51
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Quaranta V, Linkous A. Organoids as a Systems Platform for SCLC Brain Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:881989. [PMID: 35574308 PMCID: PMC9096159 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.881989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive, neuroendocrine tumor. Traditional reductionist approaches have proven ineffective to ameliorate the uniformly dismal outcomes for SCLC - survival at 5 years remains less than 5%. A major obstacle to improving treatment is that SCLC tumor cells disseminate early, with a strong propensity for metastasizing to the brain. Accumulating evidence indicates that, contrary to previous textbook knowledge, virtually every SCLC tumor is comprised of multiple subtypes. Important questions persist regarding the role that this intra-tumor subtype heterogeneity may play in supporting the invasive properties of SCLC. A recurrent hypothesis in the field is that subtype interactions and/or transition dynamics are major determinants of SCLC metastatic seeding and progression. Here, we review the advantages of cerebral organoids as an experimentally accessible platform for SCLC brain metastasis, amenable to genetic manipulations, drug perturbations, and assessment of subtype interactions when coupled, e.g., to temporal longitudinal monitoring by high-content imaging or high-throughput omics data generation. We then consider systems approaches that can produce mathematical and computational models useful to generalize lessons learned from ex vivo organoid cultures, and integrate them with in vivo observations. In summary, systems approaches combined with ex vivo SCLC cultures in brain organoids may effectively capture both tumor-tumor and host-tumor interactions that underlie general principles of brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Linkous
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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52
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Targeting nucleotide metabolism: a promising approach to enhance cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:45. [PMID: 35477416 PMCID: PMC9044757 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting nucleotide metabolism can not only inhibit tumor initiation and progression but also exert serious side effects. With in-depth studies of nucleotide metabolism, our understanding of nucleotide metabolism in tumors has revealed their non-proliferative effects on immune escape, indicating the potential effectiveness of nucleotide antimetabolites for enhancing immunotherapy. A growing body of evidence now supports the concept that targeting nucleotide metabolism can increase the antitumor immune response by (1) activating host immune systems via maintaining the concentrations of several important metabolites, such as adenosine and ATP, (2) promoting immunogenicity caused by increased mutability and genomic instability by disrupting the purine and pyrimidine pool, and (3) releasing nucleoside analogs via microbes to regulate immunity. Therapeutic approaches targeting nucleotide metabolism combined with immunotherapy have achieved exciting success in preclinical animal models. Here, we review how dysregulated nucleotide metabolism can promote tumor growth and interact with the host immune system, and we provide future insights into targeting nucleotide metabolism for immunotherapeutic treatment of various malignancies.
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53
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Wang FS, Chen KL, Chu SW. Human/SARS-CoV-2 genome-scale metabolic modeling to discover potential antiviral targets for COVID-19. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022; 133:104273. [PMID: 35186172 PMCID: PMC8843340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a substantial increase in mortality and economic and social disruption. The absence of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the need for new therapeutic drugs to combat COVID-19. METHODS The present study proposed a fuzzy hierarchical optimization framework for identifying potential antiviral targets for COVID-19. The objectives in the decision-making problem were not only to evaluate the elimination of the virus growth, but also to minimize side effects causing treatment. The identified candidate targets could promote processes of drug discovery and development. SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS Our gene-centric method revealed that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibition could reduce viral biomass growth and metabolic deviation by 99.4% and 65.6%, respectively, and increase cell viability by 70.4%. We also identified two-target combinations that could completely block viral biomass growth and more effectively prevent metabolic deviation. We also discovered that the inhibition of two antiviral metabolites, cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP), exhibits effects similar to those of molnupiravir, which is undergoing phase III clinical trials. Our predictions also indicate that CTP and UTP inhibition blocks viral RNA replication through a similar mechanism to that of molnupiravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
| | - Sz-Wei Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
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54
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Jiao S, Zhang X, Wang D, Fu H, Xia Q. Genetic Alteration and Their Significance on Clinical Events in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1493-1505. [PMID: 35469134 PMCID: PMC9034895 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s356037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive subtype of lung cancer characterized by the development of neuroendocrine tumors, is prone to distant metastasis, resistant to platinum-based drugs and has a poor prognosis. The development of next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) has led to the identification of many genetic alterations in SCLC. Few druggable targeted molecules can be used in clinical practice. Currently, NGS is widely employed in routine clinical practice of non-small cell lung cancer to assist in therapeutic options and prognosis evaluation. This study aims to investigate genes involved in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), their occurrence and their significance in clinical events. Methods Tumor tissue specimens from 18 Chinese SCLC patients were collected through a 520 cancer‐related genes panel for next-generation sequencing. First, the association between sequence results and clinical outcomes was examined. Subsequently, data on clinical pathology and sequencing results were analyzed. Results The Kaplan–Meier curve displayed a significant reduction in PFS for SCLC patients with LRP1B or MAP3K13 mutations. Overall survival (OS) of SCLC patients with MSH6 mutation was significantly higher than those with SPEN mutation. Conclusion Next-generation sequencing demonstrates that the genetic landscape of SCLC. Mutation status of LRP1B, MAP3K13, MSH6 and SPEN has prognostic significance, which might be potential therapeutic targets. We found possible genes and related signaling pathways that affect metastasis. These results can improve our understanding of the mutation characteristics of SCLC and identify potential biomarkers to guide targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Artificial Intelligence Diagnosis, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Fu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Artificial Intelligence Diagnosis, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxin Xia
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Artificial Intelligence Diagnosis, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qingxin Xia; Hongyong Fu, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Artificial Intelligence Diagnosis, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Accurate Pathological Diagnosis of Intractable Tumors, Zhengzhou, 450000, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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55
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Desler C, Durhuus JA, Hansen TLL, Anugula S, Zelander NT, Bøggild S, Rasmussen LJ. Partial inhibition of mitochondrial-linked pyrimidine synthesis increases tumorigenic potential and lysosome accumulation. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:73-81. [PMID: 35346867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between mitochondrial function and oncogenesis is complex and is not fully understood. Here we determine the importance of mitochondrial-linked pyrimidine synthesis for the aggressiveness of cancer cells. The enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) links oxidative phosphorylation to de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. We demonstrate that an inhibition of DHODH results in a respiration-independent significant increase of anchorage-independent growth but does not affect DNA repair ability. Instead, we show an autophagy-independent increase of lysosomes. The results of this study suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial-linked pyrimidine synthesis in cancer cells results in a more aggressive tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Ambæk Durhuus
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sharath Anugula
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadia Thaulov Zelander
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Bøggild
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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56
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Hou J, He Z, Liu T, Chen D, Wang B, Wen Q, Zheng X. Evolution of Molecular Targeted Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Novel Opportunities Identified by CRISPR-Cas9 Screening. Front Oncol 2022; 12:755053. [PMID: 35372044 PMCID: PMC8970599 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.755053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment due to better therapeutic responses and less systemic toxicity. However, therapeutic resistance is a major challenge in clinical settings that hinders continuous clinical benefits for cancer patients. In this regard, unraveling the mechanisms of drug resistance may identify new druggable genetic alterations for molecularly targeted therapies, thus contributing to improved therapeutic efficacies. The recent rapid development of novel methodologies including CRISPR-Cas9 screening technology and patient-derived models provides powerful tools to dissect the underlying mechanisms of resistance to targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we updated therapeutic targets undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation for various cancer types. More importantly, we provided comprehensive elaboration of high throughput CRISPR-Cas9 screening in deciphering potential mechanisms of unresponsiveness to molecularly targeted therapies, which will shed light on the discovery of novel opportunities for designing next-generation anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zongsheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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57
