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Collier DM, Tomkovicz VR, Peterson ZJ, Benson CJ, Snyder PM. Intersubunit conformational changes mediate epithelial sodium channel gating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 144:337-48. [PMID: 25225551 PMCID: PMC4178938 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Residues forming interfaces between the three ENaC subunits participate in conformational changes required for transition between open and closed states. The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) functions as a pathway for Na+ absorption in the kidney and lung, where it is crucial for Na+ homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. However, the basic mechanisms that control ENaC gating are poorly understood. Here we define a role in gating for residues forming interfaces between the extracellular domains of the three ENaC subunits. Using cysteine substitution combined with chemical cross-linking, we determined that residues located at equivalent positions in the three subunits (αK477, βE446, and γE455) form interfaces with residues in adjacent subunits (βV85, γV87, and αL120, respectively). Cross-linking of these residues altered ENaC activity in a length-dependent manner; long cross-linkers increased ENaC current by increasing its open probability, whereas short cross-linkers reduced ENaC open probability. Cross-linking also disrupted ENaC gating responses to extracellular pH and Na+, signals which modulate ENaC activity during shifts in volume status. Introduction of charged side chains at the interfacing residues altered ENaC activity in a charge-dependent manner. Current increased when like charges were present at both interfacing residues, whereas opposing charges reduced current. Together, these data indicate that conformational changes at intersubunit interfaces participate in ENaC transitions between the open and closed states; movements that increase intersubunit distance favor the open state, whereas the closed state is favored when the distance is reduced. This provides a mechanism to modulate ENaC gating in response to changing extracellular conditions that threaten Na+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Collier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Vivian R Tomkovicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Zerubbabel J Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Christopher J Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Peter M Snyder
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246
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Abstract
Hypertension has become a major global health burden due to its high prevalence and associated increase in risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. It is well established that hypertension is determined by both genetic and environmental factors and their complex interactions. Recent large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified a total of 38 loci which achieved genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for their association with blood pressure (BP). Although the heritability of BP explained by these loci is very limited, GWAS meta-analyses have elicited renewed optimism in hypertension genomics research, highlighting novel pathways influencing BP and elucidating genetic mechanisms underlying BP regulation. This review summarizes evolving progress in the rapidly moving field of hypertension genetics and highlights several promising approaches for dissecting the remaining heritability of BP. It also discusses the future translation of genetic findings to hypertension treatment and prevention.
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Schmitz B, Brand SM, Brand E. Aldosterone signaling and soluble adenylyl cyclase-a nexus for the kidney and vascular endothelium. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2601-9. [PMID: 24907563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone aldosterone regulates the reabsorption of water and ions in the kidney and plays a central role in blood pressure regulation and homeostasis. In recent years, the vascular endothelium has been established as an important aldosterone target organ with major implications in renal and cardiovascular health and disease. Different lines of evidence suggest that the calcium- and bicarbonate-activated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a novel mediator of aldosterone signaling in both the kidney and vascular endothelium. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sAC gene expression regulation in the kidney and vascular endothelium and outlines the potential clinical implications of sAC in chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. This review is part of a special issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 39, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 39, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Vitzthum H, Seniuk A, Schulte LH, Müller ML, Hetz H, Ehmke H. Functional coupling of renal K+ and Na+ handling causes high blood pressure in Na+ replete mice. J Physiol 2014; 592:1139-57. [PMID: 24396058 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.266924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of kinases, including WNKs, SPAK and Sgk1, is critical for the independent regulation of K+ and Na+ transport in the distal nephron. Angiotensin II is thought to act as a key hormone in orchestrating these kinases to switch from K+ secretion during hyperkalaemia to Na+ reabsorption during intravascular volume depletion, thus keeping disturbances in electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis at a minimum. It remains unclear, however, how K+ and Na+ transport are regulated during a high Na+ intake, which is associated with suppressed angiotensin II levels and a high distal tubular Na+ load. We therefore investigated the integrated blood pressure, renal, hormonal and gene and protein expression responses to large changes of K+ intake in Na+ replete mice. Both low and high K+ intake increased blood pressure and caused Na+ retention. Low K+ intake was accompanied by an upregulation of the sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) and its activating kinase SPAK, and inhibition of NCC normalized blood pressure. Renal responses were unaffected by angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonism, indicating that low K+ intake activates the distal nephron by an angiotensin-independent mode of action. High K+ intake was associated with elevated plasma aldosterone concentrations and an upregulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and its activating kinase Sgk1. Surprisingly, high K+ intake increased blood pressure even during ENaC or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, suggesting the contribution of aldosterone-independent mechanisms. These findings show that in a Na+ replete state, changes in K+ intake induce specific molecular and functional adaptations in the distal nephron that cause a functional coupling of renal K+ and Na+ handling, resulting in Na+ retention and high blood pressure when K+ intake is either restricted or excessively increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Vitzthum
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Centre for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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55
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Anderson CAM. Beyond the clinic: importance of community involvement in sodium-reduction efforts. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2014; 20:S6-8. [PMID: 24322817 PMCID: PMC4308094 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0b013e3182aa65b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Excessive sodium intake is a serious public health problem that is amenable to intervention. Despite campaigns that often target individuals to encourage lower sodium intake, consumption is far in excess of recommendations. There is increasing recognition of the importance of the food environment in shaping dietary behavior and the need for strategies that focus on changing community-level environmental factors that support a shift in behavior toward more healthful eating. Practice-based evidence should be coupled with evidence from well-conducted clinical studies of sodium and health to build the foundation for public health interventions that achieve and sustain sodium reduction in the general population. This article discusses the importance of moving beyond the clinic and engaging communities in this important public health effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A M Anderson
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
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56
