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Liu Y, Wu P, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhou G, Wu X, Wen Q. Application of Precision-Cut Lung Slices as an In Vitro Model for Research of Inflammatory Respiratory Diseases. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120767. [PMID: 36550973 PMCID: PMC9774555 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The leading cause of many respiratory diseases is an ongoing and progressive inflammatory response. Traditionally, inflammatory lung diseases were studied primarily through animal models, cell cultures, and organoids. These technologies have certain limitations, despite their great contributions to the study of respiratory diseases. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) are thin, uniform tissue slices made from human or animal lung tissue and are widely used extensively both nationally and internationally as an in vitro organotypic model. Human lung slices bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro models, and they can replicate the living lung environment well while preserving the lungs' basic structures, such as their primitive cells and trachea. However, there is no perfect model that can completely replace the structure of the human lung, and there is still a long way to go in the research of lung slice technology. This review details and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of precision lung slices as an in vitro model for exploring respiratory diseases associated with inflammation, as well as recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Anesthesiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Anesthesiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Yansong Liu
- Anesthesiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116041, China
| | - Hongfang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian 116021, China
| | | | - Xiaoqi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China
| | - Qingping Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116014, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-180-9887-7988
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Kunstek H, Vreken F, Keita A, Hamblin MR, Dumarçay F, Varbanov M. Aspects of Antiviral Strategies Based on Different Phototherapy Approaches: Hit by the Light. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:858. [PMID: 35890156 PMCID: PMC9316526 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which caused the COVID-19 pandemic spreading around the world from late 2019, served as a ruthless reminder of the threat viruses pose to global public health. The synthesis of new antiviral drugs, as well as repurposing existing products, is a long-term ongoing process which has challenged the scientific community. One solution could be an effective, accessible, and rapidly available antiviral treatment based on phototherapy (PT). PT has been used to treat several diseases, and relies on the absorption of light by endogenous molecules or exogenous photosensitizers (PS). PT has often been used in cancer treatment and prophylaxis, and as a complement to established chemotherapy and immunotherapy in combined therapeutic strategy. Besides significant applications in anticancer treatment, studies have demonstrated the beneficial impact of PT on respiratory, systemic, emerging, and oncogenic viral infections. The aim of this review was to highlight the potential of PT to combat viral infections by summarizing current progress in photodynamic, photothermal, and photoacoustic approaches. Attention is drawn to the virucidal effect of PT on systemic viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus and human herpes viruses, including the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma, human herpes virus (HHV8). PT has good potential for disinfection in anti-norovirus research and against pandemic viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kunstek
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 54000 Nancy, France; (H.K.); (F.V.); (A.K.); (F.D.)
- Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fanny Vreken
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 54000 Nancy, France; (H.K.); (F.V.); (A.K.); (F.D.)
| | - Aminata Keita
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 54000 Nancy, France; (H.K.); (F.V.); (A.K.); (F.D.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
| | - Florence Dumarçay
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 54000 Nancy, France; (H.K.); (F.V.); (A.K.); (F.D.)
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 54000 Nancy, France; (H.K.); (F.V.); (A.K.); (F.D.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centres Hospitaliers Régionaux Universitaires (CHRU) de Nancy Brabois, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Bronchial epithelia from adults and children: SARS-CoV-2 spread via syncytia formation and type III interferon infectivity restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202370119. [PMID: 35749382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202370119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections initiate in the bronchi of the upper respiratory tract and are able to disseminate to the lower respiratory tract, where infections can cause an acute respiratory distress syndrome with a high degree of mortality in elderly patients. We used reconstituted primary bronchial epithelia from adult and child donors to follow the SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics. We show that, in epithelia from adult donors, infections initiate in multiciliated cells and spread within 24 to 48 h throughout the whole epithelia. Syncytia formed of ciliated and basal cells appeared at the apical side of the epithelia within 3 to 4 d and were released into the apical lumen, where they contributed to the transmittable virus dose. A small number of reconstituted epithelia were intrinsically more resistant to virus infection, limiting virus spread to different degrees. This phenotype was more frequent in epithelia derived from children versus adults and correlated with an accelerated release of type III interferon. Treatment of permissive adult epithelia with exogenous type III interferon restricted infection, while type III interferon gene knockout promoted infection. Furthermore, a transcript analysis revealed that the inflammatory response was specifically attenuated in children. Taken together, our findings suggest that apical syncytia formation is an underappreciated source of virus propagation for tissue or environmental dissemination, whereas a robust type III interferon response such as commonly seen in young donors restricted SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the combination of interferon restriction and attenuated inflammatory response in children might explain the epidemiological observation of age-related susceptibility to COVID-19.