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Walter M, Herr P. Re-Discovery of Pyrimidine Salvage as Target in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040739. [PMID: 35203388 PMCID: PMC8870348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are synthesized through two distinct pathways: de novo synthesis and nucleoside salvage. Whereas the de novo pathway synthesizes nucleotides from amino acids and glucose, the salvage pathway recovers nucleosides or bases formed during DNA or RNA degradation. In contrast to high proliferating non-malignant cells, which are highly dependent on the de novo synthesis, cancer cells can switch to the nucleoside salvage pathways to maintain efficient DNA replication. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis remains the target of interest in cancer therapy and several inhibitors showed promising results in cancer cells and in vivo models. In the 1980s and 1990s, poor responses were however observed in clinical trials with several of the currently existing pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors. To overcome the observed limitations in clinical trials, targeting pyrimidine salvage alone or in combination with pyrimidine de novo inhibitors was suggested. Even though this approach showed initially promising results, it received fresh attention only recently. Here we discuss the re-discovery of targeting pyrimidine salvage pathways for DNA replication alone or in combination with inhibitors of pyrimidine de novo synthesis to overcome limitations of commonly used antimetabolites in various preclinical cancer models and clinical trials. We also highlight newly emerged targets in pyrimidine synthesis as well as pyrimidine salvage as a promising target in immunotherapy.
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58
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Yoshioka H, Kawamura T, Muroi M, Kondoh Y, Honda K, Kawatani M, Aono H, Waldmann H, Watanabe N, Osada H. Identification of a Small Molecule That Enhances Ferroptosis via Inhibition of Ferroptosis Suppressor Protein 1 (FSP1). ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:483-491. [PMID: 35128925 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is an intracellular enzyme that oxidizes glutathione while reducing lipid peroxides and is a promising target for cancer therapy. To date, several GPX4 inhibitors have been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity against cancer cells. However, some cancer cells are less sensitive to the known GPX4 inhibitors. This study aimed to explore compounds showing synergistic effects with GPX4 inhibitors. We screened a chemical library and identified a compound named NPD4928, whose cytotoxicity was enhanced in the presence of a GPX4 inhibitor. Furthermore, we identified ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 as its target protein. The results indicate that NPD4928 enhanced the sensitivity of various cancer cells to GPX4 inhibitors, suggesting that the combination might have therapeutic potential via the induction of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Yoshioka
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawamura
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Muroi
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kaori Honda
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawatani
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Harumi Aono
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Division for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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59
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Tang E, Liu S, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Huang D, Gao T, Zhang T, Xu G. Therapeutic Potential of Glutamine Pathway in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:835141. [PMID: 35223460 PMCID: PMC8873175 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.835141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells tend to obtain the substances needed for their development depending on altering metabolic characteristics. Among the reorganized metabolic pathways, Glutamine pathway, reprogrammed to be involved in the physiological process including energy supply, biosynthesis and redox homeostasis, occupies an irreplaceable role in tumor cells and has become a hot topic in recent years. Lung cancer currently maintains a high morbidity and mortality rate among all types of tumors and has been a health challenge that researchers have longed to overcome. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the essential role of glutamine pathway played in the metabolism of lung cancer and its potential therapeutic value in the interventions of lung cancer.
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60
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Wang J, Ren C, Tang P, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Recent advances of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors for cancer therapy: Current development and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li C, Yang X, Luo Y, Liu H, Zhong X, Zhou X, Zeng T, Tao L, Zhou Y, Gou K, Yang X, Liu X, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Luo Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Series of Teriflunomide Derivatives as Potent Human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors for Malignancy Treatment. J Med Chem 2021; 64:18175-18192. [PMID: 34905371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH), as the fourth and rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway, is regarded as an attractive target for malignancy therapy. In the present study, a novel series of teriflunomide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as hDHODH inhibitors. 13t was the optimal compound with promising enzymatic activity (IC50 = 16.0 nM), potent antiproliferative activity against human lymphoma Raji cells (IC50 = 7.7 nM), and excellent aqueous solubility (20.1 mg/mL). Mechanistically, 13t directly inhibited hDHODH and induced cell cycle S-phase arrest in Raji cells. The acute toxicity assay indicated a favorable safety profile of 13t. Notably, 13t displayed significant tumor growth inhibition activity with a tumor growth inhibition (TGI) rate of 81.4% at 30 mg/kg in a Raji xenograft model. Together, 13t is a promising inhibitor of hDHODH and a preclinical candidate for antitumor therapy, especially for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kun Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Arnal-Estapé A, Foggetti G, Starrett JH, Nguyen DX, Politi K. Preclinical Models for the Study of Lung Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a037820. [PMID: 34518338 PMCID: PMC8634791 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental preclinical models have been a cornerstone of lung cancer translational research. Work in these model systems has provided insights into the biology of lung cancer subtypes and their origins, contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie tumor progression, and revealed new therapeutic vulnerabilities. Initially patient-derived lung cancer cell lines were the main preclinical models available. The landscape is very different now with numerous preclinical models for research each with unique characteristics. These include genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and three-dimensional culture systems ("organoid" cultures). Here we review the development and applications of these models and describe their contributions to lung cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arnal-Estapé
- Department of Pathology
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Katerina Politi
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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63
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Cheng CT, Wang TY, Chen PR, Wu WH, Lai JM, Chang PMH, Hong YR, Huang CYF, Wang FS. Computer-Aided Design for Identifying Anticancer Targets in Genome-Scale Metabolic Models of Colon Cancer. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111115. [PMID: 34827109 PMCID: PMC8614794 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Discovery of anticancer targets with minimal side effects is a major challenge in drug discovery and development. This study developed a fuzzy optimization framework for identifying anticancer targets. The framework was applied to identify not only gene regulator targets but also metabolite- and reaction-centric targets. The computational results show that the combination of a carbon metabolism target and any one-target gene that participates in the sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, nucleotide, cholesterol biosynthesis, or pentose phosphate pathways is more effective for treatment than one-target inhibition is, and a two-target combination of 5-FU and folate supplement can improve cell viability, reduce metabolic deviation, and reduce side effects of normal cells. Abstract The efficient discovery of anticancer targets with minimal side effects is a major challenge in drug discovery and development. Early prediction of side effects is key for reducing development costs, increasing drug efficacy, and increasing drug safety. This study developed a fuzzy optimization framework for Identifying AntiCancer Targets (IACT) using constraint-based models. Four objectives were established to evaluate the mortality of treated cancer cells and to minimize side effects causing toxicity-induced tumorigenesis on normal cells and smaller metabolic perturbations. Fuzzy set theory was applied to evaluate potential side effects and investigate the magnitude of metabolic deviations in perturbed cells compared with their normal counterparts. The framework was applied to identify not only gene regulator targets but also metabolite- and reaction-centric targets. A nested hybrid differential evolution algorithm with a hierarchical fitness function was applied to solve multilevel IACT problems. The results show that the combination of a carbon metabolism target and any one-target gene that participates in the sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, nucleotide, cholesterol biosynthesis, or pentose phosphate pathways is more effective for treatment than one-target inhibition is. A clinical antimetabolite drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used to inhibit synthesis of deoxythymidine-5′-triphosphate for treatment of colorectal cancer. The computational results reveal that a two-target combination of 5-FU and a folate supplement can improve cell viability, reduce metabolic deviation, and reduce side effects of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ting Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (C.-T.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (P.-R.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Tsun-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (C.-T.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (P.-R.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Pei-Rong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (C.-T.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (P.-R.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Wu-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (C.-T.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (P.-R.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Jin-Mei Lai
