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Heskett MB, Spellman PT, Thayer MJ. Differential Allelic Expression among Long Non-Coding RNAs. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7040066. [PMID: 34698262 PMCID: PMC8544735 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) comprise a diverse group of non-protein-coding RNAs >200 bp in length that are involved in various normal cellular processes and disease states, and can affect coding gene expression through mechanisms in cis or in trans. Since the discovery of the first functional lncRNAs transcribed by RNA Polymerase II, H19 and Xist, many others have been identified and noted for their unusual transcriptional pattern, whereby expression from one chromosome homolog is strongly favored over the other, also known as mono-allelic or differential allelic expression. lncRNAs with differential allelic expression have been observed to play critical roles in developmental gene regulation, chromosome structure, and disease. Here, we will focus on known examples of differential allelic expression of lncRNAs and highlight recent research describing functional lncRNAs expressed from both imprinted and random mono-allelic expression domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Heskett
- Department of Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (M.B.H.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Paul T. Spellman
- Department of Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (M.B.H.); (P.T.S.)
| | - Mathew J. Thayer
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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Kozlova A, Butler RR, Zhang S, Ujas T, Zhang H, Steidl S, Sanders AR, Pang ZP, Vezina P, Duan J. Sex-specific nicotine sensitization and imprinting of self-administration in rats inform GWAS findings on human addiction phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1746-1756. [PMID: 34007041 PMCID: PMC8358005 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Repeated nicotine exposure leads to sensitization (SST) and enhances self-administration (SA) in rodents. However, the molecular basis of nicotine SST and SA and their biological relevance to the mounting genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci of human addictive behaviors are poorly understood. Considering a gateway drug role of nicotine, we modeled nicotine SST and SA in F1 progeny of inbred rats (F344/BN) and conducted integrative genomics analyses. We unexpectedly observed male-specific nicotine SST and a parental effect of SA only present in paternal F344 crosses. Transcriptional profiling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell further revealed sex- and brain region-specific transcriptomic signatures of SST and SA. We found that genes associated with SST and SA were enriched for those related to synaptic processes, myelin sheath, and tobacco use disorder or chemdependency. Interestingly, SST-associated genes were often downregulated in male VTA but upregulated in female VTA, and strongly enriched for smoking GWAS risk variants, possibly explaining the male-specific SST. For SA, we found widespread region-specific allelic imbalance of expression (AIE), of which genes showing AIE bias toward paternal F344 alleles in NAc core were strongly enriched for SA-associated genes and for GWAS risk variants of smoking initiation, likely contributing to the parental effect of SA. Our study suggests a mechanistic link between transcriptional changes underlying the NIC SST and SA and human nicotine addiction, providing a resource for understanding the neurobiology basis of the GWAS findings on human smoking and other addictive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kozlova
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Robert R. Butler
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thomas Ujas
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Stephan Steidl
- grid.164971.c0000 0001 1089 6558Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Paul Vezina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae rewires its transcriptional output to survive stressful environments, such as nitrogen scarcity under fermentative conditions. Although divergence in nitrogen metabolism among natural yeast populations has been reported, the impact of regulatory genetic variants modulating gene expression and nitrogen consumption remains to be investigated. Here, we employed an F1 hybrid from two contrasting S. cerevisiae strains, providing a controlled genetic environment to map cis factors involved in the divergence of gene expression regulation in response to nitrogen scarcity. We used a dual approach to obtain genome-wide allele-specific profiles of chromatin accessibility, transcription factor binding, and gene expression through ATAC-seq (assay for transposase accessible chromatin) and RNA-seq (transcriptome sequencing). We observed large variability in allele-specific expression and accessibility between the two genetic backgrounds, with a third of these differences specific to a deficient nitrogen environment. Furthermore, we discovered events of allelic bias in gene expression correlating with allelic bias in transcription factor binding solely under nitrogen scarcity, where the majority of these transcription factors orchestrates the nitrogen catabolite repression regulatory pathway and demonstrates a cis × environment-specific response. Our approach allowed us to find cis variants modulating gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and allelic differences in transcription factor binding in response to low nitrogen culture conditions. IMPORTANCE Historically, coding variants were prioritized when searching for causal mechanisms driving adaptation of natural populations to stressful environments. However, the recent focus on noncoding variants demonstrated their ubiquitous role in adaptation. Here, we performed genome-wide regulatory variation profiles between two divergent yeast strains when facing nitrogen nutritional stress. The open chromatin availability of several regulatory regions changes in response to nitrogen scarcity. Importantly, we describe regulatory events that deviate between strains. Our results demonstrate a widespread variation in gene expression regulation between naturally occurring populations in response to stressful environments.
