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Travi BL, Miró G. Use of domperidone in canine visceral leishmaniasis: gaps in veterinary knowledge and epidemiological implications. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180301. [PMID: 30365645 PMCID: PMC6193371 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A pivotal strategy to decrease the risk of visceral leishmaniasis in humans is to control the infection and disease progression in dogs, the domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum (L. chagasi). Immunotherapy is a viable approach to treat sick dogs because cell-mediated immunity is the principal defense mechanism against L. infantum. Domperidone is an immune-stimulatory drug increasingly used in veterinary medicine as a prophylactic or immunotherapeutic agent. Domperidone treatment has shown to prevent overt disease or improve the clinical condition of infected dogs. However, veterinarians should be aware of the potential cardiotoxicity of domperidone when given together with drugs that inhibit CYP450s liver enzymes or those that prolong the QT interval. On the other hand, learning whether domperidone treatment significantly decreases dog infectivity to sand fly vectors is of capital importance since this result should have a palpable impact on the infection risk of humans living in regions endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Travi
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Veterinary Faculty, Animal Health Department, Madrid, Spain
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Duthie MS, Lison A, Courtenay O. Advances toward Diagnostic Tools for Managing Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:881-890. [PMID: 30131210 PMCID: PMC6168404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening outcome of Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani infection. Dogs are the primary domestic reservoir of L. infantum parasites, and ownership of infected dogs increases the risk of human VL. Controlling infection within dog populations is regarded as critical to VL management in endemic countries, both preventing progression of canine disease and limiting parasite transmission to humans and dogs. Here we discuss various strategies that are used to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and the possibilities of adapting these for use within population screening and control programs. In addition, given the variable transmissibility of L. infantum to the sand fly vector, we outline some possibilities for the preferential identification of 'super-spreader' dogs among the overall infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Aurore Lison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Cantos-Barreda A, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Bernal LJ, Furlanello T, Tecles F, Pardo-Marín L, Martínez-Subiela S. Relationship between serum anti-Leishmania antibody levels and acute phase proteins in dogs with canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:63-68. [PMID: 30197018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between two serologic assays which quantify anti-Leishmania antibodies (a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR-IFMA)) and selected acute phase proteins (APPs) and analytes related to protein concentration. Data were obtained from 205 canine serum samples from different veterinary clinics located in an area in which canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is endemic. The samples were submitted to the Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Spain, for analysis. The biochemical analytes evaluated were serum ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and albumin as APPs and total proteins and globulins as indicative analytes of protein concentration. Samples were submitted for the initial diagnosis of CanL, or to monitor the response to treatment in patients with CanL. The evaluation of the biochemical analytes did not show differences between Leishmania-seronegative and Leishmania-seropositive dogs. However, dogs with high antibody titers showed more pronounced clinicopathological abnormalities. Both serological assays had correlations of different significance with the biochemical analytes, showing higher significant correlations with total proteins and globulins than with the rest of the analytes. When the samples submitted for diagnosis and treatment monitoring were analyzed separately, serological assays showed lower correlation in samples for treatment monitoring (r = 0.531, p < 0.0001) than in samples for diagnosis (r = 0.769, p < 0.0001). In addition, higher correlations were found between TR-IFMA and analytes such as serum ferritin and CRP in the treatment monitoring group than with the ELISA. These results may help to clarify the relationship between anti-Leishmania antibody levels and selected biochemical analytes related to inflammation and protein concentration in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cantos-Barreda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis J Bernal
