanese context (Experiment 1); additionally, we explored the influence of unfamiliar Japanese instruction words that captured participants' attention (Experiment 2). Methods: In two online experiments, participants were asked to make 10 coin-tosses and report the number of "heads" results, which would indicate the amount of money that they could earn. In Experiment 1, we analyzed the difference in the number of "heads" results as reported by 768 participants under three conditions with different instructions ("Don't cheat" vs. "Don't be a cheater" vs. baseline as a control). In Experiment 2, we conducted an extended experiment with an additional task in which more attention was directed toward the text. Results: In Experiment 1, we successfully replicated the results of the original experiment. The results of Experiment 2 showed no evidence that the results in Experiment 1 were influenced by attentional factors. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of the present study supported the hypothesis that self-identity-related words of moral reminder curb unethical behaviors more effectively. Stage 1 report: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20183.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huanxu Liu
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuqi Mo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Can Zhong
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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76
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Zaleskiewicz T, Gasiorowska A, Kuzminska AO, Korotusz P, Tomczak P. Market mindset impacts moral decisions: The exposure to market relationships makes moral choices more utilitarian by means of proportional thinking. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Zaleskiewicz
- Center for Research in Economic Behavior SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Wroclaw Poland
| | - Agata Gasiorowska
- Center for Research in Economic Behavior SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Przemyslaw Korotusz
- Center for Research in Economic Behavior SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Wroclaw Poland
| | - Pawel Tomczak
- Center for Research in Economic Behavior SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Wroclaw Poland
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77
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Helping People by Being in the Present: Mindfulness Increases Prosocial Behavior. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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78
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Genschow O, Schuler J, Cracco E, Brass M, Wänke M. The Effect of Money Priming on Self-Focus in the Imitation-Inhibition Task. Exp Psychol 2020; 66:423-436. [PMID: 32054430 PMCID: PMC8210575 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The self-sufficiency hypothesis suggests that priming
individuals with money makes them focus more strongly on themselves than on
others. However, recently, research supporting this claim has been heavily
criticized and some attempts to replicate have failed. A reason for the
inconsistent findings in the field may lay in the common use of explicit
measures, because they tend to rely on one or just a few items and are thus
prone to demand effects and low reliability. In the present research, we
administered, in two experiments, the imitation-inhibition task – a
robust, unobtrusive, and reliable paradigm that is sensitive to self-other focus
on a trial-by-trial basis. A pilot study found an increased focus on the self as
compared to others when primed with money. Building on this finding, a
preregistered high-powered experiment replicated this effect, suggesting that
money primes may indeed increase a focus on the self. An additionally carried
out meta-analysis indicates that automatic imitation is modulated by self-other
focus and that money primes lead to a smaller focus on the self than
conventional methods. Overall, the found effects are rather small and several
limitations, such as order effects, call for a cautious interpretation of the
findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Genschow
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Schuler
- Fraunhofer Institute for System and Innovation Research, Germany
| | - Emiel Cracco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Michaela Wänke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
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79
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Ward DE, Park LE, Naragon-Gainey K, Whillans AV, Jung HY. Can't Buy Me Love (or Friendship): Social Consequences of Financially Contingent Self-Worth. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 46:1665-1681. [PMID: 32188335 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220910872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although people may think that money improves one's relationships, research suggests otherwise. Focusing on money is associated with spending less time maintaining relationships and less desire to rely on others for help. But why does focusing on money relate to worse social outcomes? We propose that when people base their self-esteem on financial success-that is, have financially contingent self-worth-they are likely to feel pressured to pursue success in this domain, which may come at the expense of spending time with close others. Consistent with this idea, results of four cross-sectional studies (N = 2,439) and a daily diary study (N = 246) revealed that basing one's self-worth on financial success is associated with greater feelings of loneliness and social disconnection, and this may be related to experiencing less autonomy and spending less time with family and friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Ward