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Hall JE, Granger JP, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Dubinion J, George E, Hamza S, Speed J, Hall ME. Hypertension: physiology and pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2393-442. [PMID: 23720252 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension and availability of effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, suboptimal blood pressure (BP) control is still the most important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and is globally responsible for more than 7 million deaths annually. Short-term and long-term BP regulation involve the integrated actions of multiple cardiovascular, renal, neural, endocrine, and local tissue control systems. Clinical and experimental observations strongly support a central role for the kidneys in the long-term regulation of BP, and abnormal renal-pressure natriuresis is present in all forms of chronic hypertension. Impaired renal-pressure natriuresis and chronic hypertension can be caused by intrarenal or extrarenal factors that reduce glomerular filtration rate or increase renal tubular reabsorption of salt and water; these factors include excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, endothelin, and inflammatory cytokines, or decreased synthesis of nitric oxide and various natriuretic factors. In human primary (essential) hypertension, the precise causes of impaired renal function are not completely understood, although excessive weight gain and dietary factors appear to play a major role since hypertension is rare in nonobese hunter-gathers living in nonindustrialized societies. Recent advances in genetics offer opportunities to discover gene-environment interactions that may also contribute to hypertension, although success thus far has been limited mainly to identification of rare monogenic forms of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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Abstract
In this review three major issues of sodium homeostasis are addressed. Specifically, volume-dependent (salt-sensitive) hypertension, sodium chloride content of maintenance fluid and clinical evaluation of hyponatremia are discussed. Regarding volume-dependent hypertension the endocrine/paracrine systems mediating renal sodium retention, the relationship between salt intake, plasma sodium levels and blood pressure, as well as data on the dissociation of sodium and volume regulation are presented. The concept of perinatal programming of salt-preference is also mentioned. Some theoretical and practical aspects of fluid therapy are summarized with particular reference to using hypotonic sodium chloride solution for maintenance fluid as opposed to the currently proposed isotonic sodium chloride solution. Furthermore, the incidence, the aetiological classification and central nervous system complications of hyponatremia are presented, too. In addition, clinical and pathophysical features of hyponatremic encephalophathy and osmotic demyelinisation are given. The adaptive reactions of the brain to hypotonic stress are also described with particular emphasis on the role of brain-specific water channel proteins (aquaporin-4) and the benzamil-inhibitable sodium channels. In view of the outmost clinical significance of hyponatremia, the principles of efficient and safe therapeutic approaches are outlined. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1488–1497.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Sulyok
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem Egészségtudományi Kar Pécs Vörösmarty u. 4. 7621
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58
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Mansurah AA, Aimola I, Annette RO, Abdullahi S. Isolation, Partial Purification and Characterization of Angiotensin Converting
Enzyme (ACE) from Rabbit (Oryctolagus ciniculus) Lungs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ajdd.2013.120.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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59
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Kolovou GD, Mavrogeni S. Genetics of human hypertension, the role of angiotensinogen. should it be one of the drug target genes? Angiology 2013; 65:269-71. [PMID: 23719091 DOI: 10.1177/0003319713491135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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60
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A reduction in salt intake lowers blood pressure (BP) and, thereby, reduces cardiovascular risk. A recent meta-analysis by Graudal implied that salt reduction had adverse effects on hormones and lipids which might mitigate any benefit that occurs with BP reduction. However, Graudal's meta-analysis included a large number of very short-term trials with a large change in salt intake, and such studies are irrelevant to the public health recommendations for a longer-term modest reduction in salt intake. We have updated our Cochrane meta-analysis. OBJECTIVES To assess (1) the effect of a longer-term modest reduction in salt intake (i.e. of public health relevance) on BP and whether there was a dose-response relationship; (2) the effect on BP by sex and ethnic group; (3) the effect on plasma renin activity, aldosterone, noradrenaline, adrenaline, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and reference list of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised trials with a modest reduction in salt intake and duration of at least 4 weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Random effects meta-analyses, subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-four trials (3230 participants) were included. Meta-analysis showed that the mean change in urinary sodium (reduced salt vs usual salt) was -75 mmol/24-h (equivalent to a reduction of 4.4 g/d salt), the mean change in BP was -4.18 mmHg (95% CI: -5.18 to -3.18, I (2)=75%) for systolic and -2.06 mmHg (95% CI: -2.67 to -1.45, I (2)=68%) for diastolic BP. Meta-regression showed that age, ethnic group, BP status (hypertensive or normotensive) and the change in 24-h urinary sodium were all significantly associated with the fall in systolic BP, explaining 68% of the variance between studies. A 100 mmol reduction in 24 hour urinary sodium (6 g/day salt) was associated with a fall in systolic BP of 5.8 mmHg (95%CI: 2.5 to 9.2, P=0.001) after adjusting for age, ethnic group and BP status. For diastolic BP, age, ethnic group, BP status and the change in 24-h urinary sodium explained 41% of the variance between studies. Meta-analysis by subgroup showed that, in hypertensives, the mean effect was -5.39 mmHg (95% CI: -6.62 to -4.15, I (2)=61%) for systolic and -2.82 mmHg (95% CI: -3.54 to -2.11, I (2)=52%) for diastolic BP. In normotensives, the mean effect was -2.42 mmHg (95% CI: -3.56 to -1.29, I (2)=66%) for systolic and -1.00 mmHg (95% CI: -1.85 to -0.15, I (2)=66%) for diastolic BP. Further subgroup analysis showed that the decrease in systolic BP was significant in both whites and blacks, men and women. Meta-analysis of hormone and lipid data showed that the mean effect was 0.26 ng/ml/hr (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.36, I (2)=70%) for plasma renin activity, 73.20 pmol/l (95% CI: 44.92 to 101.48, I (2)=62%) for aldosterone, 31.67 pg/ml (95% CI: 6.57 to 56.77, I (2)=5%) for noradrenaline, 6.70 pg/ml (95% CI: -0.25 to 13.64, I (2)=12%) for adrenaline, 0.05 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.02 to 0.11, I (2)=0%) for cholesterol, 0.05 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.01 to 0.12, I (2)=0%) for LDL, -0.02 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.06 to 0.01, I (2)=16%) for HDL, and 0.04 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.02 to 0.09, I (2)=0%) for triglycerides. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS A modest reduction in salt intake for 4 or more weeks causes significant and, from a population viewpoint, important falls in BP in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals, irrespective of sex and ethnic group. With salt reduction, there is a small physiological increase in plasma renin activity, aldosterone and noradrenaline. There is no significant change in lipid levels. These results provide further strong support for a reduction in population salt intake. This will likely lower population BP and, thereby, reduce cardiovascular disease. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates a significant association between the reduction in 24-h urinary sodium and the fall in systolic BP, indicating the greater the reduction in salt intake, the greater the fall in systolic BP. The current recommendations to reduce salt intake from 9-12 to 5-6 g/d will have a major effect on BP, but are not ideal. A further reduction to 3 g/d will have a greater effect and should become the long term target for population salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of PreventiveMedicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, QueenMary University of London, London, UK.
