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Efficient long-term survival of cell grafts after myocardial infarction with thick viable cardiac tissue entirely from pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16842. [PMID: 26585309 PMCID: PMC4653625 DOI: 10.1038/srep16842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor engraftment of cells after transplantation to the heart is a common and unresolved problem in the cardiac cell therapies. We previously generated cardiovascular cell sheets entirely from pluripotent stem cells with cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and vascular mural cells. Though sheet transplantation showed a better engraftment and improved cardiac function after myocardial infarction, stacking limitation (up to 3 sheets) by hypoxia hampered larger structure formation and long-term survival of the grafts. Here we report an efficient method to overcome the stacking limitation. Insertion of gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GHMs) between each cardiovascular cell sheet broke the viable limitation via appropriate spacing and fluid impregnation with GHMs. Fifteen sheets with GHMs (15-GHM construct; >1 mm thickness) were stacked within several hours and viable after 1 week in vitro. Transplantation of 5-GHM constructs (≈2 × 10(6) of total cells) to a rat myocardial infarction model showed rapid and sustained functional improvements. The grafts were efficiently engrafted as multiple layered cardiovascular cells accompanied by functional capillary networks. Large engrafted cardiac tissues (0.8 mm thickness with 40 cell layers) successfully survived 3 months after TX. We developed an efficient method to generate thicker viable tissue structures and achieve long-term survival of the cell graft to the heart.
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Hirai M, Chen J, Evans SM. Tissue-Specific Cell Cycle Indicator Reveals Unexpected Findings for Cardiac Myocyte Proliferation. Circ Res 2015; 118:20-8. [PMID: 26472817 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Discerning cardiac myocyte cell cycle behavior is challenging owing to commingled cell types with higher proliferative activity. OBJECTIVE To investigate cardiac myocyte cell cycle activity in development and the early postnatal period. METHODS AND RESULTS To facilitate studies of cell type-specific proliferation, we have generated tissue-specific cell cycle indicator BAC transgenic mouse lines. Experiments using embryonic fibroblasts from CyclinA2-LacZ-floxed-EGFP, or CyclinA2-EGFP mice, demonstrated that CyclinA2-βgal and CyclinA2-EGFP were expressed from mid-G1 to mid-M phase. Using Troponin T-Cre;CyclinA2-LacZ-EGFP mice, we examined cardiac myocyte cell cycle activity during embryogenesis and in the early postnatal period. Our data demonstrated that right ventricular cardiac myocytes exhibited reduced cell cycle activity relative to left ventricular cardiac myocytes in the immediate perinatal period. Additionally, in contrast to a recent report, we could find no evidence to support a burst of cardiac myocyte cell cycle activity at postnatal day 15. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight advantages of a cardiac myocyte-specific cell cycle reporter for studies of cardiac myocyte cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maretoshi Hirai
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., S.M.E.), Department of Medicine (J.C., S.M.E.), and Department of Pharmacology (S.M.E.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ju Chen
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., S.M.E.), Department of Medicine (J.C., S.M.E.), and Department of Pharmacology (S.M.E.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., S.M.E.), Department of Medicine (J.C., S.M.E.), and Department of Pharmacology (S.M.E.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.
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Chun YW, Voyles DE, Rath R, Hofmeister LH, Boire TC, Wilcox H, Lee JH, Bellan LM, Hong CC, Sung HJ. Differential responses of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to anisotropic strain depends on disease status. J Biomech 2015; 48:3890-6. [PMID: 26476764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a non-ischemic heart disease with impaired pumping function of the heart. In this study, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from a healthy volunteer and a primary DCM patient to investigate the impact of DCM on iPSC-CMs׳ responses to different types of anisotropic strain. A bioreactor system was established that generates cardiac-mimetic forces of 150 kPa at 5% anisotropic cyclic strain and 1 Hz frequency. After confirming cardiac induction of the iPSCs, it was determined that fibronectin was favorable to other extracellular matrix protein coatings (gelatin, laminin, vitronectin) in terms of viable cell area and density, and was therefore selected as the coating for further study. When iPSC-CMs were exposed to three strain conditions (no strain, 5% static strain, and 5% cyclic strain), the static strain elicited significant induction of sarcomere components in comparison to other strain conditions. However, this induction occurred only in iPSC-CMs from a healthy volunteer ("control iPSC-CMs"), not in iPSC-CMs from the DCM patient ("DCM iPSC-CMs"). The donor type also significantly influenced gene expressions of cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction markers in response to the strain conditions. Gene expression of connexin-43 (cell-cell interaction) had a higher fold change in healthy versus diseased iPSC-CMs under static and cyclic strain, as opposed to integrins α-5 and α-10 (cell-matrix interaction). In summary, our iPSC-CM-based study to model the effects of different strain conditions suggests that intrinsic, genetic-based differences in the cardiomyocyte responses to strain may influence disease manifestation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David E Voyles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Rutwik Rath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lucas H Hofmeister
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Timothy C Boire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Henry Wilcox
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jae Han Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Chen WCW, Baily JE, Corselli M, Díaz ME, Sun B, Xiang G, Gray GA, Huard J, Péault B. Human myocardial pericytes: multipotent mesodermal precursors exhibiting cardiac specificity. Stem Cells 2015; 33:557-73. [PMID: 25336400 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular mesenchymal precursor cells (i.e., pericytes) reside in skeletal muscle where they contribute to myofiber regeneration; however, the existence of similar microvessel-associated regenerative precursor cells in cardiac muscle has not yet been documented. We tested whether microvascular pericytes within human myocardium exhibit phenotypes and multipotency similar to their anatomically and developmentally distinct counterparts. Fetal and adult human heart pericytes (hHPs) express canonical pericyte markers in situ, including CD146, NG2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) β, PDGFRα, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, but not CD117, CD133, and desmin, nor endothelial cell (EC) markers. hHPs were prospectively purified to homogeneity from ventricular myocardium by flow cytometry, based on a combination of positive- (CD146) and negative-selection (CD34, CD45, CD56, and CD117) cell lineage markers. Purified hHPs expanded in vitro were phenotypically similar to human skeletal muscle-derived pericytes (hSkMPs). hHPs express mesenchymal stem/stromal cell markers in situ and exhibited osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenic potentials but, importantly, no ability for skeletal myogenesis, diverging from pericytes of all other origins. hHPs supported network formation with/without ECs in Matrigel cultures; hHPs further stimulated angiogenic responses under hypoxia, markedly different from hSkMPs. The cardiomyogenic potential of hHPs was examined following 5-azacytidine treatment and neonatal cardiomyocyte coculture in vitro, and intramyocardial transplantation in vivo. Results indicated cardiomyocytic differentiation in a small fraction of hHPs. In conclusion, human myocardial pericytes share certain phenotypic and developmental similarities with their skeletal muscle homologs, yet exhibit different antigenic, myogenic, and angiogenic properties. This is the first example of an anatomical restriction in the developmental potential of pericytes as native mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C W Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Stem Cell Research Centre, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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55
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Bulatovic I, Månsson-Broberg A, Sylvén C, Grinnemo KH. Human fetal cardiac progenitors: The role of stem cells and progenitors in the fetal and adult heart. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 31:58-68. [PMID: 26421632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human fetal heart is formed early during embryogenesis as a result of cell migrations, differentiation, and formative blood flow. It begins to beat around gestation day 22. Progenitor cells are derived from mesoderm (endocardium and myocardium), proepicardium (epicardium and coronary vessels), and neural crest (heart valves, outflow tract septation, and parasympathetic innervation). A variety of molecular disturbances in the factors regulating the specification and differentiation of these cells can cause congenital heart disease. This review explores the contribution of different cardiac progenitors to the embryonic heart development; the pathways and transcription factors guiding their expansion, migration, and functional differentiation; and the endogenous regenerative capacity of the adult heart including the plasticity of cardiomyocytes. Unfolding these mechanisms will become the basis for understanding the dynamics of specific congenital heart disease as well as a means to develop therapy for fetal as well as postnatal cardiac defects and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bulatovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Månsson-Broberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Sylvén