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Immunomodulatory effect of pachymaran on cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced lung injury in mice. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Fröhlich E. Non-Cellular Layers of the Respiratory Tract: Protection against Pathogens and Target for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050992. [PMID: 35631578 PMCID: PMC9143813 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barriers separate the human body from the environment to maintain homeostasis. Compared to the skin and gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory barrier is the thinnest and least protective. The properties of the epithelial cells (height, number of layers, intercellular junctions) and non-cellular layers, mucus in the conducting airways and surfactant in the respiratory parts determine the permeability of the barrier. The review focuses on the non-cellular layers and describes the architecture of the mucus and surfactant followed by interaction with gases and pathogens. While the penetration of gases into the respiratory tract is mainly determined by their hydrophobicity, pathogens use different mechanisms to invade the respiratory tract. Often, the combination of mucus adhesion and subsequent permeation of the mucus mesh is used. Similar mechanisms are also employed to improve drug delivery across the respiratory barrier. Depending on the payload and target region, various mucus-targeting delivery systems have been developed. It appears that the mucus-targeting strategy has to be selected according to the planned application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; ; Tel.: +43-316-38573011
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
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56
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Abstract
The lung is the primary site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced immunopathology whereby the virus enters the host cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Sophisticated regeneration and repair programs exist in the lungs to replenish injured cell populations. However, known resident stem/progenitor cells have been demonstrated to express ACE2, raising a substantial concern regarding the long-term consequences of impaired lung regeneration after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, clinical treatments may also affect lung repair from antiviral drug candidates to mechanical ventilation. In this review, we highlight how SARS-CoV-2 disrupts a program that governs lung homeostasis. We also summarize the current efforts of targeted therapy and supportive treatments for COVID-19 patients. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells or resident lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells in preventing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. We propose that, in addition to symptomatic treatments being developed and applied in the clinic, targeting lung regeneration is also essential to restore lung homeostasis in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwen Ma
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Yue
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Inhaled Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome from Two- and Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures Promotes Survival and Regeneration in Acute Lung Injury Model in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073417. [PMID: 35408778 PMCID: PMC8998959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common clinical problem, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, and no effective pharmacotherapy exists. The problem of ARDS causing mortality became more apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biotherapeutic products containing multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MMSC) secretome may provide a new therapeutic paradigm for human healthcare due to their immunomodulating and regenerative abilities. The content and regenerative capacity of the secretome depends on cell origin and type of cultivation (two- or three-dimensional (2D/3D)). In this study, we investigated the proteomic profile of the secretome from 2D- and 3D-cultured placental MMSC and lung fibroblasts (LFBs) and the effect of inhalation of freeze-dried secretome on survival, lung inflammation, lung tissue regeneration, fibrin deposition in a lethal ALI model in mice. We found that three inhaled administrations of freeze-dried secretome from 2D- and 3D-cultured placental MMSC and LFB protected mice from death, restored the histological structure of damaged lungs, and decreased fibrin deposition. At the same time, 3D MMSC secretome exhibited a more pronounced trend in lung recovery than 2D MMSC and LFB-derived secretome in some measures. Taking together, these studies show that inhalation of cell secretome may also be considered as a potential therapy for the management of ARDS in patients suffering from severe pneumonia, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), however, their effectiveness requires further investigation.
