51
|
Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2539. [PMID: 30150593 PMCID: PMC6164985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivatives are ubiquitously occurring compounds of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compound, but in Marchantiapolymorpha and Physcomitrellapatens, OPDA and some of its derivatives are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, respectively. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compounds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA derivative indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhang C, Zhang L, Wang D, Ma H, Liu B, Shi Z, Ma X, Chen Y, Chen Q. Evolutionary History of the Glycoside Hydrolase 3 (GH3) Family Based on the Sequenced Genomes of 48 Plants and Identification of Jasmonic Acid-Related GH3 Proteins in Solanum tuberosum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071850. [PMID: 29937487 PMCID: PMC6073592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside Hydrolase 3 (GH3) is a phytohormone-responsive family of proteins found in many plant species. These proteins contribute to the biological activity of indolacetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). They also affect plant growth and developmental processes as well as some types of stress. In this study, GH3 genes were identified in 48 plant species, including algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. No GH3 representative protein was found in algae, but we identified 4 genes in mosses, 19 in ferns, 7 in gymnosperms, and several in angiosperms. The results showed that GH3 proteins are mainly present in seed plants. Phylogenetic analysis of all GH3 proteins showed three separate clades. Group I was related to JA adenylation, group II was related to IAA adenylation, and group III was separated from group II, but its function was not clear. The structure of the GH3 proteins indicated highly conserved sequences in the plant kingdom. The analysis of JA adenylation in relation to gene expression of GH3 in potato (Solanum tuberosum) showed that StGH3.12 greatly responded to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The expression levels of StGH3.1, StGH3.11, and StGH3.12 were higher in the potato flowers, and StGH3.11 expression was also higher in the stolon. Our research revealed the evolution of the GH3 family, which is useful for studying the precise function of GH3 proteins related to JA adenylation in S. tuberosum when the plants are developing and under biotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Leilei Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bailin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Plant oxylipins form a constantly growing group of signaling molecules that comprise oxygenated fatty acids and metabolites derived therefrom. In the last decade, the understanding of biosynthesis, metabolism, and action of oxylipins, especially jasmonates, has dramatically improved. Additional mechanistic insights into the action of enzymes and insights into signaling pathways have been deepened for jasmonates. For other oxylipins, such as the hydroxy fatty acids, individual signaling properties and cross talk between different oxylipins or even with additional phytohormones have recently been described. This review summarizes recent understanding of the biosynthesis, regulation, and function of oxylipins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- On leave from Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Sherp AM, Westfall CS, Alvarez S, Jez JM. Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.15 acyl acid amido synthetase has a highly specific substrate preference for the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4277-4288. [PMID: 29462792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various phytohormones control plant growth and development and mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses. Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetases are plant enzymes that typically conjugate amino acids to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or jasmonic acid (JA) to inactivate or activate these phytohormones, respectively; however, the physiological and biological roles of many of these enzymes remain unclear. Using a biochemical approach, we found that the Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.15 (AtGH3.15) preferentially uses indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and glutamine as substrates. The X-ray crystal structure of the AtGH3.15·AMP complex, modeling of IBA in the active site, and biochemical analysis of site-directed mutants provide insight on active site features that lead to AtGH3.15's preference for IBA. Assay-based in planta analysis of AtGH3.15-overexpressing lines indicated that their root elongation and lateral root density were resistant to IBA treatment but not to treatment with either IAA or JA. These findings suggest that AtGH3.15 may play a role in auxin homeostasis by modulating the levels of IBA for peroxisomal conversion to IAA. Analysis of AtGH3.15 promoter-driven yellow fluorescent protein reporter lines revealed that AtGH3.15 is expressed at significant levels in seedlings, roots, and parts of the siliques. We conclude that AtGH3.15 is unique in the GH3 protein family for its role in modifying IBA in auxin homeostasis and that it is the first GH3 protein shown to primarily modify a plant growth regulator other than IAA and JA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Sherp
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| | - Corey S Westfall
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Joseph M Jez
- From the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gu A, Meng C, Chen Y, Wei L, Dong H, Lu Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Zhao J, Shen S. Coupling Seq-BSA and RNA-Seq Analyses Reveal the Molecular Pathway and Genes Associated with Heading Type in Chinese Cabbage. Front Genet 2017; 8:176. [PMID: 29312432 PMCID: PMC5733010 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Chinese cabbage, heading type is a key agricultural trait of significant economic importance. Using a natural microspore-derived doubled haploid plant, we generated self-crossed progeny with overlapping or outward curling head morphotypes. Sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis (Seq-BSA) revealed a candidate region of 0.52 Mb (A06: 1,824,886~2,347,097 bp) containing genes enriched for plant hormone signal transduction. RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis supported the hormone pathway enrichment leading to the identification of two key candidate genes, BrGH3.12 and BrABF1. The regulated homologous genes and the relationship between genes in this pathway were also revealed. Expression of BrGH3.12 varied significantly in the apical portion of the leaf, consistent with the morphological differences between overlapping and outward curling leaves. Transcript levels of BrABF1 in the top, middle and basal segments of the leaf were significantly different between the two types. The two morphotypes contained different concentrations of IAA in the apical portion of their leaves while levels of ABA differed significantly between plant types in the top, middle, and basal leaf segments. Results from Seq-BSA, RNA-Seq and metabolite analyses all support a role for IAA and ABA in heading type formation. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular basis for pattern formation of the leafy head in Chinese cabbage and will contribute to future work developing more desirable leafy head patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AiXia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chuan Meng
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - YueQi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shijiazhuang Pomology Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - YanHua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - XuePing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - JianJun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - ShuXing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Damodaran S, Westfall CS, Kisely BA, Jez JM, Subramanian S. Nodule-Enriched GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 Enzymes Have Distinct Substrate Specificities and Are Important for Proper Soybean Nodule Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2547. [PMID: 29182530 PMCID: PMC5751150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legume root nodules develop as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria in soil. Auxin activity is detected in different cell types at different stages of nodule development; as well as an enhanced sensitivity to auxin inhibits, which could affect nodule development. While some transport and signaling mechanisms that achieve precise spatiotemporal auxin output are known, the role of auxin metabolism during nodule development is unclear. Using a soybean root lateral organ transcriptome data set, we identified distinct nodule enrichment of three genes encoding auxin-deactivating GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) amido transferase enzymes: GmGH3-11/12, GmGH3-14 and GmGH3-15. In vitro enzymatic assays showed that each of these GH3 proteins preferred IAA and aspartate as acyl and amino acid substrates, respectively. GmGH3-15 showed a broad substrate preference, especially with different forms of auxin. Promoter:GUS expression analysis indicated that GmGH3-14 acts primarily in the root epidermis and the nodule primordium where as GmGH3-15 might act in the vasculature. Silencing the expression of these GH3 genes in soybean composite plants led to altered nodule numbers, maturity, and size. Our results indicate that these GH3s are needed for proper nodule maturation in soybean, but the precise mechanism by which they regulate nodule development remains to be explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Corey S Westfall
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Brian A Kisely
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
De novo Transcriptome Sequencing of MeJA-Induced Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin to Identify Genes Related to Rubber Formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15697. [PMID: 29146946 PMCID: PMC5691164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increase in the consumption of natural rubber (NR) has necessitated the identification of alternative sources of NR. The quality of NR produced by Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin (TKS) is comparable to that from Hevea brasiliensis (H.brasiliensis), and therefore, TKS is being considered as an alternative source of NR. Here, we sequenced the TKS root transcriptome after wild TKS seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for 0, 6, and 24 h. The clean reads generated for each experimental line were assembled into 127,833 unigenes. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway prediction suggested that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism in TKS. Differential expression analysis showed that the expression of HMGCR, FPPS, IDI, GGPPS, and REF/SRPP increased with methyl jasmonate treatment. Interestingly, differential expression analysis of the jasmonate (JA)-related transcription factors (TFs), indicated that certain genes encoding these transcription factors (namely, bHLH, MYB, AP2/EREBP, and WRKY) showed the same expression pattern in the lines treated for 6 h and 24 h. Moreover, HMGCR was up-regulated in the transgenic seedlings overexpressing DREB. We predicted that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism and affected rubber biosynthesis via the interaction of the JA-related TFs with genes associated with rubber biosynthesis in TKS.