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Diseases of Aging (CDA) at Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI), Port St Lucie, FL, USA
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56
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Fu Y, Huang C, Xu X, Gu H, Ye Y, Jiang C, Qiu Z, Xie X. Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes with chemical cocktails. Cell Res 2015; 25:1013-24. [PMID: 26292833 PMCID: PMC4559819 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct conversion, or transdifferentiation, of non-cardiac cells into cardiomyocytes by forced expression of transcription factors and microRNAs provides promising approaches for cardiac regeneration. However, genetic manipulations raise safety concerns and are thus not desirable in most clinical applications. The discovery of full chemically induced pluripotent stem cells suggest the possibility of replacing transcription factors with chemical cocktails. Here, we report the generation of automatically beating cardiomyocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts using only chemical cocktails. These chemical-induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (CiCMs) express cardiomyocyte-specific markers, exhibit sarcomeric organization, and possess typical cardiac calcium flux and electrophysiological features. Genetic lineage tracing confirms the fibroblast origin of these CiCMs. Further studies show the generation of CiCMs passes through a cardiac progenitor stage instead of a pluripotent stage. Bypassing the use of viral-derived factors, this proof of concept study lays a foundation for in vivo cardiac transdifferentiation with pharmacological agents and possibly safer treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chenwen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinxiu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Paksa A, Raz E. Zebrafish germ cells: motility and guided migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:80-5. [PMID: 26232877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the course of embryonic development, the process of cell migration is critical for establishment of the embryonic body plan, for morphogenesis and for organ function. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cell migration is thus crucial for understanding developmental processes and clinical conditions resulting from abnormal cell migration such as cancer metastasis. The long-range migration of primordial germ cells toward the region at which the gonad develops occurs in embryos of various species and thus constitutes a useful in vivo model for single-cell migration. Recent studies employing zebrafish embryos have greatly contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms facilitating the migration of these cells en route to their target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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58
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Vinegoni C, Lee S, Aguirre AD, Weissleder R. New techniques for motion-artifact-free in vivo cardiac microscopy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 26029116 PMCID: PMC4428079 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging microscopy (i.e., imaging in live animals at microscopic resolution) has become an indispensable tool for studying the cellular micro-dynamics in cancer, immunology and neurobiology. High spatial and temporal resolution, combined with large penetration depth and multi-reporter visualization capability make fluorescence intravital microscopy compelling for heart imaging. However, tissue motion caused by cardiac contraction and respiration critically limits its use. As a result, in vitro cell preparations or non-contracting explanted heart models are more commonly employed. Unfortunately, these approaches fall short of understanding the more complex host physiology that may be dynamic and occur over longer periods of time. In this review, we report on novel technologies, which have been recently developed by our group and others, aimed at overcoming motion-induced artifacts and capable of providing in vivo subcellular resolution imaging in the beating mouse heart. The methods are based on mechanical stabilization, image processing algorithms, gated/triggered acquisition schemes or a combination of both. We expect that in the immediate future all these methodologies will have considerable applications in expanding our understanding of the cardiac biology, elucidating cardiomyocyte function and interactions within the organism in vivo, and ultimately improving the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sungon Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; School of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University Ansan, South Korea
| | - Aaron D Aguirre
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Gemmati D, Zeri G, Orioli E, Mari R, Moratelli S, Vigliano M, Marchesini J, Grossi ME, Pecoraro A, Cuneo A, Ferrari R, Pinotti M, Serino ML, Ansani L. Factor XIII-A dynamics in acute myocardial infarction: a novel prognostic biomarker? Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:123-32. [PMID: 25947356 DOI: 10.1160/th14-11-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After acute myocardial infarction (MI) the damaged heart has to be repaired. Factor XIII (FXIII) is considered a key molecule in promoting heart healing. FXIII deficiency was associated to cardiac rupture and anomalous remodelling in MI. During MI, FXIII contributes firstly to the intracoronary thrombus formation and shortly after to heal the myocardial lesion. To quantify the real contribution of FXIII in this process, and to explore its possible prognostic role, we monitored the FXIII-A subunit levels in 350 acute MI patients during the first six days (d0-d5) plus a control at 30-60 days (d30). A one-year follow-up was performed for all the patients. A transient drop in the FXIII-A mean level was noted in the whole cohort of patients (FXIII-Ad0 99.48 ± 30.5 vs FXIII-Ad5 76.51 ± 27.02; p< 0.0001). Interestingly, those who developed post-MI heart failure showed the highest drop (FXIII-Ad5 52.1 ± 25.2) and they already presented with low levels at recruitment. Similarly, those who died showed the same FXIII-A dynamic (FXIII-Ad5 54.0 ± 22.5). Conversely, patients who remained free of major adverse cardiac events, had lower consuming (FXIII-Ad0 103.6 ± 29.1 vs FXIII-Ad5 84.4 ± 24.5; p< 0.0001). Interestingly, the FXIII-A drop was independent from the amount of injury assessed by TnT and CKMB levels. The survival analysis ascribed an increased probability of early death or heart failure inversely related to FXIII-A quartiles (FXIII-A25th< 59.5 %; hazard ratio 4.25; 2.2-5.1; p< 0.0001). Different FXIII-A dynamics and levels could be utilised as early prognostic indicators during acute MI, revealing the individual potential to heal and suggesting tailored treatments to avoid heart failure or its extreme consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gemmati
- Gemmati Donato, Ctr. Hemostasis & Thrombosis, Hematology Section, Dpt. of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, Tel.: +39 0532 237291, Fax: +39 0532 209010, E-mail:
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Lerman DA, Alotti N, Ume KL, Péault B. Cardiac Repair and Regeneration: The Value of Cell Therapies. Eur Cardiol 2015; 11:43-48. [PMID: 27499812 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2016:8:1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease is the predominant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; one million myocardial Infarctions occur per year in the USA, while more than five million patients suffer from chronic heart failure. Recently, heart failure has been singled out as an epidemic and is a staggering clinical and public health problem associated with significant mortality, morbidity and healthcare expenditures, particularly among those aged ≥65 years. Death rates have improved dramatically over the last four decades, but new approaches are nevertheless urgently needed for those patients who go on to develop ventricular dysfunction and chronic heart failure. Over the past decade, stem cell transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for acute or chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Multiple candidate cell types have been used in preclinical animal models and in humans to repair or regenerate the injured heart, either directly or indirectly (through paracrine effects), including: embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), neonatal cardiomyocytes, skeletal myoblasts (SKMs), endothelial progenitor cells, bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and, most recently, cardiac stem cells (CSCs). Although no consensus has emerged yet, the ideal cell type for the treatment of heart disease should: (a) improve heart function; (b) create healthy and functional cardiac muscle and vasculature, integrated into the host tissue; (c) be amenable to delivery by minimally invasive clinical methods; (d) be available 'off the shelf' as a standardised reagent; (e) be tolerated by the immune system; (f) be safe oncologically, i.e. not create tumours; and (g) circumvent societal ethical concerns. At present, it is not clear whether such a 'perfect' stem cell exists; what is apparent, however, is that some cell types are more promising than others. In this brief review, we provide ongoing data on agreement and controversy arising from clinical trials and touch upon the future directions of cell therapy for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alejandro Lerman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and College of Medicine and Veterinary, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and College of Medicine and Veterinary, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Centre, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketaro Sadahiro
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., M.I.); Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (M.I.); Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., M.I.); Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (M.I.); Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
| | - Masaki Ieda
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (T.S., M.I.); Japan Science and Technology CREST, Tokyo, Japan (M.I.); Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.Y.); and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (S.Y.)