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Lora E Park
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Kristin Naragon-Gainey
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA.,The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Han Young Jung
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
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80
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Wang X, Chen Z, Krumhuber EG. Money: An Integrated Review and Synthesis From a Psychological Perspective. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268020905316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many empirical studies have demonstrated the psychological effects of various aspects of money, including the aspiration for money, mere thoughts about money, possession of money, and placement of people in economic contexts. Although multiple aspects of money and varied methodologies have been focused on and implemented, the underlying mechanisms of the empirical findings from these seemingly isolated areas significantly overlap. In this article, we operationalize money as a broad concept and take a novel approach by providing an integrated review of the literature and identifying five major streams of mechanisms: (a) self-focused behavior; (b) inhibited other-oriented behavior; (c) favoring of a self–other distinction; (d) money’s relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy; and (e) goal pursuit, objectification, outcome maximization, and unethicality. Moreover, we propose a unified psychological perspective for the future—money as an embodiment of social distinction—which could potentially account for past findings and generate future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Wang
- The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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81
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82
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Haim-Nachum S, Levy-Gigi E. A chink in the armor: The influence of training on generalization learning impairments after viewing traumatic stimuli. Cognition 2019; 193:104021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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83
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Lee DW, Shin J, Choi DW, Kim K, Park EC. Effects of Household Income Change on Children's Problem Behavior: Findings From a Longitudinal Study. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:527-535. [PMID: 31279725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of changes in equivalized disposable household income (EHDI) on children's problem behavior. METHODS Data were collected from the Korean Welfare Panel Study (2006, 2009, 2012). A total of 1,005 school-aged children were included in the analysis. Children's problem behavior was measured using the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Using the generalized linear mixed model for repeated measures, we investigated the effect of actual household income changes on children's problem behavior, based on the family's EHDI. RESULTS Children who experienced high EHDI decrement exhibited a significant increase in problem behavior compared with those who did not experience sizable EHDI change (high decrement: β = .21, standard error = .09, p = .016). Furthermore, problem behavior was higher in girls who experienced a decrement in EHDI compared with boys. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that changes in family's economic status might negatively affect the probability of children's problem behavior when there is a large decrease in EHDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Woong Lee
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Shin
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Choi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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84
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Do extrinsic goals affect romantic relationships? The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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85
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Babalola MT, Greenbaum RL, Amarnani RK, Shoss MK, Deng Y, Garba OA, Guo L. A business frame perspective on why perceptions of top management's bottom‐line mentality result in employees’ good and bad behaviors. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/peps.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa T. Babalola
- Work, Organizational and Occupational Psychology Department KU Leuven Belgium
- Leadership and Organizational Agility DepartmentUniversity Arab Emirates University
| | - Rebecca L. Greenbaum
- Human Resources Management DepartmentRutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Rajiv K. Amarnani
- Management and Organisation DepartmentUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Mindy K. Shoss
- Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Central Florida Orlando Florida
| | - Yingli Deng
- Management DepartmentOklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma
| | - Omale A. Garba
- African Studies DepartmentBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Liang Guo
- Shandong University at Weihai Weihai Shi Shandong Sheng China
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86
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Wang Z, Jetten J, Steffens NK. The more you have, the more you want? Higher social class predicts a greater desire for wealth and status. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhechen Wang
- School of Psychology The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Niklas K. Steffens