Collapse
|
58
|
Mackelprang R, Okrent RA, Wildermuth MC. Preference of Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.5 acyl amido synthetase for growth versus defense hormone acyl substrates is dictated by concentration of amino acid substrate aspartate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 143:19-28. [PMID: 28743075 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The GH3 family of adenylating enzymes conjugate acyl substrates such as the growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids via a two-step reaction of acyl substrate adenylation followed by amino acid conjugation. Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.5 was previously shown to be unusual in that it could adenylate both IAA and the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA, 2-hydroxybenzoate). Our detailed studies of the kinetics of GH3.5 on a variety of auxin and benzoate substrates provides insight into the acyl preference and reaction mechanism of GH3.5. For example, we found GH3.5 activity on substituted benzoates is not defined by the substitution position as it is for GH3.12/PBS3. Most importantly, we show that GH3.5 strongly prefers Asp as the amino acid conjugate and that the concentration of Asp dictates the functional activity of GH3.5 on IAA vs. SA. Not only is Asp used in amino acid biosynthesis, but it also plays an important role in nitrogen mobilization and in the production of downstream metabolites, including pipecolic acid which propagates defense systemically. During active growth, [IAA] and [Asp] are high and the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of GH3.5 for IAA is 360-fold higher than with SA. GH3.5 is expressed under these conditions and conversion of IAA to inactive IAA-Asp would provide fine spatial and temporal control over local auxin developmental responses. By contrast, [SA] is dramatically elevated in response to (hemi)-biotrophic pathogens which also induce GH3.5 expression. Under these conditions, [Asp] is low and GH3.5 has equal affinity (Km) for SA and IAA with similar catalytic efficiencies. However, the concentration of IAA tends to be very low, well below the Km for IAA. Therefore, GH3.5 catalyzed formation of SA-Asp would occur, fine-tuning localized defensive responses through conversion of active free SA to SA-Asp. Taken together, we show how GH3.5, with dual activity on IAA and SA, can integrate cellular metabolic status via Asp to provide fine control of growth vs. defense outcomes and hormone homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mackelprang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Rachel A Okrent
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Mary C Wildermuth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Fu Q, Zhang J, Borchardt D, Schlenk D, Gan J. Direct Conjugation of Emerging Contaminants in Arabidopsis: Indication for an Overlooked Risk in Plants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6071-6081. [PMID: 28502169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural use of treated wastewater, biosolids, and animal wastes introduces a multitude of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) into the soil-plant system. The potential for food crops to accumulate CECs depends largely on their metabolism in plants, which at present is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the metabolism of naproxen and ibuprofen, two of the most-used human drugs from the Profen family, in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and the Arabidopsis plant. The complementary use of high-resolution mass spectrometry and 14C labeling allowed the characterization of both free and conjugated metabolites, as well as nonextractable residues. Naproxen and ibuprofen, in their parent form, were conjugated quickly and directly with glutamic acid and glutamine, and further with peptides, in A. thaliana cells. For example, after 120 h, the metabolites of naproxen accounted for >90% of the extractable chemical mass, while the intact parent itself was negligible. The structures of glutamate and glutamine conjugates were confirmed using synthesized standards and further verified in whole plants. Amino acid conjugates may easily deconjugate, releasing the parent molecule. This finding highlights the possibility that the bioactivity of such CECs may be effectively preserved through direct conjugation, a previously overlooked risk. Many other CECs are also carboxylic acids, such as the profens. Therefore, direct conjugation may be a common route for plant metabolism of these CECs, making it imperative to consider conjugates when assessing their risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Oliw EH, Hamberg M. An allene oxide and 12-oxophytodienoic acid are key intermediates in jasmonic acid biosynthesis by Fusarium oxysporum. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1670-1680. [PMID: 28572515 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m077305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi can produce jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate in large quantities, but little is known about the biosynthesis. Plants form JA from 18:3n-3 by 13S-lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase. Shaking cultures of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae released over 200 mg of jasmonates per liter. Nitrogen powder of the mycelia expressed 10R-dioxygenase-epoxy alcohol synthase activities, which was confirmed by comparison with the recombinant enzyme. The 13S-LOX of F. oxysporum could not be detected in the cell-free preparations. Incubation of mycelia in phosphate buffer with [17,17,18,18,18-2H5]18:3n-3 led to biosynthesis of a [2H5]12-oxo-13-hydroxy-9Z,15Z-octadecadienoic acid (α-ketol), [2H5]12-oxo-10,15Z-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), and [2H5]13-keto- and [2H5]13S-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acids. The α-ketol consisted of 90% of the 13R stereoisomer, suggesting its formation by nonenzymatic hydrolysis of an allene oxide with 13S configuration. Labeled and unlabeled 12-OPDA were observed following incubation with 0.1 mM [2H5]18:3n-3 in a ratio from 0.4:1 up to 47:1 by mycelia of liquid cultures of different ages, whereas 10 times higher concentration of [2H5]13S-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid was required to detect biosynthesis of [2H5]12-OPDA. The allene oxide is likely formed by a cytochrome P450 or catalase-related hydroperoxidase. We conclude that F. oxysporum, like plants, forms jasmonates with an allene oxide and 12-OPDA as intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Urano K, Maruyama K, Jikumaru Y, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. Analysis of plant hormone profiles in response to moderate dehydration stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:17-36. [PMID: 27995695 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to dehydration stress are mediated by highly complex molecular systems involving hormone signaling and metabolism, particularly the major stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA-dependent gene expression. To understand the roles of plant hormones and their interactions during dehydration, we analyzed the plant hormone profiles with respect to dehydration responses in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT) plants and ABA biosynthesis mutants (nced3-2). We developed a procedure for moderate dehydration stress, and then investigated temporal changes in the profiles of ABA, jasmonic acid isoleucine (JA-Ile), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin (trans-zeatin, tZ), auxin (indole-acetic acid, IAA), and gibberellin (GA4 ), along with temporal changes in the expression of key genes involved in hormone biosynthesis. ABA levels increased in a bi-phasic pattern (at the early and late phases) in response to moderate dehydration stress. JA-Ile levels increased slightly in WT plants and strongly increased in nced3-2 mutant plants at 72 h after the onset of dehydration. The expression profiles of dehydration-inducible genes displayed temporal responses in an ABA-dependent manner. The early phase of ABA accumulation correlated with the expression of touch-inducible genes and was independent of factors involved in the major ABA regulatory pathway, including the ABA-responsive element-binding (AREB/ABF) transcription factor. JA-Ile, SA, and tZ were negatively regulated during the late dehydration response phase. Transcriptome analysis revealed important roles for hormone-related genes in metabolism and signaling during dehydration-induced plant responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Urano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Kyonoshin Maruyama