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Dasbiswas K, Majkut S, Discher DE, Safran SA. Substrate stiffness-modulated registry phase correlations in cardiomyocytes map structural order to coherent beating. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6085. [PMID: 25597833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments show that both striation, an indication of the structural registry in muscle fibres, as well as the contractile strains produced by beating cardiac muscle cells can be optimized by substrate stiffness. Here we show theoretically how the substrate rigidity dependence of the registry data can be mapped onto that of the strain measurements. We express the elasticity-mediated structural registry as a phase-order parameter using a statistical physics approach that takes the noise and disorder inherent in biological systems into account. By assuming that structurally registered myofibrils also tend to beat in phase, we explain the observed dependence of both striation and strain measurements of cardiomyocytes on substrate stiffness in a unified manner. The agreement of our ideas with experiment suggests that the correlated beating of heart cells may be limited by the structural order of the myofibrils, which in turn is regulated by their elastic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dasbiswas
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S Majkut
- 1] Department of Molecular and Biophysical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Physics and Astronomy Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D E Discher
- 1] Department of Molecular and Biophysical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Physics and Astronomy Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [3] Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Samuel A Safran
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Karam JP, Bonafè F, Sindji L, Muscari C, Montero-Menei CN. Adipose-derived stem cell adhesion on laminin-coated microcarriers improves commitment toward the cardiomyogenic lineage. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1828-39. [PMID: 25098676 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For tissue-engineering studies of the infarcted heart it is essential to identify a source of cells that may provide cardiomyocyte progenitors, which is easy to amplify, accessible in adults, and allowing autologous grafts. Preclinical studies have shown that human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells and improve heart function in myocardial infarction. We have developed pharmacologically active microcarriers (PAMs) which are biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric microspheres conveying cells on their biomimetic surface, therefore providing an adequate three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. Moreover, they can release a growth factor in a prolonged manner. In order to implement ADSCs and PAMs for cardiac tissue engineering we first defined the biomimetic surface by studying the influence of matrix molecules laminin (LM) and fibronectin (FN), in combination with growth factors present in the cardiogenic niche, to further enhance the in vitro cardiac differentiation of ADSCs. We demonstrated that LM increased the expression of cardiac markers (Nkx2.5, GATA4, MEF2C) by ADSCs after 2 weeks in vitro. Interestingly, our results suggest that the 3D support provided by PAMs with a LM biomimetic surface (LM-PAMs) further enhanced the expression of cardiac markers and induced the expression of a more mature contractile protein, cardiac troponin I, compared with the 2D differentiating conditions after only 1 week in culture. The enrichment of the growth-factor cocktail with TGF-β1 potentiated the cardiomyogenic differentiation. These results suggest that PAMs offering a LM biomimetic surface may be efficiently used for applications combining adult stem cells in tissue-engineering strategies of the ischemic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Karam
- LUNAM Université, UMR S-1066 F-49933, Angers, France; NSERM U1066, MINT "Micro et nanomédecines biomimétiques,", F-49933, Angers, France; INRC-National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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65
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Kharaziha M, Shin SR, Nikkhah M, Topkaya SN, Masoumi N, Annabi N, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Tough and flexible CNT-polymeric hybrid scaffolds for engineering cardiac constructs. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7346-54. [PMID: 24927679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, a considerable amount of effort has been devoted toward the development of biomimetic scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. However, most of the previous scaffolds have been electrically insulating or lacked the structural and mechanical robustness to engineer cardiac tissue constructs with suitable electrophysiological functions. Here, we developed tough and flexible hybrid scaffolds with enhanced electrical properties composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded aligned poly(glycerol sebacate):gelatin (PG) electrospun nanofibers. Incorporation of varying concentrations of CNTs from 0 to 1.5% within the PG nanofibrous scaffolds (CNT-PG scaffolds) notably enhanced fiber alignment and improved the electrical conductivity and toughness of the scaffolds while maintaining the viability, retention, alignment, and contractile activities of cardiomyocytes (CMs) seeded on the scaffolds. The resulting CNT-PG scaffolds resulted in stronger spontaneous and synchronous beating behavior (3.5-fold lower excitation threshold and 2.8-fold higher maximum capture rate) compared to those cultured on PG scaffold. Overall, our findings demonstrated that aligned CNT-PG scaffold exhibited superior mechanical properties with enhanced CM beating properties. It is envisioned that the proposed hybrid scaffolds can be useful for generating cardiac tissue constructs with improved organization and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Kharaziha
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seda Nur Topkaya
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Izmir, TR-35100 Turkey
| | - Nafiseh Masoumi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia.
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66
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67
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Sahara M, Hansson EM, Wernet O, Lui KO, Später D, Chien KR. Manipulation of a VEGF-Notch signaling circuit drives formation of functional vascular endothelial progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Res 2014; 24:820-41. [PMID: 24810299 PMCID: PMC4085760 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived endothelial lineage cells constitutes a promising source for therapeutic revascularization, but progress in this arena has been hampered by a lack of clinically-scalable differentiation protocols and inefficient formation of a functional vessel network integrating with the host circulation upon transplantation. Using a human embryonic stem cell reporter cell line, where green fluorescent protein expression is driven by an endothelial cell-specific VE-cadherin (VEC) promoter, we screened for > 60 bioactive small molecules that would promote endothelial differentiation, and found that administration of BMP4 and a GSK-3β inhibitor in an early phase and treatment with VEGF-A and inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway in a later phase led to efficient differentiation of hPSCs to the endothelial lineage within six days. This sequential approach generated > 50% conversion of hPSCs to endothelial cells (ECs), specifically VEC+CD31+CD34+CD14−KDRhigh endothelial progenitors (EPs) that exhibited higher angiogenic and clonogenic proliferation potential among endothelial lineage cells. Pharmaceutical inhibition or genetical knockdown of Notch signaling, in combination with VEGF-A treatment, resulted in efficient formation of EPs via KDR+ mesodermal precursors and blockade of the conversion of EPs to mature ECs. The generated EPs successfully formed functional capillary vessels in vivo with anastomosis to the host vessels when transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Manipulation of this VEGF-A-Notch signaling circuit in our protocol leads to rapid large-scale production of the hPSC-derived EPs by 12- to 20-fold vs current methods, which may serve as an attractive cell population for regenerative vascularization with superior vessel forming capability compared to mature ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sahara
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA [4] Department of Medicine-Cardiology/Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Oliver Wernet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathy O Lui
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA
| | - Daniela Später
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Department of Medicine-Cardiology/Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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68
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Lu TY, Lin B, Kim J, Sullivan M, Tobita K, Salama G, Yang L. Repopulation of decellularized mouse heart with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2307. [PMID: 23942048 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Heart tissue engineering holds a great promise for future heart disease therapy by building personalized heart tissues. Here we create heart constructs by repopulating decellularized mouse hearts with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived multipotential cardiovascular progenitor cells. We show that the seeded multipotential cardiovascular progenitor cells migrate, proliferate and differentiate in situ into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells to reconstruct the decellularized hearts. After 20 days of perfusion, the engineered heart tissues exhibit spontaneous contractions, generate mechanical force and are responsive to drugs. In addition, we observe that heart extracellular matrix promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation, differentiation and myofilament formation from the repopulated human multipotential cardiovascular progenitor cells. Our novel strategy to engineer personalized heart constructs could benefit the study of early heart formation or may find application in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Ying Lu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
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69