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan;
| | - Peter Mu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11211, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11211, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11211, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (C.-T.C.); (T.-Y.W.); (P.-R.C.); (W.-H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-2720411 (ext. 33404)
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Otto-Ślusarczyk D, Graboń W, Mielczarek-Puta M, Chrzanowska A. Teriflunomide - The common drug with underestimated oxygen - Dependent anticancer potential. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101141. [PMID: 34611552 PMCID: PMC8476349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leflunomide (LFN) is a well-known immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory prodrug of teriflunomide (TFN). Due to pyrimidine synthesis inhibition TFN also exhibits potent anticancer effect. Because, there is the strict coupling between the pyrimidine synthesis and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, the oxygen level could modify the cytostatic TNF effect. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cytostatic effect of pharmacologically achievable teriflunomide (TFN) concentrations at physiological oxygen levels, i.e. 1% hypoxia and 10% tissue normoxia compared to 21% oxygen level occurred in routine cell culture environment. The TFN effect was evaluated using TB, MTT and FITC Annexin tests for human primary (SW480) and metastatic (SW620) colon cancer cell lines at various oxygen levels. We demonstrated significant differences between proliferation, survival and apoptosis at 1, 10 and 21% oxygen in primary and metastatic colon cancer cell lines (SW480, SW620) under TFN treatment. The cytostatic TFN effect was more pronounced at hypoxia compared to tissue and atmospheric normoxia in both cancer cell lines, however metastatic cells were more resistant to antiproliferative and proapoptotic TFN action. The early apoptosis was predominant in physiological oxygen tension while in atmospheric normoxia the late apoptosis was induced. Our findings showed that anticancer TFN effect is more strong in physiological oxygen compared to atmospheric normoxia. It suggests that results obtained from in vitro studies could be underestimated. Thus, it gives assumption for future comprehensive studies at real oxygen environment involving TNF use in combination with other antitumor agents affecting oxygen-dependent pyrimidine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Otto-Ślusarczyk
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Banacha 1, Poland
| | - Wojciech Graboń
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Banacha 1, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mielczarek-Puta
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Banacha 1, Poland
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Banacha 1, Poland
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Wu J, Wang Y, Jiang R, Xue R, Yin X, Wu M, Meng Q. Ferroptosis in liver disease: new insights into disease mechanisms. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:276. [PMID: 34611144 PMCID: PMC8492622 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterized by excessive iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis is a novel form of iron-dependent cell death, which is morphologically, genetically, and biochemically distinct from other well-known cell death. In recent years, ferroptosis has been quickly gaining attention in the field of liver diseases, as the liver is predisposed to oxidative injury and generally, excessive iron accumulation is a primary characteristic of most major liver diseases. In the current review, we first delineate three cellular defense mechanisms against ferroptosis (GPx4 in the mitochondria and cytosol, FSP1 on plasma membrane, and DHODH in mitochondria), along with four canonical modulators of ferroptosis (system Xc−, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, p53, and GTP cyclohydrolase-1). Next, we review recent progress of ferroptosis studies delineating molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of several common liver diseases including ischemia/reperfusion-related injury (IRI), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), hemochromatosis (HH), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, we also highlight both challenges and promises that emerged from recent studies that should be addressed and pursued in future investigations before ferroptosis regulation could be adopted as an effective therapeutic target in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Rongtao Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ran Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100036, China
| | - Xuehong Yin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Muchen Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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66
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Luo X, Cai G, Guo Y, Gao C, Huang W, Zhang Z, Lu H, Liu K, Chen J, Xiong X, Lei J, Zhou X, Wang J, Liu Y. Exploring Marine-Derived Ascochlorins as Novel Human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors for Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13918-13932. [PMID: 34516133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) is an attractive tumor target essential to de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Novel potent hDHODH inhibitors with low toxicity are urgently needed. Herein, we demonstrate the isolation of 25 ascochlorin (ASC) derivatives, including 13 new ones, from the coral-derived fungus Acremonium sclerotigenum, and several of them showed pronounced inhibitions against hDHODH and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, MDA-MB-231/-468. Interestingly, we found that hDHODH is required for proliferation and survival of TNBC cells, and several ASCs significantly inhibited TNBC cell growth and induced their apoptosis via hDHODH inhibition. Furthermore, the novel and potent hDHODH inhibitors (1 and 21) efficiently suppressed tumor growth in patient-derived TNBC xenograft models without obvious body weight loss or overt toxicity in mice. Collectively, our findings offered a novel lead scaffold as the hDHODH inhibitor for further development of potent anticancer agents and a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Luo
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, P.R. China
| | - Guodi Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yinfeng Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Chenghai Gao
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Humu Lu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, P.R. China
| | - Jianghe Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, P.R. China
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, P.R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, P.R. China
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67
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Yu Y, Ding J, Zhu S, Alptekin A, Dong Z, Yan C, Zha Y, Ding HF. Therapeutic targeting of both dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and nucleoside transport in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:821. [PMID: 34462431 PMCID: PMC8405683 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an integral part of the growth-promoting program driven by the MYC family of oncogenes. However, this reprogramming also imposes metabolic dependencies that could be exploited therapeutically. Here we report that the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is an attractive therapeutic target for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer with poor prognosis. Gene expression profiling and metabolomic analysis reveal that MYCN promotes pyrimidine nucleotide production by transcriptional upregulation of DHODH and other enzymes of the pyrimidine-synthesis pathway. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of DHODH suppresses the proliferation and tumorigenicity of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines. Furthermore, we obtain evidence suggesting that serum uridine is a key factor in determining the efficacy of therapeutic agents that target DHODH. In the presence of physiological concentrations of uridine, neuroblastoma cell lines are highly resistant to DHODH inhibition. This uridine-dependent resistance to DHODH inhibitors can be abrogated by dipyridamole, an FDA-approved drug that blocks nucleoside transport. Importantly, dipyridamole synergizes with DHODH inhibition to suppress neuroblastoma growth in animal models. These findings suggest that a combination of targeting DHODH and nucleoside transport is a promising strategy to overcome intrinsic resistance to DHODH-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Yu
- Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Jane Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ahmet Alptekin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Yunhong Zha
- Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, 443000, China.