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Fu Q, Ye Q, Zhang J, Richards J, Borchardt D, Gan J. Diclofenac in Arabidopsis cells: Rapid formation of conjugates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:383-392. [PMID: 28012668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are continuously introduced into the soil-plant system, through practices such as agronomic use of reclaimed water and biosolids containing these trace contaminants. Plants may accumulate PPCPs from soil, serving as a conduit for human exposure. Metabolism likely controls the final accumulation of PPCPs in plants, but is in general poorly understood for emerging contaminants. In this study, we used diclofenac as a model compound, and employed 14C tracing, and time-of-flight (TOF) and triple quadruple (QqQ) mass spectrometers to unravel its metabolism pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. We further validated the primary metabolites in Arabidopsis seedlings. Diclofenac was quickly taken up into A. thaliana cells. Phase I metabolism involved hydroxylation and successive oxidation and cyclization reactions. However, Phase I metabolites did not accumulate appreciably; they were instead rapidly conjugated with sulfate, glucose, and glutamic acid through Phase II metabolism. In particular, diclofenac parent was directly conjugated with glutamic acid, with acyl-glutamatyl-diclofenac accounting for >70% of the extractable metabolites after 120-h incubation. In addition, at the end of incubation, >40% of the spiked diclofenac was in the non-extractable form, suggesting extensive sequestration into cell matter. The rapid formation of non-extractable residue and dominance of diclofenac-glutamate conjugate uncover previously unknown metabolism pathways for diclofenac. In particular, the rapid conjugation of parent highlights the need to consider conjugates of emerging contaminants in higher plants, and their biological activity and human health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jaben Richards
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Dan Borchardt
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wasternack C, Song S. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling by proteins activating and repressing transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1303-1321. [PMID: 27940470 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed the physiological functions, biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling, and crosstalk of JA, greatly expanding our knowledge of the hormone's action. In response to fluctuating environmental cues and transient endogenous signals, the occurrence of multilayered organization of biosynthesis and inactivation of JA, and activation and repression of the COI1-JAZ-based perception and signaling contributes to the fine-tuning of JA responses. This review describes the JA biosynthetic enzymes in terms of gene families, enzymatic activity, location and regulation, substrate specificity and products, the metabolic pathways in converting JA to activate or inactivate compounds, JA signaling in perception, and the co-existence of signaling activators and repressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelu 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Susheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Structural basis of jasmonate-amido synthetase FIN219 in complex with glutathione S-transferase FIP1 during the JA signal regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1815-E1824. [PMID: 28223489 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609980114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Far-red (FR) light-coupled jasmonate (JA) signaling is necessary for plant defense and development. FR insensitive 219 (FIN219) is a member of the Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) family of proteins in Arabidopsis and belongs to the adenylate-forming family of enzymes. It directly controls biosynthesis of jasmonoyl-isoleucine in JA-mediated defense responses and interacts with FIN219-interacting protein 1 (FIP1) under FR light conditions. FIN219 and FIP1 are involved in FR light signaling and are regulators of the interplay between light and JA signaling. However, how their interactions affect plant physiological functions remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the crystal structures of FIN219-FIP1 while binding with substrates at atomic resolution. Our results show an unexpected FIN219 conformation and demonstrate various differences between this protein and other members of the GH3 family. We show that the rotated C-terminal domain of FIN219 alters ATP binding and the core structure of the active site. We further demonstrate that this unique FIN219-FIP1 structure is crucial for increasing FIN219 activity and determines the priority of substrate binding. We suggest that the increased FIN219 activity resulting from the complex form, a conformation for domain switching, allows FIN219 to switch to its high-affinity mode and thereby enhances JA signaling under continuous FR light conditions.
Collapse
|
65
|
Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.5 acyl acid amido synthetase mediates metabolic crosstalk in auxin and salicylic acid homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13917-13922. [PMID: 27849615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612635113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the acyl acid amido synthetase Gretchen Hagen 3.5 (AtGH3.5) conjugates both indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA) to modulate auxin and pathogen response pathways. To understand the molecular basis for the activity of AtGH3.5, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with IAA and AMP. Biochemical analysis demonstrates that the substrate preference of AtGH3.5 is wider than originally described and includes the natural auxin phenylacetic acid (PAA) and the potential SA precursor benzoic acid (BA). Residues that determine IAA versus BA substrate preference were identified. The dual functionality of AtGH3.5 is unique to this enzyme although multiple IAA-conjugating GH3 proteins share nearly identical acyl acid binding sites. In planta analysis of IAA, PAA, SA, and BA and their respective aspartyl conjugates were determined in wild-type and overexpressing lines of A thaliana This study suggests that AtGH3.5 conjugates auxins (i.e., IAA and PAA) and benzoates (i.e., SA and BA) to mediate crosstalk between different metabolic pathways, broadening the potential roles for GH3 acyl acid amido synthetases in plants.
Collapse
|
66
|
Correlation between the number of Pro-Ala repeats in the EmrA homologue of Acinetobacter baumannii and resistance to netilmicin, tobramycin, imipenem and ceftazidime. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 7:145-149. [PMID: 27835840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii coccobacilli are dangerous to patients in intensive care units because of their multidrug resistance to antibiotics, developed mainly in the past decade. This study aimed to examine whether there is a significant correlation between the number of Pro-Ala repeats in the CAP01997 protein, the EmrA homologue of A. baumannii, and resistance to antibiotics. A total of 79 multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains isolated from patients were analysed. Resistance to antibiotics was determined on Mueller-Hinton agar plates using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The number of CCTGCA repeats encoding Pro-Ala repeats in CAP01997 was determined by PCR and capillary electrophoresis. The 3D models of CAP01997 containing Pro-Ala repeats were initially generated using RaptorX Structure Prediction server and were assembled with EasyModeller 4.0. The models were embedded in a model bacterial membrane based on structural information from homologous proteins and were refined using 100-ns molecular dynamics simulations. The results of this research show significant correlation between susceptibility to netilmicin, tobramycin and imipenem and the number of repeated Pro-Ala sequences in the CAP01997 protein, a homologue of the Escherichia coli transporter EmrA. Predicted structures suggest potential mechanisms that confer drug resistance by reshaping the cytoplasmic interface between CAP01997 protein and the critical component of the multidrug efflux pump homologous to EmrB. Based on these results, we can conclude that the CAP01997 protein, an EmrA homologue of A. baumannii, confers resistance to netilmicin, tobramycin and imipenem, depending on the number of Pro-Ala repeats.
Collapse
|
67
|
Ostrowski M, Mierek-Adamska A, Porowińska D, Goc A, Jakubowska A. Cloning and biochemical characterization of indole-3-acetic acid-amino acid synthetase PsGH3 from pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:9-20. [PMID: 27235647 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone conjugation is one of the mechanisms that maintains a proper hormonal homeostasis and that is necessary for the realization of physiological responses. Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetases convert indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to IAA-amino acid conjugates by ATP-dependent reactions. IAA-aspartate (IAA-Asp) exists as a predominant amide conjugate of auxin in pea tissues and acts as an intermediate during IAA catabolism. Here we report a novel recombinant indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase in Pisum sativum. In silico analysis shows that amino acid sequence of PsGH3 has the highest homology to Medicago truncatula GH3.3. The recombinant His-tag-PsGH3 fusion protein has been obtained in E. coli cells and is a soluble monomeric polypeptide with molecular mass of 69.18 kDa. The PsGH3 was purified using Ni(2+)-affinity chromatography and native PAGE. Kinetic analysis indicates that the enzyme strongly prefers IAA and L-aspartate as substrates for conjugation revealing Km(ATP) = 0.49 mM, Km(L-Asp) = 2.2 mM, and Km(IAA) = 0.28 mM. Diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A) competes with ATP for catalytic site and diminishes the PsGH3 affinity toward ATP approximately 1.11-fold indicating Ki = 8.5 μM. L-Tryptophan acts as an inhibitor of IAA-amido synthesizing activity by competition with L-aspartate. Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) hydrolyzing pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions, potentiates IAA-Asp synthetase activity of PsGH3. Our results demonstrate that PsGH3 is a novel enzyme that is involved in auxin metabolism in pea seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Lwowska 1, Poland.