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Garriock RJ, Mikawa T, Yamaguchi TP. Isolation and culture of mouse proepicardium using serum-free conditions. Methods 2014; 66:365-9. [PMID: 23816793 PMCID: PMC4034734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The proepicardium (PE) is an embryonic tissue that gives rise to multipotent vascular progenitors. Most notably the PE gives rise to the epicardium, cardiac fibroblasts, myocardium, and coronary vessels including both vascular smooth muscle and vascular endothelium. Much attention has been given to epicardial-derived cells that show the capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of vascular progenitors including cardiomyocytes. However, it is the PE itself that possesses the greatest potential as a source of multipotent vascular progenitors. We show here a simple method to manually isolate mouse PE at the ninth day of mouse embryonic development and culture highly pure PE tissue in serum-free conditions. This PE culture method allows for the ex vivo analysis of specific growth factors on PE and epicardial development with greater efficiency and precision than existing epicardial culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Garriock
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Takashi Mikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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70
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van Spreeuwel ACC, Bax NAM, Bastiaens AJ, Foolen J, Loerakker S, Borochin M, van der Schaft DWJ, Chen CS, Baaijens FPT, Bouten CVC. The influence of matrix (an)isotropy on cardiomyocyte contraction in engineered cardiac microtissues. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:422-9. [PMID: 24549279 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the cardiac microenvironment, cardiomyocytes (CMs) are embedded in an aligned and structured extracellular matrix (ECM) to maintain the coordinated contractile function of the heart. The cardiac fibroblast (cFB) is the main cell type responsible for producing and remodeling this matrix. In cardiac diseases, however, adverse remodeling and CM death may lead to deterioration of the aligned myocardial structure. Here, we present an in vitro cardiac model system with uniaxial and biaxial constraints to induce (an)isotropy in 3D microtissues, thereby mimicking 'healthy' aligned and 'diseased' disorganized cardiac matrices. A mixture of neonatal mouse CMs and cFBs was resuspended in a collagen-matrigel hydrogel and seeded to form microtissues to recapitulate the in vivo cellular composition. Matrix disarray led to a stellate cell shape and a disorganized sarcomere organization, while CMs in aligned matrices were more elongated and had aligned sarcomeres. Although matrix disarray has no detrimental effect on the force generated by the CMs, it did have a negative effect on the homogeneity of contraction force distribution. Furthermore, proliferation of the cFBs affected microtissue contraction as indicated by the negative correlation between the percentage of cFBs in the microtissues and their beating frequency. These results suggest that in regeneration of the diseased heart, reorganization of the disorganized matrix will contribute to recover the coordinated contraction but restoring the ratio in cellular composition (CMs and cFBs) is also a prerequisite to completely regain tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C C van Spreeuwel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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71
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Matsuoka K, Asano Y, Higo S, Tsukamoto O, Yan Y, Yamazaki S, Matsuzaki T, Kioka H, Kato H, Uno Y, Asakura M, Asanuma H, Minamino T, Aburatani H, Kitakaze M, Komuro I, Takashima S. Noninvasive and quantitative live imaging reveals a potential stress‐responsive enhancer in the failing heart. FASEB J 2014; 28:1870-9. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-245522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matsuoka
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Shuichiro Higo
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Osamu Tsukamoto
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Satoru Yamazaki
- Department of Cell BiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research InstituteSuitaJapan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaki
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Hidetaka Kioka
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Hisakazu Kato
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Uno
- Laboratory of Reproductive EngineeringInstitute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Masanori Asakura
- Department of Clinical Research and DevelopmentNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research InstituteSuitaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Asanuma
- Department of Cardiovascular Science and TechnologyKyoto Prefectural University School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Department of Clinical Research and DevelopmentNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research InstituteSuitaJapan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Seiji Takashima
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Medical BiochemistryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
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72
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Montero RB, Vazquez-Padron RI, Pham SM, D’Ippolito G, Andreopoulos FM. Electrospun Gelatin Constructs with Tunable Fiber Orientation Promote Directed Angiogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojrm.2014.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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73
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Mokarram N, Bellamkonda RV. A perspective on immunomodulation and tissue repair. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:338-51. [PMID: 24297492 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An immune response involves the action of all types of macrophages, classically activated subtype (M1) in the early inflammatory phase and regulatory and wound-healing subtypes (M2) in the resolution phase. The remarkable plasticity of macrophages makes them an interesting target in the context of immunomodulation. Here, we reviewed the current state of understanding regarding the role that different phenotypes of macrophages and monocytes play following injury and during the course of remodeling in different tissue types. Moreover, we explored recent designs of macrophage modulatory biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassir Mokarram
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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74
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Majkut S, Idema T, Swift J, Krieger C, Liu A, Discher DE. Heart-specific stiffening in early embryos parallels matrix and myosin expression to optimize beating. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2434-9. [PMID: 24268417 PMCID: PMC4116639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In development and differentiation, morphological changes often accompany mechanical changes [1], but it is unclear whether or when cells in embryos sense tissue elasticity. The earliest embryo is uniformly pliable, while adult tissues vary widely in mechanics from soft brain and stiff heart to rigid bone [2]. However, cell sensitivity to microenvironment elasticity is debated based in part on results from complex three-dimensional culture models [3]. Regenerative cardiology provides strong motivation to clarify any cell-level sensitivities to tissue elasticity because rigid postinfarct regions limit pumping by the adult heart [4]. Here, we focus on the spontaneously beating embryonic heart and sparsely cultured cardiomyocytes, including cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. Tissue elasticity, Et, increases daily for heart to 1-2 kPa by embryonic day 4 (E4), and although this is ~10-fold softer than adult heart, the beating contractions of E4 cardiomyocytes prove optimal at ~Et,E4 both in vivo and in vitro. Proteomics reveals daily increases in a small subset of proteins, namely collagen plus cardiac-specific excitation-contraction proteins. Rapid softening of the heart's matrix with collagenase or stiffening it with enzymatic crosslinking suppresses beating. Sparsely cultured E4 cardiomyocytes on collagen-coated gels likewise show maximal contraction on matrices with native E4 stiffness, highlighting cell-intrinsic mechanosensitivity. While an optimal elasticity for striation proves consistent with the mathematics of force-driven sarcomere registration, contraction wave speed is linear in Et as theorized for excitation-contraction coupled to matrix elasticity. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes also prove to be mechanosensitive to matrix and thus generalize the main observation that myosin II organization and contractile function are optimally matched to the load contributed by matrix elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Majkut
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timon Idema
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joe Swift
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Krieger
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrea Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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75
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Abstract
A microRNA regulates the expression of a network of genes in the heart to ensure that progenitor cells develop into strongly contractile cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tao
- Ge Tao is in the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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76
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Feinberg A, Ripplinger C, van der Meer P, Sheehy S, Domian I, Chien K, Parker K. Functional differences in engineered myocardium from embryonic stem cell-derived versus neonatal cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:387-96. [PMID: 24286027 PMCID: PMC3841251 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes represent unique tools for cell- and tissue-based regenerative therapies, drug discovery and safety, and studies of fundamental heart-failure mechanisms. However, the degree to which stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes compare to mature cardiomyocytes is often debated. We reasoned that physiological metrics of engineered cardiac tissues offer a means of comparison. We built laminar myocardium engineered from cardiomyocytes that were differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors or harvested directly from neonatal mouse ventricles, and compared their anatomy and physiology in vitro. Tissues assembled from progenitor-derived myocytes and neonate myocytes demonstrated similar cytoskeletal architectures but different gap junction organization and electromechanical properties. Progenitor-derived myocardium had significantly less contractile stress and slower longitudinal conduction velocity than neonate-derived myocardium, indicating that the developmental state of the cardiomyocytes affects the electromechanical function of the resultant engineered tissue. These data suggest a need to establish performance metrics for future stem cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Feinberg
