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Xiao K, Wu X, Song X, Yuan J, Bai W, Wu C, Huang C. Study on performance degradation and damage modes of thin-film photovoltaic cell subjected to particle impact. Sci Rep 2021; 11:782. [PMID: 33437000 PMCID: PMC7804249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been a key issue for photovoltaic (PV) cells to survive under mechanical impacts by tiny dust. In this paper, the performance degradation and the damage behavior of PV cells subjected to massive dust impact are investigated using laser-shock driven particle impact experiments and mechanical modeling. The results show that the light-electricity conversion efficiency of the PV cells decreases with increasing the impact velocity and the particles' number density. It drops from 26.7 to 3.9% with increasing the impact velocity from 40 to 185 m/s and the particles' number densities from 35 to 150/mm2, showing a reduction up to 85.7% when being compared with the intact ones with the light-electricity conversion efficiency of 27.2%. A damage-induced conversion efficiency degradation (DCED) model is developed and validated by experiments, providing an effective method in predicting the performance degradation of PV cells under various dust impact conditions. Moreover, three damage modes, including damaged conducting grid lines, fractured PV cell surfaces, and the bending effects after impact are observed, and the corresponding strength of each mode is quantified by different mechanical theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Xiao
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.15 Beisihuanxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianqian Wu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.15 Beisihuanxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Xuan Song
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.15 Beisihuanxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhua Yuan
- College of Electrical Engineering and Renewable Energy, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Wenyu Bai
- Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Chenwu Wu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.15 Beisihuanxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Chenguang Huang
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.15 Beisihuanxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
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52
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Goldoni R, Farronato M, Connelly ST, Tartaglia GM, Yeo WH. Recent advances in graphene-based nanobiosensors for salivary biomarker detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112723. [PMID: 33096432 PMCID: PMC7666013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As biosensing research is rapidly advancing due to significant developments in materials, chemistry, and electronics, researchers strive to build cutting-edge biomedical devices capable of detecting health-monitoring biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. Biosensors using nanomaterials are highly promising because of the wide detection range, fast response time, system miniaturization, and enhanced sensitivity. In the recent development of biosensors and electronics, graphene has rapidly gained popularity due to its superior electrical, biochemical, and mechanical properties. For biomarker detection, human saliva offers easy access with a large variety of analytes, making it a promising candidate for its use in point-of-care (POC) devices. Here, we report a comprehensive review that summarizes the most recent graphene-based nanobiosensors and oral bioelectronics for salivary biomarker detection. We discuss the details of structural designs of graphene electronics, use cases of salivary biomarkers, the performance of existing sensors, and applications in health monitoring. This review also describes current challenges in materials and systems and future directions of the graphene bioelectronics for clinical POC applications. Collectively, the main contribution of this paper is to deliver an extensive review of the graphene-enabled biosensors and oral electronics and their successful applications in human salivary biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Goldoni
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Marco Farronato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Italy
| | - Stephen Thaddeus Connelly
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Italy
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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53
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Abstract
Implementation of the cold spray (CS) technology in manufacturing and repair creates a demand for reliable quality control and process monitoring measures. In this regard, particle size and impact velocity are undoubtedly the most important control parameters in CS. Several in-flight measurement systems for particle velocimetry are now available commercially for CS. These systems provide great potential to be used as a diagnostic tool for validating CS system performance in industrial applications. However, post processing the velocimetry data is required in many instances for achieving a complete understanding of the particle flow field. In this study, particle velocimetry is used in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to: (i) identify the physical factors that dictate the particle velocity and its variability; (ii) develop high fidelity CFD models to accurately predict particle flight parameters that cannot be measured by available experimental tools; and (iii) present the capabilities of state-of-the-art velocimeters as a reliable diagnostic tool for measuring the consistency and repeatability of CS systems in manufacturing settings. In-flight particle size, location, and velocity are measured using a commercially available velocimeter for aluminum and copper particles sprayed with supersonic nozzles using helium, nitrogen, and air by two high pressure CS systems. As a result of this work, particle sphericity was clearly identified to have strong effects on particle velocity and to be one of the main factors of the variability of particle velocity. Furthermore, methods for building a high-fidelity 3D-CFD model was presented. CFD models were validated using particle velocimetry and schlieren imaging. Finally, particle velocimetry is shown to be a valid diagnostics tool for CS with systems capable of measuring in-flight particle velocities along with particle sizes. This article also outlines steps necessary for conducting cold spray process diagnostics repeatably and reliably.
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Abstract
Graphene-like nanoribbons (GLNRs) were fabricated (length—20 μm; width—2 μm) and subjected to blast-like pulsed pressure >1.5 GPa (pulse speed ≈1 Mach, impulse duration, ≈µs) to examine the amount of absorption. GLNRs prepared by the chemical vapor deposition technique via controlled biomass combustion were subjected to investigate the structure–property characteristics using microspectroscopic techniques. Following this, GLNRs were employed to high strain rate (HSR) studies with the help of the technique known as split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) to evaluate numerous dynamic parameters. The parameters were extracted from variations in the stress and strain rates. Their analysis provided insight into the damping response of blast energy within GLNRs. By and large, the impact generated modified the microstructure, exhibiting modifications in the number of layers, conjugated loops, and dynamic disorder. Signal processing analysis carried out for incident and transmitted impulse pressure revealed an interaction mechanism of shock wave with GLNR. Details are presented.