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA.
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68
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Jiang T, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Soto-Feliciano YM, Yang Q, Song CQ, Bhuatkar A, Haynes CM, Hemann MT, Xue W. Targeting the De Novo Purine Synthesis Pathway Through Adenylosuccinate Lyase Depletion Impairs Liver Cancer Growth by Perturbing Mitochondrial Function. Hepatology 2021; 74:233-247. [PMID: 33336367 PMCID: PMC8209110 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common cancer types worldwide, yet patients with HCC have limited treatment options. There is an urgent need to identify drug targets that specifically inhibit the growth of HCC cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used a CRISPR library targeting ~2,000 druggable genes to perform a high-throughput screen and identified adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), a key enzyme involved in the de novo purine synthesis pathway, as a potential drug target for HCC. ADSL has been implicated as a potential oncogenic driver in some cancers, but its role in liver cancer progression remains unknown. CRISPR-mediated knockout of ADSL impaired colony formation of liver cancer cells by affecting AMP production. In the absence of ADSL, the growth of liver tumors is retarded in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that ADSL knockout caused S-phase cell cycle arrest not by inducing DNA damage but by impairing mitochondrial function. Using data from patients with HCC, we also revealed that high ADSL expression occurs during tumorigenesis and is linked to poor survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover the role of ADSL-mediated de novo purine synthesis in fueling mitochondrial ATP production to promote liver cancer cell growth. Targeting ADSL may be a therapeutic approach for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez-Rivera
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10065
| | - Yadira M. Soto-Feliciano
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chun-Qing Song
- Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310024, China
| | - Arjun Bhuatkar
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael T. Hemann
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Wen Xue
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605
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69
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Norton JP, Augert A, Eastwood E, Basom R, Rudin CM, MacPherson D. Protein neddylation as a therapeutic target in pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas. Genes Dev 2021; 35:870-887. [PMID: 34016692 PMCID: PMC8168556 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348316.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is among the most lethal of all solid tumor malignancies. In an effort to identify novel therapeutic approaches for this recalcitrant cancer type, we applied genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 inactivation screens to cell lines that we derived from a murine model of SCLC. SCLC cells were particularly sensitive to the deletion of NEDD8 and other neddylation pathway genes. Genetic suppression or pharmacological inhibition of this pathway using MLN4924 caused cell death not only in mouse SCLC cell lines but also in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma treated ex vivo or in vivo. A subset of PDX models were exceptionally sensitive to neddylation inhibition. Neddylation inhibition suppressed expression of major regulators of neuroendocrine cell state such as INSM1 and ASCL1, which a subset of SCLC rely upon for cell proliferation and survival. To identify potential mechanisms of resistance to neddylation inhibition, we performed a genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 suppressor screen. Deletion of components of the COP9 signalosome strongly mitigated the effects of neddylation inhibition in small cell carcinoma, including the ability of MLN4924 to suppress neuroendocrine transcriptional program expression. This work identifies neddylation as a regulator of neuroendocrine cell state and potential therapeutic target for small cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Norton
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Arnaud Augert
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Emily Eastwood
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - David MacPherson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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70
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Zhou Y, Tao L, Zhou X, Zuo Z, Gong J, Liu X, Zhou Y, Liu C, Sang N, Liu H, Zou J, Gou K, Yang X, Zhao Y. DHODH and cancer: promising prospects to be explored. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 33971967 PMCID: PMC8107416 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a flavin-dependent mitochondrial enzyme catalyzing the fourth step in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. It is originally a target for the treatment of the non-neoplastic diseases involving in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, and is re-emerging as a validated therapeutic target for cancer therapy. In this review, we mainly unravel the biological function of DHODH in tumor progression, including its crucial role in de novo pyrimidine synthesis and mitochondrial respiratory chain in cancer cells. Moreover, various DHODH inhibitors developing in the past decades are also been displayed, and the specific mechanism between DHODH and its additional effects are illustrated. Collectively, we detailly discuss the association between DHODH and tumors in recent years here, and believe it will provide significant evidences and potential strategies for utilizing DHODH as a potential target in preclinical and clinical cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zeping Zuo
- The Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huan Liu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kun Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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71
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Monserrat J, Morales Torres C, Richardson L, Wilson TS, Patel H, Domart MC, Horswell S, Song OR, Jiang M, Crawford M, Bui M, Dalal Y, Scaffidi P. Disruption of the MSL complex inhibits tumour maintenance by exacerbating chromosomal instability. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:401-412. [PMID: 33837287 PMCID: PMC7610593 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rewiring of cellular programmes in malignant cells generates cancer-specific vulnerabilities. Here, using an unbiased screening strategy aimed at identifying non-essential genes required by tumour cells to sustain unlimited proliferative capacity, we identify the male-specific lethal (MSL) acetyltransferase complex as a vulnerability of genetically unstable cancers. We find that disruption of the MSL complex and consequent loss of the associated H4K16ac mark do not substantially alter transcriptional programmes but compromise chromosome integrity and promote chromosomal instability (CIN) that progressively exhausts the proliferative potential of cancer cells through a p53-independent mechanism. This effect is dependent on pre-existing genomic instability, and normal cells are insensitive to MSL disruption. Using cell- and patient-derived xenografts from multiple cancer types, we show that excessive CIN induced by MSL disruption inhibits tumour maintenance. Our findings suggest that targeting MSL may be a valuable means to increase CIN beyond the level tolerated by cancer cells without inducing severe adverse effects in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Monserrat
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- High Throughput Screening, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ming Jiang
- High Throughput Screening, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Minh Bui
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yamini Dalal