- Disease Biophysics Group, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Crystal M. Ripplinger
- Disease Biophysics Group, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sean P. Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ibrahim Domian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Chien
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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77
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Uchida S, De Gaspari P, Kostin S, Jenniches K, Kilic A, Izumiya Y, Shiojima I, grosse Kreymborg K, Renz H, Walsh K, Braun T. Sca1-derived cells are a source of myocardial renewal in the murine adult heart. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:397-410. [PMID: 24286028 PMCID: PMC3841250 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mammalian heart is one of the least regenerative organs in the body, recent evidence indicates that the myocardium undergoes a certain degree of renewal to maintain homeostasis during normal aging. However, the cellular origin of cardiomyocyte renewal has remained elusive due to lack of lineage tracing experiments focusing on putative adult cardiac precursor cells. We have generated triple-transgenic mice based on the tet-cre system to identify descendants of cells that have expressed the stem cell marker Sca1. We found a significant and lasting contribution of Sca1-derived cells to cardiomyocytes during normal aging. Ischemic damage and pressure overload resulted in increased differentiation of Sca1-derived cells to the different cell types present in the heart. Our results reveal a source of cells for cardiomyocyte renewal and provide a possible explanation for the limited contribution of Sca1-derived cells to myocardial repair under pathological conditions. Sca1pos cells continuously generate cardiomyocytes during adult life Some Sca1pos cells are tightly associated with cardiomyocytes Sca1pos-derived cells show limited clonal expansion Pressure overload moderately increases the number of Sca1-derived cardiomyocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Uchida
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Piera De Gaspari
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sawa Kostin
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Jenniches
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ayse Kilic
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstr. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Izumiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 860-8556 Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Shiojima
- Department of Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, 573-1010 Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstr. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Corresponding author
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78
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Howard CM, Baudino TA. Dynamic cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:19-26. [PMID: 24140801 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have placed an increasing amount of emphasis on the cardiovascular system and understanding how the heart and its vasculature can be regenerated following pathological stresses, such as hypertension and myocardial infarction. The remodeling process involves the permanent cellular constituents of the heart including myocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells and stem cells. It also includes transient cell populations, such as immune cells (e.g. lymphocytes, mast cells and macrophages) and circulating stem cells. Following injury, there are dramatic shifts in the various cardiac cell populations that can affect cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and cardiac function. Cardiac fibroblasts are a key component in normal heart function, as well as during the remodeling process through dynamic cell-cell interactions and synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts dynamically interact with the various cardiac cell populations through mechanical, chemical (autocrine and/or paracrine) and electrophysiological means to alter gene and protein expression, cellular processes and ultimately cardiac function. Better understanding these cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and their biological consequences should provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart disease. In this review we discuss the nature of these interactions and the importance of these interactions in maintaining normal heart function, as well as their role in the cardiac remodeling process. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Troy A Baudino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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79
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Abstract
Heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The low regenerative capacity of adult human hearts has thus far limited the available therapeutic approaches for heart failure. Therefore, new therapies that can regenerate damaged myocardium and improve heart function are urgently needed. Although cell transplantation-based therapies may hold great potential, direct reprogramming of endogenous cardiac fibroblasts, which represent more than half of the cells in the heart, into functional cardiomyocytes in situ may be an alternative strategy by which to regenerate the heart. We and others demonstrated that functional cardiomyocytes can be directly generated from fibroblasts by using several combinations of cardiac-enriched factors in mouse and human. In vivo gene delivery of cardiac reprogramming factors generates new cardiac muscle and improved heart function after myocardial infarction in mouse. This article reviews recent progress in cardiac reprogramming research and discusses the perspectives and challenges of this new technology for future regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Muraoka
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Cardiovascular Research
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80
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Wu SP, Cheng CM, Lanz RB, Wang T, Respress JL, Ather S, Chen W, Tsai SJ, Wehrens XHT, Tsai MJ, Tsai SY. Atrial identity is determined by a COUP-TFII regulatory network. Dev Cell 2013; 25:417-26. [PMID: 23725765 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atria and ventricles exhibit distinct molecular profiles that produce structural and functional differences between the two cardiac compartments. However, the factors that determine these differences remain largely undefined. Cardiomyocyte-specific COUP-TFII ablation produces ventricularized atria that exhibit ventricle-like action potentials, increased cardiomyocyte size, and development of extensive T tubules. Changes in atrial characteristics are accompanied by alterations of 2,584 genes, of which 81% were differentially expressed between atria and ventricles, suggesting that a major function of myocardial COUP-TFII is to determine atrial identity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using E13.5 atria identified classic atrial-ventricular identity genes Tbx5, Hey2, Irx4, MLC2v, MLC2a, and MLC1a, among many other cardiac genes, as potential COUP-TFII direct targets. Collectively, our results reveal that COUP-TFII confers atrial identity through direct binding and by modulating expression of a broad spectrum of genes that have an impact on atrial development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-pin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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81
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du Pré BC, Doevendans PA, van Laake LW. Stem cells for cardiac repair: an introduction. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2013; 10:186-97. [PMID: 23888179 PMCID: PMC3708059 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Most cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy, are associated with loss of functional cardiomyocytes. Unfortunately, the heart has a limited regenerative capacity and is not able to replace these cardiomyocytes once lost. In recent years, stem cells have been put forward as a potential source for cardiac regeneration. Pre-clinical studies that use stem cell-derived cardiac cells show promising results. The mechanisms, though, are not well understood, results have been variable, sometimes transient in the long term, and often without a mechanistic explanation. There are still several major hurdles to be taken. Stem cell-derived cardiac cells should resemble original cardiac cell types and be able to integrate in the damaged heart. Integration requires administration of stem cell-derived cardiac cells at the right time using the right mode of delivery. Once delivered, transplanted cells need vascularization, electrophysiological coupling with the injured heart, and prevention of immunological rejection. Finally, stem cell therapy needs to be safe, reproducible, and affordable. In this review, we will give an introduction to the principles of stem cell based cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan C du Pré
- Departments of Cardiology and Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
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82
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Ladage D, Yaniz-Galende E, Rapti K, Ishikawa K, Tilemann L, Shapiro S, Takewa Y, Muller-Ehmsen J, Schwarz M, Garcia MJ, Sanz J, Hajjar RJ, Kawase Y. Stimulating myocardial regeneration with periostin Peptide in large mammals improves function post-myocardial infarction but increases myocardial fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59656. [PMID: 23700403 PMCID: PMC3659021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mammalian myocardium has a finite but limited capacity to regenerate. Experimentally stimulating proliferation of cardiomyocytes with extracellular regeneration factors like periostin enhances cardiac repair in rodents. The aim of this study was to develop a safe method for delivering regeneration factors to the heart and to test the functional and structural effects of periostin peptide treatment in a large animal model of myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a controlled release system to deliver recombinant periostin peptide into the pericardial space. A single application of this method was performed two days after experimental MI in swine. Animals were randomly assigned to receive either saline or periostin peptide. Experimental groups were compared at baseline, day 2, 1 month and 3 months. Treatment with periostin peptide increased the EF from 31% to 41% and decreased by 22% the infarct size within 12 weeks. Periostin peptide-treated animals had newly formed myocardium strips within the infarct scar, leading to locally improved myocardial function. In addition the capillary density was increased in animals receiving periostin. However, periostin peptide treatment increased myocardial fibrosis in the remote region at one week and 12 weeks post-treatment. CONCLUSION Our study shows that myocardial regeneration through targeted peptides is possible. However, in the case of periostin the effects on cardiac fibrosis may limit its clinical application as a viable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ladage