| | | | - Dorota Porowińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Lwowska 1, Poland
| | - Anna Goc
- Department of Genetics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Lwowska 1, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Lwowska 1, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Torrens-Spence MP, Fallon TR, Weng JK. A Workflow for Studying Specialized Metabolism in Nonmodel Eukaryotic Organisms. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:69-97. [PMID: 27480683 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes contain a diverse tapestry of specialized metabolites, many of which are of significant pharmaceutical and industrial importance to humans. Nevertheless, exploration of specialized metabolic pathways underlying specific chemical traits in nonmodel eukaryotic organisms has been technically challenging and historically lagged behind that of the bacterial systems. Recent advances in genomics, metabolomics, phylogenomics, and synthetic biology now enable a new workflow for interrogating unknown specialized metabolic systems in nonmodel eukaryotic hosts with greater efficiency and mechanistic depth. This chapter delineates such workflow by providing a collection of state-of-the-art approaches and tools, ranging from multiomics-guided candidate gene identification to in vitro and in vivo functional and structural characterization of specialized metabolic enzymes. As already demonstrated by several recent studies, this new workflow opens up a gateway into the largely untapped world of natural product biochemistry in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Torrens-Spence
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - T R Fallon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - J K Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Zheng Z, Guo Y, Novák O, Chen W, Ljung K, Noel JP, Chory J. Local auxin metabolism regulates environment-induced hypocotyl elongation. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16025. [PMID: 27249562 PMCID: PMC4849989 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of plants is their adaptability of size and form in response to widely fluctuating environments. The metabolism and redistribution of the phytohormone auxin play pivotal roles in establishing active auxin gradients and resulting cellular differentiation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, cotyledons and leaves synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan through indole-3-pyruvic acid (3-IPA) in response to vegetational shade. This newly synthesized auxin moves to the hypocotyl where it induces elongation of hypocotyl cells. Here we show that loss of function of VAS2 (IAA-amido synthetase Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3).17) leads to increases in free IAA at the expense of IAA-Glu (IAA-glutamate) in the hypocotyl epidermis. This active IAA elicits shade- and high temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation largely independently of 3-IPA-mediated IAA biosynthesis in cotyledons. Our results reveal an unexpected capacity of local auxin metabolism to modulate the homeostasis and spatial distribution of free auxin in specialized organs such as hypocotyls in response to shade and high temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyu Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yongxia Guo
- The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtielů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - William Chen
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA, Czech Republic
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.P.N. and J.C. ;
| | - Joanne Chory
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.P.N. and J.C. ;
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Nagels Durand A, Pauwels L, Goossens A. The Ubiquitin System and Jasmonate Signaling. PLANTS 2016; 5:plants5010006. [PMID: 27135226 PMCID: PMC4844421 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub) system is involved in most, if not all, biological processes in eukaryotes. The major specificity determinants of this system are the E3 ligases, which bind and ubiquitinate specific sets of proteins and are thereby responsible for target recruitment to the proteasome or other cellular processing machineries. The Ub system contributes to the regulation of the production, perception and signal transduction of plant hormones. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, known as jasmonates (JAs), act as signaling compounds regulating plant development and plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. We provide here an overview of the current understanding of the Ub system involved in JA signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Nagels Durand
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Liu K, Wang J, Li H, Zhong J, Feng S, Pan Y, Yuan C. Identification, Expression and IAA-Amide Synthetase Activity Analysis of Gretchen Hagen 3 in Papaya Fruit ( Carica papaya L.) during Postharvest Process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1555. [PMID: 27812360 PMCID: PMC5071377 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays essential roles in plant development. Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) genes belong to a major auxin response gene family and GH3 proteins conjugate a range of acylsubstrates to alter the levels of hormones. Currently, the role of GH3 genes in postharvest physiological regulation of ripening and softening processes in papaya fruit is unclear. In this study, we identified seven CpGH3 genes in a papaya genome database. The CpGH3.1a, CpGH3.1b, CpGH3.5, CpGH3.6, and CpGH3.9 proteins were identified as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-specific amido synthetases. We analyzed the changes in IAA-amido synthetase activity using aspartate as a substrate for conjugation and found a large increase (over 5-fold) during the postharvest stages. Ascorbic acid (AsA) application can extend the shelf life of papaya fruit. Our data showed that AsA treatment regulates postharvest fruit maturation processes by promoting endogenous IAA levels. Our findings demonstrate the important role of GH3 genes in the regulation of auxin-associated postharvest physiology in papaya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Kaidong Liu
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture UniversityGuangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Jundi Zhong
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Shaoxian Feng
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Yaoliang Pan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiang, China
- Changchun Yuan
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mittag J, Gabrielyan A, Ludwig-Müller J. Knockout of GH3 genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens leads to increased IAA levels at elevated temperature and in darkness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:339-49. [PMID: 26520677 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two proteins of the GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3) family of acyl acid amido synthetases from the moss Physcomitrella patens conjugate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to a series of amino acids. The possible function of altered auxin levels in the moss in response to two different growth perturbations, elevated temperatures and darkness, was analyzed using a) the recently described double knockout lines in both P. patens GH3 genes (GH3-doKO) and b) a previously characterized line harboring an auxin-inducible soybean GH3 promoter::reporter fused to β-glucuronidase (G1-GUS). The GUS activity as marker of the auxin response increased at higher temperatures and after cultivation in the darkness for a period of up to four weeks. Generally, the double knockout plants grew more slowly than the wild type (WT). The altered growth conditions influenced the phenotypes of the double knockout lines differently from that of WT moss. Higher temperatures negatively affected GH3-doKO plants compared to WT which was shown by stronger loss of chlorophyll. On the other hand, a positive effect was found on the concentrations of free IAA which increased at 28 °C in the GH3-doKO lines compared to WT plants. A different factor, namely darkness vs. a light/dark cycle caused the adverse phenotype concerning chlorophyll concentrations. Mutant moss plants showed higher chlorophyll concentrations than WT and these correlated with higher free IAA in the plant population that was classified as green. Our data show that growth perturbations result in higher free IAA levels in the GH3-doKO mutants, but in one case - growth in darkness - the mutants could cope better with the condition, whereas at elevated temperatures the mutants were more sensitive than WT. Thus, GH3 function in P. patens WT could lie in the regulation of IAA concentrations under unfavorable environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mittag