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Baxarias M, Álvarez-Fernández A, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Ordeix L, Rojas A, Nachum-Biala Y, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Does co-infection with vector-borne pathogens play a role in clinical canine leishmaniosis? Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:135. [PMID: 29554918 PMCID: PMC5859550 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum might be affected by other vector-borne organisms that mimic its clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities. The aim of this study was to determine co-infections with other vector-borne pathogens based on serological and molecular techniques in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis living in Spain and to associate them with clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities as well as disease severity. METHODS Sixty-one dogs with clinical leishmaniosis and 16 apparently healthy dogs were tested for Rickettsia conorii, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Bartonella henselae antigens by the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and for E. canis, Anaplasma spp., Hepatozoon spp., Babesia spp. and filarioid DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Among the dogs examined by IFAT, the seroprevalences were: 69% for R. conorii, 57% for E. canis, 44% for A. phagocytophilum and 37% for B. henselae; while the prevalences found by PCR were: 8% for Ehrlichia/Anaplasma, 3% for Anaplasma platys and 1% for H. canis. No other pathogen DNA was detected. Statistical association was found between dogs with clinical leishmaniosis and seroreactivity to R. conorii antigen (Fisher's exact test: P = 0.025, OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1-17) and A. phagocytophilum antigen (Fisher's exact test: P = 0.002, OR = 14.3, 95% CI = 2-626) and being positive to more than one serological or molecular tests (co-infections) (Mann-Whitney test: U = 243, Z = -2.6, n 1 = 14, n 2 = 61, P = 0.01) when compared with healthy dogs. Interestingly, a statistical association was found between the presence of R. conorii, E. canis, A. phagocytophilum and B. henselae antibodies in sick dogs and some clinicopathological abnormalities such as albumin and albumin/globulin ratio decrease and increase in serum globulins. Furthermore, seroreactivity with A. phagocytophilum antigens was statistically associated with CanL clinical stages III and IV. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that dogs with clinical leishmaniosis from Catalonia (Spain) have a higher rate of co-infections with other vector-borne pathogens when compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, positivity to some vector-borne pathogens was associated with more marked clinicopathological abnormalities as well as disease severity with CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baxarias
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alejandra Álvarez-Fernández
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Leishmania in wolves in northern Spain: A spreading zoonosis evidenced by wildlife sanitary surveillance. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:26-31. [PMID: 29773132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is, to date, considered the second most important emerging vector-borne protozoal disease in the world after malaria. The form of zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis found in the Mediterranean basin is caused by Leishmania infantum, and its life cycle includes the domestic dog and a phlebotomine sandfly vector. This complex epidemiological cycle and its high prevalence of subclinical infection, hinder the surveillance and control of L. infantum, and allows it to go unnoticed at the geographical endemicity limits of the parasite or in recently colonized areas. We, therefore, tested 102 wolves (Canis lupus) and 47 other wild carnivores in order to detect Leishmania DNA by means of PCR. Samples were collected from 2008 to 2014 in Asturias (northern Spain), a region considered non-endemic for the parasite. The results obtained provided valuable information regarding the prevalence of Leishmania in wild carnivores in Asturias and its geographic distribution in the region: an average prevalence of 33% for wolves and an overall prevalence of 40% for all the wild carnivores studied were reported, with a widespread presence of the parasite in the region and an apparent increase in its prevalence in wolves during the last decade. This suggests the usefulness of the wolf as a sentinel species for the detection and study of Leishmania in the field and confirms the value of wildlife sanitary surveillance programs for the detection and monitoring of hitherto disregarded diseases that affect domestic animals and humans.