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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83
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Shin SR, Jung SM, Zalabany M, Kim K, Zorlutuna P, Kim SB, Nikkhah M, Khabiry M, Azize M, Kong J, Wan KT, Palacios T, Dokmeci MR, Bae H, Tang XS, Khademhosseini A. Carbon-nanotube-embedded hydrogel sheets for engineering cardiac constructs and bioactuators. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2369-80. [PMID: 23363247 PMCID: PMC3609875 DOI: 10.1021/nn305559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We engineered functional cardiac patches by seeding neonatal rat cardiomyocytes onto carbon nanotube (CNT)-incorporated photo-cross-linkable gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels. The resulting cardiac constructs showed excellent mechanical integrity and advanced electrophysiological functions. Specifically, myocardial tissues cultured on 50 μm thick CNT-GelMA showed 3 times higher spontaneous synchronous beating rates and 85% lower excitation threshold, compared to those cultured on pristine GelMA hydrogels. Our results indicate that the electrically conductive and nanofibrous networks formed by CNTs within a porous gelatin framework are the key characteristics of CNT-GelMA leading to improved cardiac cell adhesion, organization, and cell-cell coupling. Centimeter-scale patches were released from glass substrates to form 3D biohybrid actuators, which showed controllable linear cyclic contraction/extension, pumping, and swimming actuations. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that cardiac tissues cultured on CNT-GelMA resist damage by a model cardiac inhibitor as well as a cytotoxic compound. Therefore, incorporation of CNTs into gelatin, and potentially other biomaterials, could be useful in creating multifunctional cardiac scaffolds for both therapeutic purposes and in vitro studies. These hybrid materials could also be used for neuron and other muscle cells to create tissue constructs with improved organization, electroactivity, and mechanical integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ryon Shin
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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84
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Atmanli A, Domian IJ. Generation of aligned functional myocardial tissue through microcontact printing. J Vis Exp 2013:e50288. [PMID: 23542789 DOI: 10.3791/50288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced heart failure represents a major unmet clinical challenge, arising from the loss of viable and/or fully functional cardiac muscle cells. Despite optimum drug therapy, heart failure represents a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. A major challenge in drug development is the identification of cellular assays that accurately recapitulate normal and diseased human myocardial physiology in vitro. Likewise, the major challenges in regenerative cardiac biology revolve around the identification and isolation of patient-specific cardiac progenitors in clinically relevant quantities. These cells have to then be assembled into functional tissue that resembles the native heart tissue architecture. Microcontact printing allows for the creation of precise micropatterned protein shapes that resemble structural organization of the heart, thus providing geometric cues to control cell adhesion spatially. Herein we describe our approach for the isolation of highly purified myocardial cells from pluripotent stem cells differentiating in vitro, the generation of cell growth surfaces micropatterned with extracellular matrix proteins, and the assembly of the stem cell-derived cardiac muscle cells into anisotropic myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Atmanli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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85
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Petsche Connell J, Camci-Unal G, Khademhosseini A, Jacot JG. Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:368-79. [PMID: 23350771 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that a population of stem cells can be isolated from amniotic fluid removed by amniocentesis that are broadly multipotent and nontumorogenic. These amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSC) could potentially provide an autologous cell source for treatment of congenital defects identified during gestation, particularly cardiovascular defects. In this review, the various methods of isolating, sorting, and culturing AFSC are compared, along with techniques for inducing differentiation into cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells. Although research has not demonstrated complete and high-yield cardiac differentiation, AFSC have been shown to effectively differentiate into endothelial cells and can effectively support cardiac tissue. Additionally, several tissue engineering and regenerative therapeutic approaches for the use of these cells in heart patches, injection after myocardial infarction, heart valves, vascularized scaffolds, and blood vessels are summarized. These applications show great promise in the treatment of congenital cardiovascular defects, and further studies of isolation, culture, and differentiation of AFSC will help to develop their use for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cardiovascular therapies.
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86
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Jung K, Kim P, Leuschner F, Gorbatov R, Kim JK, Ueno T, Nahrendorf M, Yun SH. Endoscopic time-lapse imaging of immune cells in infarcted mouse hearts. Circ Res 2013; 112:891-9. [PMID: 23392842 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-resolution imaging of the heart in vivo is challenging owing to the difficulty in accessing the heart and the tissue motion caused by the heartbeat. OBJECTIVE Here, we describe a suction-assisted endoscope for visualizing fluorescently labeled cells and vessels in the beating heart tissue through a small incision made in the intercostal space. METHODS AND RESULTS A suction tube with a diameter of 2 to 3 mm stabilizes the local tissue motion safely and effectively at a suction pressure of 50 mm Hg. Using a minimally invasive endoscope integrated into a confocal microscope, we performed fluorescence cellular imaging in both normal and diseased hearts in live mice for an hour per session repeatedly over a few weeks. Real-time imaging revealed the surprisingly rapid infiltration of CX3CR1(+) monocytes into the injured site within several minutes after acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS The time-lapse analysis of flowing and rolling (patrolling) monocytes in the heart and the peripheral circulation provides evidence that the massively recruited monocytes come first from the vascular reservoir and later from the spleen. The imaging method requires minimal surgical preparation and can be implemented into standard intravital microscopes. Our results demonstrate the applicability of our imaging method for a wide range of cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keehoon Jung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rostic Gorbatov
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Takuya Ueno
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Departments of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.,The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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87
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Guvendiren M, Burdick JA. Stem cell response to spatially and temporally displayed and reversible surface topography. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184470 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic alignment of cells and matrix is critical in many biological processes, including during tissue development and in the progression of a variety of diseases; yet, nearly all in vitro models are static. Thus, it is of great interest to temporally and spatially manipulate cellular alignment to better understand and develop strategies to control these biological processes. Here, strain-responsive buckling patterns on PDMS substrates are used to dynamically and spatially control human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) organization. The results indicate that cellular alignment and pattern recognition are strongly diminished with culture time, which can be overcome by limiting cellular proliferation. Preferential alignment of the hMSCs is completely eliminated after the topography switch from patterned to flat, and can be reversibly repeated for at least 8 cycles. The hMSCs are responsive to dynamic changes in pattern size, where the distribution of the cells with preferential alignment increase with increasing pattern amplitude and decreasing wavelength. Furthermore, by introducing a biaxial stretching system, dynamic control is introduced over the cellular orientation angle and order, and by controlling the UV-ozone exposure of the PDMS, the topographical features can be spatially patterned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Guvendiren
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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88
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Direct conversion of quiescent cardiomyocytes to pacemaker cells by expression of Tbx18. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 31:54-62. [PMID: 23242162 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heartbeat originates within the sinoatrial node (SAN), a small structure containing <10,000 genuine pacemaker cells. If the SAN fails, the ∼5 billion working cardiomyocytes downstream of it become quiescent, leading to circulatory collapse in the absence of electronic pacemaker therapy. Here we demonstrate conversion of rodent cardiomyocytes to SAN cells in vitro and in vivo by expression of Tbx18, a gene critical for early SAN specification. Within days of in vivo Tbx18 transduction, 9.2% of transduced, ventricular cardiomyocytes develop spontaneous electrical firing physiologically indistinguishable from that of SAN cells, along with morphological and epigenetic features characteristic of SAN cells. In vivo, focal Tbx18 gene transfer in the guinea-pig ventricle yields ectopic pacemaker activity, correcting a bradycardic disease phenotype. Myocytes transduced in vivo acquire the cardinal tapering morphology and physiological automaticity of native SAN pacemaker cells. The creation of induced SAN pacemaker (iSAN) cells opens new prospects for bioengineered pacemakers.