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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72
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Zhi HY, Zhao L, Lee CC, Chen CYC. A Novel Graph Neural Network Methodology to Investigate Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030477. [PMID: 33806898 PMCID: PMC8005042 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a particularly aggressive tumor subtype, and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) has been demonstrated to be a therapeutic target for SCLC. Network pharmacology analysis and virtual screening were utilized to find out related proteins and investigate candidates with high docking capacity to multiple targets. Graph neural networks (GNNs) and machine learning were used to build reliable predicted models. We proposed a novel concept of multi-GNNs, and then built three multi-GNN models called GIAN, GIAT, and SGCA, which achieved satisfactory results in our dataset containing 532 molecules with all R^2 values greater than 0.92 on the training set and higher than 0.8 on the test set. Compared with machine learning algorithms, random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR), multi-GNNs had a better modeling effect and higher precision. Furthermore, the long-time 300 ns molecular dynamics simulation verified the stability of the protein–ligand complexes. The result showed that ZINC8577218, ZINC95618747, and ZINC4261765 might be the potentially potent inhibitors for DHODH. Multi-GNNs show great performance in practice, making them a promising field for future research. We therefore suggest that this novel concept of multi-GNNs is a promising protocol for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zhi
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510275, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhao
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510275, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Cheng-Chun Lee
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 510275, China; (H.-Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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73
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Zhang Y, Luo T, Ding X, Chang Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Hao S, Yin Q, Jiang B. Inhibition of mitochondrial complex III induces differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:162-168. [PMID: 33610916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous disease with diverse genetic subsets, one hallmark of AML blasts is myeloid differentiation blockade. Extensive evidence has indicated that differentiation induction therapy represents a promising treatment strategy. Here, we identified that the pharmacological inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex III by antimycin A inhibits proliferation and promotes cellular differentiation of AML cells. Mechanistically, we showed that the inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, is involved in antimycin A-induced differentiation. The activity of antimycin A could be reversed by supplement of excessive amounts of exogenous uridine as well as orotic acid, the product of DHODH. Furthermore, we also found that complex III inhibition exerts a synergistic effect in differentiation induction combined with DHODH inhibitor brequinar as well as with the pyrimidine salvage pathway inhibitor dipyridamole. Collectively, our study uncovered the link between mitochondrial complex III and AML differentiation and may provide further insight into the potential application of mitochondrial complex III inhibitor as a mono or combination treatment in differentiation therapy of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ting Luo
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Ding
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - YungTing Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Chuanxu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Siguo Hao
- Department of Hematology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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74
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Egan G, Khan DH, Lee JB, Mirali S, Zhang L, Schimmer AD. Mitochondrial and Metabolic Pathways Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression to Control Differentiation, Stem Cell Function, and Immune Response in Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1052-1066. [PMID: 33504581 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in many biological processes including cellular homeostasis, energy generation, and apoptosis. Moreover, mitochondrial and metabolic pathways are interconnected with gene expression to regulate cellular functions such as cell growth, survival, differentiation, and immune recognition. Metabolites and mitochondrial enzymes regulate chromatin-modifying enzymes, chromatin remodeling, and transcription regulators. Deregulation of mitochondrial pathways and metabolism leads to alterations in gene expression that promote cancer development, progression, and evasion of the immune system. This review highlights how mitochondrial and metabolic pathways function as a central mediator to control gene expression, specifically on stem cell functions, differentiation, and immune response in leukemia. SIGNIFICANCE: Emerging evidence demonstrates that mitochondrial and metabolic pathways influence gene expression to promote tumor development, progression, and immune evasion. These data highlight new areas of cancer biology and potential new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Egan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dilshad H Khan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jong Bok Lee
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Mirali
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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75
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Zhou S, Liu Q, Bao M, Huang J, Wang J, Hu W, Xu X. Gold(i)-catalyzed redox transformation of o-nitroalkynes with indoles for the synthesis of 2,3′-biindole derivatives. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A gold(i)-catalyzed cascade reaction of o-nitroalkynes with indoles has been reported for the rapid assembly of 2-indolyl indolone N-oxides, which exhibit high anticancer potency against SCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ming Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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76
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Flerin NC, Cappellesso F, Pretto S, Mazzone M. Metabolic traits ruling the specificity of the immune response in different cancer types. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:124-143. [PMID: 33248423 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy aims to augment the response of the patient's own immune system against cancer cells. Despite effective for some patients and some cancer types, the therapeutic efficacy of this treatment is limited by the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is not well-suited for the fitness of anti-tumoral immune cells. However, the TME differs between cancer types and tissues, thus complicating the possibility of the development of therapies that would be effective in a large range of patients. A possible scenario is that each type of cancer cell, granted by its own mutations and reminiscent of the functions of the tissue of origin, has a specific metabolism that will impinge on the metabolic composition of the TME, which in turn specifically affects T cell fitness. Therefore, targeting cancer or T cell metabolism could increase the efficacy and specificity of existing immunotherapies, improving disease outcome and minimizing adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Flerin
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - Federica Cappellesso
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - Samantha Pretto
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B3000, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, B3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B3000, Belgium.