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55
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Cai J, Thevamaran R. Superior Energy Dissipation by Ultrathin Semicrystalline Polymer Films Under Supersonic Microprojectile Impacts. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5632-5638. [PMID: 32324414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Distinct deformation mechanisms that emerge in nanoscale enable the nanostructured materials to exhibit outstanding specific mechanical properties. Here, we present superior microstructure- and strain-rate-dependent specific penetration energy (up to ∼3.8 MJ kg-1) in semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) thin films subjected to high-velocity (100 m s-1 to 1 km s-1) microprojectile (diameter: 9.2 μm) impacts. The geometric-confinement-induced nanostructural evolutions enable the sub-100 nm thick P(VDF-TrFE) films to achieve high specific penetration energy with high strain delocalization across the broad impact velocity range, superior to both bulk protective materials and previously reported nanomaterials. This high specific penetration energy arises from the substantial stretching of the two-dimensionally oriented highly mobile polymer chains that engage abundant viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformation mechanisms that are further enhanced by the intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. These key findings provide insights for using nanostructured semicrystalline polymers in the development of lightweight, high-performance soft armors for extreme engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Cai
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ramathasan Thevamaran
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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56
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Brandolt R, Paupitz R. Theoretical study of collision dynamics of fullerenes on graphenylene and porous graphene membranes. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107664. [PMID: 32731182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study regarding the behavior of graphene, porous graphene and graphenylene monolayers under high energy impact is reported. Our results were obtained using a computational model constructed to perform investigations of the dynamics of high velocity fullerenes colliding with free standing sheets of those materials. We employed fully reactive molecular dynamics simulations in which the interatomic interactions were described using ReaxFF force field. During the simulations, free standing monolayers of the investigated materials were submitted to collision with a C60 fullerene molecule at impact angles within the range 0°≤θ≤75°. We considered kinetic energies in the range 0eV≤Ek≤1500eV, that corresponds to a projectile velocity v in the range 0Å/fs≤v≤0.2Å/fs. Also, the failure dynamics of each one of the 2-dimensional materials is described in a comparative analysis in which relevant differences and unique features observed in the mechanical stress dissipation processes are highlighted. Finally, performing hundreds of simulations we were able to map many possible scenarios for these collisions and to construct diagrams that elucidate, for each one of the materials, the possible behaviors under the action of a highly energetic C60 projectile as a function of energy and incident angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Brandolt
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Physics Department, CEP-13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Paupitz
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Physics Department, CEP-13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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57
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Understanding the Antipathogenic Performance of Nanostructured and Conventional Copper Cold Spray Material Consolidations and Coated Surfaces. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of high strain rate and severe plastic deformation, microstructure, electrochemical behavior, surface chemistry and surface roughness were characterized for two copper cold spray material consolidations, which were produced from conventionally gas-atomized copper powder as well as spray-dried copper feedstock, during the course of this work. The motivation underpinning this work centers upon the development of a more robust understanding of the microstructural features and properties of the conventional copper and nanostructured copper coatings as they relate to antipathogenic contact killing and inactivation applications. Prior work has demonstrated greater antipathogenic efficacy with respect to the nanostructured coating versus the conventional coating. Thus, microstructural analysis was performed in order to establish differences between the two coatings that their respective pathogen kill rates could be attributed to. Results from advanced laser-induced projectile impact testing, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, scanning transmission microscopy, nanoindentation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, nanoindentation, confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, linear polarization, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and copper ion release assaying were performed during the course of this research.
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58
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Chen SH, Souna AJ, Soles CL, Stranick SJ, Chan EP. Using microprojectiles to study the ballistic limit of polymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3886-3890. [PMID: 32285897 PMCID: PMC7453429 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic impact between a particle and a planar material is important in many high impact events, and there is a growing need to characterize the mechanical properties of light-weight polymeric materials at dynamic loading conditions. Here, a laser-induced projectile impact test (LIPIT) is employed to investigate the ballistic limit (V0) and materials properties at impact velocities ranging from 40 m s-1 to 70 m s-1. An analytical expression describing the various energy dissipation mechanisms is established to estimate the yield stress and elasticity for polycarbonate thin films. This measurement approach demonstrates the utility of using low sample mass for discovery of materials for impact mitigation, as well as high-throughput mechanical characterization at dynamic loading rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn H Chen
- Materials Measurement Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Amanda J Souna
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Christopher L Soles
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Stephan J Stranick
- Materials Measurement Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Edwin P Chan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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59
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Xie W, Lee JH. Dynamics of Entangled Networks in Ultrafast Perforation of Polystyrene Nanomembranes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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60
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Yang Y, Cao Q, Gao Y, Lei S, Liu S, Peng Q. High impact resistance in graphyne. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1697-1703. [PMID: 35494707 PMCID: PMC9048187 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09685j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphyne was recently facilely synthesized with superior mechanical and electrical performance. We investigate the ballistic protection properties of α-, β-, δ-, and γ-graphyne sheets using molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with elastic theory. The velocities of the in-plane elastic wave and out-of-plane cone wave are obtained by both membrane theory and molecular dynamics simulations. The specific penetration energies are approximately 83% that of graphene, indicating high impact resistance. γ-Graphyne has high sound wave speeds comparable to those of graphene, and its Young's modulus is approximately 60% that of graphene. δ-Graphyne has the highest cone wave speed among the four structures, while α-graphyne possesses the highest penetration energy and impact resistance at most tested projectile speeds. Our results indicate that graphyne is a good protective structural material. Graphyne was recently facilely synthesized with superior mechanical and electrical performance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Qiang Cao
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Yang Gao
- Science and Technology on Special System Simulation Laboratory, Beijing Simulation Center Beijing 100854 PR China
| | - Shuting Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Sheng Liu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China .,Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University China
| | - Qing Peng
- Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia http://qpeng.org
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61
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Wang H, Liu Y, Chen Z, Sun L, Zhao Y. Anisotropic structural color particles from colloidal phase separation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1438. [PMID: 31950082 PMCID: PMC6954063 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural color materials have been studied for decades because of their fascinating properties. Effects in this area are the trend to develop functional structural color materials with new components, structures, or morphologies for different applications. In this study, we found that the coassembled graphene oxide (GO) and colloid nanoparticles in droplets could form component phase separations, and thus, previously unknown anisotropic structural color particles (SCPs) with hemispherical colloidal crystal cluster and oblate GO component could be achieved. The anisotropic SCPs, as well as their inverse opal hydrogel derivatives, were endowed with brilliant structural colors and controllable capabilities of fixation, location, orientation, and even responsiveness due to their specific structure, morphology, and components. We have also demonstrated that the anisotropic hydrogel SCPs with these features were ideal candidates for dynamic cell monitoring and sensing. These properties indicate that the anisotropic SCPs and their derivatives have huge potential values in biomedical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhuoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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63
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Abstract
Graphene-based materials are being developed for a variety of wearable technologies to provide advanced functions that include sensing; temperature regulation; chemical, mechanical, or radiative protection; or energy storage. We hypothesized that graphene films may also offer an additional unanticipated function: mosquito bite protection for light, fiber-based fabrics. Here, we investigate the fundamental interactions between graphene-based films and the globally important mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, through a combination of live mosquito experiments, needle penetration force measurements, and mathematical modeling of mechanical puncture phenomena. The results show that graphene or graphene oxide nanosheet films in the dry state are highly effective at suppressing mosquito biting behavior on live human skin. Surprisingly, behavioral assays indicate that the primary mechanism is not mechanical puncture resistance, but rather interference with host chemosensing. This interference is proposed to be a molecular barrier effect that prevents Aedes from detecting skin-associated molecular attractants trapped beneath the graphene films and thus prevents the initiation of biting behavior. The molecular barrier effect can be circumvented by placing water or human sweat as molecular attractants on the top (external) film surface. In this scenario, pristine graphene films continue to protect through puncture resistance-a mechanical barrier effect-while graphene oxide films absorb the water and convert to mechanically soft hydrogels that become nonprotective.
