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Korbecki J, Bosiacki M, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Biosynthesis and Significance of Fatty Acids, Glycerophospholipids, and Triacylglycerol in the Processes of Glioblastoma Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072183. [PMID: 37046844 PMCID: PMC10093493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One area of glioblastoma research is the metabolism of tumor cells and detecting differences between tumor and healthy brain tissue metabolism. Here, we review differences in fatty acid metabolism, with a particular focus on the biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by fatty acid synthase (FASN), elongases, and desaturases. We also describe the significance of individual fatty acids in glioblastoma tumorigenesis, as well as the importance of glycerophospholipid and triacylglycerol synthesis in this process. Specifically, we show the significance and function of various isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPAT), 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferases (AGPAT), lipins, as well as enzymes involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and cardiolipin (CL). This review also highlights the involvement of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Due to significant gaps in knowledge, the GEPIA database was utilized to demonstrate the significance of individual enzymes in glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Finally, we also describe the significance of lipid droplets in glioblastoma and the impact of fatty acid synthesis, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on cell membrane fluidity and signal transduction from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28 Str., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54 Str., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Furuta Y, Zhou Z. How do necrotic cells expose phosphatidylserine to attract their predators—What’s unique and what’s in common with apoptotic cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1170551. [PMID: 37091984 PMCID: PMC10113483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1170551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a lipid component of the plasma membrane. It is asymmetrically distributed to the inner leaflet in live cells. In cells undergoing apoptosis, phosphatidylserine is exposed to the outer surfaces. The exposed phosphatidylserine acts as an evolutionarily conserved “eat-me” signal that attracts neighboring engulfing cells in metazoan organisms, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals. During apoptosis, the exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer surface of a cell is driven by the membrane scramblases and flippases, the activities of which are regulated by caspases. Cells undergoing necrosis, a kind of cell death frequently associated with cellular injuries and morphologically distinct from apoptosis, were initially believed to allow passive exposure of phosphatidylserine through membrane rupture. Later studies revealed that necrotic cells actively expose phosphatidylserine before any rupture occurs. A recent study in C. elegans further reported that the calcium ion (Ca2+) plays an essential role in promoting the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surfaces of necrotic cells. These findings indicate that necrotic and apoptotic cells, which die through different molecular mechanisms, use common and unique mechanisms for promoting the exposure of the same “eat me” signal. This article will review the mechanisms regulating the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surfaces of necrotic and apoptotic cells and highlight their similarities and differences.
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Tsuchiya M, Tachibana N, Nagao K, Tamura T, Hamachi I. Organelle-selective click labeling coupled with flow cytometry allows pooled CRISPR screening of genes involved in phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Cell Metab 2023:S1550-4131(23)00050-5. [PMID: 36917984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular lipid synthesis and transport are governed by intricate protein networks. Although genetic screening should contribute to deciphering the regulatory networks of lipid metabolism, technical challenges remain-especially for high-throughput readouts of lipid phenotypes. Here, we coupled organelle-selective click labeling of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with flow cytometry-based CRISPR screening technologies to convert organellar PC phenotypes into a simple fluorescence readout for genome-wide screening. This technique, named O-ClickFC, was successfully applied in genome-scale CRISPR-knockout screens to identify previously reported genes associated with PC synthesis (PCYT1A, ACACA), vesicular membrane trafficking (SEC23B, RAB5C), and non-vesicular transport (PITPNB, STARD7). Moreover, we revealed previously uncharacterized roles of FLVCR1 as a choline uptake facilitator, CHEK1 as a post-translational regulator of the PC-synthetic pathway, and CDC50A as responsible for the translocation of PC to the outside of the plasma membrane bilayer. These findings demonstrate the versatility of O-ClickFC as an unprecedented platform for genetic dissection of cellular lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), JST, Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Tachibana
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), JST, Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tamura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology), JST, Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
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54
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Enomoto S, Ohgidani M, Sagata N, Inamine S, Kato TA. Preliminary analysis of hippocampus synaptic apoptosis and microglial phagocytosis induced by severe restraint stress. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:120-125. [PMID: 36419367 PMCID: PMC10009418 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Several studies reported stress-induced microglial phagocytosis, but the biochemical mechanisms by which stress alters microglial synaptic phagocytosis are not fully uncovered. Local or limited apoptosis without cell death was observed at neuronal synapses in previous studies, and proposed as an upstream mechanism for microglial synapse elimination. In this micro-report, we aimed to preliminary examine local synaptic apoptosis in the mouse hippocampus following severe restraint stress, and its effect on microglial phagocytosis. METHODS Mice were exposed to 10-day water immersion restraint stress (WIRS). Brain sections including stratum lucidum in the hippocampal CA3 subfield were stained with antibodies against cleaved caspase 3, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule1 (Iba1), lysosomal-associated membrane protein1 (LAMP1), vesicular glutamate transporter1 (VGLUT1). Co-localization among these proteins were calculated. RESULTS Our image analysis revealed that synaptic apoptosis was increased while there were no significant changes in microglial phagocytic activity and synaptic phagocytosis following 10-day WIRS. CONCLUSION Severe restraint stress enhanced pre-synaptic apoptosis in mouse CA3 stratum lucidum region, but did not promote microglial phagocytosis. The phenomenon microglia fail to phagocytose weakened and unnecessary synapses may be related to pathology of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Enomoto
- Self Defense Force, Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sagata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Inamine
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Numerous mitochondrial constituents and metabolic products can function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and promote inflammation when released into the cytosol or extracellular milieu. Several safeguards are normally in place to prevent mitochondria from eliciting detrimental inflammatory reactions, including the autophagic disposal of permeabilized mitochondria. However, when the homeostatic capacity of such systems is exceeded or when such systems are defective, inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondria can become pathogenic and contribute to the aetiology of human disorders linked to autoreactivity. In addition, inefficient inflammatory pathways induced by mitochondrial DAMPs can be pathogenic as they enable the establishment or progression of infectious and neoplastic disorders. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria control inflammatory responses, the cellular pathways that are in place to control mitochondria-driven inflammation and the pathological consequences of dysregulated inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondrial DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Barisch C, Holthuis JCM, Cosentino K. Membrane damage and repair: a thin line between life and death. Biol Chem 2023; 404:467-490. [PMID: 36810295 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bilayered membranes separate cells from their surroundings and form boundaries between intracellular organelles and the cytosol. Gated transport of solutes across membranes enables cells to establish vital ion gradients and a sophisticated metabolic network. However, an advanced compartmentalization of biochemical reactions makes cells also particularly vulnerable to membrane damage inflicted by pathogens, chemicals, inflammatory responses or mechanical stress. To avoid potentially lethal consequences of membrane injuries, cells continuously monitor the structural integrity of their membranes and readily activate appropriate pathways to plug, patch, engulf or shed the damaged membrane area. Here, we review recent insights into the cellular mechanisms that underly an effective maintenance of membrane integrity. We discuss how cells respond to membrane lesions caused by bacterial toxins and endogenous pore-forming proteins, with a primary focus on the intimate crosstalk between membrane proteins and lipids during wound formation, detection and elimination. We also discuss how a delicate balance between membrane damage and repair determines cell fate upon bacterial infection or activation of pro-inflammatory cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barisch
- Molecular Infection Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katia Cosentino