- School of Psychology The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
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87
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Guo W, Liu H, Yang J, Mo Y, Zhong C, Yamada Y. Stage 1 Registered Report: How subtle linguistic cues prevent unethical behaviors. F1000Res 2019; 8:1482. [PMID: 32185019 PMCID: PMC7059835 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20183.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different ways of description can easily influence people's evaluations and behaviors. A previous study by Bryan and colleagues suggested that subtle linguistic differences in ethical reminders can differentially prevent readers' unethical behavior. The present study aims to replicate the previous finding in the Japanese context, additionally exploring the influence of unfamiliar instruction words that capture participants' attention. In two experiments, which are planned to be conducted online, participants are asked to make 10 coin-tosses and report the number of "heads" results, indicating the amount of money that they can earn. We will manipulate instructions ("Don't cheat" vs. "Don't be a cheater" vs. baseline as a control) for each participant group, including nearly 270 participants (Experiment 1). Next, we will conduct an extended experiment with an additional task in which more attention is directed toward the text (Experiment 2). Through these registered experiments, we examine the credibility of the previous finding that type of instruction affects the occurrence of unethical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huanxu Liu
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuqi Mo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Can Zhong
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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88
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Guo W, Liu H, Yang J, Mo Y, Zhong C, Yamada Y. Stage 1 Registered Report: How subtle linguistic cues prevent unethical behaviors. F1000Res 2019; 8:1482. [PMID: 32185019 PMCID: PMC7059835 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20183.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Different ways of description can easily influence people's evaluations and behaviors. A previous study by Bryan and colleagues suggested that subtle linguistic differences in ethical reminders can differentially prevent readers' unethical behavior. The present study aims to replicate the previous finding in the Japanese context, additionally exploring the influence of unfamiliar instruction words that capture participants' attention. In two experiments, which are planned to be conducted online, participants are asked to make 10 coin-tosses and report the number of "heads" results, indicating the amount of money that they can earn. We will manipulate instructions ("Don't cheat" vs. "Don't be a cheater" vs. baseline as a control) for each participant group, including nearly 270 participants (Experiment 1). Next, we will conduct an extended experiment with an additional task in which more attention is directed toward the text (Experiment 2). Through these registered experiments, we examine the credibility of the previous finding that type of instruction affects the occurrence of unethical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huanxu Liu
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuqi Mo
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Can Zhong
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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89
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Fehr R, Welsh D, Yam KC, Baer M, Wei W, Vaulont M. The role of moral decoupling in the causes and consequences of unethical pro-organizational behavior. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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90
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Ma A, Yang Y, Savani K. “Take it or leave it!” A choice mindset leads to greater persistence and better outcomes in negotiations. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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91
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Rohrer D, Pashler H, Harris CR. Discrepant Data and Improbable Results: An Examination of Vohs, Mead, and Goode (2006). BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1624965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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92
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Abstract
Markets dominate the world’s food systems. Today’s food systems fail to realize the normative foundations of ecological economics: justice, sustainability, efficiency, and value pluralism. Drawing on empirical and theoretical literature from diverse intellectual traditions, I argue that markets, as an institution for governing food systems, hinder the realization of these objectives. Markets allocate food toward money, not hunger. They encourage shifting costs on others, including nonhuman nature. They rarely signal unsustainability, and in many ways cause it. They do not resemble the efficient markets of economic theory. They organize food systems according to exchange value at the expense of all other social, cultural, spiritual, moral, and environmental values. I argue that food systems can approach the objectives of ecological economics roughly to the degree that they subordinate market mechanisms to social institutions that embody those values. But such “embedding” processes, whether through creating state policy or alternative markets, face steep barriers and can only partially remedy food markets’ inherent shortcomings. Thus, ecological economists should also study, promote, and theorize non-market food systems.