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonate signaling in plant stress responses and development - active and inactive compounds. N Biotechnol 2015; 33:604-613. [PMID: 26581489 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are lipid-derived signals mediating plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and in plant development. Following the elucidation of each step in their biosynthesis and the important components of perception and signaling, several activators, repressors and co-repressors have been identified which contribute to fine-tuning the regulation of JA-induced gene expression. Many of the metabolic reactions in which JA participates, such as conjugation with amino acids, glucosylation, hydroxylation, carboxylation, sulfation and methylation, lead to numerous compounds with different biological activities. These metabolites may be highly active, partially active in specific processes or inactive. Hydroxylation, carboxylation and sulfation inactivate JA signaling. The precursor of JA biosynthesis, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), has been identified as a JA-independent signaling compound. An increasing number of OPDA-specific processes is being identified. To conclude, the numerous JA compounds and their different modes of action allow plants to respond specifically and flexibly to alterations in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Li Z, Nair SK. Structural Basis for Specificity and Flexibility in a Plant 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase. Structure 2015; 23:2032-42. [PMID: 26412334 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) serves as a central catalyst in the phenylpropanoid pathway that provides precursors for numerous metabolites and regulates carbon flow. Here, we present several high-resolution crystal structures of Nicotiana tabacum 4CL isoform 2 (Nt4CL2) in complex with Mg(2+) and ATP, with AMP and coenzyme A (CoA), and with three different hydroxycinnamate-AMP intermediates: 4-coumaroyl-AMP, caffeoyl-AMP, and feruloyl-AMP. The Nt4CL2-Mg(2+)-ATP structure is captured in the adenylate-forming conformation, whereas the other structures are in the thioester-forming conformation. These structures represent a rare example of an ANL enzyme visualized in both conformations, and also reveal the binding determinants for both CoA and the hydroxycinnamate substrate. Kinetic studies of structure-based variants were used to identify residues crucial to catalysis, ATP binding, and hydroxycinnamate specificity. Lastly, we characterize a deletion mutant of Nt4CL2 that possesses the unusual sinapinate-utilizing activity. These studies establish a molecular framework for the engineering of this versatile biocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Feng S, Yue R, Tao S, Yang Y, Zhang L, Xu M, Wang H, Shen C. Genome-wide identification, expression analysis of auxin-responsive GH3 family genes in maize (Zea mays L.) under abiotic stresses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:783-95. [PMID: 25557253 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is involved in different aspects of plant growth and development by regulating the expression of auxin-responsive family genes. As one of the three major auxin-responsive families, GH3 (Gretchen Hagen3) genes participate in auxin homeostasis by catalyzing auxin conjugation and bounding free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids. However, how GH3 genes function in responses to abiotic stresses and various hormones in maize is largely unknown. Here, the latest updated maize (Zea mays L.) reference genome sequence was used to characterize and analyze the ZmGH3 family genes from maize. The results showed that 13 ZmGH3 genes were mapped on five maize chromosomes (total 10 chromosomes). Highly diversified gene structures and tissue-specific expression patterns suggested the possibility of function diversification for these genes in response to environmental stresses and hormone stimuli. The expression patterns of ZmGH3 genes are responsive to several abiotic stresses (salt, drought and cadmium) and major stress-related hormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid). Various environmental factors suppress auxin free IAA contents in maize roots suggesting that these abiotic stresses and hormones might alter GH3-mediated auxin levels. The responsiveness of ZmGH3 genes to a wide range of abiotic stresses and stress-related hormones suggested that ZmGH3s are involved in maize tolerance to environmental stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangguo Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Runqing Yue
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | | | - Yanjun Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Mingfeng Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Liao D, Chen X, Chen A, Wang H, Liu J, Liu J, Gu M, Sun S, Xu G. The characterization of six auxin-induced tomato GH3 genes uncovers a member, SlGH3.4, strongly responsive to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:674-87. [PMID: 25535196 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the GH3 gene family is widely considered to be involved in a broad range of plant physiological processes, through modulation of hormonal homeostasis. Multiple GH3 genes have been functionally characterized in several plant species; however, to date, limited works to study the GH3 genes in tomato have been reported. Here, we characterize the expression and regulatory profiles of six tomato GH3 genes, SlGH3.2, SlGH3.3, SlGH3.4, SlGH3.7, SlGH3.9 and SlGH3.15, in response to different phytohormone applications and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization. All six GH3 genes showed inducible responses to external IAA, and three members were significantly up-regulated in response to AM symbiosis. In particular, SlGH3.4, the transcripts of which were barely detectable under normal growth conditions, was strongly activated in the IAA-treated and AM fungal-colonized roots. A comparison of the SlGH3.4 expression in wild-type plants and M161, a mutant with a defect in AM symbiosis, confirmed that SlGH3.4 expression is highly correlated to mycorrhizal colonization. Histochemical staining demonstrated that a 2,258 bp SlGH3.4 promoter fragment could drive β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression strongly in root tips, steles and cortical cells of IAA-treated roots, but predominantly in the fungal-colonized cells of mycorrhizal roots. A truncated 654 bp promoter failed to direct GUS expression in IAA-treated roots, but maintained the symbiosis-induced activity in mycorrhizal roots. In summary, our results suggest that a mycorrhizal signaling pathway that is at least partially independent of the auxin signaling pathway has evolved for the co-regulation of the auxin- and mycorrhiza-activated GH3 genes in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junli Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mian Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Genome-wide identification, expression analysis of GH3 family genes in Medicago truncatula under stress-related hormones and Sinorhizobium meliloti infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:841-54. [PMID: 25529315 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of plant growth and development by controlling the expression of auxin response genes rapidly. As one of the major auxin early response gene families, Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) genes are involved in auxin homeostasis by conjugating excess auxins to amino acids. However, how GH3 genes function in environmental stresses and rhizobial infection responses in Medicago truncatula are largely unknown. Here, based on the latest updated M. truncatula genome, a comprehensive identification and expression profiling analysis of MtGH3 genes were performed. Our data showed that most of MtGH3 genes were expressed in tissue-specific manner and were responsive to environmental stress-related hormones. To understand the possible roles of MtGH3 genes involved in symbiosis establishment between M. truncatula and symbiotic bacteria, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to test the expressions of MtGH3 genes during the early phase of Sinorhizobium meliloti infection. The expression levels of most MtGH3 genes were upregulated in shoots and downregulated in roots by S. meliloti infection. The differences in expression responses to S. meliloti infection between roots and shoots were in agreement with the results of free indoleacetic acid (IAA) content measurements. The identification and expression analysis of MtGH3 genes at the early phase of S. meliloti infection may help us to understand the role of GH3-mediated IAA homeostasis in the regulation of nodule formation in model legumes M. truncatula.