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Hu W, Jiang C, Kim M, Yang W, Zhu K, Guan D, Lv W, Xiao Y, Wilson JR, Rader DJ, Pui CH, Relling MV, Lazar MA. Individual-specific functional epigenomics reveals genetic determinants of adverse metabolic effects of glucocorticoids. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1592-1609.e7. [PMID: 34233159 PMCID: PMC8340270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as anti-inflammatory drugs, but their long-term use has severe metabolic side effects. Here, by treating multiple individual adipose stem cell-derived adipocytes and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes with the potent GC dexamethasone (Dex), we uncovered cell-type-specific and individual-specific GC-dependent transcriptomes and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) cistromes. Individual-specific GR binding could be traced to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that altered the binding motifs of GR or its cooperating factors. We also discovered another set of genetic variants that modulated Dex response through affecting chromatin accessibility or chromatin architecture. Several SNPs that altered Dex-regulated GR binding and gene expression controlled Dex-driven metabolic perturbations. Remarkably, these genetic variations were highly associated with increases in serum glucose, lipids, and body mass in subjects on GC therapy. Knowledge of the genetic variants that predispose individuals to metabolic side effects allows for a precision medicine approach to the use of clinically relevant GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Hu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunjie Jiang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mindy Kim
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kun Zhu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dongyin Guan
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenjian Lv
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica R Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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55
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Li M, Li Y, Qin H, Tubbs JD, Li M, Qiao C, Lin J, Li Q, Fan F, Gou M, Huang J, Tong J, Yang F, Tan Y, Yao Y. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of peripheral blood cells derived from patients with first-episode schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4475-4485. [PMID: 33279932 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with core features including hallucinations, delusions, and cognition deficits. Accumulating evidence has implicated abnormal DNA methylation in the development of schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms by which DNA methylation changes alter the risk for schizophrenia remain largely unknown. We recently carried out a DNA methylome study of peripheral blood samples from 469 first-episode patients with schizophrenia and 476 age- and gender-matched healthy controls of Han Chinese origin. Genomic DNA methylation patterns were quantified using an Illumina Infinium Human MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We identified multiple differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and regions between patients and controls. The most significant DMPs were annotated to genes C17orf53, THAP1 and KCNQ4 (KV7.4), with Bonferroni-adjusted P values of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], respectively. In particular, KCNQ4 encodes a voltage-gated potassium channel of the KV7 family, which is linked to neuronal excitability. The genes associated with top-ranked DMPs also included many genes involved in nervous system development, such as LIMK2 and TMOD2. Gene ontology analysis of the differentially methylated genes further identified strong enrichment of neuronal networks, including neuron projection extension, axonogenesis and neuron apoptotic process. Finally, we provided evidence that schizophrenia-associated epigenetic alterations co-localize with genetic susceptibility loci. By focusing on first-episode schizophrenia patients, our investigation lends particularly strong support for an important role of DNA methylation in schizophrenia pathogenesis unconfounded by the effects of long-term antipsychotic medication or disease progression. The observed DNA methylation aberrations in schizophrenia patients could potentially provide a valuable resource for identifying diagnostic biomarkers and developing novel therapeutic targets to benefit schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Yanli Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, PR China
| | - Haide Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Justin D Tubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, PR China
| | - Minghui Li
- Sinotech Genomics Ltd, Shanghai, 210000, PR China
| | - Chunhong Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jinran Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Qingyang Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, PR China
| | - Mengzhuang Gou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, PR China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, PR China
| | - Jinghui Tong
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, PR China
| | - Fude Yang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, PR China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, PR China.
| | - Yin Yao
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China.