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The Activation of AMPK/NRF2 Pathway in Lung Epithelial Cells Is Involved in the Protective Effects of Kinsenoside on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3589277. [PMID: 35340214 PMCID: PMC8956386 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3589277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The disorder of mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium of lung epithelial cell is one of the critical causes of acute lung injury (ALI). Kinsenoside (Kin) serves as an active small-molecule component derived from traditional medicinal herb displaying multiple pharmacological actions in cancers, hyperglycemia, and liver disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Kin on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced ALI and further explore possible molecular mechanisms. Kin was administered orally (100 mg/kg/day) for 7 consecutive days before LPS instillation (5 mg/kg). After 12 hours, pathological injury, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress were detected. The results demonstrated that Kin significantly alleviated lung pathological injury and decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), apart from inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, Kin also promoted mitochondrial fusion and restrained mitochondrial fission in mice with ALI. In terms of mechanism, Kin pretreatment increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the protein level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). In Ampk-α knockout mice challenged with LPS, Kin lost its pulmonary protective effects, accompanied by lower NRF2 level. In vitro experiments further unveiled that either AMPK inhibition by Compound C or NRF2 knockdown by siRNA abolished the protective roles of Kin in LPS-treated A549 lung epithelial cells. And NRF2 activator TAT-14 could reverse the effects of Ampk-α deficiency. In conclusion, Kin possesses the ability to prevent LPS-induced ALI by modulating mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium in lung epithelial cell in an AMPK/NRF2-dependent manner.
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59
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Carvallo FR, Stevenson VB. Interstitial pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage in domestic animals. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:586-601. [DOI: 10.1177/03009858221082228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Classification of pneumonia in animals has been controversial, and the most problematic pattern is interstitial pneumonia. This is true from the gross and histologic perspectives, and also from a mechanistic point of view. Multiple infectious and noninfectious diseases are associated with interstitial pneumonia, all of them converging in the release of inflammatory mediators that generate local damage and attract inflammatory cells that inevitably trigger a second wave of damage. Diffuse alveolar damage is one of the more frequently identified histologic types of interstitial pneumonia and involves injury to alveolar epithelial and/or endothelial cells, with 3 distinct stages. The first is the “exudative” stage, with alveolar edema and hyaline membranes. The second is the “proliferative” stage, with hyperplasia and reactive atypia of type II pneumocytes, infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in the interstitium and early proliferation of fibroblasts. These stages are reversible and often nonfatal. If damage persists, there is a third “fibrosing” stage, characterized by fibrosis of the interstitium due to proliferation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, persistence of type II pneumocytes, segments of squamous metaplasia of alveolar epithelium, plus inflammation. Understanding the lesion patterns associated with interstitial pneumonias, their causes, and the underlying mechanisms aid in accurate diagnosis that involves an interdisciplinary collaborative approach involving pathologists, clinicians, and radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R. Carvallo
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Harrisonburg, VA
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60
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Li JJ, Liu ML, Lv JN, Chen RL, Ding K, He JQ. Polysaccharides from Platycodonis Radix ameliorated respiratory syncytial virus-induced epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation through activation of miR-181a-mediated Hippo and SIRT1 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 104:108510. [PMID: 34999393 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in young children, but there are few safe and effective treatments for this disease. Platycodonis Radix is widely used as an antitussive and expectorant drug for preventing various diseases in lower respiratory tract, in which the polysaccharides are one of the main bioactivity constituents. In this study, the protective effects of the P. Radix polysaccharides (PRP) against RSV-induced bronchiolitis in juvenile mice and RSV-induced apoptosis of epithelial HEp-2 cells were investigated. The results showed that PRP obviously decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TSLP in lung tissues, and reduced the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of RSV-infected mice. Furthermore, it reduced the apoptosis of RSV-infected HEp-2 cells and remarkably inhibited the mRNA expressions of RSV L gene, which indicated that PRP affected transcription and replication of RSV in host cells. Compared with that in RSV-infected group, miR-181a-5p in the PRP-treated group presented the highest relative abundance and its expression was violently reduced by approximately 30%. Mechanistically, PRP had the similar effects as miR-181a-5p antagomir on RSV-induced apoptosis and inflammation in HEp-2 cells via upregulating BCL2, MLL3 and SIRT1, which could be reversed by miR-181a-5p mimic. Therefore, it demonstrated that PRP not only protected against RSV-induced lung inflammation in mice but also inhibited apoptosis of RSV-infected HEp-2 cells via suppressing miR-181a-5p and transcriptionally activating Hippo and SIRT1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Mei-Ling Liu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jia-Ni Lv