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93
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Drury J, Carter H, Cocking C, Ntontis E, Tekin Guven S, Amlôt R. Facilitating Collective Psychosocial Resilience in the Public in Emergencies: Twelve Recommendations Based on the Social Identity Approach. Front Public Health 2019; 7:141. [PMID: 31214561 PMCID: PMC6558061 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence demonstrates the centrality of social psychology to the behavior of members of the public as immediate responders in emergencies. Such public behavior is a function of social psychological processes—in particular identities and norms. In addition, what the authorities and relevant professional groups assume about the social psychology of people in emergencies shapes policy and practice in preparedness, response, and recovery. These assumptions therefore have consequences for the public's ability to act as immediate responders. In this Policy and Practice Review, we will do three things. First, we will overview research on the behavior of survivors of emergencies and disasters, drawing out key factors known to explain the extent to which survivors cooperate in these events and contribute to safe collective outcomes. We will demonstrate the utility of the social identity approach as an overarching framework for explaining the major mechanisms of collective supportive behavior among survivors in emergencies. Second, we will critically review recent and current UK government agency guidance on emergency response, focusing particularly on what is stated about the role of survivors in emergencies and disasters. This review will suggest that the “community resilience” agenda has only been partly realized in practice, but that the social identity approach is progressing this. Third, we will derive from the research literature and from dialogue with groups involved in emergencies a set of 12 recommendations for both emergency managers and members of the public affected by emergencies and disasters. These focus on the crucial need to build shared identity and to communicate, and the connection between these two aims. Including our recommendations within emergency guidance and training will facilitate collective psychosocial resilience, which refers to the way a shared identity allows groups of survivors to express and expect solidarity and cohesion, and thereby to coordinate and draw upon collective sources of support. In sum, this evidence-base and the recommendations we derive from it will help professionals involved in emergency management to support public resilient behaviors and will help the public to develop and maintain their own capacity for such resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Carter
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cocking
- School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Ntontis
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Politics, and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Selin Tekin Guven
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Amlôt
- Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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94
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95
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Li W, Wang H, Xie X, Li J. Neural mediation of greed personality trait on economic risk-taking. eLife 2019; 8:e45093. [PMID: 31033436 PMCID: PMC6506209 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispositional greed, characterized by the insatiable hunger for more and the dissatisfaction for not having enough, has often been associated with heightened impulsivity and excessive risk-taking. Despite its far-reaching implications in social sciences and economics, however, the exact neural mechanisms of how greed personality influences risk-taking are still ill understood. In the present study, we showed the correlation between subject's greed personality trait (GPT) score and risk-taking was selectively mediated by individual's loss aversion, but not risk attitude. In addition, our neuroimaging results indicated that gain and loss prospects were jointly represented in the activities of the ventral striatum and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Furthermore, mOFC responses also encoded the neural loss aversion signal and mediated the association between individual differences in GPT scores and behavioral loss aversion. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the specific neural mechanisms that mediate the effect of greed personality trait on risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of ManagementJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jian Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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96
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Abstract
Prosocial spending has been linked to positive benefits for individuals and societies. However, little is known about the precursors of prosocial spending directed to vulnerable people. We experimentally tested the effect of a first exposure to a prosocial donation decision on subsequent prosocial spending. We also examined the direct links from eudaimonic well-being beliefs (contribution-to-others and self-development) to prosocial spending, as well as the interaction between these beliefs and autonomy in predicting the money given. A total of 200 individuals participated in the study. Results showed that, compared to two control groups (“totally self-focused” and “no first-exposure”), an initial exposure to a prosocial donation decision increases subsequent prosocial spending. In addition, we observed an anchoring bias from the initial prosocial donation to subsequent prosocial spending. Regression analyses also confirmed the existence of a positive significant relationship between contribution-to-others beliefs and prosocial spending. Finally, we observed a significant interaction between autonomy and self-development well-being beliefs, such that autonomy strengthens the link from self-development beliefs to prosocial spending. In general, our results confirmed the significant role of exposure, anchoring, autonomy, and well-being beliefs in predicting the money spent to help vulnerable people.