- Molecular Cell Biophysics Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Wu L, Seon GM, Ju S, Choi SH, Jiang ES, Kim Y, Chung SH, Ahn JS, Yang HC. Synergistic effects of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid and phosphatidylserine on the surface immunomodulation and osseointegration of titanium implants. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1358-1372. [PMID: 36594560 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01589g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The control of macrophage polarization is important in bone tissue regeneration such as osseointegration. In this study, a coating method was developed to improve the osseointegration of titanium (Ti) implants by generating an immunomodulatory effect. The surface of the Ti discs was coated with a poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) polymer, phosphatidylserine (PS), and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide conjugated phospholipid. In in vitro assay using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), the most significant expression of the M2 marker genes (Arg-1, YM-1, FIZZ1) and CD206, an M2 surface marker, was obtained with coatings containing 6 mol% RGD conjugates and phospholipids consisting of 50 mol% PS. The M2-inducing effect of RGD and PS was also verified in rat femurs where coated Ti rods were implanted. The RGD and PS coating significantly enhanced the osseointegration of the Ti implants. Moreover, a biomechanical push-out test showed that the RGD and PS coating increased the interfacial binding force between the bone and implants. These results indicate that PS and RGD can be applied to the solid surface of implantable biomedical devices to improve immunomodulation and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wu
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Gyeung Mi Seon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Sungwon Ju
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Choi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - En-Shi Jiang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Yongjoon Kim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Shin Hye Chung
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Soo Ahn
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
| | - Hyeong-Cheol Yang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Deahak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
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Segura J, Ireland J, Zou Z, Roth G, Buchwald J, Shen TJ, Fischer E, Moir S, Chun TW, Sun PD. HIV-1 release requires Nef-induced caspase activation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281087. [PMID: 36780482 PMCID: PMC9925082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection remains incurable to date and there are no compounds targeted at the viral release. We show here HIV viral release is not spontaneous, rather requires caspases activation and shedding of its adhesion receptor, CD62L. Blocking the caspases activation caused virion tethering by CD62L and the release of deficient viruses. Not only productive experimental HIV infections require caspases activation for viral release, HIV release from both viremic and aviremic patient-derived CD4 T cells also require caspase activation, suggesting HIV release from cellular viral reservoirs depends on apoptotic shedding of the adhesion receptor. Further transcriptomic analysis of HIV infected CD4 T cells showed a direct contribution of HIV accessory gene Nef to apoptotic caspases activation. Current HIV cure focuses on the elimination of latent cellular HIV reservoirs that are resistant to infection-induced cell death. This has led to therapeutic strategies to stimulate T cell apoptosis in a "kick and kill" approach. Our current work has shifted the paradigm on HIV-induced apoptosis and suggests such approach would risk to induce HIV release and thus be counter-productive. Instead, our study supports targeting of viral reservoir release by inhibiting of caspases activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongcheng Zou
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwynne Roth
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julianna Buchwald
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Shen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fischer
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Phosphatidylserine in the Nervous System: Cytoplasmic Regulator of the AKT and PKC Signaling Pathways and Extracellular "Eat-Me" Signal in Microglial Phagocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1050-1066. [PMID: 36401705 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is an important anionic phospholipid found in eukaryotic cells and has been proven to serve as a beneficial factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PtdSer resides in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, where it is involved in regulating the AKT and PKC signaling pathways; however, it becomes exposed to the extracellular leaflet during neurodevelopmental processes and neurodegenerative diseases, participating in microglia-mediated synaptic and neuronal phagocytosis. In this paper, we review several characteristics of PtdSer, including the synthesis and translocation of PtdSer, the functions of cytoplasmic and exposed PtdSer, and different PtdSer-detection materials used to further understand the role of PtdSer in the nervous system.
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Nössing C, Ryan KM. 50 years on and still very much alive: 'Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics'. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:426-431. [PMID: 36369364 PMCID: PMC9938139 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is part of the lifecycle of every multicellular organism. Nineteenth-century pathologists already recognised that organised forms of cell death must exist to explain the demise and turnover of cells during metamorphosis (of insects), embryogenesis and normal tissue homoeostasis [1]. Nevertheless, Kerr, Wyllie and Currie in their seminal paper of 1972, were the first to collate and define the distinct morphological features of controlled cell death in different contexts [2]. To describe the processes of cell deletion observed under both physiological and pathological conditions, they coined the term 'Apoptosis' (derived from the Greek word 'ἀπόπτωσις', meaning 'dropping off or falling off' of petals from flowers). Kerr, Wyllie and Currie defined apoptosis as a mechanism 'complementary to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations'. In addition, they already recognised the potential to use this programmed form of cell death for cancer therapy, but they also emphasised the occurrence of apoptosis during cancer development. In this article, some 50 years after its initial publication in The British Journal of Cancer, we revaluate and put the authors initial assumptions and general concepts about apoptosis into the context of modern-day biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nössing
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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61
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Liu L, Xia Z, Zhang Y, Su J, Sun L, Zhang L. Liver-specific deficiency of TMEM30A develops spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2023; 11:goad003. [PMID: 36727113 PMCID: PMC9881118 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jingjing Su
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Leimin Sun
- Corresponding authors. Lingling Zhang, International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China. Tel: +86-18042319386; ; Leimin Sun, Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China. Tel: +86-18867961095;
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Corresponding authors. Lingling Zhang, International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China. Tel: +86-18042319386; ; Leimin Sun, Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China. Tel: +86-18867961095;
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Reyes Ballista JM, Miazgowicz KL, Acciani MD, Jimenez AR, Belloli RS, Havranek KE, Brindley MA. Chikungunya virus entry and infectivity is primarily facilitated through cell line dependent attachment factors in mammalian and mosquito cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1085913. [PMID: 36743418 PMCID: PMC9895848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1085913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the causative agent of the human disease chikungunya fever, characterized by debilitating acute and chronic arthralgia. No licensed vaccines or antivirals are currently available for CHIKV. Therefore, the prevention of attachment of viral particles to host cells is a potential intervention strategy. As an arbovirus, CHIKV infects a wide variety of cells in both its mammalian and mosquito host. This broad cell tropism might stem from CHIKV's ability to bind to a variety of entry factors in the host cell including phosphatidylserine receptors (PSRs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and the proteinaceous receptor Mxra8, among others. In this study, we aimed to determine the relevance of each attachment factor during CHIKV entry into a panel of mammalian and mosquito cells. Our data suggest that the importance of particular binding factors during CHIKV infection is highly cell line dependent. Entry into mammalian Vero cells was mediated through attachment to PSRs, mainly T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-1 (TIM-1). Conversely, CHIKV infection into HAP1 and NIH3T3 was predominantly mediated by heparan sulfate (HS) and Mxra8, respectively. Entry into mosquito cells was independent of PSRs, HS, and Mxra8. Although entry into mosquito cells remains unclear, our data denotes the importance of careful evaluation of reagents used to identify receptor use in invertebrate cells. While PSRs, GAGs, and Mxra8 all enhance entry in a cell line dependent manner, none of these factors are necessary for CHIKV entry, suggesting additional host factors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Mary Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kerri L. Miazgowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marissa D. Acciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ariana R. Jimenez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ryan S. Belloli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Katherine E. Havranek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Melinda A. Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Xiao D, Chang W. Phosphatidylserine in Diabetes Research. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:82-89. [PMID: 36480277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are lipids that constitute the basic structure of cell membranes. In-depth research has shown that in addition to supporting cell structures, phospholipids participate in multiple cellular processes, including promoting cell signal transduction, guiding protein translocation, activating enzymatic activity, and eliminating dysfunctional/redundant organelles/cells. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease with a complicated etiology and pathology. Studies have shown that the level of certain phospholipids, for example, the ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in liver tissue, is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity. In addition, PS is a phospholipid exhibiting extensive cellular functions in diabetes. For this review, we analyzed many PS studies focusing on diabetes and insulin sensitivity in recent years and found that PS participates in controlling insulin secretion, regulating insulin signaling transduction, and participating in the progression of diabetic complications by mediating coagulation disorders in the microvasculature or targeting mitochondria. Moreover, PS supplements in food and PS-containing liposomes have been shown to protect against type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D, respectively) in animal studies. Therefore, by summarizing the regulatory roles played by PS in diabetes and the potential of successfully using PS or PS-containing liposomes for diabetic therapy, we hope to provide new ideas for further research into the mechanisms of diabetes and for drug development for treating diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xiao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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64