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Rui-Lin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ke Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jia-Qi He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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61
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Cillóniz C, Pericàs JM, Rojas JR, Torres A. Severe Infections Due to Respiratory Viruses. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:60-74. [PMID: 35172359 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe viral infections may result in severe illnesses capable of causing acute respiratory failure that could progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), related to worse outcomes, especially in individuals with a higher risk of infection, including the elderly and those with comorbidities such as asthma, diabetes mellitus and chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease. In addition, in cases of severe viral pneumonia, co-infection with bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus is related to worse outcomes. Respiratory viruses like influenza, rhinovirus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus have increasingly been detected. This trend has become more prevalent, especially in critically ill patients, due to the availability and implementation of molecular assays in clinical practice. Respiratory viruses have been diagnosed as a frequent cause of severe pneumonia, including cases of community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In this review, we will discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical characteristics, management, and prognosis of patients with severe infections due to respiratory viruses, with a focus on influenza viruses, non-influenza viruses, and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Cillóniz
- Department of Pneumology, Institut Clinic del Tórax, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Pericàs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge R Rojas
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Regional Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Daniel Alcides Carrión, Huancayo, Perú
| | - Antoni Torres
- Department of Pneumology, Institut Clinic del Tórax, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain
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62
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Cavallieri F, Sellner J, Zedde M, Moro E. Neurologic complications of coronavirus and other respiratory viral infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 189:331-358. [PMID: 36031313 PMCID: PMC9418023 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91532-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, several respiratory viruses can have neurologic implications affecting both central and peripheral nervous system. Neurologic manifestations can be linked to viral neurotropism and/or indirect effects of the infection due to endothelitis with vascular damage and ischemia, hypercoagulation state with thrombosis and hemorrhages, systemic inflammatory response, autoimmune reactions, and other damages. Among these respiratory viruses, recent and huge attention has been given to the coronaviruses, especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in 2020. Besides the common respiratory symptoms and the lung tropism of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), neurologic manifestations are not rare and often present in the severe forms of the infection. The most common acute and subacute symptoms and signs include headache, fatigue, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia, sleep disturbances, whereas clinical syndromes include mainly encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, seizures, and autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 in the various acute neurologic manifestations are partially understood, little is known about long-term consequences of the infection. These consequences concern both the so-called long-COVID (characterized by the persistence of neurological manifestations after the resolution of the acute viral phase), and the onset of new neurological symptoms that may be linked to the previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cavallieri
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France,Correspondence to: Elena Moro, Service de neurologie, CHU de Grenoble (Hôpital Nord), Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38043 La Tronche, France. Tel: + 33-4-76-76-94-52, Fax: +33-4-76-76-56-31
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63
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Masterson CH, Ceccato A, Artigas A, Dos Santos C, Rocco PR, Rolandsson Enes S, Weiss DJ, McAuley D, Matthay MA, English K, Curley GF, Laffey JG. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-based therapies for severe viral pneumonia: therapeutic potential and challenges. Intensive Care Med Exp 2021; 9:61. [PMID: 34970706 PMCID: PMC8718182 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-021-00424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe viral pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, whether due to outbreaks of endemic viruses, periodic viral epidemics, or the rarer but devastating global viral pandemics. While limited anti-viral therapies exist, there is a paucity of direct therapies to directly attenuate viral pneumonia-induced lung injury, and management therefore remains largely supportive. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are receiving considerable attention as a cytotherapeutic for viral pneumonia. Several properties of MSCs position them as a promising therapeutic strategy for viral pneumonia-induced lung injury as demonstrated in pre-clinical studies in relevant models. More recently, early phase clinical studies have demonstrated a reassuring safety profile of these cells. These investigations have taken on an added importance and urgency during the COVID-19 pandemic, with multiple trials in progress across the globe. In parallel with clinical translation, strategies are being investigated to enhance the therapeutic potential of these cells in vivo, with different MSC tissue sources, specific cellular products including cell-free options, and strategies to ‘licence’ or ‘pre-activate’ these cells, all being explored. This review will assess the therapeutic potential of MSC-based therapies for severe viral pneumonia. It will describe the aetiology and epidemiology of severe viral pneumonia, describe current therapeutic approaches, and examine the data suggesting therapeutic potential of MSCs for severe viral pneumonia in pre-clinical and clinical studies. The challenges and opportunities for MSC-based therapies will then be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Masterson