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61
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Shibata K, Hozawa A, Tamiya G, Ueki M, Nakamura T, Narimatsu H, Kubota I, Ueno Y, Kato T, Yamashita H, Fukao A, Kayama T. The confounding effect of cryptic relatedness for environmental risks of systolic blood pressure on cohort studies. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 1:45-53. [PMID: 24498600 PMCID: PMC3893157 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of cryptic relatedness (CR) on genomic association studies is well studied and known to inflate false-positive rates as reported by several groups. In contrast, conventional epidemiological studies for environmental risks, the confounding effect of CR is still uninvestigated. In this study, we investigated the confounding effect of unadjusted CR among a rural cohort in the relationship between environmental risk factors (body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption) and systolic blood pressure. We applied the methods of population-based whole-genome association studies for the analysis of the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data in 1622 subjects, and detected 20.2% CR in this cohort population. In the case of the sample size, approximately 1000, the ratio of CR to the population was 20.2%, the population prevalence 25%, the prevalence in the CR 26%, heritability for liability 14.3% and prevalence in the subpopulation without CR 26%, the difference of estimated regression coefficient between samples with and without CR was not significant (P-value = 0.55). On the other hand, in another case with approximately >20% heritability for liability, we showed that confounding due to CR biased the estimation of exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Shibata
- Advanced Molecular Epidemiology Research Institute (AMERI), Cohort Management Unit, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Division of Personalized Prevention and Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- AMERI, Genomic Information Analysis Unit, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masao Ueki
- AMERI, Genomic Information Analysis Unit, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- AMERI, Genomic Information Analysis Unit, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroto Narimatsu
- AMERI, Cohort Management Unit, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- AMERI, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan ; Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takeo Kato
- AMERI, Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases Research Center, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan ; Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Akira Fukao
- AMERI, Genomic Information Analysis Unit, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan ; AMERI, Cohort Management Unit, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takamasa Kayama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata University Yamagata, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Kotchen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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63
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Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is quantitatively the major cardiovascular risk factor and responsible for ∼50% of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Blood pressure (BP) is also a classical complex genetic trait with heritability estimates of 30-50%. Although much is known about BP regulation, the intrinsic origin of essential HTN remains obscure although many environmental factors are known. Analyses of rare monogenic syndromes of HTN have focused attention on pathways that involve renal sodium handling, and steroid hormone metabolism including the mineralocorticoid receptor activity. The genetic basis of common essential HTN on the other hand is only just becoming accessible through high-throughput approaches. Unbiased genome-wide analyses of BP genomics have identified 43 genetic variants associated with systolic, diastolic BP, and HTN. It is highly likely based on current findings that there are hundreds of such loci with small effects on BP, opening a perspective on the genetic architecture of BP that was unknown before. It is our hope that the knowledge of these and further loci will lead to improved understanding of BP pathophysiology and to the identification of new targets for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg B Ehret
- Cardiology, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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64
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Zhou R, Tomkovicz VR, Butler PL, Ochoa LA, Peterson ZJ, Snyder PM. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 (USP8) regulates endosomal trafficking of the epithelial Na+ channel. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5389-97. [PMID: 23297398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.425272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a key role in trafficking of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC). Previous work indicated that ubiquitination enhances ENaC endocytosis and sorting to lysosomes for degradation. Moreover, a defect in ubiquitination causes Liddle syndrome, an inherited form of hypertension. In this work, we identified a role for USP8 in the control of ENaC ubiquitination and trafficking. USP8 increased ENaC current in Xenopus oocytes and collecting duct epithelia and enhanced ENaC abundance at the cell surface in HEK 293 cells. This resulted from altered endocytic sorting; USP8 abolished ENaC degradation in the endocytic pathway, but it had no effect on ENaC endocytosis. USP8 interacted with ENaC, as detected by co-immunoprecipitation, and it deubiquitinated ENaC. Consistent with a functional role for deubiquitination, mutation of the cytoplasmic lysines of ENaC reduced the effect of USP8 on ENaC cell surface abundance. In contrast to USP8, USP2-45 increased ENaC surface abundance by reducing endocytosis but not degradation. Thus, USP8 and USP2-45 selectively modulate ENaC trafficking at different steps in the endocytic pathway. Together with previous work, the data indicate that the ubiquitination state of ENaC is critical for the regulation of epithelial Na(+) absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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65
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Sia SK, Chiou HL, Chen SC, Tsai CF, Yang SF, Ueng KC. Distribution and phenotypic expression of mineralocorticoid receptor and CYP11B2 T-344C polymorphisms in a Taiwanese hypertensive population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3705-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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66
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Zhou B, Wang HL, Wang WL, Wu XM, Fu LY, Shi JP. Long-term effects of salt substitution on blood pressure in a rural north Chinese population. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 27:427-33. [PMID: 23254595 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2012.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary sodium and potassium intake can influence blood pressure. The effects of salt substitution on patients with hypertension and normotensive family member controls, however, have not been evaluated in a rural Chinese population. The objective of this study, accordingly, was to assess the long-term effects of salt substitution on blood pressure. We conducted a double-blind, randomized controlled trial among 200 families in rural China to establish the 2-year effects of a reduced-sodium, high-potassium salt substitute (65% sodium chloride, 25% potassium chloride, 10% magnesium sulfate) compared with normal salt (100% sodium chloride) on blood pressure. Of the 462 individuals in the trial, 372 completed the study (81%). For normotensive subjects, the mean overall difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups at the 24-month follow-up was 2 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI) 0-4 mm Hg, P<0.05) and 2 mm Hg (95% CI 1-3 mm Hg, P<0.05), respectively. For subjects with hypertension, the mean overall decrease in systolic blood pressure showed a 4-mm Hg (95% CI 2-6 mm Hg, P<0.05) decrease between the two groups. Diastolic blood pressure was not affected by salt use in the hypertensive group. Salt substitution lowers systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients and lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive controls. Salt substitution, therefore, may be an effective adjuvant therapy for hypertensive patients and the potential efficacy in preventing hypertension in normotensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhou
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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67
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Collier DM, Peterson ZJ, Blokhin IO, Benson CJ, Snyder PM. Identification of extracellular domain residues required for epithelial Na+ channel activation by acidic pH. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40907-14. [PMID: 23060445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the extracellular domain of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) functions as a sensor that fine tunes channel activity in response to changes in the extracellular environment. We previously found that acidic pH increases the activity of human ENaC, which results from a decrease in Na(+) self-inhibition. In the current work, we identified extracellular domain residues responsible for this regulation. We found that rat ENaC is less sensitive to pH than human ENaC, an effect mediated in part by the γ subunit. We identified a group of seven residues in the extracellular domain of γENaC (Asp-164, Gln-165, Asp-166, Glu-292, Asp-335, His-439, and Glu-455) that, when individually mutated to Ala, decreased proton activation of ENaC. γ(E455) is conserved in βENaC (Glu-446); mutation of this residue to neutral amino acids (Ala, Cys) reduced ENaC stimulation by acidic pH, whereas reintroduction of a negative charge (by MTSES modification of Cys) restored pH regulation. Combination of the seven γENaC mutations with β(E446A) generated a channel that was not activated by acidic pH, but inhibition by alkaline pH was intact. Moreover, these mutations reduced the effect of pH on Na(+) self-inhibition. Together, the data identify eight extracellular domain residues in human β- and γENaC that are required for regulation by acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Collier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Tahergorabi R, Beamer SK, Matak KE, Jaczynski J. Salt substitution in surimi seafood and its effects on instrumental quality attributes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Aggarwal Baniyas were found to have a high prevalence of high blood pressure. Genetic and environmental influences may be implicated for this risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for common genetic and environmental influences on blood pressure measures (systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP)). The population-based sample was comprised of 309 Aggarwal Baniya families, including 1214 individuals (271 fathers, 307 mothers, 311 sons and 325 daughters) from New Delhi, India. The prevalence of obesity in this community was found to be high (BMI: fathers, 26.1 kg/m2; mothers, 29.4 kg/m2; sons, 16.9-22.4 kg/m2; and daughters, 16.3-22.7 kg/m2). Correlation and heritability were estimated. Most sibling-sibling correlations were larger than the parent-offspring correlations, and all parent-offspring and sibling-sibling correlations were larger than the corresponding spouse correlation (SBP=0.026; DBP=0.029). The maximum heritability was estimated as 44.6% for SBP and 62.8% for DBP. The lack of a significant spouse correlation is consistent with little or no influence of the common familial environment. However, the high heritability estimate for both SBP and DBPs reinforces the importance of the non-shared environmental effect.