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Taefehshokr N, Heit B. Methods for Quantitative Efferocytosis Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:41-59. [PMID: 37365460 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells, is a dynamic process requiring recruitment of numerous regulatory proteins to mediate the uptake, engulfment, and degradation of apoptotic cells. Herein, we describe microscopy-based methods for the enumeration of efferocytic events and characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling molecule recruitment during efferocytosis using genetically encoded probes and immunofluorescent labeling. While these methods are illustrated using macrophages, they are applicable to any efferocytic cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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65
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Li J, Zhao Y, Wang N. Physiological and Pathological Functions of TMEM30A: An Essential Subunit of P4-ATPase Phospholipid Flippases. J Lipids 2023; 2023:4625567. [PMID: 37200892 PMCID: PMC10188266 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4625567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed across mammalian plasma membrane. The function of P4-ATPases is to maintain the abundance of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the inner leaflet as lipid flippases. Transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A, also named CDC50A), as an essential β subunit of most P4-ATPases, facilitates their transport and functions. With TMEM30A knockout mice or cell lines, it is found that the loss of TMEM30A has huge influences on the survival of mice and cells because of PS exposure-triggered apoptosis signaling. TMEM30A is a promising target for drug discovery due to its significant roles in various systems and diseases. In this review, we summarize the functions of TMEM30A in different systems, present current understanding of the protein structures and mechanisms of TMEM30A-P4-ATPase complexes, and discuss how these fundamental aspects of TMEM30A may be applied to disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Clinical Medical Laboratory, Wenjiang Hospital of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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66
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling and Neuronal Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315186. [PMID: 36499512 PMCID: PMC9740965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides protein processing, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has several other functions such as lipid synthesis, the transfer of molecules to other cellular compartments, and the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. Before leaving the organelle, proteins must be folded and post-translationally modified. Protein folding and revision require molecular chaperones and a favorable ER environment. When in stressful situations, ER luminal conditions or chaperone capacity are altered, and the cell activates signaling cascades to restore a favorable folding environment triggering the so-called unfolded protein response (UPR) that can lead to autophagy to preserve cell integrity. However, when the UPR is disrupted or insufficient, cell death occurs. This review examines the links between UPR signaling, cell-protective responses, and death following ER stress with a particular focus on those mechanisms that operate in neurons.
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67
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Sassenbach L. Identification of novel proteins involved in P2X7-mediated signaling cascades. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:495-498. [PMID: 35960424 PMCID: PMC9832184 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentration of extracellular ATP acts as a danger signal that is sensed by the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). This ATP-gated ion channel has been shown to induce multiple metabotropic events such as changes in plasma membrane composition and morphology, ectodomain shedding, activation of lipases, kinases, and transcription factors as well as cytokine release. The specific signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms remain largely obscure. Using an unbiased genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screening approach in a murine T cell line, Ryoden et al. (2022, 2020) identified three proteins involved in P2X7 regulation and signaling: Essential for Reactive Oxygen Species (EROS) is essential for P2X7 folding and maturation, and Xk and Vsp13a are required for P2X7-mediated phosphatidyl serine exposure and cell lysis. They further provide evidence for an interaction of Xk and Vsp13a at the plasma membrane and confirm the role of Xk in ATP-induced cytolysis in primary CD25+CD4+ T cells from Xk-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sassenbach
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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68
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Liaw WS, Chen CA, Zhou QA. Exosomes─Nature's Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17802-17846. [PMID: 36354238 PMCID: PMC9706680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Xinmei Wang
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Wen-Shing Liaw
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Chun-An Chen
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
| | - Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
- CAS, a Division of the American Chemical
Society, 2540 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United
States
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69
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Miyata Y, Segawa K. Protocol to analyze lipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101870. [PMID: 36595929 PMCID: PMC9692065 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane containing cholesterol exhibits phospholipid asymmetry, with phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin enriched in its outer leaflet and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) on the cytoplasmic side. We herein describe steps for bacterial expression of recombinant proteins that bind to membrane lipids, followed by affinity purification. Using fluorescence-labeled phospholipid analogs, we further detail the assay to detect flippase activity, which maintains the single-sided distribution of PtdSer and PtdEtn, in mammalian cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Segawa et al. (2021).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Miyata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Corresponding author
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70
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Riche K, Lenard NR. Quercetin's Effects on Glutamate Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:7620. [PMID: 36364448 PMCID: PMC9657878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The potentially therapeutic effects of the naturally abundant plant flavonoid quercetin have been extensively studied. An extensive body of literature suggests that quercetin's powerful antioxidant effects may relate to its ability to treat disease. Glutamate excitotoxicity occurs when a neuron is overstimulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate and causes dysregulation of intracellular calcium concentrations. Quercetin has been shown to be preventative against many forms of neuronal cell death resulting from glutamate excitotoxicity, such as oncosis, intrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition, ferroptosis, phagoptosis, lysosomal cell death, parthanatos, and death by reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation. The clinical importance for the attenuation of glutamate excitotoxicity arises from the need to deter the continuous formation of tissue infarction caused by various neurological diseases, such as ischemic stroke, seizures, neurodegenerative diseases, and trauma. This review aims to summarize what is known concerning glutamate physiology and glutamate excitotoxic pathophysiology and provide further insight into quercetin's potential to hinder neuronal death caused by cell death pathways activated by glutamate excitotoxicity. Quercetin's bioavailability may limit its use clinically, however. Thus, future research into ways to increase its bioavailability are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie R. Lenard
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University, 5414 Brittany Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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71
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Dang Q, Sun Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Han X. Ferroptosis: a double-edged sword mediating immune tolerance of cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:925. [PMID: 36335094 PMCID: PMC9637147 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The term ferroptosis was put forward in 2012 and has been researched exponentially over the past few years. Ferroptosis is an unconventional pattern of iron-dependent programmed cell death, which belongs to a type of necrosis and is distinguished from apoptosis and autophagy. Actuated by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation, ferroptosis is modulated by various cellular metabolic and signaling pathways, including amino acid, lipid, iron, and mitochondrial metabolism. Notably, ferroptosis is associated with numerous diseases and plays a double-edged sword role. Particularly, metastasis-prone or highly-mutated tumor cells are sensitive to ferroptosis. Hence, inducing or prohibiting ferroptosis in tumor cells has vastly promising potential in treating drug-resistant cancers. Immunotolerant cancer cells are not sensitive to the traditional cell death pathway such as apoptosis and necroptosis, while ferroptosis plays a crucial role in mediating tumor and immune cells to antagonize immune tolerance, which has broad prospects in the clinical setting. Herein, we summarized the mechanisms and delineated the regulatory network of ferroptosis, emphasized its dual role in mediating immune tolerance, proposed its significant clinical benefits in the tumor immune microenvironment, and ultimately presented some provocative doubts. This review aims to provide practical guidelines and research directions for the clinical practice of ferroptosis in treating immune-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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72