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - A Ceccato
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Sabbadell, Spain
| | - A Artigas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Sabbadell, Spain.,Critical Center, Corporacion Sanitaria Universitaria Parc Tauli, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - C Dos Santos
- Keenan Center for Biomedical Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Bond St, Toronto, Canada.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - P R Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Rolandsson Enes
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - D J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - D McAuley
- Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - M A Matthay
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K English
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - G F Curley
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - J G Laffey
- Anaesthesia, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. .,Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. .,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Galway University Hospitals, Saolta University Hospital Group, Galway, Ireland.
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Sen’kova AV, Savin IA, Brenner EV, Zenkova MA, Markov AV. Core genes involved in the regulation of acute lung injury and their association with COVID-19 and tumor progression: A bioinformatics and experimental study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260450. [PMID: 34807957 PMCID: PMC8608348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a specific form of lung damage caused by different infectious and non-infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2, leading to severe respiratory and systemic inflammation. To gain deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms behind ALI and to identify core elements of the regulatory network associated with this pathology, key genes involved in the regulation of the acute lung inflammatory response (Il6, Ccl2, Cat, Serpine1, Eln, Timp1, Ptx3, Socs3) were revealed using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of whole-genome microarray datasets, functional annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), reconstruction of protein-protein interaction networks and text mining. The bioinformatics data were validated using a murine model of LPS-induced ALI; changes in the gene expression patterns were assessed during ALI progression and prevention by anti-inflammatory therapy with dexamethasone and the semisynthetic triterpenoid soloxolone methyl (SM), two agents with different mechanisms of action. Analysis showed that 7 of 8 revealed ALI-related genes were susceptible to LPS challenge (up-regulation: Il6, Ccl2, Cat, Serpine1, Eln, Timp1, Socs3; down-regulation: Cat) and their expression was reversed by the pre-treatment of mice with both anti-inflammatory agents. Furthermore, ALI-associated nodal genes were analysed with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung cancers. The overlap with DEGs identified in postmortem lung tissues from COVID-19 patients revealed genes (Saa1, Rsad2, Ifi44, Rtp4, Mmp8) that (a) showed a high degree centrality in the COVID-19-related regulatory network, (b) were up-regulated in murine lungs after LPS administration, and (c) were susceptible to anti-inflammatory therapy. Analysis of ALI-associated key genes using The Cancer Genome Atlas showed their correlation with poor survival in patients with lung neoplasias (Ptx3, Timp1, Serpine1, Plaur). Taken together, a number of key genes playing a core function in the regulation of lung inflammation were found, which can serve both as promising therapeutic targets and molecular markers to control lung ailments, including COVID-19-associated ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra V. Sen’kova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Innokenty A. Savin
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenyi V. Brenner
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Markov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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65
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Focus on Viral Origin and Role of Pulmonary Lymphatics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111732. [PMID: 34829961 PMCID: PMC8615541 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious affection of the lung caused by a variety of pathologies. Great interest is currently focused on ARDS induced by viruses (pandemic influenza and corona viruses). The review describes pulmonary changes in ARDS and specific effects of the pandemic viruses in ARDS, and summarizes treatment options. Because the known pathogenic mechanisms cannot explain all aspects of the syndrome, the contribution of pulmonary lymphatics to the pathology is discussed. Organization and function of lymphatics in a healthy lung and in resorption of pulmonary edema are described. A future clinical trial may provide more insight into the role of hyaluronan in ARDS but the development of promising pharmacological treatments is unlikely because drugs play no important role in lymphedema therapy.