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56
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Abstract
Diploidy has profound implications for population genetics and susceptibility to genetic diseases. Although two copies are present for most genes in the human genome, they are not necessarily both active or active at the same level in a given individual. Genomic imprinting, resulting in exclusive or biased expression in favor of the allele of paternal or maternal origin, is now believed to affect hundreds of human genes. A far greater number of genes display unequal expression of gene copies due to cis-acting genetic variants that perturb gene expression. The availability of data generated by RNA sequencing applied to large numbers of individuals and tissue types has generated unprecedented opportunities to assess the contribution of genetic variation to allelic imbalance in gene expression. Here we review the insights gained through the analysis of these data about the extent of the genetic contribution to allelic expression imbalance, the tools and statistical models for gene expression imbalance, and what the results obtained reveal about the contribution of genetic variants that alter gene expression to complex human diseases and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Cleary
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 H3CY, Ireland;
| | - Cathal Seoighe
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 H3CY, Ireland;
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57
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Yao Y, Guo W, Zhang S, Yu H, Yan H, Zhang H, Sanders AR, Yue W, Duan J. Cell type-specific and cross-population polygenic risk score analyses of MIR137 gene pathway in schizophrenia. iScience 2021; 24:102785. [PMID: 34308291 PMCID: PMC8283158 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific pathway-based polygenic risk scores (PRSs) may better inform disease biology and improve the precision of PRS-based clinical prediction. For microRNA-137 (MIR137), a leading neuropsychiatric risk gene and a post-transcriptional master regulator, we conducted a cell type-specific gene set PRS analysis in both European and Han Chinese schizophrenia (SZ) samples. We found that the PRS of neuronal MIR137-target genes better explains SZ risk than PRS derived from MIR137-target genes in iPSC or from the reported gene sets showing MIR137-altered expression. Compared with the PRS derived from the whole genome or the target genes of TCF4, the PRS of neuronal MIR137-target genes explained a disproportionally larger (relative to SNP number) SZ risk in the European sample, but with a more modest advantage in the Han Chinese sample. Our study demonstrated a cell type-specific polygenic contribution of MIR137-target genes to SZ risk, highlighting the value of cell type-specific pathway-based PRS analysis for uncovering disease-relevant biological features. PRS of neural MIR137 target genes better explains schizophrenia (SZ) risk variance SZ risk and SNP heritability explained by MIR137 target genes is cell type-specific MIR137 target genes explain a disproportionally larger SZ risk than genomic control PRS of MIR137 target genes better explains SZ risk in Europeans than in Han Chinese
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Computational Biology, Life Science Institutes and School of Life Science and Human Phenomics Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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58
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Gregg C. Starvation and Climate Change—How to Constrain Cancer Cell Epigenetic Diversity and Adaptability to Enhance Treatment Efficacy. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.693781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced metastatic cancer is currently not curable and the major barrier to eliminating the disease in patients is the resistance of subpopulations of tumor cells to drug treatments. These resistant subpopulations can arise stochastically among the billions of tumor cells in a patient or emerge over time during therapy due to adaptive mechanisms and the selective pressures of drug therapies. Epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in tumor cell diversity and adaptability, and are regulated by metabolic pathways. Here, I discuss knowledge from ecology, evolution, infectious disease, species extinction, metabolism and epigenetics to synthesize a roadmap to a clinically feasible approach to help homogenize tumor cells and, in combination with drug treatments, drive their extinction. Specifically, cycles of starvation and hyperthermia could help synchronize tumor cells and constrain epigenetic diversity and adaptability by limiting substrates and impairing the activity of chromatin modifying enzymes. Hyperthermia could also help prevent cancer cells from entering dangerous hibernation-like states. I propose steps to a treatment paradigm to help drive cancer extinction that builds on the successes of fasting, hyperthermia and immunotherapy and is achievable in patients. Finally, I highlight the many unknowns, opportunities for discovery and that stochastic gene and allele level epigenetic mechanisms pose a major barrier to cancer extinction that warrants deeper investigation.