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56
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Segarra S, Miró G, Montoya A, Pardo-Marín L, Teichenné J, Ferrer L, Cerón JJ. Prevention of disease progression in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs with dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:103. [PMID: 29467015 PMCID: PMC5822671 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in clinically healthy dogs can be several times higher than that of clinical disease in endemic areas. Although treatment is not recommended in dogs with subclinical infection, these animals should be managed to prevent disease progression and parasite transmission to human beings or to other dogs. Dietary nucleotides and active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) have been shown to modulate the immune response. A recent study in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis receiving an initial 28-day course of methylglucamine antimoniate showed that six-month administration of a dietary supplement containing nucleotides plus AHCC achieves similar efficacy to allopurinol. Since the type of immune response plays a key role in the evolution of patients with leishmaniosis, the present study was aimed at evaluating the preventive effect of this supplement in avoiding or delaying disease progression in clinically healthy Leishmania-infected dogs. Methods Forty-six dogs were included in this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dogs received once-daily oral administration of a placebo or a dietary supplement containing nucleotides plus AHCC. Disease progression was monitored throughout the study in both groups. At 0, 60, 180 and 365 days of treatment, clinical signs were evaluated using a validated clinical scoring system, and several analytes were measured from blood, urine, and bone marrow samples. Results During the study, a significantly lower (P = 0.047) proportion of dogs changed their clinical status and became sick in the supplement group (3/20; 15%), compared to the placebo group (10/22; 45.5%). ELISA-determined antibody titers were significantly reduced compared to baseline at all time points with the supplement (P < 0.01), but not with the placebo. The mean clinical score of disease severity was significantly lower in the supplement group after 180 days (P = 0.014). No significant differences were observed for the other parameters. The dietary supplement was well tolerated. Conclusions Oral administration of nucleotides plus AHCC for 365 days in clinically healthy L. infantum-infected dogs is safe, allows a significant reduction in anti-Leishmania antibodies, and leads to a lower disease progression rate, hence exerting a preventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Segarra
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U, pl. Francesc Macià 7, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interlab-UMU, Campus de Excelencia "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joan Teichenné
- Eurecat - Health and Nutrition Unit, TECNIO, CEICS, av. Universitat 1, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interlab-UMU, Campus de Excelencia "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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Michelin ADF, Maciel MODS, Okajima M, Nunes CM, Perri SHV, Bonfietti LX. Factors associated with positivity for canine visceral leishmaniosis in an endemic area in Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 12:13-16. [PMID: 31014800 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniosis (VL) is a public health problem and its occurrence depends primarily on the presence of the vector and susceptible hosts; in the urban environment, the dog is the main reservoir. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) and factors associated with it in an urban area endemic for VL. Analysis of the variables was based on 2755 epidemiological records of dogs positive and negative for CVL over a three-year period (2009, 2010 and 2011). A dog was considered positive when it presented amastigotes in the cytological examination of lymph node biopsy and/or was seropositive by immunoenzymatic and indirect immunofluorescence assays. CVL positive dogs were observed throughout the town, but significant differences were observed between the sectors analyzed (P<0.0001), with two sectors showing higher positivity. CVL prevalence was 35.9% and was significantly associated with age and breed (P<0.0001). Concerning symptoms, 44.3% of symptomatic dogs were positive for LV (P<0.0001) in an urban area endemic for this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Fátima Michelin
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - CLR Araçatuba, Rua Minas Gerais, 135 Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16015-160, Brazil.
| | - Marilene Oliveira Dos Santos Maciel
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - CLR Araçatuba, Rua Minas Gerais, 135 Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16015-160, Brazil
| | - Mashami Okajima
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses da Prefeitura Municipal de Pereira Barreto, Avenida Benedito Jorge Coelho, s/n, Parque Industrial, Pereira Barreto, SP, CEP 15370-000, Brazil
| | - Cáris Maroni Nunes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP). Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Jd. D. Amélia, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Helena Venturoli Perri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP). Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Jd. D. Amélia, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Lucas Xavier Bonfietti
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - CLR Araçatuba, Rua Minas Gerais, 135 Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP, CEP 16015-160, Brazil