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Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait determined by genetic and environmental factors, as well as their interactions. Over the past few decades, there has been substantial progress elucidating the genetic determinants underlying BP response to sodium intake, or BP salt sensitivity. Research of monogenic BP disorders has highlighted the importance of renal salt handling in BP regulation, implicating genes and biological pathways subsequently identified in candidate gene studies of salt sensitivity. Despite these advancements, certain candidate gene findings await replication evidence, and some biological pathways warrant further investigation. Furthermore, results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and sequencing work have yet to be reported. GWAS will be valuable for uncovering novel mechanisms underlying salt sensitivity, whereas future sequencing efforts promise the discovery of functional variants related to this complex trait. Delineating the genetic architecture of salt sensitivity will be critical to understanding how genes and dietary sodium interact to influence BP.
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Abstract
The dietary intake of sodium chloride has increased considerably over the last few decades due to changes in the human diet. This higher intake has been linked to a number of diseases including hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Numerous international health agencies, as well as the food industry, have now recommended a salt intake level of about 5-6 g daily, approximately half the average current daily intake level. Cereal products, and in particular bread, are a major source of salt in the diet. Therefore, any reduction in the level of salt in bread would have a major impact on global health. However, salt is a critical ingredient in bread production, and its reduction can have a deleterious effect on the production process. This includes an impact on dough handling, as well as final bread quality characteristics, including shelf-life, bread volume, and sensory characteristics, all deviating from the expectations of bakers and consumers. This review describes the effect of salt reduction during bread production and the resulting problems, both technological and qualitative, as well as evaluating some techniques commonly used to replace sodium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus C E Belz
- School of Food Science, Food Technology, and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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Sharotri V, Collier DM, Olson DR, Zhou R, Snyder PM. Regulation of epithelial sodium channel trafficking by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:19266-74. [PMID: 22493497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.363382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is critical for Na(+) homeostasis and blood pressure control. Defects in its regulation cause inherited forms of hypertension and hypotension. Previous work found that ENaC gating is regulated by proteases through cleavage of the extracellular domains of the α and γ subunits. Here we tested the hypothesis that ENaC is regulated by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a protease that modulates the risk of cardiovascular disease. PCSK9 reduced ENaC current in Xenopus oocytes and in epithelia. This occurred through a decrease in ENaC protein at the cell surface and in the total cellular pool, an effect that did not require the catalytic activity of PCSK9. PCSK9 interacted with all three ENaC subunits and decreased their trafficking to the cell surface by increasing proteasomal degradation. In contrast to its previously reported effects on the LDL receptor, PCSK9 did not alter ENaC endocytosis or degradation of the pool of ENaC at the cell surface. These results support a role for PCSK9 in the regulation of ENaC trafficking in the biosynthetic pathway, likely by increasing endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. By reducing ENaC channel number, PCSK9 could modulate epithelial Na(+) absorption, a major contributor to blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharotri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Kobayashi Y, Hirawa N, Tabara Y, Muraoka H, Fujita M, Miyazaki N, Fujiwara A, Ichikawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Ichihara N, Saka S, Wakui H, Yoshida SI, Yatsu K, Toya Y, Yasuda G, Kohara K, Kita Y, Takei K, Goshima Y, Ishikawa Y, Ueshima H, Miki T, Umemura S. Mice Lacking Hypertension Candidate Gene ATP2B1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Show Significant Blood Pressure Elevation. Hypertension 2012; 59:854-60. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.165068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Nobuhito Hirawa
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Hidenori Muraoka
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Megumi Fujita
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Nobuko Miyazaki
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Akira Fujiwara
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Yasuhiro Ichikawa
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Yuichiro Yamamoto
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Naoaki Ichihara
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Sanae Saka
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Hiromichi Wakui
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Shin-ichiro Yoshida
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Keisuke Yatsu
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Yoshiyuki Toya
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Gen Yasuda
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Katsuhiko Kohara
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Yoshikuni Kita
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Tetsuro Miki
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- From the Departments of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (Y.K., M.F., N.M., A.F., N.I., S.S., H.W., S.Y., Y.T., S.U.) and Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology (H.M., K.T., Y.G.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.Ic., Y.Is.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (N.H., Y.Y., K.Y., G.Y.), Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine (Y.T., K.K., T.M.), Ehime
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Yang HC, Liang YJ, Chen JW, Chiang KM, Chung CM, Ho HY, Ting CT, Lin TH, Sheu SH, Tsai WC, Chen JH, Leu HB, Yin WH, Chiu TY, Chern CI, Lin SJ, Tomlinson B, Guo Y, Sham PC, Cherny SS, Lam TH, Thomas GN, Pan WH. Identification of IGF1, SLC4A4, WWOX, and SFMBT1 as hypertension susceptibility genes in Han Chinese with a genome-wide gene-based association study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32907. [PMID: 22479346 PMCID: PMC3315540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex disorder with high prevalence rates all over the world. We conducted the first genome-wide gene-based association scan for hypertension in a Han Chinese population. By analyzing genome-wide single-nucleotide-polymorphism data of 400 matched pairs of young-onset hypertensive patients and normotensive controls genotyped with the Illumina HumanHap550-Duo BeadChip, 100 susceptibility genes for hypertension were identified and also validated with permutation tests. Seventeen of the 100 genes exhibited differential allelic and expression distributions between patient and control groups. These genes provided a good molecular signature for classifying hypertensive patients and normotensive controls. Among the 17 genes, IGF1, SLC4A4, WWOX, and SFMBT1 were not only identified by our gene-based association scan and gene expression analysis but were also replicated by a gene-based association analysis of the Hong Kong Hypertension Study. Moreover, cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci associated with the differentially expressed genes were found and linked to hypertension. IGF1, which encodes insulin-like growth factor 1, is associated with cardiovascular disorders, metabolic syndrome, decreased body weight/size, and changes of insulin levels in mice. SLC4A4, which encodes the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1, is associated with decreased body weight/size and abnormal ion homeostasis in mice. WWOX, which encodes the WW domain-containing protein, is related to hypoglycemia and hyperphosphatemia. SFMBT1, which encodes the scm-like with four MBT domains protein 1, is a novel hypertension gene. GRB14, TMEM56 and KIAA1797 exhibited highly significant differential allelic and expressed distributions between hypertensive patients and normotensive controls. GRB14 was also found relevant to blood pressure in a previous genetic association study in East Asian populations. TMEM56 and KIAA1797 may be specific to Taiwanese populations, because they were not validated by the two replication studies. Identification of these genes enriches the collection of hypertension susceptibility genes, thereby shedding light on the etiology of hypertension in Han Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Liang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Mao Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Medical Defense Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Ho
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Tai Ting
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Hong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsian Yin
- Division of Cardiology, Cheng-Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chiu
- Division of Cardiology, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Iuan Chern
- Division of Cardiology, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youling Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - G. Neil Thomas
- Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Salt-inducible kinase 1 influences Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in vascular smooth muscle cells and associates with variations in blood pressure. J Hypertens 2012; 29:2395-403. [PMID: 22045124 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834d3d55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Essential hypertension is a complex condition whose cause involves the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors such as salt intake. Salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) is a sucrose-nonfermenting-like kinase isoform that belongs to the AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) family. SIK1 activity is increased by high salt intake and plays an essential role in regulating the plasma membrane Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. The objective of this study was to examine whether SIK1 is present in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells, whether it affects VSMC Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity and whether human SIK1 (hSIK1) represents a potential candidate for blood pressure regulation. METHODS Localization of SIK1 was performed using immunohistochemistry, mRNA and western blot. Functional assays (Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity) were performed in VSMCs derived from rat aorta. Genotype-phenotype association studies were performed in three Swedish and one Japanese population-based cohorts. RESULTS SIK1 was localized in human VSMCs and endothelial cells, as well as a cell line derived from rat aorta. A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in the hSIK1 gene exon 3 (C→T, rs3746951) results in the amino acid change (15)Gly→Ser in the SIK1 protein. SIK1-(15)Ser was found to increase plasma membrane Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in cultured VSMC line from rat aorta. Genotype-phenotype association studies in three Swedish and one Japanese population-based cohorts suggested that T allele (coding for (15)Ser) was associated with lower blood pressure (P = 0.005 for SBP and P = 0.002 for DBP) and with a decrease in left ventricular mass (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION The hSIK1 appears to be of potential relevance within VSMC function and blood pressure regulation.