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64
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Govindaraj P, Fox B, Aitchison P, Hameed N. A Review on Graphene Polymer Nanocomposites in Harsh Operating Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Premika Govindaraj
- Factory of the Future, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3127, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Factory of the Future, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3127, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nishar Hameed
- Factory of the Future, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3127, VIC, Australia
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65
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Zhao X, Papageorgiou DG, Zhu L, Ding F, Young RJ. The strength of mechanically-exfoliated monolayer graphene deformed on a rigid polymer substrate. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14339-14353. [PMID: 31328739 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The deformation and fracture behaviour of one-atom-thick mechanically exfoliated graphene has been studied in detail. Monolayer graphene flakes with different lengths, widths and shapes were successfully prepared by mechanical exfoliation and deposited onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beams. The fracture behaviour of the monolayer graphene was followed by deforming the PMMA beams. Through in situ Raman mapping at different strain levels, the distributions of strain over the graphene flakes were determined from the shift of the graphene Raman 2D band. The failure mechanisms of the exfoliated graphene were either by flake fracture or failure of the graphene/polymer interface. The fracture of the flakes was observed from the formation of cracks identified from the appearance of lines of zero strain in the strain contour maps. It was found that the strength of the monolayer graphene flakes decreased with increasing flake width. The strength dropped to less than ∼10 GPa for large flakes, thought to be due to the presence of defects. It is shown that a pair of topological defects in monolayer graphene will form a pseudo crack and the effect of such defects upon the strength of monolayer graphene has been modelled using molecular mechanical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- National Graphene Institute and School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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66
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Xia K, Zhan H, Ji A, Shao J, Gu Y, Li Z. Graphynes: an alternative lightweight solution for shock protection. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:1588-1595. [PMID: 31467821 PMCID: PMC6693407 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The excellent mechanical properties of graphyne (GY) have made it an appealing candidate in the field of impact protection. We assessed the deformation mechanisms of monolayer GY nanosheets of different morphologies, including α-GY, β-GY, γ-GY and 6612-GY, under supersonic-velocity impacts (from 1 to 6 km/s) based on in silico studies. Generally, cracks initiate at the geometry center and the nanosheet experiences significant out-of-plane deformation before the propagation of cracks. Tracking the atomic von Mises stress distribution, it is found that its cumulative density function has a strong correlation with the magnitude of the Young's modulus of the GYs. For nanosheets with a higher Young's modulus, it tends to transfer momentum at a faster rate. Thus, a better energy dissipation or delocalization is expected during impact. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the deformation and penetration mechanisms of monolayer GY nanosheets under impact, which is crucial in order to facilitate their emerging applications for impact protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xia
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Haifei Zhan
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Aimin Ji
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianli Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
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67
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Chan EP, Xie W, Orski SV, Lee JH, Soles CL. Entanglement Density-Dependent Energy Absorption of Polycarbonate Films via Supersonic Fracture. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:806-811. [PMID: 35619502 PMCID: PMC10941953 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fracture behavior of glassy polymers is strongly coupled to molecular parameters such as entanglement density as well as extrinsic parameters such as strain rate and test temperature. Here we use laser-induced projectile impact testing (LIPIT) to study the extreme strain rate (≈107 s-1) puncture behavior of free-standing polycarbonate (PC) thin films. We demonstrate that changes to the PC molecular mass and the degree of plasticization can lead to substantial changes in the specific puncture energy. We relate these changes to the alteration of the entanglement density of the polymer that determines the underlying failure mechanism as well as the size of the deformation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin P. Chan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wanting Xie
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sara V. Orski
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Christopher L. Soles
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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68
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Xie W, Zhang R, Headrick RJ, Taylor LW, Kooi S, Pasquali M, Müftü S, Lee JH. Dynamic Strengthening of Carbon Nanotube Fibers under Extreme Mechanical Impulses. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3519-3526. [PMID: 31084030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A monofilament fiber spun from individual carbon nanotubes is an arbitrarily long ensemble of weakly interacting, aligned, discrete nanoparticles. Despite the structural resemblance of carbon nanotube monofilament fibers to crystalline polymeric fibers, very little is known about their dynamic collective mechanics, which arise from van der Waals interactions among the individual carbon nanotubes. Using ultrafast stroboscopic microscopy, we study the collective dynamics of carbon nanotube fibers and compare them directly with nylon, Kevlar, and aluminum monofilament fibers under the same supersonic impact conditions. The in situ dynamics and kinetic parameters of the fibers show that the kinetic energy absorption characteristics of the carbon nanotube fibers surpass all other fibers. This study provides insight into the strain-rate-dependent strengthening mechanics of an ensemble of nanomaterials for the development of high-performance fibers used in body armor and other protective nanomaterials possessing exceptional stability in various harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Runyang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | | | | | - Steven Kooi