Collapse
|
78
|
Wang X, Du J, Yao X. Structural and dynamic basis of acid amido synthetase GH3.1: an investigation of substrate selectivity and major active site access channels. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 11:809-18. [PMID: 25531425 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Auxin/IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) plays critical roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. Gretchen Hagen 3.1 (GH3.1) enzyme from grapevine (Vitis vinifera) catalyzes the ATP-dependent conjugation of aspartate to IAA suggesting a significant way to modulate levels of cellular auxins/IAA. It is reported that VvGH3.1 prefers IAA as the substrate than 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzothiazole-2-oxyacetic acid (BTOA), whereas the detailed interaction mechanism of these substrates remains unclear. In this study, based on the recently reported crystal structure of VvGH3.1 and AtGH3.12, the open form of VvGH3.1 was built. Then combined computational techniques including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area and Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-GB/PBSA) methods and active site access channel analysis were utilized to investigate the binding mechanism of three substrates, IAA, NAA and BTOA, and dynamic behaviors of GH3.1 induced by substrate binding. The predicted binding free energy is in agreement with the experimental work with an order of IAA < NAA < BTOA. Key residues interacting with three substrates and residues specifically binding to one of them were identified. The strong hydrogen bond interaction formed between IAA and Ser108, Ser339, Gln560 makes it the best substrate over NAA and BTOA. The dynamic behaviors, especially in the dominant access channels of IAA and NAA bound GH3.1, were found to be different from those in the BTOA-GH3.1 system with larger bottleneck radius and shorter length. This study provided novel insight to understand the substrate selectivity mechanism of GH3.1 and also for the rational design of novel auxin-based herbicides and growth regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
|
80
|
Koo AJ, Thireault C, Zemelis S, Poudel AN, Zhang T, Kitaoka N, Brandizzi F, Matsuura H, Howe GA. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated inactivation of the hormone jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine by multiple members of the cytochrome P450 94 family in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29728-38. [PMID: 25210037 PMCID: PMC4207986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) controls diverse aspects of plant immunity, growth, and development. The amplitude and duration of JA responses are controlled in large part by the intracellular level of jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile). In contrast to detailed knowledge of the JA-Ile biosynthetic pathway, little is known about enzymes involved in JA-Ile metabolism and turnover. Cytochromes P450 (CYP) 94B3 and 94C1 were recently shown to sequentially oxidize JA-Ile to hydroxy (12OH-JA-Ile) and dicarboxy (12COOH-JA-Ile) derivatives. Here, we report that a third member (CYP94B1) of the CYP94 family also participates in oxidative turnover of JA-Ile in Arabidopsis. In vitro studies showed that recombinant CYP94B1 converts JA-Ile to 12OH-JA-Ile and lesser amounts of 12COOH-JA-Ile. Consistent with this finding, metabolic and physiological characterization of CYP94B1 loss-of-function and overexpressing plants demonstrated that CYP94B1 and CYP94B3 coordinately govern the majority (>95%) of 12-hydroxylation of JA-Ile in wounded leaves. Analysis of CYP94-promoter-GUS reporter lines indicated that CYP94B1 and CYP94B3 serve unique and overlapping spatio-temporal roles in JA-Ile homeostasis. Subcellular localization studies showed that CYP94s involved in conversion of JA-Ile to 12COOH-JA-Ile reside on endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In vitro studies further showed that 12COOH-JA-Ile, unlike JA-Ile, fails to promote assembly of COI1-JAZ co-receptor complexes. The double loss-of-function mutant of CYP94B3 and ILL6, a JA-Ile amidohydrolase, displayed a JA profile consistent with the collaborative action of the oxidative and the hydrolytic pathways in JA-Ile turnover. Collectively, our results provide an integrated view of how multiple ER-localized CYP94 and JA amidohydrolase enzymes attenuate JA signaling during stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Koo
- From the Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and the Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and
| | | | - Starla Zemelis
- From the Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and
| | - Arati N Poudel
- the Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Tong Zhang
- the Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and
| | - Naoki Kitaoka
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan, and
| | | | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan, and
| | - Gregg A Howe
- From the Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Meesters C, Mönig T, Oeljeklaus J, Krahn D, Westfall CS, Hause B, Jez JM, Kaiser M, Kombrink E. A chemical inhibitor of jasmonate signaling targets JAR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:830-6. [PMID: 25129030 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates are lipid-derived plant hormones that regulate plant defenses and numerous developmental processes. Although the biosynthesis and molecular function of the most active form of the hormone, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), have been unraveled, it remains poorly understood how the diversity of bioactive jasmonates regulates such a multitude of plant responses. Bioactive analogs have been used as chemical tools to interrogate the diverse and dynamic processes of jasmonate action. By contrast, small molecules impairing jasmonate functions are currently unknown. Here, we report on jarin-1 as what is to our knowledge the first small-molecule inhibitor of jasmonate responses that was identified in a chemical screen using Arabidopsis thaliana. Jarin-1 impairs the activity of JA-Ile synthetase, thereby preventing the synthesis of the active hormone, JA-Ile, whereas closely related enzymes are not affected. Thus, jarin-1 may serve as a useful chemical tool in search for missing regulatory components and further dissection of the complex jasmonate signaling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meesters
- 1] Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany. [2] Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Timon Mönig
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julian Oeljeklaus
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Krahn
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Corey S Westfall
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Hsieh HL, Okamoto H. Molecular interaction of jasmonate and phytochrome A signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2847-57. [PMID: 24868039 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome family of red (R) and far-red (FR) light receptors (phyA-phyE in Arabidopsis) play important roles throughout plant development and regulate elongation growth during de-etiolation and under light. Phytochromes regulate growth through interaction with the phytohormones gibberellin, auxin, and brassinosteroid. Recently it has been established that jasmonic acid (JA), a phytohormone for stress responses, namely wounding and defence, is also important in inhibition of hypocotyl growth regulated by phyA and phyB. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of the interaction between JA and phytochrome signalling particularly during seedling development in Arabidopsis. Significantly, JA biosynthesis genes are induced by phyA. The protein abundance of JAR1/FIN219, an enzyme for the final synthesis step to give JA-Ile, an active form of JA, is also determined by phyA. In addition, JAR1/FIN219 directly interacts with an E3-ligase, COP1, a master regulator for transcription factors regulating hypocotyl growth, suggesting a more direct role in growth regulation. There are a number of points of interaction in the molecular signalling of JA and phytochrome during seedling development in Arabidopsis, and we propose a model for how they work together to regulate hypocotyl growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Liang Hsieh
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haruko Okamoto
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Wasternack C. Perception, signaling and cross-talk of jasmonates and the seminal contributions of the Daoxin Xie's lab and the Chuanyou Li's lab. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:707-718. [PMID: 24691578 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are lipid-derived signals in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and in development. The most active JA compound is (+)-7-iso-JA-Ile, a JA conjugate with isoleucine. Biosynthesis, metabolism and key components of perception and signal transduction have been identified and numerous JA-induced gene expression data collected. For JA-Ile perception, the SCF(COI1)-JAZ co-receptor complex has been identified and crystalized. Activators such as MYC2 and repressors such as JAZs including their targets were found. Involvement of JA-Ile in response to herbivores and pathogens and in root growth inhibition is among the most studied aspects of JA-Ile signaling. There are an increasing number of examples, where JA-Ile shows cross-talk with other plant hormones. Seminal contributions in JA/JA-Ile research were given by Daoxin Xie's lab and Chuanyou Li's lab, both in Beijing. Here, characterization was done regarding components of the JA-Ile receptor, such as COI1 (JAI1) and SCF, regarding activators (MYCs, MYBs) and repressors (JAV1, bHLH IIId's) of JA-regulated gene expression, as well as regarding components of auxin biosynthesis and action, such as the transcription factor PLETHORA active in the root stem cell niche. This overview reflects the work of both labs in the light of our present knowledge on biosynthesis, perception and signal transduction of JA/JA-Ile and its cross-talk to other hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Svyatyna K, Jikumaru Y, Brendel R, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A, Takano M, Kamiya Y, Nick P, Riemann M. Light induces jasmonate-isoleucine conjugation via OsJAR1-dependent and -independent pathways in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:827-39. [PMID: 24033451 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive form of jasmonate is the conjugate of the amino acid isoleucine (Ile) with jasmonic acid (JA), which is biosynthesized in a reaction catalysed by the GH3 enzyme JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 (JAR1). We examined the biochemical properties of OsJAR1 and its involvement in photomorphogenesis of rice (Oryza sativa). OsJAR1 has a similar substrate specificities as its orthologue in Arabidopsis. However, osjar1 loss-of-function mutants did not show as severe coleoptile phenotypes as the JA-deficient mutants coleoptile photomorphogenesis 2 (cpm2) and hebiba, which develop long coleoptiles in all light qualities we examined. Analysis of hormonal contents in the young seedling stage revealed that osjar1 mutants are still able to synthesize JA-Ile conjugate in response to blue light, suggesting that a redundantly active enzyme can conjugate JA and Ile in rice seedlings. A good candidate for this enzyme is OsJAR2, which was found to be able to catalyse the conjugation of JA with Ile as well as with some additional amino acids. In contrast, if plants in the vegetative stage were mechanically wounded, the content of JA-Ile was severely reduced in osjar1, demonstrating that OsJAR1 is the most important JA-Ile conjugating enzyme in the wounding response during the vegetative stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Svyatyna