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Wang W, Wu S, Cen Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Huang Y, Cillo AR, Prokopec JS, Quarato G, Vignali DAA, Stewart-Ornstein J, Li S, Lu B, Gong YN. Mobilizing phospholipids on tumor plasma membrane implicates phosphatidylserine externalization blockade for cancer immunotherapy. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111582. [PMID: 36323258 PMCID: PMC9671066 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In "healthy" tumor cells, phosphatidylserine (PS) is predominately localized in the inner plasma membrane leaflet. During apoptosis, PS relocates to the outer leaflet. Herein, we established PSout tumor models with tumor cells lacking PS flippase component CDC50A, constantly exposing PS but alive. PSout tumors developed bigger than wild-type (WT) tumors, featuring M2 polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and fewer tumor-antigen-specific T cells. The PS receptor TIM-3 is responsible for PS recognition. Employing an opposite tumor model, PSin, with tumor cells lacking the PS scramblase Xkr8 and unable to expose PS during otherwise normal apoptosis, we find that the accumulated apoptotic tumor cells produce and release cyclic GAMP (cGAMP) to immune cells to activate the STING pathway, leading to TAM M1 polarization, suppressed interleukin (IL)-10 secretion, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Silencing Xkr8 in vivo by either short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to achieve a PS externalization blockade provides robust therapeutic anti-tumor efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shaoxian Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zhanpeng Cen
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yuang Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anthony R Cillo
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joshua S Prokopec
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Giovanni Quarato
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jacob Stewart-Ornstein
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Hillman Cancer Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Yi-Nan Gong
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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73
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Moran AL, Fehilly JD, Floss Jones D, Collery R, Kennedy BN. Regulation of the rhythmic diversity of daily photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis in vivo. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22556. [PMID: 36165194 PMCID: PMC9828801 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200990rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Outer segment phagocytosis (OSP) is a highly-regulated, biological process wherein photoreceptor outer segment (OS) tips are cyclically phagocytosed by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Often an overlooked retinal process, rhythmic OSP ensures the maintenance of healthy photoreceptors and vision. Daily, the photoreceptors renew OS at their base and the most distal, and likely oldest, OS tips, are phagocytosed by the RPE, preventing the accumulation of photo-oxidative compounds by breaking down phagocytosed OS tips and recycling useful components to the photoreceptors. Light changes often coincide with an escalation of OSP and within hours the phagosomes formed in each RPE cell are resolved. In the last two decades, individual molecular regulators were elucidated. Some of the molecular machinery used by RPE cells for OSP is highly similar to mechanisms used by other phagocytic cells for the clearance of apoptotic cells. Consequently, in the RPE, many molecular regulators of retinal phagocytosis have been elucidated. However, there is still a knowledge gap regarding the key regulators of physiological OSP in vivo between endogenous photoreceptors and the RPE. Understanding the regulation of OSP is of significant clinical interest as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and inherited retinal diseases (IRD) are linked with altered OSP. Here, we review the in vivo timing of OSP peaks in selected species and focus on the reported in vivo environmental and molecular regulators of OSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailis L. Moran
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland,UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - John D. Fehilly
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland,UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Daniel Floss Jones
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland,UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ross Collery
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and AnatomyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesMedical College of Wisconsin Eye InstituteMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Breandán N. Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinIreland,UCD Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
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74
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Miyata Y, Yamada K, Nagata S, Segawa K. Two types of type IV P-type ATPases independently re-establish the asymmetrical distribution of phosphatidylserine in plasma membranes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102527. [PMID: 36162506 PMCID: PMC9597894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes in which phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is confined to the inner leaflet. ATP11A and ATP11C, type IV P-Type ATPases in plasma membranes, flip PtdSer from the outer to the inner leaflet, but involvement of other P4-ATPases is unclear. We herein demonstrated that once PtdSer was exposed on the cell surface of ATP11A−/−ATP11C−/− mouse T cell line (W3), its internalization to the inner leaflet of plasma membranes was negligible at 15 °C. However, ATP11A−/−ATP11C−/− cells internalized the exposed PtdSer at 37 °C, a temperature at which trafficking of intracellular membranes was active. In addition to ATP11A and 11C, W3 cells expressed ATP8A1, 8B2, 8B4, 9A, 9B, and 11B, with ATP8A1 and ATP11B being present at recycling endosomes. Cells deficient in four P4-ATPases (ATP8A1, 11A, 11B, and 11C) (QKO) did not constitutively expose PtdSer on the cell surface but lost the ability to re-establish PtdSer asymmetry within 1 hour, even at 37 °C. The expression of ATP11A or ATP11C conferred QKO cells with the ability to rapidly re-establish PtdSer asymmetry at 15 °C and 37 °C, while cells expressing ATP8A1 or ATP11B required a temperature of 37 °C to achieve this function, and a dynamin inhibitor blocked this process. These results revealed that mammalian cells are equipped with two independent mechanisms to re-establish its asymmetry: the first is a rapid process involving plasma membrane flippases, ATP11A and ATP11C, while the other is mediated by ATP8A1 and ATP11B, which require an endocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Miyata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yamada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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75
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Ryoden Y, Nagata S. The XK plasma membrane scramblase and the VPS13A cytosolic lipid transporter for ATP-induced cell death. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200106. [PMID: 35996795 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP released from necrotic cells in inflamed tissues activates the P2X7 receptor, stimulates the exposure of phosphatidylserine, and causes cell lysis. Recent findings indicated that XK, a paralogue of XKR8 lipid scramblase, forms a complex with VPS13A at the plasma membrane of T cells. Upon engagement by ATP, an unidentified signal(s) from the P2X7 receptor activates the XK-VPS13A complex to scramble phospholipids, followed by necrotic cell death. P2X7 is expressed highly in CD25+ CD4+ T cells but weakly in CD8+ T cells, suggesting a role of this system in the activation of the immune system to prevent infection. On the other hand, a loss-of-function mutation in XK or VPS13A causes neuroacanthocytosis, indicating the crucial involvement of XK-VPS13A-mediated phospholipid scrambling at plasma membranes in the maintenance of homeostasis in the nervous and red blood cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ryoden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Loureiro AV, Moura-Neto LI, Martins CS, Silva PIM, Lopes MB, Leitão RFC, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Moura-Neto V, Warren CA, Costa DV, Brito GAC. Role of Pannexin-1-P2X7R signaling on cell death and pro-inflammatory mediator expression induced by Clostridioides difficile toxins in enteric glia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956340. [PMID: 36072579 PMCID: PMC9442043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) produces toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB), both associated with intestinal damage and diarrhea. Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels allows the passage of messenger molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which in turn activate the P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) that regulate inflammation and cell death in inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of C. difficile infection (CDI) in the expression of Panx1 and P2X7R in intestinal tissues of mice, as well as their role in cell death and IL-6 expression induced by TcdA and TcdB in enteric glial cells (EGCs). Male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks of age) were infected with C. difficile VPI10463, and the control group received only vehicle per gavage. After three days post-infection (p.i.), cecum and colon samples were collected to evaluate the expression of Panx1 by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, EGCs (PK060399egfr) were challenged with TcdA or TcdB, in the presence or absence of the Panx1 inhibitor (10Panx trifluoroacetate) or P2X7R antagonist (A438079), and Panx1 and P2X7R expression, caspase-3/7 activity and phosphatidylserine binding to annexin-V, as well as IL-6 expression were assessed. CDI increased the levels of Panx1 in cecum and colon of mice compared to the control group. Panx1 inhibitor decreased caspase-3/7 activity and phosphatidylserine-annexin-V binding, but not IL-6 gene expression in TcdA and TcdB-challenged EGCs. P2X7 receptor antagonist accentually reduced caspase-3/7 activity, phosphatidylserine-annexin-V binding, and IL-6 gene expression in TcdA and TcdB-challenged EGCs. In conclusion, Panx1 is increased during CDI and plays an important role in the effects of C. difficile toxins in EGCs, participating in cell death induced by both toxins by promoting caspase-3/7 activation via P2X7R, which is also involved in IL-6 expression induced by both toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V. Loureiro