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies , MIT , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | | | - Sinan Müftü
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Verkhoturov SV, Gołuński M, Verkhoturov DS, Czerwinski B, Eller MJ, Geng S, Postawa Z, Schweikert EA. Hypervelocity cluster ion impacts on free standing graphene: Experiment, theory, and applications. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:160901. [PMID: 31042896 DOI: 10.1063/1.5080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We present results from experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations obtained with C60 and Au400 impacting on free-standing graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene-supported molecular layers. The experiments were run on custom-built ToF reflectron mass spectrometers with C60 and Au-LMIS sources with acceleration potentials generating 50 keV C60 2+ and 440-540 keV Au400 4+. Bombardment-detection was in the same mode as MD simulation, i.e., a sequence of individual projectile impacts with separate collection/identification of the ejecta from each impact in either the forward (transmission) or backward (reflection) direction. For C60 impacts on single layer graphene, the secondary ion (SI) yields for C2 and C4 emitted in transmission are ∼0.1 (10%). Similar yields were observed for analyte-specific ions from submonolayer deposits of phenylalanine. MD simulations show that graphene acts as a trampoline, i.e., they can be ejected without destruction. Another topic investigated dealt with the chemical composition of free-standing GO. The elemental composition was found to be approximately COH2. We have also studied the impact of Au400 clusters on graphene. Again SI yields were high (e.g., 1.25 C-/impact). 90-100 Au atoms evaporate off the exiting projectile which experiences an energy loss of ∼72 keV. The latter is a summation of energy spent on rupturing the graphene, ejecting carbon atoms and clusters and a dipole projectile/hole interaction. The charge distribution of the exiting projectiles is ∼50% neutrals and ∼25% either negatively or positively charged. We infer that free-standing graphene enables detection of attomole to zeptomole deposits of analyte via cluster-SI mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitriy S Verkhoturov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Bartlomiej Czerwinski
- Applied Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Sheng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | | | - Emile A Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
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70
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Qin X, Marchi BC, Meng Z, Keten S. Impact resistance of nanocellulose films with bioinspired Bouligand microstructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1351-1361. [PMID: 36132592 PMCID: PMC9418765 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bouligand structure features a helicoidal (twisted plywood) layup of fibers that are uniaxially arranged in-plane and is a hallmark of biomaterials that exhibit outstanding impact resistance. Despite its performance advantage, the underlying mechanisms for its outstanding impact resistance remain poorly understood, posing challenges for optimizing the design and development of bio-inspired materials with Bouligand microstructures. Interestingly, many bio-sourced nanomaterials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), readily self-assemble into helicoidal thin films with inter-layer (pitch) angles tunable via solvent processing. Taking CNC films as a model Bouligand system, we present atomistically-informed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to measure the ballistic performance of thin films with helicoidally assembled nanocrystals by subjecting them to loading similar to laser-induced projectile impact tests. The effect of pitch angle on the impact performance of CNC films was quantified in the context of their specific ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption. Bouligand structures with low pitch angles (18-42°) were found to display the highest ballistic resistance, significantly outperforming other pitch angle and quasi-isotropic baseline structures. Improved energy dissipation through greater interfacial sliding, larger in-plane crack openings, and through-thickness twisting cracks resulted in improved impact performance of optimal pitch angle Bouligand CNC films. Intriguingly, decreasing interfacial interactions enhanced the impact performance by readily admitting dissipative inter-fibril and inter-layer sliding events without severe fibril fragmentation. This work helps reveal structural and chemical factors that govern the optimal mechanical design of Bouligand microstructures made from high aspect ratio nanocrystals, paving the way for sustainable, impact resistant, and multi-functional films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Benjamin C Marchi
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Sinan Keten
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
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71
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Qasymeh M, Eleuch H. Quantum microwave-to-optical conversion in electrically driven multilayer graphene. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:5945-5960. [PMID: 30876187 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.005945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel quantum approach for microwave-to-optical conversion in a multilayer graphene structure. The graphene layers are electrically connected and pumped by an optical field. The physical concept is based on using a driving microwave signal to modulate the optical input pump by controlling graphene conductivity. Consequently, upper and lower optical sidebands are generated. To achieve low noise conversion, the lower sideband is suppressed by the multilayer graphene destruction resonance. A perturbation approach is implemented to model the effective permittivity of the electrically driven multilayer graphene. Subsequently, a quantum mechanical analysis is carried out to describe the evolution of the interacting fields. It is shown that a quantum microwave-to-optical conversion is achieved for miltilayer graphene of the proper length (i.e., number of layers). The conversion rate and the number of converted photons are evaluated according to several parameters. These include the microwave signal frequency, the microwave driving voltages, the graphene intrinsic electron density, and the number of graphene layers. Owing to multilayer dispersion and to the properties of graphene, it is shown that a significant number of photons (converted from microwave to optical frequency range) is achieved for microvolt microwave driving voltages. Furthermore, a frequency-tunable operation is achieved using this technique simply by modifying the optical pump frequency.