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Castañeda-Bueno M, Arroyo JP, Gamba G. Independent regulation of Na+ and K+ balance by the kidney. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:101-14. [PMID: 22042004 DOI: 10.1159/000332580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the independent regulation of sodium and potassium by the kidney has remained elusive. Recent evidence now points to dissimilar regulatory mechanisms in ion handling, dependent on the presence of either aldosterone alone or angiotensin II with aldosterone among other factors. This review summarizes past and present information in an attempt to reconcile the current concepts of differential regulation of sodium and potassium balance through the with-no-lysine (K) kinase (WNK) system and the previous knowledge regarding ion transport mechanisms in the distal nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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78
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Gene-sodium interaction and blood pressure: findings from genomics research of blood pressure salt sensitivity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 108:237-60. [PMID: 22656380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait determined by both genetic and environmental factors, as well as the interactions between these factors. Over the past few decades, there has been substantial progress in elucidating the genetic determinants underlying the BP response to sodium intake, or BP salt sensitivity. Research of monogenic BP disorders has highlighted the importance of renal salt handling in BP regulation, implicating genes and biological pathways related to salt sensitivity. Candidate gene studies have contributed important information toward understanding the genomic mechanisms underlying the BP response to salt intake, identifying genes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renal sodium channels/transporters, and the endothelial system related to this phenotype. Despite these advancements, genome-wide association studies are still needed to uncover novel mechanisms underlying salt sensitivity, while future sequencing efforts promise the discovery of functional variants related to this complex trait. Delineating the genetic architecture of salt sensitivity will be critical to understanding how genes and dietary sodium interact to influence BP.
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Raj M. Essential hypertension in adolescents and children: Recent advances in causative mechanisms. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011; 15 Suppl 4:S367-S373. [PMID: 22145141 PMCID: PMC3230086 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.86981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential hypertension is the most common form of hypertension in adults, and it is recognized more often in adolescents than in younger children. It is well known that the probability of a diagnosis of essential hypertension increases with age from birth onward. The initiation of high blood pressure burden starts in childhood and continues through adolescence to persist in the remaining phases of life. The genesis of essential hypertension is likely to be multifactorial. Obesity, insulin resistance, activation of sympathetic nervous system, sodium homeostasis, renin-angiotensin system, vascular smooth muscle structure and reactivity, serum uric acid levels, genetic factors and fetal programming have been implicated in this disorder. In addition, erythrocyte sodium transport, the free calcium concentration in platelets and leukocytes, urine kallikrein excretion, and sympathetic nervous system receptors have also been investigated as other possible mechanisms. Obesity in children appears to be the lead contributor of essential hypertension prevalence in children and adolescents. Suggested mechanisms of obesity-related hypertension include insulin resistance, sodium retention, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and altered vascular function. The etiopathogenesis of essential hypertension in children and adolescents appears to closely resemble that of adults. The minor variations seen could probably be due to the evolving nature of this condition. Many of the established mechanisms that are confirmed in adult population need to be replicated in the pediatric age group by means of definitive research for a better understanding of this condition in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Raj
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Researcher, Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (DBCVSRI), Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ackermann TF, Boini KM, Beier N, Scholz W, Fuchss T, Lang F. EMD638683, a novel SGK inhibitor with antihypertensive potency. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:137-46. [PMID: 21865856 DOI: 10.1159/000331722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is transcriptionally upregulated by mineralocorticoids and activated by insulin. The kinase enhances renal tubular Na(+)-reabsorption and accounts for blood pressure increase following high salt diet in mice made hyperinsulinemic by dietary fructose or fat. The present study describes the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a novel SGK1 inhibitor (EMD638683). EMD638683 was tested in vitro by determination of SGK1-dependent phosphorylation of NDRG1 (N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1) in human cervical carcinoma HeLa-cells. In vivo EMD638683 (4460 ppm in chow, i.e. approx. 600 mg/kg/day) was administered to mice drinking tap water or isotonic saline containing 10% fructose. Blood pressure was determined by the tail cuff method, and urinary electrolyte (flame photometry) concentrations determined in metabolic cages. In vitro testing disclosed EMD638683 as a SGK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 μM. Within 24 hours in vivo EMD638683 treatment significantly decreased blood pressure in fructose/saline-treated mice but not in control animals or in SGK1 knockout mice. EMD638683 failed to alter the blood pressure in SGK1 knockout mice. Following chronic (4 weeks) fructose/high salt treatment, additional EMD638683 treatment again decreased blood pressure. EMD638683 thus abrogates the salt sensitivity of blood pressure in hyperinsulinism without appreciably affecting blood pressure in the absence of hyperinsulinism. EMD638683 tended to increase fluid intake and urinary excretion of Na(+), significantly increased urinary flow rate and significantly decreased body weight. CONCLUSION EMD638683 could serve as a template for drugs counteracting hypertension in individuals with type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Ramu P, Umamaheswaran G, Shewade DG, Swaminathan RP, Balachander J, Adithan C. Gly460Trp polymorphism of the ADD1 gene and essential hypertension in an Indian population: A meta-analysis on hypertension risk. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2011; 16:8-15. [PMID: 20838486 PMCID: PMC2927797 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.64938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Essential hypertension is a complex genetic trait. Genetic variant of alpha adducin (ADD1) gene have been implicated as a risk factor for hypertension. Given its clinical significance, we investigated the association between ADD1 Gly460Trp gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in an Indian population. Further, a meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the risk of hypertension. METHODS: In the current study, 432 hypertensive cases and 461 healthy controls were genotyped for the Gly460Trp ADD1 gene polymorphism. Genotyping was determined by real time PCR using Taqman assay. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to detect the association between Gly460Trp polymorphism and hypertension. RESULTS: No significant association was found in the genotype and allele distribution of Gly460Trp polymorphism with hypertension in our study. A total of 15 case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was no evidence of the association of Gly460Trp polymorphism with hypertension in general or in any of the sub group. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the Gly460Trp polymorphism is not a risk factor for essential hypertension in a south Indian Tamilian population. However, the role of ADD1 polymorphism may not be excluded by a negative association study. Further, large and rigorous case-control studies that investigate gene–gene–environment interactions may generate more conclusive claims about the molecular genetics of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramu