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lauro I. Moura-Neto
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Conceição S. Martins
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Pedro I. M. Silva
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Matheus B.S. Lopes
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata F. C. Leitão
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Juliana M. Coelho-Aguiar
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cirle A. Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Deiziane V.S. Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Gerly A. C. Brito, ; Deiziane V.S. Costa,
| | - Gerly A. C. Brito
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gerly A. C. Brito, ; Deiziane V.S. Costa,
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Yin J, Wen Y, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Han T, Li X, Huang H, Cai Y, Jin Y, Li Y, Guo W, Pan L. CDC50A might be a novel biomarker of epithelial ovarian cancer-initiating cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:903. [PMID: 35982417 PMCID: PMC9389740 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this work was to screen and validate biomarkers of ovarian cancer-initiating cells to detect the mechanisms of recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods Stably labelled the amino acid in side population (SP) cells of epithelial ovarian cancer which were rich in cancer-initiating cells and non-SP cells with isotope in culture and differentially expressed cellular membrane proteins in SP cells were identified through proteomics technology. The new candidate biomarker was screened and validated through RT-PCR and western blot. Both in cell lines and primary EOC, cancer-initiating biofunctions of CDC50A positive cells were validated. Moreover, the characteristics of mesenchymal transition (EMT) was also detected and the correlation between the biomarker and clinical prognosis was observed. Results Through proteomics technology, candidate protein CDC50A was screened, and its significantly differential expression in SP cells was validated. CDC50A-positive cells from cell lines and primary ovarian cancer tissues were validated to show characteristics of cancer-initiating cells both in vitro and in vivo, including sphere-forming, self-renewal, differentiation, tumor metastasis and tumorigenicity in mice. The relationship between CDC50A-positive cells from primary tissues and tumour metastasis was confirmed based on their mesenchymal transition characteristics. Among 16 high-grade ovarian serous cancer patients, a high ratio of CDC50A-positive cells in primary tumours was correlated with a shorter platinum-free interval (p = 0.031, HR 0.260, 95% CI 0.77 ~ 0.885). Conclusion CDC50A could be used to screen ovarian cancer-initiating cells and might be a new target to resolve tumour development in EOC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09953-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lingya Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China.
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78
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Shefer A, Yalovaya A, Tamkovich S. Exosomes in Breast Cancer: Involvement in Tumor Dissemination and Prospects for Liquid Biopsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8845. [PMID: 36012109 PMCID: PMC9408748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (24.5%) and the leading cause of cancer death (15.5%). Understanding how this heterogeneous disease develops and the confirm mechanisms behind tumor progression is of utmost importance. Exosomes are long-range message vesicles that mediate communication between cells in physiological conditions but also in pathology, such as breast cancer. In recent years, there has been an exponential rise in the scientific studies reporting the change in morphology and cargo of tumor-derived exosomes. Due to the transfer of biologically active molecules, such as RNA (microRNA, long non-coding RNA, mRNA, etc.) and proteins (transcription factors, enzymes, etc.) into recipient cells, these lipid bilayer 30-150 nm vesicles activate numerous signaling pathways that promote tumor development. In this review, we attempt to shed light on exosomes' involvement in breast cancer pathogenesis (including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor cell proliferation and motility, metastatic processes, angiogenesis stimulation, and immune system repression). Moreover, the potential use of exosomes as promising diagnostic biomarkers for liquid biopsy of breast cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Shefer
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alena Yalovaya
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana Tamkovich
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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79
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Ma X, Li X, Wang W, Zhang M, Yang B, Miao Z. Phosphatidylserine, inflammation, and central nervous system diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:975176. [PMID: 35992593 PMCID: PMC9382310 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.975176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an anionic phospholipid in the eukaryotic membrane and is abundant in the brain. Accumulated studies have revealed that PS is involved in the multiple functions of the brain, such as activation of membrane signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and synaptic refinement. Those functions of PS are related to central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of PS, the anti-inflammation function of PS in the brain; the alterations of PS in different CNS diseases, and the possibility of PS to serve as a therapeutic agent for diseases. Clinical studies have showed that PS has no side effects and is well tolerated. Therefore, PS and PS liposome could be a promising supplementation for these neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Yang,
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Zhigang Miao,
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80
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Shin HW, Takatsu H. Regulatory Roles of N- and C-Terminal Cytoplasmic Regions of P4-ATPases. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:524-532. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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81
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Annexin A5 as a targeting agent for cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2022; 547:215857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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82
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Nakao H, Nakano M. Flip-Flop Promotion Mechanisms by Model Transmembrane Peptides. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:519-523. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakao
- Department of Biointerface Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Minoru Nakano
- Department of Biointerface Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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83
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Almasieh M, Faris H, Levin LA. Pivotal roles for membrane phospholipids in axonal degeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 150:106264. [PMID: 35868612 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane phospholipids are critical components of several signaling pathways. Maintained in a variety of asymmetric distributions, their trafficking across the membrane can be induced by intra-, extra-, and intercellular events. A familiar example is the externalization of phosphatidylserine from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet in apoptosis, inducing phagocytosis of the soma. Recently, it has been recognized that phospholipids in the axonal membrane may be a signal for axonal degeneration, regeneration, or other processes. This review focuses on key recent developments and areas for ongoing investigations. KEY FACTS: Phosphatidylserine externalization propagates along an axon after axonal injury and is delayed in the Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) mutant. The ATP8A2 flippase mutant has spontaneous axonal degeneration. Microdomains of axonal degeneration in spheroid bodies have differential externalization of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phospholipid trafficking could represent a mechanism for coordinated axonal degeneration and elimination, i.e. axoptosis, analogous to apoptosis of the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Almasieh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hannah Faris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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84
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Externalized phosphatidylinositides on apoptotic cells are eat-me signals recognized by CD14. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1423-1432. [PMID: 35017647 PMCID: PMC9287416 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are rapidly engulfed and removed by phagocytes after displaying cell surface eat-me signals. Among many phospholipids, only phosphatidylserine (PS) is known to act as an eat-me signal on apoptotic cells. Using unbiased proteomics, we identified externalized phosphatidylinositides (PIPs) as apoptotic eat-me signals recognized by CD14+ phagocytes. Exofacial PIPs on the surfaces of early and late-apoptotic cells were observed in patches and blebs using anti-PI(3,4,5)P3 antibody, AKT- and PLCδ PH-domains, and CD14 protein. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells was blocked either by masking exofacial PIPs or by CD14 knockout in phagocytes. We further confirmed that exofacial PIP+ thymocytes increased dramatically after in vivo irradiation and that exofacial PIP+ cells represented more significant populations in tissues of Cd14−/− than WT mice, especially after induction of apoptosis. Our findings reveal exofacial PIPs to be previously unknown cell death signals recognized by CD14+ phagocytes.