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89
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Lin YD, Luo CY, Hu YN, Yeh ML, Hsueh YC, Chang MY, Tsai DC, Wang JN, Tang MJ, Wei EIH, Springer ML, Hsieh PCH. Instructive nanofiber scaffolds with VEGF create a microenvironment for arteriogenesis and cardiac repair. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:146ra109. [PMID: 22875829 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenic therapy is a promising approach for tissue repair and regeneration. However, recent clinical trials with protein delivery or gene therapy to promote angiogenesis have failed to provide therapeutic effects. A key factor for achieving effective revascularization is the durability of the microvasculature and the formation of new arterial vessels. Accordingly, we carried out experiments to test whether intramyocardial injection of self-assembling peptide nanofibers (NFs) combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could create an intramyocardial microenvironment with prolonged VEGF release to improve post-infarct neovascularization in rats. Our data showed that when injected with NF, VEGF delivery was sustained within the myocardium for up to 14 days, and the side effects of systemic edema and proteinuria were significantly reduced to the same level as that of control. NF/VEGF injection significantly improved angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and cardiac performance 28 days after myocardial infarction. NF/VEGF injection not only allowed controlled local delivery but also transformed the injected site into a favorable microenvironment that recruited endogenous myofibroblasts and helped achieve effective revascularization. The engineered vascular niche further attracted a new population of cardiomyocyte-like cells to home to the injected sites, suggesting cardiomyocyte regeneration. Follow-up studies in pigs also revealed healing benefits consistent with observations in rats. In summary, this study demonstrates a new strategy for cardiovascular repair with potential for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11574, Taiwan
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90
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Minami I, Yamada K, Otsuji TG, Yamamoto T, Shen Y, Otsuka S, Kadota S, Morone N, Barve M, Asai Y, Tenkova-Heuser T, Heuser JE, Uesugi M, Aiba K, Nakatsuji N. A small molecule that promotes cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells under defined, cytokine- and xeno-free conditions. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1448-60. [PMID: 23103164 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, are potentially useful in regenerative therapies for heart disease. For medical applications, clinical-grade cardiac cells must be produced from hPSCs in a defined, cost-effective manner. Cell-based screening led to the discovery of KY02111, a small molecule that promotes differentiation of hPSCs to cardiomyocytes. Although the direct target of KY02111 remains unknown, results of the present study suggest that KY02111 promotes differentiation by inhibiting WNT signaling in hPSCs but in a manner that is distinct from that of previously studied WNT inhibitors. Combined use of KY02111 and WNT signaling modulators produced robust cardiac differentiation of hPSCs in a xeno-free, defined medium, devoid of serum and any kind of recombinant cytokines and hormones, such as BMP4, Activin A, or insulin. The methodology has potential as a means for the practical production of human cardiomyocytes for regeneration therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsunari Minami
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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91
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Two forkhead transcription factors regulate the division of cardiac progenitor cells by a Polo-dependent pathway. Dev Cell 2012; 23:97-111. [PMID: 22814603 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of a complex organ requires the specification of appropriate numbers of each of its constituent cell types, as well as their proper differentiation and correct positioning relative to each other. During Drosophila cardiogenesis, all three of these processes are controlled by jumeau (jumu) and Checkpoint suppressor homologue (CHES-1-like), two genes encoding forkhead transcription factors that we discovered utilizing an integrated genetic, genomic, and computational strategy for identifying genes expressed in the developing Drosophila heart. Both jumu and CHES-1-like are required during asymmetric cell division for the derivation of two distinct cardiac cell types from their mutual precursor and in symmetric cell divisions that produce yet a third type of heart cell. jumu and CHES-1-like control the division of cardiac progenitors by regulating the activity of Polo, a kinase involved in multiple steps of mitosis. This pathway demonstrates how transcription factors integrate diverse developmental processes during organogenesis.
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92
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Mummery CL, Zhang J, Ng ES, Elliott DA, Elefanty AG, Kamp TJ. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes: a methods overview. Circ Res 2012; 111:344-58. [PMID: 22821908 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.227512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since human embryonic stem cells were first differentiated to beating cardiomyocytes a decade ago, interest in their potential applications has increased exponentially. This has been further enhanced over recent years by the discovery of methods to induce pluripotency in somatic cells, including those derived from patients with hereditary cardiac diseases. Human pluripotent stem cells have been among the most challenging cell types to grow stably in culture, but advances in reagent development now mean that most laboratories can expand both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells robustly using commercially available products. However, differentiation protocols have lagged behind and in many cases only produce the cell types required with low efficiency. Cardiomyocyte differentiation techniques were also initially inefficient and not readily transferable across cell lines, but there are now a number of more robust protocols available. Here, we review the basic biology underlying the differentiation of pluripotent cells to cardiac lineages and describe current state-of-the-art protocols, as well as ongoing refinements. This should provide a useful entry for laboratories new to this area to start their research. Ultimately, efficient and reliable differentiation methodologies are essential to generate desired cardiac lineages to realize the full promise of human pluripotent stem cells for biomedical research, drug development, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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93
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Lakshmanan R, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Living cardiac patch: the elixir for cardiac regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1623-40. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.721770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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94
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Xie J, Ma B, Michael PL. Fabrication of novel 3D nanofiber scaffolds with anisotropic property and regular pores and their potential applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184805 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new and simple approach for preparing 3D nanofiber scaffolds in a basket-weaved structure composed of uniaxially aligned, electrospun nanofiber strips is reported. It is also demonstrated that human adipose-derived stem cells seeded are distributed uniformly throughout different layers of scaffolds and can proliferate and be organized by the nanotopographic cues imparted by uniaxial arrays of nanofiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research and Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25575, USA.