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Thomaz Soccol V, Pasquali AKS, Pozzolo EM, Leandro ADS, Chiyo L, Baggio RA, Michaliszyn MS, Silva C, Cubas PH, Peterlle R, Paz OLDS, Belmonte IL, Bisetto-Junior A. More than the eyes can see: The worrying scenario of canine leishmaniasis in the Brazilian side of the triple border. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189182. [PMID: 29232388 PMCID: PMC5726634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional epidemiological study in the extreme-west of the state of Paraná was carried out to access the prevalence, distribution, and risk variables of canine Visceral Leishmaniases (cVL). This study was conducted in three areas, two cities of far west of Parana state: Foz do Iguaçu (FI) and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu (STI), and along two transects between these two municipalities. To sample the entire urban area, the cities (FI and STI) were divided into a grid of squares of 400 m2 (patch). Among the 526 patches, 123 in FI, 40 in the transects and 33 in STI were selected according to the 'worst scenario' criterion. In the transect areas, in each 0.86 km five dogs from houses were surveyed to leishmaniasis. In each patch, blood of five dogs from houses (and from neighborhood when necessary) in the areas that seemed to be the most appropriate for the proliferation of vector were surveyed. The infection of the dogs by cVL were assessed using two serological tests were used (cELISA and TR-DPP®), and, for those seropositive for both methods, the PCR method were used. Moreover, dogs presenting clinical signs or cutaneous lesions were sampled to PCR. The identification of Leishmania species was confirmed using PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequencing. Micro, meso and macro scale environmental variables were also surveyed and statistically analyzed. The prevalence rate Leishmania infantum was 23.8% in FI, 4.7% in STI and 9.1% in the transects areas. Among the extrinsic variables analysed, the number of vectors and the presence of infected dogs in neighbouring were positively correlated with the occurrence of infected dogs. Dog size was positively correlated with cVL infection, while the quality of the dog's nutrition affected cVL negatively. As for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the first registry of dogs infected with L. braziliensis in the region shows that there is potential for transmission in peri-urban areas, since environmental conditions allow the proliferation of vectors capable of transmitting this species of parasite. cVL is widely spread in FI, with high prevalence. This supports the hypothesis that the parasite has been present in the region for longer than previously believed, despite the fact that the presence of leishmaniais in the region has only been recognized recently. It is important to control the population of dogs infected with L. infantum (parasite and non-antibodies) to prevent the spread of the disease to other dogs and also to people in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- UFPR—Graduate Program in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Francisco H dos Santos, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Kuhn Sbruzzi Pasquali
- UFPR—Graduate Program in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Francisco H dos Santos, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eliane Maria Pozzolo
- SESA- Secretary of Health of the State of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil and Ninth Health Region, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Chiyo
- Zoonosis Control Center—CCZ, Foz do Iguaçu Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Antunes Baggio
- UFPR—Graduate Program in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Francisco H dos Santos, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Silva
- Vigilância Sanitária, Santa Terezinha de Itaipu, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Peterlle
- UFPR- Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Otacilio Lopes de Souza Paz
- Laboratório de Análise de Padrões Espaciais e Cartografia Temática (LAPE-CT), Laboratório Pedagógico de Geografia (LABOGEO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivana Lucia Belmonte
- SESA- Secretary of Health of the State of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil and Ninth Health Region, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alceu Bisetto-Junior
- SESA- Secretary of Health of the State of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil and Ninth Health Region, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
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Selder R, Weber K, Bergmann M, Geisweid K, Hartmann K. Sensitivity and specificity of an in-clinic point-of-care PCR test for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis. Vet J 2017; 232:46-51. [PMID: 29428091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is an important infectious disease worldwide. Although commonly used, antibody tests are often falsely negative, and in such cases direct detection of the pathogen, such as PCR, is necessary. However, PCR is only performed in specialized laboratories and not available in all localities. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of an in-clinic point-of-care (ICPOC) PCR for the diagnosis of canine Leishmania spp. infection to those of a well characterized reference real-time PCR. In this study, 515 samples from 251 dogs (201 EDTA blood samples, 244 conjunctival swabs, 19 lymph node aspirates, and 51 bone marrow aspirates) were collected prospectively and analysed for the presence of Leishmania DNA using an ICPOC test. The results were compared to those of a reference real-time PCR for identification of Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle DNA. Sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) were determined. Specificity was 100% for all samples examined. Sensitivity was 57.1% (CI 95%, 34.0-78.2) in bone marrow aspirates, 58.8% (CI 95%, 32.9-81.6) in lymph node aspirates, 46.9% (CI 95%, 32.5-61.7) in conjunctival swabs, and 10.0% (CI 95%, 3.3-21.8) in blood. The ICPOC PCR was easy to perform and was reliable in the case of positive test results. A negative result, however, did not exclude infection and therefore requires further diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selder