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85
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Gomes MT, Palasiewicz K, Gadiyar V, Lahey K, Calianese D, Birge RB, Ucker DS. Phosphatidylserine externalization by apoptotic cells is dispensable for specific recognition leading to innate apoptotic immune responses. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102034. [PMID: 35588784 PMCID: PMC9234239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface determinants newly expressed by apoptotic cells that are involved in triggering potent immunosuppressive responses, referred to as “innate apoptotic immunity (IAI)” have not been characterized fully. It is widely assumed, often implicitly, that phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid normally cloistered in the inner leaflet of cells and externalized specifically during apoptosis, is involved in triggering IAI, just as it plays an essential role in the phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells. It is notable, however, that the triggering of IAI in responder cells is not dependent on the engulfment of apoptotic cells by those responders. Contact between the responder and the apoptotic target, on the other hand, is necessary to elicit IAI. Previously, we demonstrated that exposure of protease-sensitive determinants on the apoptotic cell surface are essential for initiating IAI responses; exposed glycolytic enzyme molecules were implicated in particular. Here, we report our analysis of the involvement of externalized phosphatidylserine in triggering IAI. To analyze the role of phosphatidylserine, we employed a panel of target cells that either externalized phosphatidylserine constitutively, independently of apoptosis, or did not, as well as their WT parental cells that externalized the phospholipid in an apoptosis-dependent manner. We found that the externalization of phosphatidylserine, which can be fully uncoupled from apoptosis, is neither sufficient nor necessary to trigger the profound immunomodulatory effects of IAI. These results reinforce the view that apoptotic immunomodulation and phagocytosis are dissociable and further underscore the significance of protein determinants localized to the cell surface during apoptosis in triggering innate apoptotic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta T Gomes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karol Palasiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Varsha Gadiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kevin Lahey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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86
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Liu X, Sha Y, Lv W, Cao G, Guo X, Pu X, Wang J, Li S, Hu J, Luo Y. Multi-Omics Reveals That the Rumen Transcriptome, Microbiome, and Its Metabolome Co-regulate Cold Season Adaptability of Tibetan Sheep. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:859601. [PMID: 35495720 PMCID: PMC9043902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.859601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibetan sheep can maintain a normal life and reproduce in harsh environments under extreme cold and lack of nutrition. However, the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying the adaptability of Tibetan sheep during the cold season are still unclear. Hence, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of rumen epithelial morphology, epithelial transcriptomics, microbiology and metabolomics in a Tibetan sheep model. The results showed that morphological structure of rumen epithelium of Tibetan sheep in cold season had adaptive changes. Transcriptomics analysis showed that the differential genes were primarily enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway (ko03320), legionellosis (ko05134), phagosome (ko04145), arginine and proline metabolism (ko00330), and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 (ko00980). Unique differential metabolites were identified in cold season, such as cynaroside A, sanguisorbin B and tryptophyl-valine, which were mainly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and linolenic acid metabolism pathways, and had certain correlation with microorganisms. Integrated transcriptome-metabolome-microbiome analysis showed that epithelial gene-GSTM3 expression was upregulated in the metabolism of xenobiotics by the cytochrome P450 pathway during the cold season, leading to the downregulation of some harmful metabolites; TLR5 gene expression was upregulated and CD14 gene expression was downregulated in the legionellosis pathway during the cold season. This study comprehensively described the interaction mechanism between the rumen host and microbes and their metabolites in grazing Tibetan sheep during the cold season. Rumen epithelial genes, microbiota and metabolites act together in some key pathways related to cold season adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuzhu Sha
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibing Lv
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guizhong Cao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station in Huangyuan County, Xining, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Pu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuzhu Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Inefficient development of syncytiotrophoblasts in the Atp11a-deficient mouse placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200582119. [PMID: 35476530 PMCID: PMC9170144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200582119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer in which phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is confined to the inner leaflet by the action of flippase that translocates PtdSer from the outer to inner leaflets. Two P4-ATPases (ATP11A and ATP11C) work as flippase at plasma membranes. Here, we report that the mouse placenta expresses only ATP11A, and Atp11a-deficient mouse embryos die during embryogenesis due to inefficient formation of syncytiotrophoblasts in the placental labyrinth. The flippase-null mutation inactivates human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells to translocate PtdSer into the inner leaflet and undergo cell fusion. These findings highlight the importance of flippase to regulate the distribution of phospholipids for cell fusion, at least in trophoblast fusion. The P4-ATPases ATP11A and ATP11C function as flippases at the plasma membrane to translocate phosphatidylserine from the outer to the inner leaflet. We herein demonstrated that Atp11a-deficient mouse embryos died at approximately E14.5 with thin-walled heart ventricles. However, the cardiomyocyte- or epiblast-specific Atp11a deletion did not affect mouse development or mortality. ATP11C may have compensated for the function of ATP11A in most of the cell types in the embryo. On the other hand, Atp11a, but not Atp11c, was expressed in the mouse placenta, and the Atp11a-null mutation caused poor development of the labyrinthine layer with an increased number of TUNEL-positive foci. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed a disorganized labyrinthine layer with unfused trophoblasts in the Atp11a-null placenta. Human placenta-derived choriocarcinoma BeWo cells expressed the ATP11A and ATP11C genes. A lack of ATP11A and ATP11C eliminated the ability of BeWo cells to flip phosphatidylserine and fuse when treated with forskolin. These results indicate that flippases at the plasma membrane play an important role in the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts in placental development.
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Mei R, Chen D, Zhong D, Li G, Lin S, Zhang G, Chen K, Yu X. Metabolic Profiling Analysis of the Effect and Mechanism of Gushiling Capsule in Rabbits With Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845856. [PMID: 35586045 PMCID: PMC9108178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gushiling capsule (GSLC) is an effective traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GIONFH). This study established the serum metabolite profiles of GSLC in rabbits and explored the metabolic mechanism and effect of GSLC on GIONFH. Seventy-five Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into the control, model, and GSLC groups. The rabbits in the model group and the GSLC group received injection of prednisolone acetate. Meanwhile, rabbits in the GSLC group were treated by gavage at a therapeutic dose of GSLC once a day. The control group and the model group received the same volume of normal saline gavage. Three groups of serum samples were collected at different time points, and the changes in the metabolic spectrum were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The resulting data set was analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis to identify potential biomarkers related to GSLC treatment. The metabolic pathway was analyzed by MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and a heatmap was constructed using the HEML1.0.3.7 software package. In addition, histopathological and radiography studies were carried out to verify the anti-GIONFH effects of GSLC. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots revealed a significant separation trend between the control group and the model group and the GSLC group (1-3 weeks), but there were no significant differences in the GSLC group (4-6 weeks). Orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) score plots also revealed an obvious difference between the model and the GSLC groups (4-6 weeks). Ten potential metabolite biomarkers, mainly phospholipids, were identified in rabbit serum samples and demonstrated to be associated with GIONFH. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and magnetic resonance imaging indicated that the pathological changes in femoral head necrosis in the GSLC group were less than in the model group, which was consistent with the improved serum metabolite spectrum. GSLC regulated the metabolic disorder of endogenous lipid components in GIONFH rabbits. GSLC may prevent and treat GIONFH mainly by regulating phospholipid metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Mei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Duming Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guoyong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaobai Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangquan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- Department of Drug Clinical Trial, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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89
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Controlling Cancer Cell Death Types to Optimize Anti-Tumor Immunity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050974. [PMID: 35625711 PMCID: PMC9138898 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over several decades, cell biology research has characterized distinct forms of regulated cell death, identified master regulators such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and contributed to translating these findings in order to improve anti-cancer therapies. In the era of immunotherapy, however, the field warrants a new appraisal-the targeted induction of immunogenic cell death may offer personalized strategies to optimize anti-tumor immunity. Once again, the spotlight is on NFκB, which is not only a master regulator of cancer cell death, survival, and inflammation, but also of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses that are triggered by dying tumor cells.