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59
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Zhang H, Zhang S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Precise SNP Editing in Human iPSC Lines. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4051. [PMID: 34262995 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been extensively used in the fields of developmental biology and disease modeling. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in iPSC lines often has a low frequency, which hampers its application in precise allele editing of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), especially those in the noncoding parts of the genome. Here, we present a unique workflow to engineer isogenic iPSC lines by SNP editing from heterozygous to homozygous for disease risk alleles or non-risk alleles using a transient and straightforward transfection-based protocol. This protocol enables us to simultaneously obtain pure and clonal isogenic lines of all three possible genotypes of a SNP site within about 4 to 5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Research Institute, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Research Institute, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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60
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Lewis EMA, Kaushik K, Sandoval LA, Antony I, Dietmann S, Kroll KL. Epigenetic regulation during human cortical development: Seq-ing answers from the brain to the organoid. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105039. [PMID: 33915225 PMCID: PMC8387070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in controlling gene expression during complex processes, such as development of the human brain. Mutations in genes encoding chromatin modifying proteins and in the non-protein coding sequences of the genome can potentially alter transcription factor binding or chromatin accessibility. Such mutations can frequently cause neurodevelopmental disorders, therefore understanding how epigenetic regulation shapes brain development is of particular interest. While epigenetic regulation of neural development has been extensively studied in murine models, significant species-specific differences in both the genome sequence and in brain development necessitate human models. However, access to human fetal material is limited and these tissues cannot be grown or experimentally manipulated ex vivo. Therefore, models that recapitulate particular aspects of human fetal brain development, such as the in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), are instrumental for studying the epigenetic regulation of human neural development. Here, we examine recent studies that have defined changes in the epigenomic landscape during fetal brain development. We compare these studies with analogous data derived by in vitro differentiation of hPSCs into specific neuronal cell types or as three-dimensional cerebral organoids. Such comparisons can be informative regarding which aspects of fetal brain development are faithfully recapitulated by in vitro differentiation models and provide a foundation for using experimentally tractable in vitro models of human brain development to study neural gene regulation and the basis of its disruption to cause neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M A Lewis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue St, Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Komal Kaushik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue St, Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Luke A Sandoval
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue St, Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Irene Antony
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue St, Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue St, Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue St, Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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61
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Global discovery of lupus genetic risk variant allelic enhancer activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1611. [PMID: 33712590 PMCID: PMC7955039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) nominate 3073 genetic variants at 91 risk loci. To systematically screen these variants for allelic transcriptional enhancer activity, we construct a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) library comprising 12,396 DNA oligonucleotides containing the genomic context around every allele of each SLE variant. Transfection into the Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell line GM12878 reveals 482 variants with enhancer activity, with 51 variants showing genotype-dependent (allelic) enhancer activity at 27 risk loci. Comparison of MPRA results in GM12878 and Jurkat T cell lines highlights shared and unique allelic transcriptional regulatory mechanisms at SLE risk loci. In-depth analysis of allelic transcription factor (TF) binding at and around allelic variants identifies one class of TFs whose DNA-binding motif tends to be directly altered by the risk variant and a second class of TFs that bind allelically without direct alteration of their motif by the variant. Collectively, our approach provides a blueprint for the discovery of allelic gene regulation at risk loci for any disease and offers insight into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying SLE. Thousands of genetic variants have been associated with lupus, but causal variants and mechanisms are unknown. Here, the authors combine a massively parallel reporter assay with genome-wide ChIP experiments to identify risk variants with allelic enhancer activity mediated through transcription factor binding.
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62
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Dobrindt K, Zhang H, Das D, Abdollahi S, Prorok T, Ghosh S, Weintraub S, Genovese G, Powell SK, Lund A, Akbarian S, Eggan K, McCarroll S, Duan J, Avramopoulos D, Brennand KJ. Publicly Available hiPSC Lines with Extreme Polygenic Risk Scores for Modeling Schizophrenia. Complex Psychiatry 2021; 6:68-82. [PMID: 34883504 PMCID: PMC7923934 DOI: 10.1159/000512716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder with limited effective treatment options. Although highly heritable, risk for this polygenic disorder depends on the complex interplay of hundreds of common and rare variants. Translating the growing list of genetic loci significantly associated with disease into medically actionable information remains an important challenge. Thus, establishing platforms with which to validate the impact of risk variants in cell-type-specific and donor-dependent contexts is critical. Towards this, we selected and characterized a collection of 12 human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines derived from control donors with extremely low and high SZ polygenic risk scores (PRS). These hiPSC lines are publicly available at the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). The suitability of these extreme PRS hiPSCs for CRISPR-based isogenic comparisons of neurons and glia was evaluated across 3 independent laboratories, identifying 9 out of 12 meeting our criteria. We report a standardized resource of publicly available hiPSCs on which we hope to perform genome engineering and generate diverse kinds of functional data, with comparisons across studies facilitated by the use of a common set of genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Dobrindt