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - K Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - M Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - K Geisweid
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - K Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Bagues NCT, Pinheiro CGMD, Bastos LA, Fraga DBM, Veras PST, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, Dos-Santos WLC, Oliveira GGDS. Parasitic load and histological aspects in different regions of the spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 56:14-19. [PMID: 29406277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum causes from subclinical infection to severe disease in humans and dogs. The spleen is one of the organs most affected by the infection. Although evidence exists that the parasitic load distribution and histological alterations may not be homogeneous in the affected organs of naturally infected individuals, it has not been formally demonstrated using the current techniques used for studying the disease. In six dogs naturally infected with Leishmania, parasitic load and histological changes were compared in samples collected from the lower, middle and upper third of the spleen. Parasitic load in the spleen of the group of dogs was variable, revealing a difference of 61 times between animals with the lowest and the highest parasitism. The set of parasitic load values of each dog showed a cluster trend, when compared to the other animals. Nevertheless, the parasitic load values of each dog showed a variation ranging from 3.2 to 34.7 times between lowest and highest value. Histological changes showed recognizable variation in frequency (granulomas) or intensity (perisplenitis) in the spleen of 2 out of the 6 dogs. The agreement of histological findings between samples collected from the different thirds of the spleen was good (kappa coeficient, 0.61-0.80) very good (0.81-0.99) or perfect (1.00), for most of the parameters analyzed. Variability of parasitic load and, to a lesser extent, histological changes in spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis is observed. Such variability may be taken in account in the design of studies on pathogenesis, vaccine and therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Andrade Bastos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil.
| | | | | | - Geraldo Gileno de Sá Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Brazil.
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Zribi L, El-Goulli AF, Ben-Abid M, Gharbi M, Ben-Sghaier I, Boufaden I, Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Use of an Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) to test T-cell responsiveness to soluble Leishmania infantum antigen in whole blood of dogs from endemic areas. Vet Parasitol 2017; 246:88-92. [PMID: 28969786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) Release Assays (IGRAs) are easy tests that allow rapid screening of primed memory T-cells immunity in response to antigen. The aim of this study was to use IGRA to assess IFN-γ release in response to Soluble Leishmania infantum antigen (SLA) in whole blood of dogs living in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis and to interpret IGRA results according to clinical examination, specific anti-Leishmania humoral response and presence of L. infantum DNA in blood. The study was carried out on 56 dogs living in greater Tunis area. Physical examination, quantitative serology and PCR on blood were used to characterize dogs' status in relation to Leishmania infection and disease. IGRA consisted on testing by ELISA for IFN-γ-secretion in whole blood after a 20-h challenge with SLA. PBS and Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulations were used as controls. Four groups of dogs were characterized: 31 were negative by both serology and PCR, two had doubtful serology, 10 presented no to mild clinical signs but low antibodies levels and 13 were affected by Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL). In seronegative dogs, IGRA was little contributory in 4 puppies (age <6months) and 5 old dogs (median age=72months, IQR: 45-84 months) that didn't respond to PHA stimulation, IGRA was negative in 19 and positive in three animals with lymph node enlargement. In dogs with doubtful serology, IGRA was positive in one dog and negative in the other. In infected dogs with no to mild clinical signs, one dog exhibited high level of IFN-γ in absence of antigenic stimulation and all the other were positive by IGRA. CanL dogs showed variable IGRA results. Negative IGRAs (n=4) were shown in animals with the highest parasitic burden whereas positive IGRAs (n=5) were shown in dogs with negative PCR or low parasitic load. The 4 remaining dogs either didn't respond to PHA (n=2) or showed non-specific secretion in PBS tube (n=2). The results of this study showed that IGRA is a useful new tool that can assess exposure to Leishmania in dogs with no to mild clinical signs in endemic area. Further comparative investigations using assays exploring cellular immunity are needed to determine its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Zribi
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Laboratoire de recherche LR 11-IPT-06 "Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules", Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia; Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Amel F El-Goulli
- Service de Pathologie médicale des équidés et des carnivores domestiques, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi-Thabet, Université de la Manouba, 2020, Sidi-Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Meriem Ben-Abid
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Laboratoire de recherche LR 11-IPT-06 "Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules", Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi-Thabet, Université de la Manouba, 2020, Sidi-Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Ben-Sghaier
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Laboratoire de recherche LR 11-IPT-06 "Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules", Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Imed Boufaden