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry - 605 006, India
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83
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Serine-threonine kinase with-no-lysine 4 (WNK4) controls blood pressure via transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) in the vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10750-5. [PMID: 21670282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104271108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the serine-threonine kinase with-no-lysine 4 (WNK4) cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 (PHAII), a Mendelian form of human hypertension. WNK4 regulates diverse ion transporters in the kidney, and dysregulation of renal transporters is considered the main cause of the WNK4 mutation-associated hypertension. Another determinant of hypertension is vascular tone that is regulated by Ca(2+)-dependent blood vessel constriction. However, the role of WNK4 in vasoconstriction as part of its function to regulate blood pressure is not known. Here, we report that WNK4 is a unique modulator of blood pressure by restricting Ca(2+) influx via the transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) channel in the vasculature. Loss of WNK4 markedly augmented TRPC3-mediated Ca(2+) influx in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to α-adrenoreceptor stimulation, which is the pathological hallmark of hypertension in resistance arteries. Notably, WNK4 depletion induced hypertrophic cell growth in VSMCs and increased vasoconstriction in small mesenteric arteries via TRPC3-mediated Ca(2+) influx. In addition, WNK4 mutants harboring the Q562E PHAII-causing or the D318A kinase-inactive mutation failed to mediate TRPC3 inhibition. These results define a previously undescribed function of WNK4 and reveal a unique therapeutic target to control blood pressure in WNK4-related hypertension.
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Arachidonic acid ω-hydroxylase CYP4A11: inter-ethnic variations in the 8590T>C loss-of-function variant. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1503-8. [PMID: 21617944 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The human Cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11) is a major ω-hydroxylase involved in the regulation of blood pressure in the kidney through the conversion of arachidonic acid into 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Previous studies have reported a significant association between the 8590T>C genetic variant of CYP4A11 and hypertension. Interestingly, several population-based studies have reported ethnic differences in the prevalence of hypertension, with the highest prevalence in African populations. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency and inter-ethnic comparison of the CYP4A11 (8590T>C) functional polymorphism, in five new ethnic groups: European (99 French Caucasians), African (36 Gabonese and 50 Senegalese), South American (60 Peruvians) and North African (53 Tunisians) populations, using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing strategies. We confirmed that the CYP4A11 (8590T>C) functional polymorphism exhibits inter-ethnic frequency differences. Noteworthy, the highest 8590C allele frequency was observed in the Tunisian (30.2%), followed by Senegalese (20%) populations. In addition, the CC genotype was only found in the Gabonese and Tunisian populations (5.6% and 8.4%, respectively). These populations may be of major interest to help to clarify the linkage between hypertension and CYP4A11 (8590T>C) genotype in African populations. These findings provide data for further studies that investigate the potential association of CYP4A11 (8590T>C) variant with an incidence of hypertension genesis in respect of ethnicity.
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85
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Mashima Y, Konta T, Kudo K, Takasaki S, Ichikawa K, Suzuki K, Shibata Y, Watanabe T, Kato T, Kawata S, Kubota I. Increases in urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin are independently associated with blood pressure in the Japanese general population: the Takahata Study. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:831-5. [PMID: 21525950 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is a multifactorial disorder and a risk factor for renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Recently it was hypothesized that subtle acquired renal injury such as renal microvascular and tubulointerstitial damage induces salt-sensitive hypertension. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between blood pressure and renal abnormalities in the Japanese general population. The participants in this community-based, cross-sectional study were 1,965 subjects over 40 years old, without renal insufficiency and antihypertensive medication. Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) and beta2-microglobulin-creatinine ratio (UBCR) were measured in single spot urine samples, as markers of renal microvascular and tubulointerstitial damage, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation of blood pressure with UACR and UBCR, but not with estimated glomerular filtration rate. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the increases in UACR and UBCR were independently associated with hypertension, after adjustment for possible confounders. Higher levels of UACR (≥ 5.9 mg g(-1)) and UBCR (≥ 145 μg g(-1)) were associated with a significantly higher risk of hypertension, compared with UACR ≤ 5.8 mg g(-1) and UBCR ≤ 84.5 μg g(-1), respectively. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in subjects with high UBCR tertile. This study showed that the increases in urinary albumin and beta2-microglobulin were independently associated with blood pressure in a general population. These renal abnormalities may be differentially related to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mashima
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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86
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Long-term high salt diet causes hypertension and alters renal cytokine gene expression profiles in Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2011; 2:275-85. [PMID: 19829664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examines whether a long-term high salt diet causes hypertension and renal injury in normal subjects [Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats] and alters renal cytokine-related gene expression profiles. METHODS Four 10 week old male SD rats received a high salt diet (HS, 8%) and the other 4 SD rats received a normal salt diet (NS, 0.5%) for 8 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal damages such as albuminuria and histological renal injury were determined. The relative mRNA levels of 514 cytokine-related genes (normalized by beta-actin) in rat kidneys following NS or HS were determined quantitatively through analysis of 4 sets of gene expression profiles using the mouse cDNA membrane microarrays. RESULTS We demonstrated that 8 weeks of HS diet increased MAP [(140.0+/-5.3) vs (112.0+/-2.2) mmHg; 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa, P<0.01], albuminuria [(41.4+/-3.2) vs (20.1+/-4.5) mg/d; P<0.01], and caused histological renal injury in SD rats, compared to NS group. Of the 514 genes in the array, there were 27 (5.25%) genes with significantly different expression in the kidney of SD rats with HS compared to those of SD rats with NS. Functional clustering analysis indicated the following functional pathways related to high salt diet-induced hypertension: (1) pro-inflammatory response ( upward arrowIL-17, CCL28; downward arrow NFkappabib); (2) endothelial dysfunction ( downward arrowVEGF-A, VEGF-B, endoglin); (3) pro-matrix formation ( upward arrowosteopontin, IGFBP-5; downward arrow IFN-gamma); and (4) attenuated cell survival and differentiation ( downward arrowCNTF, IGF-II R, ephrin-B1). Northern blot confirmed that 8 weeks of HS diet significantly decreased renal expression of VEGF mRNA, compared to NS group (P<0.01). ELISA showed that HS diet significantly decreased renal protein levels of VEGF and CCL28. CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that hypertension can be induced in normal rats by a long-term high salt diet, which is associated with increased renal injury and marked changes in renal cytokine gene expression profiles that are closely related to the pro-inflammatory response, pro-matrix formation, endothelial dysfunction, and attenuated cell survival and differentiation.