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90
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Kurematsu C, Sawada M, Ohmuraya M, Tanaka M, Kuboyama K, Ogino T, Matsumoto M, Oishi H, Inada H, Ishido Y, Sakakibara Y, Nguyen HB, Thai TQ, Kohsaka S, Ohno N, Yamada MK, Asai M, Sokabe M, Nabekura J, Asano K, Tanaka M, Sawamoto K. Synaptic pruning of murine adult-born neurons by microglia depends on phosphatidylserine. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213073. [PMID: 35297954 PMCID: PMC9195048 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons, continuously added in the adult olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus, are involved in information processing in neural circuits. Here, we show that synaptic pruning of adult-born neurons by microglia depends on phosphatidylserine (PS), whose exposure on dendritic spines is inversely correlated with their input activity. To study the role of PS in spine pruning by microglia in vivo, we developed an inducible transgenic mouse line, in which the exposed PS is masked by a dominant-negative form of milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8), MFG-E8D89E. In this transgenic mouse, the spine pruning of adult-born neurons by microglia is impaired in the OB and hippocampus. Furthermore, the electrophysiological properties of these adult-born neurons are altered in MFG-E8D89E mice. These data suggest that PS is involved in the microglial spine pruning and the functional maturation of adult-born neurons. The MFG-E8D89E-based genetic approach shown in this study has broad applications for understanding the biology of PS-mediated phagocytosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kurematsu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Motoki Tanaka
- Department of Disease Model, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogino
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inada
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishido
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukina Sakakibara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Histology-Embryology-Genetics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shinichi Kohsaka
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Maki K Yamada
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Disease Model, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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91
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Pater JA, Penney C, O'Rielly DD, Griffin A, Kamal L, Brownstein Z, Vona B, Vinkler C, Shohat M, Barel O, French CR, Singh S, Werdyani S, Burt T, Abdelfatah N, Houston J, Doucette LP, Squires J, Glaser F, Roslin NM, Vincent D, Marquis P, Woodland G, Benoukraf T, Hawkey-Noble A, Avraham KB, Stanton SG, Young TL. Autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss maps to DFNA33 (13q34) and co-segregates with splice and frameshift variants in ATP11A, a phospholipid flippase gene. Hum Genet 2022; 141:431-444. [PMID: 35278131 PMCID: PMC9035003 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing exomes/genomes have been successful for identifying recessive genes; however, discovery of dominant genes including deafness genes (DFNA) remains challenging. We report a new DFNA gene, ATP11A, in a Newfoundland family with a variable form of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Genome-wide SNP genotyping linked SNHL to DFNA33 (LOD = 4.77), a locus on 13q34 previously mapped in a German family with variable SNHL. Whole-genome sequencing identified 51 unremarkable positional variants on 13q34. Continuous clinical ascertainment identified several key recombination events and reduced the disease interval to 769 kb, excluding all but one variant. ATP11A (NC_000013.11: chr13:113534963G>A) is a novel variant predicted to be a cryptic donor splice site. RNA studies verified in silico predictions, revealing the retention of 153 bp of intron in the 3' UTR of several ATP11A isoforms. Two unresolved families from Israel were subsequently identified with a similar, variable form of SNHL and a novel duplication (NM_032189.3:c.3322_3327+2dupGTCCAGGT) in exon 28 of ATP11A extended exon 28 by 8 bp, leading to a frameshift and premature stop codon (p.Asn1110Valfs43Ter). ATP11A is a type of P4-ATPase that transports (flip) phospholipids from the outer to inner leaflet of cell membranes to maintain asymmetry. Haploinsufficiency of ATP11A, the phospholipid flippase that specially transports phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), could leave cells with PS/PE at the extracellular side vulnerable to phagocytic degradation. Given that surface PS can be pharmaceutically targeted, hearing loss due to ATP11A could potentially be treated. It is also likely that ATP11A is the gene underlying DFNA33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Pater
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Penney
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Centre for Translational Genomics, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Darren D O'Rielly
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Centre for Translational Genomics, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anne Griffin
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Lara Kamal
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zippora Brownstein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chana Vinkler
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, 58100, Holon, Israel
| | - Mordechai Shohat
- Bioinformatic Center, Cancer Research Institute, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- Bioinformatic Center, Cancer Research Institute, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Curtis R French
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sushma Singh
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elborn College, Western University, 1201 Western Road, London, ON, Canada
| | - Salem Werdyani
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Taylor Burt
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Nelly Abdelfatah
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jim Houston
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Lance P Doucette
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jessica Squires
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Fabian Glaser
- The Lorry I. Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nicole M Roslin
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Vincent
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Marquis
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Woodland
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Touati Benoukraf
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alexia Hawkey-Noble
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Karen B Avraham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Susan G Stanton
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elborn College, Western University, 1201 Western Road, London, ON, Canada
| | - Terry-Lynn Young
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, Canada.
- Centre for Translational Genomics, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John's, NL, Canada.
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elborn College, Western University, 1201 Western Road, London, ON, Canada.
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92
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Bogusiewicz J, Kupcewicz B, Goryńska PZ, Jaroch K, Goryński K, Birski M, Furtak J, Paczkowski D, Harat M, Bojko B. Investigating the Potential Use of Chemical Biopsy Devices to Characterize Brain Tumor Lipidomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073518. [PMID: 35408879 PMCID: PMC8998862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a fast and accurate intraoperative method that enables the differentiation and stratification of cancerous lesions is still a challenging problem in laboratory medicine. Therefore, it is important to find and optimize a simple and effective analytical method of enabling the selection of distinctive metabolites. This study aims to assess the usefulness of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probes as a sampling method for the lipidomic analysis of brain tumors. To this end, SPME was applied to sample brain tumors immediately after excision, followed by lipidomic analysis via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results showed that long fibers were a good option for extracting analytes from an entire lesion to obtain an average lipidomic profile. Moreover, significant differences between tumors of different histological origin were observed. In-depth investigation of the glioma samples revealed that malignancy grade and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status impact the lipidomic composition of the tumor, whereas 1p/19q co-deletion did not appear to alter the lipid profile. This first on-site lipidomic analysis of intact tumors proved that chemical biopsy with SPME is a promising tool for the simple and fast extraction of lipid markers in neurooncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bogusiewicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.B.); (P.Z.G.); (K.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Bogumiła Kupcewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Paulina Zofia Goryńska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.B.); (P.Z.G.); (K.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Karol Jaroch
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.B.); (P.Z.G.); (K.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Krzysztof Goryński
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.B.); (P.Z.G.); (K.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Marcin Birski
- Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Jacek Furtak
- Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Dariusz Paczkowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.F.); (D.P.)
| | - Marek Harat
- Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.B.); (J.F.); (D.P.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.B.); (P.Z.G.); (K.J.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (B.B.)
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93
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Conformational changes of a phosphatidylcholine flippase in lipid membranes. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110518. [PMID: 35294892 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 4 P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) actively and selectively translocate phospholipids across membrane bilayers. Driven by ATP hydrolysis, P4-ATPases undergo conformational changes during lipid flipping. It is unclear how the active flipping states of P4-ATPases are regulated in the lipid membranes, especially for phosphatidylcholine (PC)-flipping P4-ATPases whose substrate, PC, is a substantial component of membranes. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy structures of a yeast PC-flipping P4-ATPase, Dnf1, in lipid environments. In native yeast lipids, Dnf1 adopts a conformation in which the lipid flipping pathway is disrupted. Only when the lipid composition is changed can Dnf1 be captured in the active conformations that enable lipid flipping. These results suggest that, in the native membrane, Dnf1 may stay in an idle conformation that is unable to support the trans-membrane movement of lipids. Dnf1 may have altered conformational preferences in membranes with different lipid compositions.