- Direction générale de la Garde Nationale, Route de la Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Karim Aoun
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Laboratoire de recherche LR 11-IPT-06 "Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules", Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Aïda Bouratbine
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Laboratoire de recherche LR 11-IPT-06 "Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules", Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Sevá ADP, Martcheva M, Tuncer N, Fontana I, Carrillo E, Moreno J, Keesling J. Efficacies of prevention and control measures applied during an outbreak in Southwest Madrid, Spain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186372. [PMID: 29028841 PMCID: PMC5640254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease of worldwide distribution, currently present in 98 countries. Since late 2010, an unusual increase of human visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases has been observed in the south-western Madrid region, totaling more than 600 cases until 2015. Some hosts, such as human, domestic dog and cat, rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and hare (Lepus granatensis), were found infected by the parasite of this disease in the area. Hares were described as the most important reservoir due to their higher prevalence, capacity to infect the vector, and presence of the same strains as in humans. Various measures were adopted to prevent and control the disease, and since 2013 there was a slight decline in the human sickness. We used a mathematical model to evaluate the efficacy of each measure in reducing the number of infected hosts. We identified in the present model that culling both hares and rabbits, without immediate reposition of the animals, was the best measure adopted, decreasing the proportion of all infected hosts. Particularly, culling hares was more efficacious than culling rabbits to reduce the proportion of infected individuals of all hosts. Likewise, lowering vector contact with hares highly influenced the reduction of the proportion of infected hosts. The reduction of the vector density per host in the park decreased the leishmaniasis incidence of hosts in the park and the urban areas. On the other hand, the reduction of the vector density per host of the urban area (humans, dogs and cats) decreased only their affected population, albeit at a higher proportion. The use of insecticide-impregnated collar and vaccination in dogs affected only the infected dogs' population. The parameters related to the vector contact with dog, cat or human do not present a high impact on the other hosts infected by Leishmania. In conclusion, the efficacy of each control strategy was determined, in order to direct future actions in this and in other similar outbreaks. The present mathematical model was able to reproduce the leishmaniasis dynamics in the Madrid outbreak, providing theoretical support based on successful experiences, such as the reduction of human cases in Southwest Madrid, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Department of Mathematics of University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maia Martcheva
- Department of Mathematics of University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Necibe Tuncer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences of Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Isabella Fontana
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - James Keesling
- Department of Mathematics of University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Rampazzo RDCP, Solcà MDS, Santos LCS, Pereira LDN, Guedes JCO, Veras PST, Fraga DBM, Krieger MA, Costa ADT. A ready-to-use duplex qPCR to detect Leishmania infantum DNA in naturally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2017; 246:100-107. [PMID: 28969770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a systemic disease caused by Leishmania infantum. A precise CVL diagnosis would allow for a faster and more specific treatment. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a sensitive and specific technique that can diagnose CVL and also monitor parasite load in the animal during the course of the infection or treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a ready-to-use (gelified and freezer-free) duplex qPCR for the identification of infected animals. We combined a new qPCR protocol that detects the canine 18S rRNA gene with an existing protocol for L. infantum kDNA detection, creating a duplex qPCR. This duplex method was then developed into a ready-to-use format. The performance of the duplex and singleplex reactions were compared in the traditional format (liquid and freezer-stored). Furthermore, the duplex qPCR performance was compared between the ready-to-use and traditional formats. The singleplex and new duplex qPCR exhibited the same detection limit in the traditional format (0.1 parasites/reaction). The ready-to-use format showed a detection limit of 1 parasite/reaction without affecting the reaction efficiency. The performance of the new qPCR protocol in the two formats was assessed using canine tissue samples from 82 dogs in an endemic CVL area that were previously characterized by standard serological and parasitological protocols. Splenic aspirates provided a higher rate of positivity (92.9%) followed by skin (50%) and blood (35.7%). The reported detection limits were observed for all tissues studied. Our results show that the amplification of L. infantum kDNA and canine DNA in a single tube, using either the traditional or ready-to-use format, exhibited the same diagnostic performance as amplification of the parasite kDNA alone. The detection of the host gene strengthens the qPCR results by confirming the presence and quality of DNA in the samples and the absence of polymerase inhibitors. The ready-to-use duplex qPCR format has many advantages. By joining two qPCR protocols into one, more results can be obtained in the same amount of time with reduced costs and embedded quality control. Reagents are preloaded and stored on the plate, reducing the operator's hands-on time to set up a reaction, as well as decreasing manipulation steps, which reduces the risk of mistakes or contamination. Thus, the ready-to-use duplex format turns qPCR into a robust, easy-to-use tool, which could help increase the availability of qPCR for CVL diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Pontello Rampazzo
- Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 CIC, 81350-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná (IBMP), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 CIC, 81350-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção (LPBI), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ-BA, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Liliane Celestino Sales Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500 Ondina, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lais de Novaes Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500 Ondina, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Oliveira Guedes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500 Ondina, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção (LPBI), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ-BA, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção (LPBI), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ-BA, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121 Candeal, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Produção Animal, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500 Ondina, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Krieger
- Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 CIC, 81350-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná (IBMP), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 CIC, 81350-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Dias Tavares Costa
- Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 CIC, 81350-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná (IBMP), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775 CIC, 81350-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of Leishmania in dogs from an endemic area of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Int J Vet Sci Med 2017; 5:70-74. [PMID: 30255052 PMCID: PMC6137843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can cause large-scale and tenacious epidemics with high fatality rates. Current seroprevalence and circulating Leishmania species were evaluated in dogs domiciled in the municipality of Sabará, a small historic and touristic city in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. A total of 3926 dogs domiciled in seven different districts of Sabará were serologically tested for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and immunofluorescence (IFA) assays, in a two-years census survey (2011–2012). The average positivity rate of canine infection was 3.4%. Three additional diagnostic tests – imprint/smear direct parasitological, molecular (LnPCR) and myeloculture – were performed in a random sample of fifty seropositive dogs composed of symptomatic (39) and asymptomatic (eleven) animals. LnPCR showed 100% of positivity for Leishmania DNA in, at least, one among four tissue samples tested (mesenteric lymph node, skin, spleen and bone marrow), independently of the clinical canine group. Higher and statistically equivalent positivity rates (98% and 96%) for Leishmania DNA were found in canine lymph node and spleen. Asymptomatic dogs showed expressive positivity rates in all three additional diagnostic techniques. Leishmania infantum was confirmed as the etiological agent of CVL in Sabará.
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Strategies for reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted leishmaniasis in an area endemic for Leishmania infantum: a patient- and donor-targeted approach. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2017; 16:130-136. [PMID: 28488962 DOI: 10.2450/2017.0201-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Balearic Islands, as in other areas of the Mediterranean basin, there is a significant proportion of asymptomatic Leishmania (L.) infantum-infected blood donors, who may represent an important threat to transfusion safety. The Balearic Islands blood bank, located in an area endemic for L. infantum, carried out a study of donors and patients to investigate the impact of this infectious disease on blood safety in the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty asymptomatic Leishmania-infected blood donors were followed-up between 2008 and 2011 to investigate the evolution of Leishmania infection in asymptomatic carriers. Their blood was periodically tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies by western blot and for Leishmania DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, the prevalence of L. infantum infection was investigated in a group of 68 multiply transfused patients to ascertain the risk of transfusion-transmitted leishmaniasis (TTL) in the region, taking into account regular blood component production practices such as pre-storage leucodepletion and pathogen reduction technology. RESULTS All 20 donors remained asymptomatic over the study period (2008-2011). Most donors had repeatedly positive qPCR results, either persistently or intermittently, but showed no symptoms of Leishmaniasis. Levels of parasitaemia were remarkably low in asymptomatic donors, with values ≤1 parasite/mL. Despite multiple transfusions received over 15 years, no transfused patient studied was infected with L. infantum. DISCUSSION L. infantum-infected donors can remain asymptomatic for at least 3 years. In our region, no cases of TTL were detected, despite an active search in multiply transfused patients. This seems to be related to two independent variables: (i) a low concentration of the parasite in the peripheral blood of asymptomatic carriers and (ii) the application of methods with proven efficacy against TTL, such as leucodepletion and pathogen reduction technology.