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87
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Jung J, Basile DP, Pratt JH. Sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb in relation to blood pressure: a clinical perspective. Hypertension 2011; 57:873-9. [PMID: 21403087 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.120246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeesun Jung
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abstract
Significant advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis and clinical physiology of primary hypertension. This article presents an overview of the physiology of normal blood pressure control and the pathophysiologic mechanisms that predispose individuals and populations to primary hypertension. The role of genetics, environment, and the gene-environment interaction is discussed. The spectrum of changes in physiologic states that result in chronic increases of arterial blood pressure are reviewed. The nature and characteristics of feedback loops and the primary modulating systems, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and circulating and tissue hormones are reviewed. The role of the endothelium of the artery and its production of endothelin, nitric oxide, angiotensin II, as well as other vasoactive substances in response to various stimuli, is also discussed. A unifying pathway for the development of hypertension and the practical implications for the prevention and control of hypertension are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Singh
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, IL 60637, USA
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Song SB, Jin HS, Hong KW, Lim JE, Moon JY, Jeong KH, Ihm CG, Lee TW, Oh B, Lee SH. Association between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-related genes and blood pressure in a Korean population. Blood Press 2011; 20:204-10. [PMID: 21342026 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2011.555074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS. Blood pressure control is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors, and genetic susceptibility is important in the development of essential hypertension. Because the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has a key role in vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and sodium and electrolyte balance, it is central in blood pressure control and so is an appropriate target in hypertension treatments. The present study assessed the association of RAAS-related genes with blood pressure and hypertension in a Korean population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, n = 114) in nine RAAS-related genes (AGT, REN, ACE, ACE2, AGTR1, CYP11B2, NR3C2, MAS1, and CMA1) were assessed for their correlation with blood pressure and hypertension using genotype data of 8842 individuals from the Korea Association Resource subject pool. MAJOR FINDINGS. Linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association with blood pressure of 10 SNPs in six genes (ACE, ACE2, CYP11B2, NR3C2, MAS1, and CMA1). An additional hypertension case-control study identified 10 SNPs in NR3C2 and ACE that were linked to hypertension. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION. Three SNPs (rs11737660, rs6810951, and rs10519963) in NR3C2 correlate with both blood pressure and hypertension. Genetic polymorphisms in RAAS-related genes appear to be associated with hypertension in a Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Bin Song
- Department of Nephrology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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90
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Puppala S, Coletta DK, Schneider J, Hu SL, Farook VS, Dyer TD, Arya R, Blangero J, Duggirala R, DeFronzo RA, Jenkinson CP. Genome-Wide Linkage Screen for Systolic Blood Pressure in the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES) of Mexican-Americans and Confirmation of a Major Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 6q14.1. Hum Hered 2011; 71:1-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000323143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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91
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Collier DM, Snyder PM. Identification of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) intersubunit Cl- inhibitory residues suggests a trimeric alpha gamma beta channel architecture. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6027-32. [PMID: 21149458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is exposed to a wide range of anion concentrations in the kidney. We have previously demonstrated that extracellular Cl(-) inhibits ENaC activity. To identify sites involved in Cl(-) inhibition, we mutated residues in the extracellular domain of α-, β-, and γENaC that are homologous to the Cl(-) binding site in acid-sensing ion channel 1a and tested the effect of Cl(-) on the activity of ENaC expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We identified two Cl(-) inhibitory sites in ENaC. One is formed by residues in the thumb domain of αENaC and the palm domain of βENaC. Mutation of residues at this interface decreased Cl(-) inhibition and decreased Na(+) self-inhibition. The second site is formed by residues at the interface of the thumb domain of βENaC and the palm domain of γENaC. Mutation of these residues also decreased Cl(-) inhibition yet had no effect on Na(+) self-inhibition. In contrast, mutations in the thumb domain of γENaC and palm of αENaC had little or no effect on Cl(-) inhibition or Na(+) self-inhibition. The data demonstrate that Cl(-) inhibits ENaC activity by two distinct Na(+)-dependent and Na(+)-independent mechanisms that correspond to the two functional Cl(-) inhibitory sites. Furthermore, based on the effects of mutagenesis on Cl(-) inhibition, the additive nature of mutations, and on differences in the mechanisms of Cl(-) inhibition, the data support a model in which ENaC subunits assemble in an αγβ orientation (listed clockwise when viewed from the top).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Collier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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92
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Abstract
The role of heredity in influencing blood pressure and risk of hypertension is well recognized. However, progress in identifying specific genetic variation that contributes to heritability is very limited. This is in spite of completion of the human genome sequence, the development of extraordinary amounts of information about genome sequence variation and the investigation of blood pressure inheritance in linkage analysis, candidate gene studies and, most recently genome-wide association studies. This paper considers the progress of this research and the obstacles that have been encountered. This work has made clear that the genetic architecture of blood pressure regulation in the population is not likely to be shaped by commonly occurring genetic variation in a discrete set of blood pressure-influencing genes. Rather heritability may be accounted for by rare variation that has its biggest impact within pedigrees rather than on the population at large. Rare variants in a wide range of genes are likely to be the focus of high blood pressure genetics for the next several years and the emerging strategies that can be applied to uncover this genetic variation and the problems that must confronted are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Doris
- Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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93
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Schild L. The epithelial sodium channel and the control of sodium balance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:1159-65. [PMID: 20600867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zanardi E, Ghidini S, Conter M, Ianieri A. Mineral composition of Italian salami and effect of NaCl partial replacement on compositional, physico-chemical and sensory parameters. Meat Sci 2010; 86:742-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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95
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Tabara Y, Kohara K, Kita Y, Hirawa N, Katsuya T, Ohkubo T, Hiura Y, Tajima A, Morisaki T, Miyata T, Nakayama T, Takashima N, Nakura J, Kawamoto R, Takahashi N, Hata A, Soma M, Imai Y, Kokubo Y, Okamura T, Tomoike H, Iwai N, Ogihara T, Inoue I, Tokunaga K, Johnson T, Caulfield M, Munroe P, Umemura S, Ueshima H, Miki T. Common variants in the ATP2B1 gene are associated with susceptibility to hypertension: the Japanese Millennium Genome Project. Hypertension 2010; 56:973-80. [PMID: 20921432 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common complex genetic disorders. We have described previously 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with suggestive association with hypertension in Japanese individuals. In this study we extend our previous findings by analyzing a large sample of Japanese individuals (n=14 105) for the most associated SNPs. We also conducted replication analyses in Japanese of susceptibility loci for hypertension identified recently from genome-wide association studies of European ancestries. Association analysis revealed significant association of the ATP2B1 rs2070759 polymorphism with hypertension (P=5.3×10(-5); allelic odds ratio: 1.17 [95% CI: 1.09 to 1.26]). Additional SNPs in ATP2B1 were subsequently genotyped, and the most significant association was with rs11105378 (odds ratio: 1.31 [95% CI: 1.21 to 1.42]; P=4.1×10(-11)). Association of rs11105378 with hypertension was cross-validated by replication analysis with the Global Blood Pressure Genetics consortium data set (odds ratio: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.05 to 1.21]; P=5.9×10(-4)). Mean adjusted systolic blood pressure was highly significantly associated with the same SNP in a meta-analysis with individuals of European descent (P=1.4×10(-18)). ATP2B1 mRNA expression levels in umbilical artery smooth muscle cells were found to be significantly different among rs11105378 genotypes. Seven SNPs discovered in published genome-wide association studies were also genotyped in the Japanese population. In the combined analysis with replicated 3 genes, FGF5 rs1458038, CYP17A1, rs1004467, and CSK rs1378942, odds ratio of the highest risk group was 2.27 (95% CI: 1.65 to 3.12; P=4.6×10(-7)) compared with the lower risk group. In summary, this study confirmed common genetic variation in ATP2B1, as well as FGF5, CYP17A1, and CSK, to be associated with blood pressure levels and risk of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Department of Basic Medical Research and Education, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon-City, Ehime, Japan.