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77
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Khan P, Siddiqui JA, Maurya SK, Lakshmanan I, Jain M, Ganti AK, Salgia R, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Epigenetic landscape of small cell lung cancer: small image of a giant recalcitrant disease. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:57-76. [PMID: 33220460 PMCID: PMC8218609 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a particular subtype of lung cancer with high mortality. Recent advances in understanding SCLC genomics and breakthroughs of immunotherapy have substantially expanded existing knowledge and treatment modalities. However, challenges associated with SCLC remain enigmatic and elusive. Most of the conventional drug discovery approaches targeting altered signaling pathways in SCLC end up in the 'grave-yard of drug discovery', which mandates exploring novel approaches beyond inhibiting cell signaling pathways. Epigenetic modifications have long been documented as the key contributors to the tumorigenesis of almost all types of cancer, including SCLC. The last decade witnessed an exponential increase in our understanding of epigenetic modifications for SCLC. The present review highlights the central role of epigenetic regulations in acquiring neoplastic phenotype, metastasis, aggressiveness, resistance to chemotherapy, and immunotherapeutic approaches of SCLC. Different types of epigenetic modifications (DNA/histone methylation or acetylation) that can serve as predictive biomarkers for prognostication, treatment stratification, neuroendocrine lineage determination, and development of potential SCLC therapies are also discussed. We also review the utility of epigenetic targets/epidrugs in combination with first-line chemotherapy and immunotherapy that are currently under investigation in preclinical and clinical studies. Altogether, the information presents the inclusive landscape of SCLC epigenetics and epidrugs that will help to improve SCLC outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Apar Kishor Ganti
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, VA-Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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78
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Kodama M, Nakayama KI. A second Warburg-like effect in cancer metabolism: The metabolic shift of glutamine-derived nitrogen: A shift in glutamine-derived nitrogen metabolism from glutaminolysis to de novo nucleotide biosynthesis contributes to malignant evolution of cancer. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000169. [PMID: 33165972 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon and nitrogen are essential elements for life. Glucose as a carbon source and glutamine as a nitrogen source are important nutrients for cell proliferation. About 100 years ago, it was discovered that cancer cells that have acquired unlimited proliferative capacity and undergone malignant evolution in their host manifest a cancer-specific remodeling of glucose metabolism (the Warburg effect). Only recently, however, was it shown that the metabolism of glutamine-derived nitrogen is substantially shifted from glutaminolysis to nucleotide biosynthesis during malignant progression of cancer-which might be referred to as a "second" Warburg effect. In this review, address the mechanism and relevance of this metabolic shift of glutamine-derived nitrogen in human cancer. We also examine the clinical potential of anticancer therapies that modulate the metabolic pathways of glutamine-derived nitrogen. This shift may be as important as the shift in carbon metabolism, which has long been known as the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kodama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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79
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Abstract
ATP is required for mammalian cells to remain viable and to perform genetically programmed functions. Maintenance of the ΔG′ATP hydrolysis of −56 kJ/mole is the endpoint of both genetic and metabolic processes required for life. Various anomalies in mitochondrial structure and function prevent maximal ATP synthesis through OxPhos in cancer cells. Little ATP synthesis would occur through glycolysis in cancer cells that express the dimeric form of pyruvate kinase M2. Mitochondrial substrate level phosphorylation (mSLP) in the glutamine-driven glutaminolysis pathway, substantiated by the succinate-CoA ligase reaction in the TCA cycle, can partially compensate for reduced ATP synthesis through both OxPhos and glycolysis. A protracted insufficiency of OxPhos coupled with elevated glycolysis and an auxiliary, fully operational mSLP, would cause a cell to enter its default state of unbridled proliferation with consequent dedifferentiation and apoptotic resistance, i.e., cancer. The simultaneous restriction of glucose and glutamine offers a therapeutic strategy for managing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Gabriel Arismendi-Morillo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biological Researches Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Purna Mukherjee
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
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80
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Qian Y, Liang X, Kong P, Cheng Y, Cui H, Yan T, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Guo S, Cheng X, Cui Y. Elevated DHODH expression promotes cell proliferation via stabilizing β-catenin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:862. [PMID: 33060568 PMCID: PMC7566478 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a key enzyme in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, the expression level of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) has been reported to be elevated in various types of malignant tumors and its tumor-promoting effect was considered to relate to its pyrimidine synthesis function. Here, we revealed one intriguing potential mechanism that DHODH modulated β-catenin signaling in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We demonstrated that DHODH directly bound to the NH2 terminal of β-catenin, thereby, interrupting the interaction of GSK3β with β-catenin and leading to the abrogation of β-catenin degradation and accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus, which in turn, resulted in the activation of β-catenin downstream genes, including CCND1, E2F3, Nanog, and OCT4. We further demonstrated that the regulation of β-catenin by DHODH was independent of DHODH catalyzing activity. Univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that DHODH expression might be an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients. Collectively, our study highlights the pivotal role of DHODH mediated β-catenin signaling and indicates that DHODH may act as a multi-functional switcher from catalyzing pyrimidine metabolism to regulating tumor-related signaling pathways in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, 518035, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengzhou Kong
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yikun Cheng
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, 518035, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyang Cui
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, 518035, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yan
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, 518035, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqian Liu
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Guo
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Shanxi Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research on Esophageal Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongping Cui
- Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, 518035, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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81
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Zeng F, Li S, Yang G, Luo Y, Qi T, Liang Y, Yang T, Zhang L, Wang R, Zhu L, Li H, Xu X. Design, synthesis, molecular modeling, and biological evaluation of acrylamide derivatives as potent inhibitors of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 11:S2211-3835(20)30759-0. [PMID: 33078092 PMCID: PMC7558257 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a viable target for the development of therapeutics to treat cancer and immunological diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and multiple sclerosis (MS). Herein, a series of acrylamide-based novel DHODH inhibitors as potential RA treatment agents were designed and synthesized. 2-Acrylamidobenzoic acid analog 11 was identified as the lead compound for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. The replacement of the phenyl group with naphthyl moieties improved inhibitory activity significantly to double-digit nanomolar range. Further structure optimization revealed that an acrylamide with small hydrophobic groups (Me, Cl or Br) at the 2-position was preferred. Moreover, adding a fluoro atom at the 5-position of the benzoic acid enhanced the potency. The optimization efforts led to potent compounds 42 and 53‒55 with IC50 values of 41, 44, 32, and 42 nmol/L, respectively. The most potent compound 54 also displayed favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and encouraging in vivo anti-arthritic effects in a dose-dependent manner.
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Key Words
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- Acrylamide derivatives
- BPO, benzoyl peroxide
- CIA, collagen-induced arthritis
- DCE, 1,2-dichloroethane
- DCM, dichloromethane
- DHODH
- DHODH inhibitors
- DHODH, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
- DMAP, 4-dimethylaminopyridine
- DMARDs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
- DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis
- EA, ethyl acetate
- FMN, flavin mononucleotide
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HRMS, high-resolution mass spectrometry
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- LAH, lithium aluminium hydride
- LCMS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- MeOH, methanol
- NBS, N-bromosuccinimide
- NCS, N-chlorosuccinimide
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PDA, photodiode array detector
- PE, petroleum ether
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PhMe, toluene
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- SEL, systemic lupus erythematosus
- TEA, triethylamine
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- THF, tetrahydrofuran
- TsCl, tosyl chloride
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxun Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guantian Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yating Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yingfan Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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82
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Xu D, Yang H, Schmid RA, Peng RW. Therapeutic Landscape of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Collateral Vulnerabilities and Evolutionary Dependencies in the Spotlight. Front Oncol 2020; 10:579464. [PMID: 33072611 PMCID: PMC7538645 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.579464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is the epitome of a recalcitrant cancer driven by pharmacologically intractable tumor suppressor proteins. A significant but largely unmet challenge in the field is the translation of genetic information on alterations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) into effective cancer-specific therapies. The notion that abnormal tumor genome subverts physiological cellular processes, which creates collateral vulnerabilities contextually related to specific genetic alterations, offers a promising strategy to target TSG-driven MPM. Moreover, emerging evidence has increasingly appreciated the therapeutic potential of genetic and pharmacological dependencies acquired en route to cancer development and drug resistance. Here, we review the most recent progress on vulnerabilities co-selected by functional loss of major TSGs and dependencies evolving out of cancer development and resistance to cisplatin based chemotherapy, the only first-line regimen approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finally, we highlight CRISPR-based functional genomics that has emerged as a powerful platform for cancer drug discovery in MPM. The repertoire of MPM-specific “Achilles heel” rises on the horizon, which holds the promise to elucidate therapeutic landscape and may promote precision oncology for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Haitang Yang
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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83
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Mitochondrial Metabolism as a Target for Cancer Therapy. Cell Metab 2020; 32:341-352. [PMID: 32668195 PMCID: PMC7483781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence in humans and mice supports the notion that mitochondrial metabolism is active and necessary for tumor growth. Mitochondrial metabolism supports tumor anabolism by providing key metabolites for macromolecule synthesis and generating oncometabolites to maintain the cancer phenotype. Moreover, there are multiple clinical trials testing the efficacy of inhibiting mitochondrial metabolism as a new cancer therapeutic treatment. In this review, we discuss the rationale of using these anti-cancer agents in clinical trials and highlight how to effectively utilize them in different tumor contexts.