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72
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Afreen S, Muthoosamy K, Manickam S. Sono-nano chemistry: A new era of synthesising polyhydroxylated carbon nanomaterials with hydroxyl groups and their industrial aspects. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 51:451-461. [PMID: 30224290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this review is to derive the salient features of previously developed ultrasound-assisted methods for hydroxylating graphene and Buckminsterfullerene (C60). The pros and cons associated to ultrasound-assisted synthesis of hydroxy-carbon nanomaterials in designing the strategical methods for the industrial bulk production are also discussed. A guideline on the statistical methods has also been considered to further provide the scopes towards the application of the previously reported methods. Irrespective of many useful methods that have been developed in order to functionalize C60 and graphene by diverse oxygenated functional groups e.g. epoxide, hydroxyl, carboxyl as well as metal/metal oxide via a combination of organic chemistry and sonochemistry, there is no report dealing exclusively on the application of ultrasonic cavitation particularly to synthesising polyhydroxylated carbon nanomaterials. On this context, this review emphasizes in investigating the critical aspects of sono-nanochemistry and the statistical approaches to optimize the variables in the sonochemical process towards a large-scale synthesis of polyhydroxylated graphene and C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Afreen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kasturi Muthoosamy
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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73
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Zhou X, Miao YR, Shaw WL, Suslick KS, Dlott DD. Shock Wave Energy Absorption in Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2220-2223. [PMID: 30700090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations into the mechanical properties and mechanochemical reactions of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have suggested the potential for energy dissipation by multiple mechanisms. Although the possibility of efficient multifunctional shock dissipation by MOFs was suggested by static high pressure studies, there is little known about MOFs under shock compression. Here, we measure the attenuation of shock wave by the MOF denoted zeolitic-imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) in its desolvated, porous state. We find that shock wave dissipation by ZIF-8 occurred by multiple processes: powder compaction, nanopore-collapse, and chemical bond-breakage. The shock energy absorbance in ZIF-8 is proportional to ZIF-8 thickness, allowing the prediction of the thickness of MOF layer needed to attenuate shock waves to a desired lower energy. Compared with PMMA, often used as a standard, ZIF-8 attenuates 7 times more shock energy per unit mass for impacts at a lower velocity of 0.75 km/s and 2.5 times more at a higher velocity of 1.6 km/s. This research illustrates how to improve the ability to attenuate shock waves for personnel and equipment protection by engineering multifunctionality into the shock wave absorbing armor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Yu-Run Miao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - William L Shaw
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Kenneth S Suslick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Dana D Dlott
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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74
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Garbin V. Collapse mechanisms and extreme deformation of particle-laden interfaces. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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75
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Yang G, Xie W, Huang M, Champagne VK, Lee JH, Klier J, Schiffman JD. Polymer Particles with a Low Glass Transition Temperature Containing Thermoset Resin Enable Powder Coatings at Room Temperature. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019; 58:908-916. [PMID: 30679886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy-based powder coatings are an attractive alternative to solvent-borne coatings. Here, in-house synthesized low glass transition temperature (Tg) particles containing epoxy resin and polymethyl methacrylate formed coatings at room temperature upon impact with a surface. Suspension polymerization was used to prepare particles as a function of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and methyl methacrylate ratios. Higher incorporation of DGEBA decreased the Tg to below ~20°C and eliminated the need to heat the particles and/or aluminum substrates to form coatings. Using an electrostatic powder coating apparatus, a ~70% particle deposition efficiency was achieved on aluminum substrates heated to 200°C. Whereas, at room temperature, high-speed single particle impact experiments proved that particle bonding occurred at a critical velocity of 438 m/s, comparable to commercial cold spray technologies. The in-house synthesized particles used in this study hold potential in traditional and emerging additive manufacturing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-9303, United States
| | - Wanting Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-2210, United States
| | - Mengfei Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-9303, United States
| | - Victor K Champagne
- ARL Center for Cold Spray, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland, 20783-1138, United States
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-2210, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-9303, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003-9303, United States
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76
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Atomic Structure and Mechanical Properties of Twisted Bilayer Graphene. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the atomic structure and mechanical properties of twisted bilayer graphene with a different twist angle using molecular dynamic simulations. The two layers are corrugated after energy minimization. We found two different modes of corrugation. The mechanical properties are tested both in-plane and perpendicular to the plane. The in-plane properties are dominated by the orientation of graphene. The perpendicular properties depend on the twist angle, as the larger the twist angle, the higher the intrinsic strength.
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77
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Fitzgerald BW. The physiology of impenetrable skin: Colossus of the X-Men. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2018; 42:529-540. [PMID: 30192188 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00107.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The X-Men are an ensemble of superheroes whose powers are associated with the X-Gene, a mutant genetic factor. The powers exhibited by each character differ and are dependent on how the X-Gene has modified their individual genomes. For instance, Wolverine possesses regenerative healing, Storm can control local weather systems, and Colossus can create an impenetrable "organic steel" layer around his body. Thanks to the establishment of the superhero genre in modern cinema, audiences are familiar with Colossus from films such as X-Men: Days of Future Past and Deadpool. While attaining this power might be attractive to many people, there are innumerate scientific obstacles to be overcome to replicate this "organic steel" layer. Due to its unique combination of high strength and flexibility, a graphene-based layer might be a more realistic material for Colossus' impenetrable skin and would also address a number of physiological issues associated with an "organic steel" layer. The actualization of this layer would depend on complex processes associated with protein folding, protein self-assembly, and changing the structure of his skin. In the classroom, Colossus can foster a multidisciplinary learning environment where concepts in physiology can overlap with topics in physics, engineering, and materials science. Just like other superheroes, Colossus can also be used to promote scientific content in outreach for the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Fitzgerald
- Intensified Reaction and Separation Systems, Department of Process and Energy, Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
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78
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High-velocity micro-particle impact on gelatin and synthetic hydrogel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 86:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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79
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80
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Hudaya C, Ahn M, Oh SH, Jeon BJ, Sung YE, Lee JK. Simultaneous etching and transfer — Free multilayer graphene sheets derived from C60 thin films. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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81
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Shavelkina MB, Amirov RK, Alikhanov NR, Vakhitov IR, Shatalova TB. Continuous Synthesis of Hydrogenated Graphene in Thermal Plasma. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476618040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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82
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Xia W, Vargas-Lara F, Keten S, Douglas JF. Structure and Dynamics of a Graphene Melt. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5427-5435. [PMID: 29787245 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We explore the structural and dynamic properties of bulk materials composed of graphene nanosheets using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Remarkably, our results show clear evidence that bulk graphene materials exhibit a fluid-like behavior similar to linear polymer melts at elevated temperatures and that these materials transform into a glassy-like "foam" state at temperatures below the glass-transition temperature ( Tg) of these materials. Distinct from an isolated graphene sheet, which exhibits a relatively flat shape with fluctuations, we find that graphene sheets in a melt state structurally adopt more "crumpled" configurations and correspondingly smaller sizes, as normally found for ordinary polymers in the melt. Upon approaching the glass transition, these two-dimensional polymeric materials exhibit a dramatic slowing down of their dynamics that is likewise similar to ordinary linear polymer glass-forming liquids. Bulk graphene materials in their glassy foam state have an exceptionally large free-volume and high thermal stability due to their high Tg (≈ 1600 K) as compared to conventional polymer materials. Our findings show that graphene melts have interesting lubricating and "plastic" flow properties at elevated temperatures, and suggest that graphene foams are highly promising as high surface filtration materials and fire suppression additives for improving the thermal conductivities and mechanical reinforcement of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xia
- Materials Science & Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Fernando Vargas-Lara
- Materials Science & Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | | | - Jack F Douglas
- Materials Science & Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
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83
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Scale Effects on the Ballistic Penetration of Graphene Sheets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6750. [PMID: 29712955 PMCID: PMC5928051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanostructures are promising ballistic protection materials, due to their low density and excellent mechanical properties. Recent experimental and computational investigations on the behavior of graphene under impact conditions revealed exceptional energy absorption properties as well. However, the reported numerical and experimental values differ by an order of magnitude. In this work, we combined numerical and analytical modeling to address this issue. In the numerical part, we employed reactive molecular dynamics to carry out ballistic tests on single, double, and triple-layered graphene sheets. We used velocity values within the range tested in experiments. Our numerical and the experimental results were used to determine parameters for a scaling law. We find that the specific penetration energy decreases as the number of layers (N) increases, from ∼15 MJ/kg for N = 1 to ∼0.9 MJ/kg for N = 350, for an impact velocity of 900 m/s. These values are in good agreement with simulations and experiments, within the entire range of N values for which data is presently available. Scale effects explain the apparent discrepancy between simulations and experiments.