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95
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Kim DH, Kshitiz, Smith RR, Kim P, Ahn EH, Kim HN, Marbán E, Suh KY, Levchenko A. Nanopatterned cardiac cell patches promote stem cell niche formation and myocardial regeneration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:1019-33. [PMID: 22890784 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20067h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based methods for myocardial regeneration suffer from considerable cell attrition. Artificial matrices reproducing mechanical and structural properties of the native tissue may facilitate survival, retention and functional integration of adult stem or progenitor cells, by conditioning the cells prior to, and during, transplantation. Here we combined autologous cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) with nanotopographically defined hydrogels mimicking the native myocardial matrix, to form in vitro cardiac stem cell niches, and control cell function and fate. These platforms were used to produce cardiac patches that could be transplanted at the site of infarct. In culture, highly anisotropic, but not more randomized nanotopographic, control augmented cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. It also dramatically enhanced early, and, in the presence of mature cardiomyocytes, late cardiomyogenesis. Nanotopography sensing and transcriptional response was mediated via p190RhoGAP. In a rat infarction model, engraftment of nanofabricated scaffolds with CDCs enhanced retention and growth of transplanted cells, and their integration with the host tissue. The infarcted ventricle wall increased in thickness, with higher cell viability and better collagen organization. These results suggest that nanostructured polymeric materials that closely mimic the extracellular matrix structure on which cardiac cells reside in vivo can be both very effective tools in investigating the mechanisms of cardiac differentiation and the basis for cardiac tissue engineering, thus facilitating stem cell-based therapy in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Dabiri BE, Lee H, Parker KK. A potential role for integrin signaling in mechanoelectrical feedback. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 110:196-203. [PMID: 22819851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Certain forms of heart disease involve gross morphological changes to the myocardium that alter its hemodynamic loading conditions. These changes can ultimately lead to the increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen and fibronectin, which together work to pathologically alter the myocardium's bulk tissue mechanics. In addition to changing the mechanical properties of the heart, this maladaptive remodeling gives rise to changes in myocardium electrical conductivity and synchrony since the tissue's mechanical properties are intimately tied to its electrical characteristics. This phenomenon, called mechanoelectrical coupling (MEC), can render individuals affected by heart disease arrhythmogenic and susceptible to Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD). The underlying mechanisms of MEC have been attributed to various processes, including the action of stretch activated channels and changes in troponin C-Ca(2+) binding affinity. However, changes in the heart post infarction or due to congenital myopathies are also accompanied by shifts in the expression of various molecular components of cardiomyocytes, including the mechanosensitive family of integrin proteins. As transmembrane proteins, integrins mechanically couple the ECM with the intracellular cytoskeleton and have been implicated in mediating ion homeostasis in various cell types, including neurons and smooth muscle. Given evidence of altered integrin expression in the setting of heart disease coupled with the associated increased risk for arrhythmia, we argue in this review that integrin signaling contributes to MEC. In light of the significant mortality associated with arrhythmia and SCD, close examination of all culpable mechanisms, including integrin-mediated MEC, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna E Dabiri
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St, Pierce Hall 321, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Sheehy SP, Grosberg A, Parker KK. The contribution of cellular mechanotransduction to cardiomyocyte form and function. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012; 11:1227-39. [PMID: 22772714 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-012-0419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial development is regulated by an elegantly choreographed ensemble of signaling events mediated by a multitude of intermediates that take a variety of forms. Cellular differentiation and maturation are a subset of vertically integrated processes that extend over several spatial and temporal scales to create a well-defined collective of cells that are able to function cooperatively and reliably at the organ level. Early efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte fate determination focused primarily on genetic and chemical mediators of this process. However, increasing evidence suggests that mechanical interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell surface receptors as well as physical interactions between neighboring cells play important roles in regulating the signaling pathways controlling the developmental processes of the heart. Interdisciplinary efforts have made it apparent that the influence of the ECM on cellular behavior occurs through a multitude of physical mechanisms, such as ECM boundary conditions, elasticity, and the propagation of mechanical signals to intracellular compartments, such as the nucleus. In addition to experimental studies, a number of mathematical models have been developed that attempt to capture the interplay between cells and their local microenvironment and the influence these interactions have on cellular self-assembly and functional behavior. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered concerning the mechanism through which physical interactions between cardiomyocytes and their environment are translated into biochemical cellular responses and how these signaling modalities can be utilized in vitro to fabricate myocardial tissue constructs from stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes that more faithfully represent their in vivo counterpart. These studies represent a broad effort to characterize biological form as a conduit for information transfer that spans the nanometer length scale of proteins to the meter length scale of the patient and may yield new insights into the contribution of mechanotransduction into heart development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Pierce Hall Rm. 321, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Montero RB, Vial X, Nguyen DT, Farhand S, Reardon M, Pham SM, Tsechpenakis G, Andreopoulos FM. bFGF-containing electrospun gelatin scaffolds with controlled nano-architectural features for directed angiogenesis. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1778-91. [PMID: 22200610 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic angiogenesis strategies are focused on the development of biologically responsive scaffolds that can deliver multiple angiogenic cytokines and/or cells in ischemic regions. Herein, we report on a novel electrospinning approach to fabricate cytokine-containing nanofibrous scaffolds with tunable architecture to promote angiogenesis. Fiber diameter and uniformity were controlled by varying the concentration of the polymeric (i.e. gelatin) solution, the feed rate, needle to collector distance, and electric field potential between the collector plate and injection needle. Scaffold fiber orientation (random vs. aligned) was achieved by alternating the polarity of two parallel electrodes placed on the collector plate thus dictating fiber deposition patterns. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was physically immobilized within the gelatin scaffolds at variable concentrations and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were seeded on the top of the scaffolds. Cell proliferation and migration was assessed as a function of growth factor loading and scaffold architecture. HUVECs successfully adhered onto gelatin B scaffolds and cell proliferation was directly proportional to the loading concentrations of the growth factor (0-100 bFGF ng/mL). Fiber orientation had a pronounced effect on cell morphology and orientation. Cells were spread along the fibers of the electrospun scaffolds with the aligned orientation and developed a spindle-like morphology parallel to the scaffold's fibers. In contrast, cells seeded onto the scaffolds with random fiber orientation, did not demonstrate any directionality and appeared to have a rounder shape. Capillary formation (i.e. sprouts length and number of sprouts per bead), assessed in a 3-D in vitro angiogenesis assay, was a function of bFGF loading concentration (0 ng, 50 ng and 100 ng per scaffold) for both types of electrospun scaffolds (i.e. with aligned or random fiber orientation).
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Wong SSY, Ritner C, Ramachandran S, Aurigui J, Pitt C, Chandra P, Ling VB, Yabut O, Bernstein HS. miR-125b promotes early germ layer specification through Lin28/let-7d and preferential differentiation of mesoderm in human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36121. [PMID: 22545159 PMCID: PMC3335794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other essential organs, the heart does not undergo tissue repair following injury. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) grow indefinitely in culture while maintaining the ability to differentiate into many tissues of the body. As such, they provide a unique opportunity to explore the mechanisms that control human tissue development, as well as treat diseases characterized by tissue loss, including heart failure. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that are known to play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression. We profiled the expression of microRNAs during hESC differentiation into myocardial precursors and cardiomyocytes (CMs), and determined clusters of human microRNAs that are specifically regulated during this process. We determined that miR-125b overexpression results in upregulation of the early cardiac transcription factors, GATA4 and Nkx2-5, and accelerated progression of hESC-derived myocardial precursors to an embryonic CM phenotype. We used an in silico approach to identify Lin28 as a target of miR-125b, and validated this interaction using miR-125b knockdown. Anti-miR-125b inhibitor experiments also showed that miR-125b controls the expression of miRNA let-7d, likely through the negative regulatory effects of Lin28 on let-7. We then determined that miR-125b overexpression inhibits the expression of Nanog and Oct4 and promotes the onset of Brachyury expression, suggesting that miR-125b controls the early events of human CM differentiation by inhibiting hESC pluripotency and promoting mesodermal differentiation. These studies identified miR-125b as an important regulator of hESC differentiation in general, and the development of hESC-derived mesoderm and cardiac muscle in particular. Manipulation of miR-125b-mediated pathways may provide a novel approach to directing the differentiation of hESC-derived CMs for cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon S. Y. Wong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carissa Ritner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sweta Ramachandran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julian Aurigui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cameron Pitt
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Piyanka Chandra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vivian B. Ling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Odessa Yabut
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Harold S. Bernstein
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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