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Debamitra Das
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara Abdollahi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim Prorok
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sulagna Ghosh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Weintraub
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel K. Powell
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anina Lund
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen J. Brennand
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Chang H, Cai X, Li HJ, Liu WP, Zhao LJ, Zhang CY, Wang JY, Liu JW, Ma XL, Wang L, Yao YG, Luo XJ, Li M, Xiao X. Functional Genomics Identify a Regulatory Risk Variation rs4420550 in the 16p11.2 Schizophrenia-Associated Locus. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:246-255. [PMID: 33246552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported hundreds of genomic loci associated with schizophrenia, yet identifying the functional risk variations is a key step in elucidating the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We applied multiple bioinformatics and molecular approaches, including expression quantitative trait loci analyses, epigenome signature identification, luciferase reporter assay, chromatin conformation capture, homology-directed genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9), RNA sequencing, and ATAC-Seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing). RESULTS We found that the schizophrenia GWAS risk variations at 16p11.2 were significantly associated with messenger RNA levels of multiple genes in human brain, and one of the leading expression quantitative trait loci genes, MAPK3, is located ∼200 kb away from these risk variations in the genome. Further analyses based on the epigenome marks in human brain and cell lines suggested that a noncoding single nucleotide polymorphism, rs4420550 (p = 2.36 × 10-9 in schizophrenia GWAS), was within a DNA enhancer region, which was validated via in vitro luciferase reporter assays. The chromatin conformation capture experiment showed that the rs4420550 region physically interacted with the MAPK3 promoter and TAOK2 promoter. Precise CRISPR/Cas9 editing of a single base pair in cells followed by RNA sequencing further confirmed the regulatory effects of rs4420550 on the transcription of 16p11.2 genes, and ATAC-Seq demonstrated that rs4420550 affected chromatin accessibility at the 16p11.2 region. The rs4420550-[A/A] cells showed significantly higher proliferation rates compared with rs4420550-[G/G] cells. CONCLUSIONS These results together suggest that rs4420550 is a functional risk variation, and this study illustrates an example of comprehensive functional characterization of schizophrenia GWAS risk loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Choi WY, Hwang JH, Cho AN, Lee AJ, Jung I, Cho SW, Kim LK, Kim YJ. NEUROD1 Intrinsically Initiates Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Neural Progenitor Cells. Mol Cells 2020; 43:1011-1022. [PMID: 33293480 PMCID: PMC7772509 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type specification is a delicate biological event in which every step is under tight regulation. From a molecular point of view, cell fate commitment begins with chromatin alteration, which kickstarts lineage-determining factors to initiate a series of genes required for cell specification. Several important neuronal differentiation factors have been identified from ectopic over-expression studies. However, there is scarce information on which DNA regions are modified during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) to neuronal progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation, the cis regulatory factors that attach to these accessible regions, or the genes that are initially expressed. In this study, we identified the DNA accessible regions of iPSCs and NPCs via the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATACseq). We identified which chromatin regions were modified after neuronal differentiation and found that the enhancer regions had more active histone modification changes than the promoters. Through motif enrichment analysis, we found that NEUROD1 controls iPSC differentiation to NPC by binding to the accessible regions of enhancers in cooperation with other factors such as the Hox proteins. Finally, by using Hi-C data, we categorized the genes that directly interacted with the enhancers under the control of NEUROD1 during iPSC to NPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Hwang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Andrew J. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Inkyung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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65
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Townsley KG, Brennand KJ, Huckins LM. Massively parallel techniques for cataloguing the regulome of the human brain. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1509-1521. [PMID: 33199899 PMCID: PMC8018778 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complex brain disorders are highly heritable and arise from a complex polygenic risk architecture. Many disease-associated loci are found in non-coding regions that house regulatory elements. These elements influence the transcription of target genes-many of which demonstrate cell-type-specific expression patterns-and thereby affect phenotypically relevant molecular pathways. Thus, cell-type-specificity must be considered when prioritizing candidate risk loci, variants and target genes. This Review discusses the use of high-throughput assays in human induced pluripotent stem cell-based neurodevelopmental models to probe genetic risk in a cell-type- and patient-specific manner. The application of massively parallel reporter assays in human induced pluripotent stem cells can characterize the human regulome and test the transcriptional responses of putative regulatory elements. Parallel CRISPR-based screens can further functionally dissect this genetic regulatory architecture. The integration of these emerging technologies could decode genetic risk into medically actionable information, thereby improving genetic diagnosis and identifying novel points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla G Townsley
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Accessible disease insights. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:578-579. [PMID: 32811979 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-00281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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