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Seyfferth C, Tsuda K. Salicylic acid signal transduction: the initiation of biosynthesis, perception and transcriptional reprogramming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:697. [PMID: 25538725 PMCID: PMC4260477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is a small phenolic compound that regulates diverse physiological processes, in particular plant resistance against pathogens. Understanding SA-mediated signaling has been a major focus of plant research. Pathogen-induced SA is mainly synthesized via the isochorismate pathway in chloroplasts, with ICS1 (ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1) being a critical enzyme. Calcium signaling regulates activities of a subset of transcription factors thereby activating nuclear ICS1 expression. The produced SA triggers extensive transcriptional reprogramming in which NPR1 (NON-EXPRESSOR of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1) functions as the central coactivator of TGA transcription factors. Recently, two alternative but not exclusive models for SA perception mechanisms were proposed. The first model is that NPR1 homologs, NPR3 and NPR4, perceive SA thereby regulating NPR1 protein accumulation. The second model describes that NPR1 itself perceives SA, triggering an NPR1 conformational change thereby activating SA-mediated transcription. Besides the direct SA binding, NPR1 is also regulated by SA-mediated redox changes and phosphorylation. Emerging evidence show that pathogen virulence effectors target SA signaling, further strengthening the importance of SA-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- *Correspondence: Kenichi Tsuda, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Singh VK, Jain M, Garg R. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling suggest diverse roles of GH3 genes during development and abiotic stress responses in legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:789. [PMID: 25642236 PMCID: PMC4294127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone auxin regulates various cellular processes by altering the expression of diverse genes in plants. Among various auxin-responsive genes, GH3 genes maintain endogenous auxin homeostasis by conjugating excess of auxin with amino acids. GH3 genes have been characterized in many plant species, but not in legumes. In the present work, we identified members of GH3 gene family and analyzed their chromosomal distribution, gene structure, gene duplication and phylogenetic analysis in different legumes, including chickpea, soybean, Medicago, and Lotus. A comprehensive expression analysis in different vegetative and reproductive tissues/stages revealed that many of GH3 genes were expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Notably, chickpea CaGH3-3, soybean GmGH3-8 and -25, and Lotus LjGH3-4, -5, -9 and -18 genes were up-regulated in root, indicating their putative role in root development. In addition, chickpea CaGH3-1 and -7, and Medicago MtGH3-7, -8, and -9 were found to be highly induced under drought and/or salt stresses, suggesting their role in abiotic stress responses. We also observed the examples of differential expression pattern of duplicated GH3 genes in soybean, indicating their functional diversification. Furthermore, analyses of three-dimensional structures, active site residues and ligand preferences provided molecular insights into function of GH3 genes in legumes. The analysis presented here would help in investigation of precise function of GH3 genes in legumes during development and stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rohini Garg
- *Correspondence: Rohini Garg, Functional and Applied Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Pérez AC, Goossens A. Jasmonate signalling: a copycat of auxin signalling? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:2071-84. [PMID: 23611666 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones regulate almost all aspects of plant growth and development. The past decade has provided breakthrough discoveries in phytohormone sensing and signal transduction, and highlighted the striking mechanistic similarities between the auxin and jasmonate (JA) signalling pathways. Perception of auxin and JA involves the formation of co-receptor complexes in which hormone-specific E3-ubiquitin ligases of the SKP1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) type interact with specific repressor proteins. Across the plant kingdom, the Aux/IAA and the JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins correspond to the auxin- and JA-specific repressors, respectively. In the absence of the hormones, these repressors form a complex with transcription factors (TFs) specific for both pathways. They also recruit several proteins, among which the general co-repressor TOPLESS, and thereby prevent the TFs from activating gene expression. The hormone-mediated interaction between the SCF and the repressors targets the latter for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, which, in turn, releases the TFs to allow modulating hormone-dependent gene expression. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences in the auxin and JA signalling cascades with respect to the protein families and the protein domains involved in the formation of the pathway-specific complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cuéllar Pérez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Ayil-Gutiérrez B, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Peña-Cabrera E, Loyola-Vargas VM. Dynamics of the concentration of IAA and some of its conjugates during the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Coffea canephora. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26998. [PMID: 24299659 PMCID: PMC4091420 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most of the somatic embryogenesis (SE) process requires the presence, either before or during the embryogenic process, of at least one exogenous auxin. This exogenous auxin induces the presence of endogenous auxins, which appears to be essential for SE induction. We found that during the preincubation period of SE in Coffea canephora, there is an important increase in both free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), as well as indole-3-butyric acid. This increase is accompanied by an increase in the expression of YUCCA (CcYUC), TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (CcTAA1), and GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) genes. On the other hand, most of the IAA compounds decreased during the induction of SE. The results presented in this research suggest that a balance between free IAA and its amide conjugates is necessary to allow the expression of SE-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benajmín Ayil-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas; Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán; Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Rosa María Galaz-Ávalos
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas; Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán; Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Eduardo Peña-Cabrera
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de Guanajuato; Col. Noria Alta S/N, Guanajuato, México
| | - Victor Manuel Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas; Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán; Mérida, Yucatán, México
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Round A, Brown E, Marcellin R, Kapp U, Westfall CS, Jez JM, Zubieta C. Determination of the GH3.12 protein conformation through HPLC-integrated SAXS measurements combined with X-ray crystallography. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2072-80. [PMID: 24100325 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913019276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of protein crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides a powerful method to investigate changes in protein conformation. These complementary structural techniques were used to probe the solution structure of the apo and the ligand-bound forms of the Arabidopsis thaliana acyl acid-amido synthetase GH3.12. This enzyme is part of the extensive GH3 family and plays a critical role in the regulation of plant hormones through the formation of amino-acid-conjugated hormone products via an ATP-dependent reaction mechanism. The enzyme adopts two distinct C-terminal domain orientations with `open' and `closed' active sites. Previous studies suggested that ATP only binds in the open orientation. Here, the X-ray crystal structure of GH3.12 is presented in the closed conformation in complex with the nonhydrolysable ATP analogue AMPCPP and the substrate salicylate. Using on-line HPLC purification combined with SAXS measurements, the most likely apo and ATP-bound protein conformations in solution were determined. These studies demonstrate that the C-terminal domain is flexible in the apo form and favours the closed conformation upon ATP binding. In addition, these data illustrate the efficacy of on-line HPLC purification integrated into the SAXS sample-handling environment to reliably monitor small changes in protein conformation through the collection of aggregate-free and highly redundant data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Round
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Boatwright JL, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K. Salicylic acid: an old hormone up to new tricks. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:623-34. [PMID: 23621321 PMCID: PMC6638680 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signalling molecule in plant defence against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic phytopathogens. The biosynthesis of SA on pathogen detection is essential for local and systemic acquired resistance, as well as the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. SA biosynthesis can occur via several different substrates, but is predominantly accomplished by isochorismate synthase (ICS1) following pathogen recognition. The roles of BTB domain-containing proteins, NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4, in SA binding and signal transduction have been re-examined recently and are elaborated upon in this review. The pathogen-mediated manipulation of SA-dependent defences, as well as the crosstalk between the SA signalling pathway, other plant hormones and defence signals, is also discussed in consideration of recent research. Furthermore, the recent links established between SA, pathogen-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Lucas Boatwright