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84
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Lou S, Liu Y, Yang F, Lin S, Zhang R, Deng Y, Wang M, Tom KB, Zhou F, Ding H, Bustillo KC, Wang X, Yan S, Scott M, Minor A, Yao J. Three-dimensional Architecture Enabled by Strained Two-dimensional Material Heterojunction. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1819-1825. [PMID: 29462550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the structure of materials endows them with novel physical properties across a wide range of length scales. With high in-plane stiffness and strength, but low flexural rigidity, two-dimensional (2D) materials are excellent building blocks for nanostructure engineering. They can be easily bent and folded to build three-dimensional (3D) architectures. Taking advantage of the large lattice mismatch between the constituents, we demonstrate a 3D heterogeneous architecture combining a basal Bi2Se3 nanoplate and wavelike Bi2Te3 edges buckling up and down forming periodic ripples. Unlike 2D heterostructures directly grown on substrates, the solution-based synthesis allows the heterostructures to be free from substrate influence during the formation process. The balance between bending and in-plane strain energies gives rise to controllable rippling of the material. Our experimental results show clear evidence that the wavelengths and amplitudes of the ripples are dependent on both the widths and thicknesses of the rippled material, matching well with continuum mechanics analysis. The rippled Bi2Se3/Bi2Te3 heterojunction broadens the horizon for the application of 2D materials heterojunction and the design and fabrication of 3D architectures based on them, which could provide a platform to enable nanoscale structure generation and associated photonic/electronic properties manipulation for optoelectronic and electromechanic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Fuyi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Shuren Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ruopeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kyle B Tom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hong Ding
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Shancheng Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mary Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Andrew Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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85
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Xie W, Tadepalli S, Park SH, Kazemi-Moridani A, Jiang Q, Singamaneni S, Lee JH. Extreme Mechanical Behavior of Nacre-Mimetic Graphene-Oxide and Silk Nanocomposites. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:987-993. [PMID: 29314859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials have the ability to withstand extreme mechanical forces due to their unique multilevel hierarchical structure. Here, we fabricated a nacre-mimetic nanocomposite comprised of silk fibroin and graphene oxide that exhibits hybridized dynamic responses arising from alternating high-contrast mechanical properties of the components at the nanoscale. Dynamic mechanical behavior of these nanocomposites is assessed through a microscale ballistic characterization using a 7.6 μm diameter silica sphere moving at a speed of approximately 400 m/s. The volume fraction of graphene oxide in these composites is systematically varied from 0 to 32 vol % to quantify the dynamic effects correlating with the structural morphologies of the graphene oxide flakes. Specific penetration energy of the films rapidly increases as the distribution of graphene oxide flakes evolves from noninteracting, isolated sheets to a partially overlapping continuous sheet. The specific penetration energy of the nanocomposite at the highest graphene oxide content tested here is found to be significantly higher than that of Kevlar fabrics and close to that of pure multilayer graphene. This study evidently demonstrates that the morphologies of nanoscale constituents and their interactions are critical to realize scalable high-performance nanocomposites using typical nanomaterial constituents having finite dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Xie
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sirimuvva Tadepalli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Amir Kazemi-Moridani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Qisheng Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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86
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Azevedo DL, Bizao RA, Galvao DS. Molecular dynamics simulations of ballistic penetration of penta-graphene sheets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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87
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Woellner CF, Machado LD, Autreto PAS, de Sousa JM, Galvao DS. Structural transformations of carbon and boron nitride nanoscrolls at high impact collisions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4911-4916. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07402f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of nanostructures under high strain-rate conditions has been the object of theoretical and experimental investigations in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. F. Woellner
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- Brazil
| | - L. D. Machado
- Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN 59072-970
- Brazil
| | | | - J. M. de Sousa
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- Brazil
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Piauí
| | - D. S. Galvao
- Departamento de Física Aplicada
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- Brazil
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88
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Bulbula ST, Lu Y, Dong Y, Yang XY. Hierarchically porous graphene for batteries and supercapacitors. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00652k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical porous graphene based materials are explored for their application as electrochemical storage devices due to their large specific surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and excellent specific capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeles T. Bulbula
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
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89
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Popov I, Đurišić I, Belić MR. Designing topological defects in 2D materials using scanning probe microscopy and a self-healing mechanism: a density functional-based molecular dynamics study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:495706. [PMID: 29076811 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of materials at the atomic level is one of the most important aims of nanotechnology. The unprecedented ability of scanning probe microscopy to address individual atoms opened up the possibilities for nanomanipulation and nanolitography of surfaces and later on of two-dimensional materials. While the state-of-the-art scanning probe lithographic methods include, primarily, adsorption, desorption and repositioning of adatoms and molecules on substrates or tailoring nanoribbons by etching of trenches, the precise modification of the intrinsic atomic structure of materials is yet to be advanced. Here we introduce a new concept, scanning probe microscopy with a rotating tip, for engineering of the atomic structure of membranes based on two-dimensional materials. In order to indicate the viability of the concept, we present our theoretical research, which includes atomistic modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, Fourier analysis and electronic transport calculations. While stretching can be employed for fabrication of atomic chains only, our comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations indicate that nanomanipulation by scanning probe microscopy with a rotating tip is capable of assembling a wide range of topological defects in two-dimensional materials in a rather controllable and reproducible manner. We analyze two possibilities. In the first case the probe tip is retracted from the membrane while in the second case the tip is released beneath the membrane allowing graphene to freely relax and self-heal the pore made by the tip. The former approach with the tip rotation can be achieved experimentally by rotation of the sample, which is equivalent to rotation of the tip, whereas irradiation of the membrane by nanoclusters can be utilized for the latter approach. The latter one has the potential to yield a yet richer diversity of topological defects on account of a lesser determinacy. If successfully realized experimentally the concept proposed here could be an important step toward controllable nanostructuring of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Popov