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97
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Shin JE. You are my happiness: Socially enriched happiness belief predicts life satisfaction, especially among the poor. Cogn Emot 2019; 33:1702-1708. [PMID: 30870075 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1591343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
What three words come to your mind in response to "happiness"? Using a free-association task [cf. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory and Cognition, 28, 887-899], this research finds that the number of social words (e.g. family, love) provided in link to happiness predicts people's actual life satisfaction level. However, this association was significantly moderated by the person's self-perceived financial state. The contingency between holding a socially-oriented belief about happiness and experienced life satisfaction was significant among members of low socioeconomic status (SES), but not among the high SES group. This pattern was replicated across two divergent samples (Asian college students, Study 1; American adults, Study 2), regardless of one's extraversion level (Studies 1, 2) and availability of social support (number of friends, Study 2). Given the overlapping function of money and social relationships (instrumental in promoting survival), believing in the social nature of happiness seems to be more central in the life satisfaction of those with less financial resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Shin
- Department of Psychology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , South Korea
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98
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De Feo G, Ferrara C, Iannone V, Parente P. Improving the efficacy of municipal solid waste collection with a communicative approach based on easily understandable indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2380-2390. [PMID: 30336427 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to propose a useful methodological approach to define easily understandable indicators to use in communication campaigns organized to improve the efficacy of municipal solid waste collection. For this purpose, six economic-environmental indicators were defined, combining life cycle thinking and environmental communication. The indicators make it possible to obtain several combinations that can follow a variety of communication channels. Three indicators (quantity of recyclable materials recoverable from unsorted residual waste; total potential economic saving; number of jobs for young people as communicators) are expressed in absolute value and therefore refer to the whole community even if they are also good for single-targeted messages. The other three indicators (potential economic saving for each citizen; per capita saving of carbon dioxide equivalent; per capita saving of Disability Adjusted Life Years) are normalized with respect to the number of inhabitants and therefore refer to the individual citizen, but can also be used for global messages. As a case example, the methodology was applied to the collection of paper and cardboard in twelve Southern Italy cities obtaining very promising results. For example, the maximum quantity of paper and cardboard recoverable from unsorted waste would allow Naples and Palermo to recover more than €15 million. The maximum potential economic saving for each citizen was 25 €/capita. The economic saving obtained for Naples and Palermo could be translated in more than one thousand positions as young environmental communicators. Catania was the city with both the highest per capita potential saving of carbon dioxide (>60 kg CO2eq./capita) and maximum hypothetical per capita 'life-time recovery' (almost an hour). The innovative communication method used ('Greenopoli') assumed that school is the starting point to obtain a change of mindset because speaking with students (all potential communicators) means indirectly communicating with all other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Feo
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIn), University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - C Ferrara
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIn), University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - V Iannone
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIn), University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - P Parente
- NaturalMente, via Vicinale Paradiso 74, 80126 Naples, Italy
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99
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Creativity Booster: How Time versus Money Impacts Creative Performances. JOURNAL OF CREATIVE BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jocb.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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100
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Griffioen AM, Handgraaf MJJ, Antonides G. Which construal level combinations generate the most effective interventions? A field experiment on energy conservation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209469. [PMID: 30653528 PMCID: PMC6336225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many campaigns targeting pro-environmental behavior combine multiple approaches without properly understanding how these different approaches interact. Here we study the effect of such combinations. We apply construal level theory to classify different intervention approaches, which can either be at a high construal level (abstract and distant) or at a low construal level (concrete and proximal). In a field experiment we recruited 197 students living in one-person apartments in an all-inclusive student housing facility. We objectively measured their individual electricity and warm water use, and measured psychological variables through surveys. We expected that the (commonly considered superior) combination between a high and a low construal level approach would be least effective. Participants were randomly assigned to a 2(Construal Level: low vs. high) × 2(Social Distance: low vs. high) plus control condition mixed-model design targeting a reduction in warm water use. Our findings suggest that a congruent combination at a high construal level (i.e., the high construal level condition combined with the high social distance condition) has the largest effect on warm water use and that spillover to electricity use is most likely to occur when a high construal level is used (i.e., high social distance). Moreover, especially participants who valued nature and the environment less were most strongly influenced by the combination of two high construal level approaches. In sum, our study suggests that when designing interventions one should consider the construal level and when targeting pro-environmental behavior high construal levels appear most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk M. Griffioen
- Urban Economics, Social Sciences Group, Wageningen University, KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Michel J. J. Handgraaf
- Urban Economics, Social Sciences Group, Wageningen University, KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Antonides
- Urban Economics, Social Sciences Group, Wageningen University, KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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