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 5294, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-58. [PMID: 23558912 PMCID: PMC3662512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1416] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Korasick DA, Enders TA, Strader LC. Auxin biosynthesis and storage forms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2541-55. [PMID: 23580748 PMCID: PMC3695655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin drives plant growth and morphogenesis. The levels and distribution of the active auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are tightly controlled through synthesis, inactivation, and transport. Many auxin precursors and modified auxin forms, used to regulate auxin homeostasis, have been identified; however, very little is known about the integration of multiple auxin biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. This review discusses the many ways auxin levels are regulated through biosynthesis, storage forms, and inactivation, and the potential roles modified auxins play in regulating the bioactive pool of auxin to affect plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Korasick
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Tara A. Enders
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Westfall CS, Muehler AM, Jez JM. Enzyme action in the regulation of plant hormone responses. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19304-11. [PMID: 23709222 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.475160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants synthesize a chemically diverse range of hormones that regulate growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. The major classes of plant hormones are specialized metabolites with exquisitely tailored perception and signaling systems, but equally important are the enzymes that control the dose and exposure to the bioactive forms of these molecules. Here, we review new insights into the role of enzyme families, including the SABATH methyltransferases, the methylesterases, the GH3 acyl acid-amido synthetases, and the hormone peptidyl hydrolases, in controlling the biosynthesis and modifications of plant hormones and how these enzymes contribute to the network of chemical signals responsible for plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey S Westfall
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Kong Y, Zhu Y, Gao C, She W, Lin W, Chen Y, Han N, Bian H, Zhu M, Wang J. Tissue-specific expression of SMALL AUXIN UP RNA41 differentially regulates cell expansion and root meristem patterning in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:609-21. [PMID: 23396598 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among the three primary auxin-induced gene families, Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA), Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) and SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR), the function of SAUR genes remains unclear. Arabidopsis SAUR genes have been phylogenetically classified into three clades. Recent work has suggested that SAUR19 (clade II) and SAUR63 (clade I) promote cell expansion through the modulation of auxin transport. Herein, we present our work on SAUR41, a clade III SAUR gene with a distinctive expression pattern in root meristems. SAUR41 was normally expressed in the quiescent center and cortex/endodermis initials; upon auxin stimulation, the expression was provoked in the endodermal layer. During lateral root development, SAUR41 was expressed in prospective stem cell niches of lateral root primordia and in expanding endodermal cells surrounding the primordia. SAUR41-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion proteins localized to the cytoplasm. Overexpression of SAUR41 from the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter led to pleiotropic auxin-related phenotypes, including long hypocotyls, increased vegetative biomass and lateral root development, expanded petals and twisted inflorescence stems. Ectopic SAUR41 proteins were able to promote auxin transport in hypocotyls. Tissue-specific expression of SAUR41 from the PIN1, WOX5, PLT2 and ACR4 promoters induced the formation of new auxin accumulation/signaling peaks above the quiescent centers, whereas tissue-specific expression of SAUR41 from the PIN2 and PLT2 promoters enhanced root gravitropic growth. Cells in the root stem cell niches of these transgenic seedlings were differentially enlarged. The distinctive expression pattern of the SAUR41 gene and the explicit function of SAUR41 proteins implied that further investigations on the loss-of-function phenotypes of this gene in root development and environmental responses are of great interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Kong
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Ostrowski M, Jakubowska A. GH3 expression and IAA-amide synthetase activity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings are regulated by light, plant hormones and auxinic herbicides. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:361-8. [PMID: 23332498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of auxin conjugates is one of the important regulatory mechanisms for modulating IAA action. Several auxin-responsive GH3 genes encode IAA-amide synthetases that are involved in the maintenance of hormonal homeostasis by conjugating excess IAA to amino acids. Recently, the data have revealed novel regulatory functions of several GH3 proteins in plant growth, organ development, fruit ripening, light signaling, abiotic stress tolerance and plant defense responses. Indole-3-acetyl-aspartate (IAA-Asp) synthetase catalyzing IAA conjugation to aspartic acid in immature seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) was purified and characterized during our previous investigations. In this study, we examined the effect of auxin and other plant hormones (ABA, GA, kinetin, JA, MeJA, SA), different light conditions (red, far-red, blue, white light), and auxinic herbicides (2,4-D, Dicamba, Picloram) on the expression of a putative GH3 gene and IAA-amide synthesizing activity in 10-d-old pea seedlings. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that the PsGH3-5 gene, weakly expressed in control sample, was visibly induced in response to all plant hormones, different light wavelengths and the auxinic herbicides tested. Protein A immunoprecipitation/gel blot analysis using anti-AtGH3.5 antibodies revealed a similar pattern of changes on the protein levels in response to all treatments. IAA-amide synthetase activity determined with aspartate as a substrate, not detectable in control seedlings, was positively affected by a majority of treatments. Based on these results, we suggest that PsGH3-5 may control the growth and development of pea plants in a way similar to the known GH3 genes from other plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Enhanced Botrytis cinerea resistance of Arabidopsis plants grown in compost may be explained by increased expression of defense-related genes, as revealed by microarray analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56075. [PMID: 23405252 PMCID: PMC3566078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Composts are the products obtained after the aerobic degradation of different types of organic matter waste and can be used as substrates or substrate/soil amendments for plant cultivation. There is a small but increasing number of reports that suggest that foliar diseases may be reduced when using compost, rather than standard substrates, as growing medium. The purpose of this study was to examine the gene expression alteration produced by the compost to gain knowledge of the mechanisms involved in compost-induced systemic resistance. A compost from olive marc and olive tree leaves was able to induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis, unlike the standard substrate, perlite. Microarray analyses revealed that 178 genes were differently expressed, with a fold change cut-off of 1, of which 155 were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated in compost-grown, as against perlite-grown plants. A functional enrichment study of up-regulated genes revealed that 38 Gene Ontology terms were significantly enriched. Response to stress, biotic stimulus, other organism, bacterium, fungus, chemical and abiotic stimulus, SA and ABA stimulus, oxidative stress, water, temperature and cold were significantly enriched, as were immune and defense responses, systemic acquired resistance, secondary metabolic process and oxireductase activity. Interestingly, PR1 expression, which was equally enhanced by growing the plants in compost and by B. cinerea inoculation, was further boosted in compost-grown pathogen-inoculated plants. Compost triggered a plant response that shares similarities with both systemic acquired resistance and ABA-dependent/independent abiotic stress responses.
Collapse
|
97
|
Fu ZQ, Dong X. Systemic acquired resistance: turning local infection into global defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:839-63. [PMID: 23373699 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced immune mechanism in plants. Unlike vertebrate adaptive immunity, SAR is broad spectrum, with no specificity to the initial infection. An avirulent pathogen causing local programmed cell death can induce SAR through generation of mobile signals, accumulation of the defense hormone salicylic acid, and secretion of the antimicrobial PR (pathogenesis-related) proteins. Consequently, the rest of the plant is protected from secondary infection for a period of weeks to months. SAR can even be passed on to progeny through epigenetic regulation. The Arabidopsis NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR genes 1) protein is a master regulator of SAR. Recent study has shown that salicylic acid directly binds to the NPR1 adaptor proteins NPR3 and NPR4, regulates their interactions with NPR1, and controls NPR1 protein stability. However, how NPR1 interacts with TGA transcription factors to activate defense gene expression is still not well understood. In addition, redox regulators, the mediator complex, WRKY transcription factors, endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins, and DNA repair proteins play critical roles in SAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qing Fu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|