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia. Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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90
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Signetti S, Taioli S, Pugno NM. 2D Material Armors Showing Superior Impact Strength of Few Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40820-40830. [PMID: 29120161 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study the ballistic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials upon the hypervelocity impacts of C60 fullerene molecules combining ab initio density functional tight binding and finite element simulations. The critical penetration energy of monolayer membranes is determined using graphene and the 2D allotrope of boron nitride as case studies. Furthermore, the energy absorption scaling laws with a variable number of layers and interlayer spacing are investigated, for homogeneous or hybrid configurations (alternated stacking of graphene and boron nitride). At the nanolevel, a synergistic interaction between the layers emerges, not observed at the micro- and macro-scale for graphene armors. This size-scale transition in the impact behavior toward higher dimensional scales is rationalized in terms of scaling of the damaged volume and material strength. An optimal number of layers, between 5 and 10, emerges demonstrating that few-layered 2D material armors possess impact strength even higher than their monolayer counterparts. These results provide fundamental understanding for the design of ultralightweight multilayer armors using enhanced 2D material-based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Signetti
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired and Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento , via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Taioli
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas, Fondazione Bruno Kessler & Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications , strada delle Tabarelle 286, Villazzano, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University , Praha 8, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired and Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento , via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, U.K
- Ket-Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency , via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy
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91
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High-velocity projectile impact induced 9R phase in ultrafine-grained aluminium. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1653. [PMID: 29162804 PMCID: PMC5698461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium typically deforms via full dislocations due to its high stacking fault energy. Twinning in aluminium, although difficult, may occur at low temperature and high strain rate. However, the 9R phase rarely occurs in aluminium simply because of its giant stacking fault energy. Here, by using a laser-induced projectile impact testing technique, we discover a deformation-induced 9R phase with tens of nm in width in ultrafine-grained aluminium with an average grain size of 140 nm, as confirmed by extensive post-impact microscopy analyses. The stability of the 9R phase is related to the existence of sessile Frank loops. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the formation mechanisms of the 9R phase in aluminium. This study sheds lights on a deformation mechanism in metals with high stacking fault energies.
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92
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Molecular influence in high-strain-rate microparticle impact response of poly(urethane urea) elastomers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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93
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Wang P, Yang J, Li X, Liu M, Zhang X, Sun D, Bao C, Gao G, Yahya MY, Xu S. Modification of the contact surfaces for improving the puncture resistance of laminar structures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6615. [PMID: 28747656 PMCID: PMC5529432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering energy absorption and surface effects of various penetrating velocities on laminar structures is essential for designing protective structures. In this study, both quasi-static and dynamic penetration tests were systematical conducted on the front surfaces of metal sheets coated with a graphene oxide (GO) solution and other media. The addition of a GO fluid film to the front impact surface aided in increasing the penetration strength, improving the failure extension and dissipating additional energy under a wide-range of indentation velocity, from 3.33 × 10−5 m/s to 4.42 m/s. The coated -surfaces improved the specific energy dissipation by approximately 15~40% relative to the dry-contact configuration for both single-layer and double-layer configurations, and specific energy dissipations of double-layer configurations were 20~30% higher than those of the single-layer configurations. This treatment provides a facile strategy in changing the contact state for improving the failure load and dissipate additional energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Xin Li
- College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
| | - Mao Liu
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dawei Sun
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chenlu Bao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Guangfa Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Mohd Yazid Yahya
- Centre for Composite, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Songlin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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94
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Dynamics and extreme plasticity of metallic microparticles in supersonic collisions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5073. [PMID: 28698544 PMCID: PMC5505959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic microparticles can acquire remarkable nanoscale morphologies after experiencing high velocity collisions, but materials science regarding the extreme events has been limited due to a lack of controlled experiments. In this work, collision dynamics and nonlinear material characteristics of aluminum microparticles are investigated through precise single particle collisions with two distinctive substrates, sapphire and aluminum, across a broad range of collision velocities, from 50 to 1,100 m/s. An empirical constitutive model is calibrated based on the experimental results, and is used to investigate the mechanics of particle deformation history. Real-time and post-impact characterizations, as well as model based simulations, show that significant material flow occurs during the impact, especially with the sapphire substrate. A material instability stemming from plasticity-induced heating is identified. The presented methodology, based on the use of controlled single particle impact data and constitutive models, provides an innovative approach for the prediction of extreme material behavior.