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66
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Zandi M, Soltani S, Fani M, Abbasi S, Ebrahimi S, Ramezani A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and respiratory syncytial virus coinfection in children. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021; 12:286-292. [PMID: 34719220 PMCID: PMC8561020 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has infected many people around the world. Children are considered an important target group for SARS-CoV-2, as well as other viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus infection. Both SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can affect the respiratory tract. Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can pose significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment in children. This review compares the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Fani
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Samaneh Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Ramezani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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67
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Characterization of Tonsil Microbiota and Their Effect on Adenovirus Reactivation in Tonsillectomy Samples. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0124621. [PMID: 34668748 PMCID: PMC8528100 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01246-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenoviral DNA is prevalent in adenotonsillectomy specimens from pediatric patients, though the virus seems to be in latent state. The tonsils are at the forefront of airway entry point and are the first line of defense against airway viral and bacterial infections. We hypothesized that tonsil microbiota plays a role in human adenovirus (HAdV) latency and reactivation. In this study, we surveyed the presence of HAdV in tonsillectomy samples from 81 patients and found that HAdV DNA was in 85.2% of the tonsil samples. We then determined the microbiota of the samples. Taxonomic profiling showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota, and Bacteroidota accounted for approximately 70% of the total phyla in tonsil samples. A correlation analysis showed that the HAdV-positive samples had significantly higher abundance of Neisseria and Bifidobacterium and lower abundance of Streptococcus, Ochrobactrum, and Lactobacillus than that of the HAdV-negative samples. Culture-based isolation followed by 16S rRNA sequencing identified Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Veillonella, Prevotella,Capnocytophaga sputigena, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria, and Moraxella catarrhalis from the samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling of short-chain fatty acids in bacterial cultures of minced tonsillectomy tissues or representative isolates showed the cultures contained various amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Treatment of isolated tonsil lymphocytes with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or with SCFAs promoted HAdV reactivation. The compounds also promoted HAdV reactivation in a xenograft model with implanted tonsil fragments. This study shows a potential interplay between tonsil microbiota and HAdV reactivation that may lead to recurrent virus infection of respiratory tract disease. IMPORTANCE Human adenovirus infection is common among pediatric patients and can be life-threatening among organ transplant recipients. Adenovirus is transmitted by close contact, but it is believed that a majority of invasive events appear to arise from viral reactivation. The human tonsil is a reservoir for virus latency and has a high prevalence of latently infected adenovirus. Also, tonsils are located at the gateway of the respiratory tracts and are commonly exposed to bacterial pathogens. Here, we uncovered adenoviral DNA-positive and -negative samples that appeared to harbor distinct distribution patterns of microorganisms. SCFAs, primary metabolites of microbiota on tonsils, could induce the adenovirus reactivation in tonsil lymphocytes, resulting in adenovirus replication and production of infectious virions. The study suggests that viral-bacterial interaction plays a role in virus reactivation from latency and could be a contributing factor for recurrent viral infection in pediatric patients.