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94
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Maremonti F, Meyer C, Linkermann A. Mechanisms and Models of Kidney Tubular Necrosis and Nephron Loss. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:472-486. [PMID: 35022311 PMCID: PMC8975069 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding nephron loss is a primary strategy for preventing CKD progression. Death of renal tubular cells may occur by apoptosis during developmental and regenerative processes. However, during AKI, the transition of AKI to CKD, sepsis-associated AKI, and kidney transplantation ferroptosis and necroptosis, two pathways associated with the loss of plasma membrane integrity, kill renal cells. This necrotic type of cell death is associated with an inflammatory response, which is referred to as necroinflammation. Importantly, the necroinflammatory response to cells that die by necroptosis may be fundamentally different from the tissue response to ferroptosis. Although mechanisms of ferroptosis and necroptosis have recently been investigated in detail, the cell death propagation during tubular necrosis, although described morphologically, remains incompletely understood. Here, we argue that a molecular switch downstream of tubular necrosis determines nephron regeneration versus nephron loss. Unraveling the details of this "switch" must include the inflammatory response to tubular necrosis and regenerative signals potentially controlled by inflammatory cells, including the stimulation of myofibroblasts as the origin of fibrosis. Understanding in detail the molecular switch and the inflammatory responses to tubular necrosis can inform the discussion of therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maremonti
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Meyer
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,Biotechnology Center, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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95
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Liu KE, Raymond MH, Ravichandran KS, Kucenas S. Clearing Your Mind: Mechanisms of Debris Clearance After Cell Death During Neural Development. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:177-198. [PMID: 35226828 PMCID: PMC10157384 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment and efferocytosis have fascinated scientists for decades. How an organism builds a nervous system that is precisely tuned for efficient behaviors and survival and how it simultaneously manages constant somatic cell turnover are complex questions that have resulted in distinct fields of study. Although neurodevelopment requires the overproduction of cells that are subsequently pruned back, very few studies marry these fields to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive nervous system development through the lens of cell clearance. In this review, we discuss these fields to highlight exciting areas of future synergy. We first review neurodevelopment from the perspective of overproduction and subsequent refinement and then discuss who clears this developmental debris and the mechanisms that control these events. We then end with how a more deliberate merger of neurodevelopment and efferocytosis could reframe our understanding of homeostasis and disease and discuss areas of future study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael H Raymond
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research and the Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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96
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Ge Y, Huang M, Yao YM. Efferocytosis and Its Role in Inflammatory Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:839248. [PMID: 35281078 PMCID: PMC8913510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.839248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis is the effective clearance of apoptotic cells by professional and non-professional phagocytes. The process is mechanically different from other forms of phagocytosis and involves the localization, binding, internalization, and degradation of apoptotic cells. Defective efferocytosis has been demonstrated to associate with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. In the current review, we summarize recent findings with regard to efferocytosis networks and discuss the relationship between efferocytosis and different immune cell populations, as well as describe how efferocytosis helps resolve inflammatory response and modulate immune balance. Our knowledge so far about efferocytosis suggests that it may be a useful target in the treatment of numerous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ge
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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97
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Requirement of Xk and Vps13a for the P2X7-mediated phospholipid scrambling and cell lysis in mouse T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2119286119. [PMID: 35140185 PMCID: PMC8851519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119286119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A high extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration rapidly and reversibly exposes phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) in T cells by binding to the P2X7 receptor, which ultimately leads to necrosis. Using mouse T cell transformants expressing P2X7, we herein performed CRISPR/Cas9 screening for the molecules responsible for P2X7-mediated PtdSer exposure. In addition to Eros, which is required for the localization of P2X7 to the plasma membrane, this screening identified Xk and Vps13a as essential components for this process. Xk is present at the plasma membrane, and its paralogue, Xkr8, functions as a phospholipid scramblase. Vps13a is a lipid transporter in the cytoplasm. Blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that Xk and Vps13a interacted at the membrane. A null mutation in Xk or Vps13a blocked P2X7-mediated PtdSer exposure, the internalization of phosphatidylcholine, and cytolysis. Xk and Vps13a formed a complex in mouse splenic T cells, and Xk was crucial for ATP-induced PtdSer exposure and cytolysis in CD25+CD4+ T cells. XK and VPS13A are responsible for McLeod syndrome and chorea-acanthocytosis, both characterized by a progressive movement disorder and cognitive and behavior changes. Our results suggest that the phospholipid scrambling activity mediated by XK and VPS13A is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the immune and nerve systems.
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98
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The concept of intrinsic versus extrinsic apoptosis. Biochem J 2022; 479:357-384. [PMID: 35147165 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulated cell death is a vital and dynamic process in multicellular organisms that maintains tissue homeostasis and eliminates potentially dangerous cells. Apoptosis, one of the better-known forms of regulated cell death, is activated when cell-surface death receptors like Fas are engaged by their ligands (the extrinsic pathway) or when BCL-2-family pro-apoptotic proteins cause the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (the intrinsic pathway). Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis lead to the activation of a family of proteases, the caspases, which are responsible for the final cell demise in the so-called execution phase of apoptosis. In this review, I will first discuss the most common types of regulated cell death on a morphological basis. I will then consider in detail the molecular pathways of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, discussing how they are activated in response to specific stimuli and are sometimes overlapping. In-depth knowledge of the cellular mechanisms of apoptosis is becoming more and more important not only in the field of cellular and molecular biology but also for its translational potential in several pathologies, including neurodegeneration and cancer.
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99
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Kroemer G, Galassi C, Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L. Immunogenic cell stress and death. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:487-500. [PMID: 35145297 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 240.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dying mammalian cells emit numerous signals that interact with the host to dictate the immunological correlates of cellular stress and death. In the absence of reactive antigenic determinants (which is generally the case for healthy cells), such signals may drive inflammation but cannot engage adaptive immunity. Conversely, when cells exhibit sufficient antigenicity, as in the case of infected or malignant cells, their death can culminate with adaptive immune responses that are executed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and elicit immunological memory. Suggesting a key role for immunogenic cell death (ICD) in immunosurveillance, both pathogens and cancer cells evolved strategies to prevent the recognition of cell death as immunogenic. Intriguingly, normal cells succumbing to conditions that promote the formation of post-translational neoantigens (for example, oxidative stress) can also drive at least some degree of antigen-specific immunity, pointing to a novel implication of ICD in the etiology of non-infectious, non-malignant disorders linked to autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France. .,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France.,Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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100
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Wang J, Yu C, Zhuang J, Qi W, Jiang J, Liu X, Zhao W, Cao Y, Wu H, Qi J, Zhao RC. The role of phosphatidylserine on the membrane in immunity and blood coagulation. Biomark Res 2022; 10:4. [PMID: 35033201 PMCID: PMC8760663 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The negatively charged aminophospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), is located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in normal cells, and may be exposed to the outer leaflet under some immune and blood coagulation processes. Meanwhile, Ptdser exposed to apoptotic cells can be recognized and eliminated by various immune cells, whereas on the surface of activated platelets Ptdser interacts with coagulation factors prompting enhanced production of thrombin which significantly facilitates blood coagulation. In the case where PtdSer fails in exposure or mistakenly occurs, there are occurrences of certain immunological and haematological diseases, such as the Scott syndrome and Systemic lupus erythematosus. Besides, viruses (e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV)) can invade host cells through binding the exposed PtdSer. Most recently, the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been similarly linked to PtdSer or its receptors. Therefore, it is essential to comprehensively understand PtdSer and its functional characteristics. Therefore, this review summarizes Ptdser, its eversion mechanism; interaction mechanism, particularly with its immune receptors and coagulation factors; recognition sites; and its function in immune and blood processes. This review illustrates the potential aspects for the underlying pathogenic mechanism of PtdSer-related diseases, and the discovery of new therapeutic strategies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Changxin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junyi Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenxin Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiawen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xuanting Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wanwei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yiyang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jingxuan Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Centre of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy (BZ0381), Beijing, China.
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