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96
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Faresse N, Ruffieux-Daidie D, Salamin M, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Staub O. Mineralocorticoid receptor degradation is promoted by Hsp90 inhibition and the ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F1462-72. [PMID: 20861078 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00285.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a crucial role in the regulation of Na(+) balance and blood pressure, as evidenced by gain of function mutations in the MR of hypertensive families. In the kidney, aldosterone binds to the MR, induces its nuclear translocation, and promotes a transcriptional program leading to increased transepithelial Na(+) transport via the epithelial Na(+) channel. In the unliganded state, MR is localized in the cytosol and part of a multiprotein complex, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which keeps it ligand-binding competent. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic that binds to Hsp90 and alters its function. We investigated whether 17-AAG affects the stability and transcriptional activity of MR and consequently Na(+) reabsorption by renal cells. 17-AAG treatment lead to reduction of MR protein level in epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, thereby interfering with aldosterone-dependent transcription. Moreover, 17-AAG inhibited aldosterone-induced Na(+) transport, possibly by interfering with MR availability for the ligand. Finally, we identified the ubiquitin-protein ligase, COOH terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein, as a novel partner of the cytosolic MR, which is responsible for its polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation in presence of 17-AAG. In conclusion, 17-AAG may represent a novel pharmacological tool to interfere with Na(+) reabsorption and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourdine Faresse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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97
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Bankir L, Bichet DG, Bouby N. Vasopressin V2 receptors, ENaC, and sodium reabsorption: a risk factor for hypertension? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F917-28. [PMID: 20826569 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00413.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sodium reabsorption by the kidney has long been known to participate in the pathogenesis of some forms of hypertension. In the kidney, the final control of NaCl reabsorption takes place in the distal nephron through the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Liddle's syndrome, an inherited form of hypertension due to gain-of-function mutations in the genes coding for ENaC subunits, has demonstrated the key role of this channel in the sodium balance. Although aldosterone is classically thought to be the main hormone regulating ENaC activity, several studies in animal models and in humans highlight the important effect of vasopressin on ENaC regulation and sodium transport. This review summarizes the effect of vasopressin V2 receptor stimulation on ENaC activity and sodium excretion in vivo. Moreover, we report the experimental and clinical data demonstrating the role of renal ENaC in water conservation at the expense of a reduced ability to excrete sodium. Acute administration of the selective V2 receptor agonist dDAVP not only increases urine osmolality and reduces urine flow rate but also reduces sodium excretion in rats and humans. Chronic V2 receptor stimulation increases blood pressure in rats, and a significant correlation was found between blood pressure and urine concentration in healthy humans. This led us to discuss how excessive vasopressin-dependent ENaC stimulation could be a risk factor for sodium retention and resulting increase in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- INSERM U872, Equipe 2, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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98
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Renauld S, Tremblay K, Ait-Benichou S, Simoneau-Roy M, Garneau H, Staub O, Chraïbi A. Stimulation of ENaC Activity by Rosiglitazone is PPARγ-Dependent and Correlates with SGK1 Expression Increase. J Membr Biol 2010; 236:259-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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99
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Zhou R, Kabra R, Olson DR, Piper RC, Snyder PM. Hrs controls sorting of the epithelial Na+ channel between endosomal degradation and recycling pathways. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30523-30. [PMID: 20675381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.150755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial Na(+) absorption is regulated by Nedd4-2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that reduces expression of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) at the cell surface. Defects in this regulation cause Liddle syndrome, an inherited form of hypertension. Previous work found that Nedd4-2 functions through two distinct effects on trafficking, enhancing both ENaC endocytosis and ENaC degradation in lysosomes. To investigate the mechanism by which Nedd4-2 targets ENaC to lysosomes, we tested the role of hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs), a component of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-0 complex. We found that α-, β-, and γENaC each interact with Hrs. These interactions were enhanced by Nedd4-2 and were dependent on the catalytic function of Nedd4-2 as well as its WW domains. Mutation of ENaC PY motifs, responsible for inherited hypertension (Liddle syndrome), decreased Hrs binding to ENaC. Moreover, binding of ENaC to Hrs was reduced by dexamethasone/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase and cAMP, which are signaling pathways that inhibit Nedd4-2. Nedd4-2 bound to Hrs and catalyzed Hrs ubiquitination but did not alter Hrs protein levels. Expression of a dominant negative Hrs lacking its ubiquitin-interacting motif (Hrs-ΔUIM) increased ENaC surface expression and current. This occurred through reduced degradation of the cell surface pool of proteolytically activated ENaC, which enhanced its recycling to the cell surface. In contrast, Hrs-ΔUIM had no effect on degradation of uncleaved inactive channels. The data support a model in which Nedd4-2 induces binding of ENaC to Hrs, which mediates the sorting decision between ENaC degradation and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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100
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Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank J, Dillon M, Ferreira I, Invitti C, Kuznetsova T, Laurent S, Mancia G, Morales-Olivas F, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Stergiou G, Wühl E, Zanchetti A. Manejo de la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes: recomendaciones de la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión. An Pediatr (Barc) 2010; 73:51.e1-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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