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95
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Chen PY, Liu M, Wang Z, Hurt RH, Wong IY. From Flatland to Spaceland: Higher Dimensional Patterning with Two-Dimensional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201605096. [PMID: 28244157 PMCID: PMC5549278 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The creation of three-dimensional (3D) structures from two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial building blocks enables novel chemical, mechanical or physical functionalities that cannot be realized with planar thin films or in bulk materials. Here, we review the use of emerging 2D materials to create complex out-of-plane surface topographies and 3D material architectures. We focus on recent approaches that yield periodic textures or patterns, and present four techniques as case studies: (i) wrinkling and crumpling of planar sheets, (ii) encapsulation by crumpled nanosheet shells, (iii) origami folding and kirigami cutting to create programmed curvature, and (iv) 3D printing of 2D material suspensions. Work to date in this field has primarily used graphene and graphene oxide as the 2D building blocks, and we consider how these unconventional approaches may be extended to alternative 2D materials and their heterostructures. Taken together, these emerging patterning and texturing techniques represent an intriguing alternative to conventional materials synthesis and processing methods, and are expected to contribute to the development of new composites, stretchable electronics, energy storage devices, chemical barriers, and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Muchun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Zhongying Wang
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
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96
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Chen X, Yi Z, Lei J, Yi H, Yao W, Zhu W, Duan T. Preparation and Perfomance of an Aging-Resistant Nanocomposite Film of Binary Natural Polymer-Graphene Oxide. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1173-1181. [PMID: 31457188 PMCID: PMC6640760 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As one of the materials having a bionic structure, nacrelike layered composites, inspired by their natural hybrid structures, have been studied via a variety of approaches. Graphene oxide (GO), which differed from inert graphene, was used as a new building block because it could be readily chemically functionalized. Rather than natural polymers, synthetic polymers were most commonly used to fabricate nacrelike GO-polymer materials. However, naturally occurring polymers complied more easily with the requirements of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. Here, a simple solution-casting method was used to mimic natural nacre and fabricate a self-assembled and aging-resistant binary natural polymer, (κ-carrageenan (κ-CAR)-Konjac glucomannan (KGM))-GO nanocomposites, with varying GO concentrations. The investigation results revealed that κ-CAR-KGM and GO mostly self-assemble via the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds to form a well-defined layered structure. The mechanical properties of the natural polymer-GO films were improved significantly compared to those of pure natural polymer films. With the addition of 7.5 wt % GO, the tensile strength (TS) and Young's modulus were found to increase by 129.5 and 491.5%, respectively. In addition, the composite films demonstrated high reliability and aging resistance as well as a definite TS after cold and hot shock and ozone aging tests, especially showing a superior ozone resistance. The composite films can potentially be used as biomaterials or packing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Laboratory of Extreme
Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest
University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Zao Yi
- Laboratory of Extreme
Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest
University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Jiehong Lei
- College of Physics and Space Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Huan Yi
- Sichuan Civil-Military
Integration Institute, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Weitang Yao
- Laboratory of Extreme
Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest
University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Wenkun Zhu
- Laboratory of Extreme
Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest
University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
- Sichuan Civil-Military
Integration Institute, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Tao Duan
- Laboratory of Extreme
Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest
University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
- Sichuan Civil-Military
Integration Institute, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
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97
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Thevamaran R, Lawal O, Yazdi S, Jeon SJ, Lee JH, Thomas EL. Dynamic creation and evolution of gradient nanostructure in single-crystal metallic microcubes. Science 2016; 354:312-316. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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98
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Sadeghzadeh S. Computational design of graphene sheets for withstanding the impact of ultrafast projectiles. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:196-211. [PMID: 27750188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-scale method is employed in this paper to conduct a virtual study of the high-strain behavior of single- and multi-layer graphene sheets and to investigate the design of related graphene-based devices. By bridging the length and time scales by combining the Molecular Dynamics and Finite Element methods together, a comprehensive multiscale model is developed to study the fascinating capabilities of single- and multi-layer graphene sheets in withstanding the impact of ultrafast projectiles. In order to contribute to future developments and innovations in this field, several quantitative and qualitative comparisons are also performed. By employing the validated model, the effects of several parameters on the impact resistance efficiency of the examined sheets are evaluated. The specific penetration energy of multilayer graphene sheets is several times greater than that of metal sheets. It is demonstrated that the number of layers, aspect ratio, sheet size, interlayer distance, delamination, and projectile shape significantly influence the impact resistance of graphene sheets. The specific critical rupture velocity decreases asymptotically with the increase in the number of layers. A large-scale array of fewer graphene layers can withstand bullets of much higher velocities than a multilayer graphene sheet with equivalent weight. Finally, the coefficient of restitution for the oblique collision of gold and steel nanoparticles with multilayer graphene sheets is calculated at different impact velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Sadeghzadeh
- Smart Micro/Nano Electro Mechanical Systems Lab (MNEMS), School of New Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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99
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Yoon K, Rahnamoun A, Swett JL, Iberi V, Cullen DA, Vlassiouk IV, Belianinov A, Jesse S, Sang X, Ovchinnikova OS, Rondinone AJ, Unocic RR, van Duin ACT. Atomistic-Scale Simulations of Defect Formation in Graphene under Noble Gas Ion Irradiation. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8376-8384. [PMID: 27532882 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the frequent use of noble gas ion irradiation of graphene, the atomistic-scale details, including the effects of dose, energy, and ion bombardment species on defect formation, and the associated dynamic processes involved in the irradiations and subsequent relaxation have not yet been thoroughly studied. Here, we simulated the irradiation of graphene with noble gas ions and the subsequent effects of annealing. Lattice defects, including nanopores, were generated after the annealing of the irradiated graphene, which was the result of structural relaxation that allowed the vacancy-type defects to coalesce into a larger defect. Larger nanopores were generated by irradiation with a series of heavier noble gas ions, due to a larger collision cross section that led to more detrimental effects in the graphene, and by a higher ion dose that increased the chance of displacing the carbon atoms from graphene. Overall trends in the evolution of defects with respect to a dose, as well as the defect characteristics, were in good agreement with experimental results. Additionally, the statistics in the defect types generated by different irradiating ions suggested that the most frequently observed defect types were Stone-Thrower-Wales (STW) defects for He(+) irradiation and monovacancy (MV) defects for all other ion irradiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Yoon
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ali Rahnamoun
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jacob L Swett
- Advanced Technology Center, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Vighter Iberi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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100
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Agius Anastasi A, Ritos K, Cassar G, Borg MK. Mechanical properties of pristine and nanoporous graphene. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2016.1209753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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