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84
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Coles GL, Cristea S, Webber JT, Levin RS, Moss SM, He A, Sangodkar J, Hwang YC, Arand J, Drainas AP, Mooney NA, Demeter J, Spradlin JN, Mauch B, Le V, Shue YT, Ko JH, Lee MC, Kong C, Nomura DK, Ohlmeyer M, Swaney DL, Krogan NJ, Jackson PK, Narla G, Gordan JD, Shokat KM, Sage J. Unbiased Proteomic Profiling Uncovers a Targetable GNAS/PKA/PP2A Axis in Small Cell Lung Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:129-143.e7. [PMID: 32531271 PMCID: PMC7363571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using unbiased kinase profiling, we identified protein kinase A (PKA) as an active kinase in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Inhibition of PKA activity genetically, or pharmacologically by activation of the PP2A phosphatase, suppresses SCLC expansion in culture and in vivo. Conversely, GNAS (G-protein α subunit), a PKA activator that is genetically activated in a small subset of human SCLC, promotes SCLC development. Phosphoproteomic analyses identified many PKA substrates and mechanisms of action. In particular, PKA activity is required for the propagation of SCLC stem cells in transplantation studies. Broad proteomic analysis of recalcitrant cancers has the potential to uncover targetable signaling networks, such as the GNAS/PKA/PP2A axis in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry L Coles
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra Cristea
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James T Webber
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rebecca S Levin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Steven M Moss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andy He
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yeonjoo C Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia Arand
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandros P Drainas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nancie A Mooney
- Baxter Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Janos Demeter
- Baxter Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica N Spradlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brandon Mauch
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vicky Le
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Ting Shue
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie H Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Myung Chang Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Atux Iskay LLC, Plainsboro, New Jersey, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; David J. Gladstone Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; David J. Gladstone Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John D Gordan
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5457, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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85
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Lau AN, Li Z, Danai LV, Westermark AM, Darnell AM, Ferreira R, Gocheva V, Sivanand S, Lien EC, Sapp KM, Mayers JR, Biffi G, Chin CR, Davidson SM, Tuveson DA, Jacks T, Matheson NJ, Yilmaz O, Vander Heiden MG. Dissecting cell-type-specific metabolism in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. eLife 2020; 9:56782. [PMID: 32648540 PMCID: PMC7406355 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of many different cell types including cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Dissecting functional metabolic differences between cell types within a mixed population can be challenging due to the rapid turnover of metabolites relative to the time needed to isolate cells. To overcome this challenge, we traced isotope-labeled nutrients into macromolecules that turn over more slowly than metabolites. This approach was used to assess differences between cancer cell and fibroblast metabolism in murine pancreatic cancer organoid-fibroblast co-cultures and tumors. Pancreatic cancer cells exhibited increased pyruvate carboxylation relative to fibroblasts, and this flux depended on both pyruvate carboxylase and malic enzyme 1 activity. Consequently, expression of both enzymes in cancer cells was necessary for organoid and tumor growth, demonstrating that dissecting the metabolism of specific cell populations within heterogeneous systems can identify dependencies that may not be evident from studying isolated cells in culture or bulk tissue. Tumors contain a mixture of many different types of cells, including cancer cells and non-cancer cells. The interactions between these two groups of cells affect how the cancer cells use nutrients, which, in turn, affects how fast these cells grow and divide. Furthermore, different cell types may use nutrients in diverse ways to make other molecules – known as metabolites – that the cell needs to survive. Fibroblasts are a subset of non-cancer cells that are typically found in tumors and can help them form. Separating fibroblasts from cancer cells in a tumor takes a lot longer than the chemical reactions in each cell of the tumor that produce and use up nutrients, also known as the cell’s metabolism. Therefore, measuring the levels of glucose (the sugar that is the main energy source for cells) and other metabolites in each tumor cell after separating them does not necessarily provide accurate information about the tumor cell’s metabolism. This makes it difficult to study how cancer cells and fibroblasts use nutrients differently. Lau et al. have developed a strategy to study the metabolism of cancer cells and fibroblasts in tumors. Mice with tumors in their pancreas were provided glucose that had been labelled using biochemical techniques. As expected, when the cell processed the glucose, the label was transferred into metabolites that got used up very quickly. But the label also became incorporated into larger, more stable molecules, such as proteins. Unlike the small metabolites, these larger molecules do not change in the time it takes to separate the cancer cells from the fibroblasts. Lau et al. sorted cells from whole pancreatic tumors and analyzed large, stable molecules that can incorporate the label from glucose in cancer cells and fibroblasts. The experiments showed that, in cancer cells, these molecules were more likely to have labeling patterns that are characteristic of two specific enzymes called pyruvate carboxylase and malic enzyme 1. This suggests that these enzymes are more active in cancer cells. Lau et al. also found that pancreatic cancer cells needed these two enzymes to metabolize glucose and to grow into large tumors. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers and current therapies offer limited benefit to many patients. Therefore, it is important to develop new drugs to treat this disease. Understanding how cancer cells and non-cancer cells in pancreatic tumors use nutrients differently is important for developing drugs that only target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Lau
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Zhaoqi Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Laura V Danai
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, United States
| | - Anna M Westermark
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Alicia M Darnell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Raphael Ferreira
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vasilena Gocheva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sharanya Sivanand
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Evan C Lien
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kiera M Sapp
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jared R Mayers
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Giulia Biffi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States.,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States.,Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Chin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States.,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Omer Yilmaz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
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86