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68
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Yang X, You J, Wei Y, Li H, Gao L, Guo Q, Huang Y, Gong C, Yi C. Emerging nanomaterials applied for tackling the COVID-19 cytokine storm. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8185-8201. [PMID: 34528037 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a hyperinflammatory state called the cytokine storm was recognized as a major contributor to multiple organ failure and mortality. However, to date, the diagnosis and treatment of the cytokine storm remain major challenges for the clinical prognosis of COVID-19. In this review, we outline various nanomaterial-based strategies for preventing the COVID-19 cytokine storm. We highlight the contribution of nanomaterials to directly inhibit cytokine release. We then discuss how nanomaterials can be used to deliver anti-inflammatory drugs to calm the cytokine storm. Nanomaterials also play crucial roles in diagnostics. Nanomaterial-based biosensors with improved sensitivity and specificity can be used to detect cytokines. In summary, emerging nanomaterials offer platforms and tools for the detection and treatment of the COVID-19 cytokine storm and future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jia You
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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69
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Viana F, O'Kane CM, Schroeder GN. Precision-cut lung slices: A powerful ex vivo model to investigate respiratory infectious diseases. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:578-588. [PMID: 34570407 PMCID: PMC9298270 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Most of the research on the underlying disease mechanisms is based on cell culture, organoid, or surrogate animal models. Although these provide important insights, they have limitations. Cell culture models fail to recapitulate cellular interactions in the lung and animal models often do not permit high‐throughput analysis of drugs or pathogen isolates; hence, there is a need for improved, scalable models. Precision‐cut lung slices (PCLS), small, uniform tissue slices generated from animal or human lungs are increasingly recognized and employed as an ex vivo organotypic model. PCLS retain remarkable cellular complexity and the architecture of the lung, providing a platform to investigate respiratory pathogens in a near‐native environment. Here, we review the generation and features of PCLS, their use to investigate the pathogenesis of viral and bacterial pathogens, and highlight their potential to advance respiratory infection research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Viana
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Cecilia M O'Kane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gunnar N Schroeder
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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70
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Guo J, Zhang N, Liu G, Zhang A, Liu X, Zheng J. Upregulated expression of long non-coding RNA MEG3 serves as a prognostic biomarker in severe pneumonia children and its regulatory mechanism. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7120-7131. [PMID: 34558385 PMCID: PMC8806474 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1979351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pneumonia is a high-mortality disorder in children. The expression and underlying effects of lncRNA maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) were detected. The relationships between MEG3 and other parameters were reported by Pearson correlation. The prognostic importance of MEG3 was assessed by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve and COX analysis and its diagnostic potential was uncovered by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Luciferase activity assay was performed to demonstrate the target gene of MEG3. Elevated expression of MEG3 and reduced microRNA-29 c (miR-29 c) were evaluated in severe pneumonia children, and a negative relationship between MEG3 and miR-29 c was propounded. MEG3 might function as an independent prognostic indicator. The diagnostic efficiency of MEG3 was also indicated for severe pneumonia children. In MRC-5 cell models and MH-S cell models, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributed to the increased expression of MEG3. Interference of MEG3 restricted the upregulation of MEG3 triggered by LPS. Silenced MEG3 protected MRC-5 and MH-S cells against damages managed by LPS on cell apoptosis, viability, and inflammation. MiR-29 c was a ceRNA of MEG3 and the absence of MEG3 abrogated the decreased expression of miR-29 c caused by LPS. Overall, the increased expression of MEG3 and the reduced levels of miR-29 c were identified in severe pneumonia. Prognostic and diagnostic significances of MEG3 provided a novel perspective for severe pneumonia. Disruption of MEG3 alleviated cell injury and inflammation as characterized by high LPS by binding miR-29 c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Guozhi Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
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de Miguel Buckley R, Díaz-Menéndez M, García-Rodríguez J, Arribas JR. Seasonal coronavirus pneumonia after SARS-Cov-2 infection and vaccine: new frenemies? J Infect Dis 2021; 225:741-743. [PMID: 34414421 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa de Miguel Buckley
- National Referral Unit for Imported Tropical Diseases, Tropical & Travel medicine Unit. Infectious Diseases - Internal Medicine. La Paz- Carlos III University Hospital-IdiPAZ. Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz-Menéndez
- National Referral Unit for Imported Tropical Diseases, Tropical & Travel medicine Unit. Infectious Diseases - Internal Medicine. La Paz- Carlos III University Hospital-IdiPAZ. Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Ramón Arribas
- Infectious Diseases - Internal Medicine. La Paz- Carlos III University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
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