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Wang H, Wang X, Xu L, Zhang J, Cao H. High expression levels of pyrimidine metabolic rate-limiting enzymes are adverse prognostic factors in lung adenocarcinoma: a study based on The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:347-366. [PMID: 32638267 PMCID: PMC7524999 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolism is described in many types of cancer and is associated with the clinical outcomes. However, the prognostic significance of pyrimidine metabolism signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is unclear. Using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets, we found that the pyrimidine metabolism signaling pathway was significantly enriched in LUAD. Compared with normal lung tissues, the pyrimidine metabolic rate–limiting enzymes were highly expressed in lung tumor tissues. The high expression levels of pyrimidine metabolic–rate limiting enzymes were associated with unfavorable prognosis. However, purinergic receptors P2RX1, P2RX7, P2RY12, P2RY13, and P2RY14 were relatively downregulated in lung cancer tissues and were associated with favorable prognosis. Moreover, we found that hypo-DNA methylation, DNA amplification, and TP53 mutation were contributing to the high expression levels of pyrimidine metabolic rate–limiting enzymes in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, combined pyrimidine metabolic rate–limiting enzymes had significant prognostic effects in LUAD. Comprehensively, the pyrimidine metabolic rate–limiting enzymes were highly expressed in bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, and stomach cancer. And the high expression levels of pyrimidine metabolic rate–limiting enzymes were associated with unfavorable prognosis in liver cancer. Overall, our results suggested the mRNA levels of pyrimidine metabolic rate–limiting enzymes CAD, DTYMK, RRM1, RRM2, TK1, TYMS, UCK2, NR5C2, and TK2 were predictive of lung cancer as well as other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital,, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate,, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital,, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate,, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital,, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate,, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua Cao
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital,, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate,, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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87
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Vidhyasagar V, Haq SU, Lok BH. Patient-derived Xenograft Models of Small Cell Lung Cancer for Therapeutic Development. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2020; 32:619-625. [PMID: 32563548 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Vidhyasagar
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Ul Haq
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - B H Lok
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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88
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Romero R, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Westcott PMK, Mercer KL, Bhutkar A, Muir A, González Robles TJ, Lamboy Rodríguez S, Liao LZ, Ng SR, Li L, Colón CI, Naranjo S, Beytagh MC, Lewis CA, Hsu PP, Bronson RT, Vander Heiden MG, Jacks T. Keap1 mutation renders lung adenocarcinomas dependent on Slc33a1. NATURE CANCER 2020; 1:589-602. [PMID: 34414377 PMCID: PMC8373048 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20-30% of human lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) harbor loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in Kelch-like ECH Associated-Protein 1 (KEAP1), which lead to hyperactivation of the nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (NRF2) antioxidant pathway and correlate with poor prognosis1-3. We previously showed that Keap1 mutation accelerates KRAS-driven LUAD and produces a marked dependency on glutaminolysis4. To extend the investigation of genetic dependencies in the context of Keap1 mutation, we performed a druggable genome CRISPR-Cas9 screen in Keap1-mutant cells. This analysis uncovered a profound Keap1 mutant-specific dependency on solute carrier family 33 member 1 (Slc33a1), an endomembrane-associated protein with roles in autophagy regulation5, as well as a series of functionally-related genes implicated in the unfolded protein response. Targeted genetic and biochemical experiments using mouse and human Keap1-mutant tumor lines, as well as preclinical genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of LUAD, validate Slc33a1 as a robust Keap1-mutant-specific dependency. Furthermore, unbiased genome-wide CRISPR screening identified additional genes related to Slc33a1 dependency. Overall, our study provides a strong rationale for stratification of patients harboring KEAP1-mutant or NRF2-hyperactivated tumors as likely responders to targeted SLC33A1 inhibition and underscores the value of integrating functional genetic approaches with GEMMs to identify and validate genotype-specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Romero
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Rivera
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kim L Mercer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Muir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Z Liao
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sheng Rong Ng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leanne Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caterina I Colón
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Santiago Naranjo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mary Clare Beytagh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peggy P Hsu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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89
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Dysregulated Pyrimidine Biosynthesis Contributes to 5-FU Resistance in SCLC Patient-Derived Organoids but Response to a Novel Polymeric Fluoropyrimidine, CF10. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040788. [PMID: 32224870 PMCID: PMC7226016 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemo-immunotherapy is central to the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Despite modest progress made with the addition of immunotherapy, current cytotoxic regimens display minimal survival benefit and new treatments are needed. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a well-validated anti-cancer drug target, but conventional TS inhibitors display limited clinical efficacy in refractory or recurrent SCLC. We performed RNA-Seq analysis to identify gene expression changes in SCLC biopsy samples to provide mechanistic insight into the potential utility of targeting pyrimidine biosynthesis to treat SCLC. We identified systematic dysregulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis, including elevated TYMS expression that likely contributes to the lack of efficacy for current TS inhibitors in SCLC. We also identified E2F1-3 upregulation in SCLC as a potential driver of TYMS expression that may contribute to tumor aggressiveness. To test if TS inhibition could be a viable strategy for SCLC treatment, we developed patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from human SCLC biopsy samples and used these to evaluate both conventional fluoropyrimidine drugs (e.g., 5-fluorouracil), platinum-based drugs, and CF10, a novel fluoropyrimidine polymer with enhanced TS inhibition activity. PDOs were relatively resistant to 5-FU and while moderately sensitive to the front-line agent cisplatin, were relatively more sensitive to CF10. Our studies demonstrate dysregulated pyrimidine biosynthesis contributes to drug resistance in SCLC and indicate that a novel approach to target these pathways may improve outcomes.
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90
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Boukalova S, Hubackova S, Milosevic M, Ezrova Z, Neuzil J, Rohlena J. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in oxidative phosphorylation and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165759. [PMID: 32151633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is an enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway that provides nucleotides for RNA/DNA synthesis essential for proliferation. In mammalian cells, DHODH is localized in mitochondria, linked to the respiratory chain via the coenzyme Q pool. Here we discuss the role of DHODH in the oxidative phosphorylation system and in the initiation and progression of cancer. We summarize recent findings on DHODH biology, the progress made in the development of new, specific inhibitors of DHODH intended for cancer therapy, and the mechanistic insights into the consequences of DHODH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepana Boukalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Hubackova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Mirko Milosevic
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Prague-West, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Ezrova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Prague-West, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Prague-West, Czech Republic; School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, Qld, Australia
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Prague-West, Czech Republic.
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