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Albuquerque A, Campino L, Cardoso L, Cortes S. Evaluation of four molecular methods to detect Leishmania infection in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:57. [PMID: 28285595 PMCID: PMC5346836 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine leishmaniasis, a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum vectored by phlebotomine sand flies, is considered a relevant veterinary and public health problem in various countries, namely in the Mediterranean basin and Brazil, where dogs are considered the main reservoir hosts. Not only diseased dogs but also those subclinically infected play a relevant role in the transmission of L. infantum to vectors; therefore, early diagnosis is essential, under both a clinical and an epidemiological perspective. Molecular tools can be a more accurate and sensitive approach for diagnosis, with a wide range of protocols currently in use. The aim of the present report was to compare four PCR based protocols for the diagnosis of canine Leishmania infection in a cohort of dogs from the Douro region, Portugal. RESULTS A total of 229 bone marrow samples were collected from dogs living in the Douro region, an endemic region for leishmaniasis. Four PCR protocols were evaluated for Leishmania DNA detection in canine samples, three single (ITS1-PCR, MC-PCR and Uni21/Lmj4-PCR) and one nested (nested SSU rRNA-PCR). Two of the protocols were based on nuclear targets and the other two on kinetoplastid targets. The higher overall percentage of infected dogs was detected with the nested SSU rRNA-PCR (37.6%), which also was able to detect Leishmania DNA in a higher number of samples from apparently healthy dogs (25.3%). The ITS1-PCR presented the lowest level of Leishmania detection. CONCLUSIONS Nested SSU rRNA-PCR is an appropriate method to detect Leishmania infection in dogs. Accurate and early diagnosis in clinically suspect as well as apparently healthy dogs is essential, in order to treat and protect animals and public health and contribute to the control and awareness of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Albuquerque
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.,Present address: Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Campus Gambelas, Universidade de Faro, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Cortes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
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Rossi CN, Tomokane TY, Batista LFDS, Marcondes M, Larsson CE, Laurenti MD. In situ CUTANEOUS CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE IN DOGS NATURALLY AFFECTED BY VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 58:48. [PMID: 27410908 PMCID: PMC4964317 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight dogs naturally affected by visceral leishmaniasis were recruited in
Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil - an endemic area for visceral
leishmaniasis. The animals were distributed into one of two groups, according to
their clinical and laboratory features, as either symptomatic or asymptomatic dogs.
Correlations between clinical features and inflammatory patterns, cellular immune
responses, and parasitism in the macroscopically uninjured skin of the ear were
investigated. Histological skin patterns were similar in both groups, and were
generally characterized by a mild to intense inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis,
mainly consisting of mononuclear cells. There was no difference in the number of
parasites in the skin (amastigotes/mm²) between the two groups. Concerning the
characterization of the cellular immune response, the number of positive inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS+) cells was higher in the dermis of
symptomatic than in asymptomatic dogs (p = 0.0368). A positive
correlation between parasite density and macrophages density (p =
0.031), CD4+ T-cells (p = 0.015), and CD8+
T-cells (p = 0.023) was observed. Furthermore, a positive
correlation between density of iNOS+ cells and CD3+ T-cells
(p = 0.005), CD4+ T-cells (p =
0.001), and CD8+ T-cells (p = 0.0001) was also found. The
results showed the existence of a non-specific chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the
dermis of dogs affected by visceral leishmaniasis, characterized by the presence of
activated macrophages and T-lymphocytes, associated to cutaneous parasitism,
independent of clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Nazaretian Rossi
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Pathology (LIM-50), Medical School. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fábio da Silva Batista
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Sao Paulo State University, Department of Animal Health and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine. Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Larsson
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Pathology (LIM-50), Medical School. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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De Lucia M, Mezzalira G, Bardagí M, Fondevila DM, Fabbri E, Fondati A. A retrospective study comparing histopathological and immunopathological features of nasal planum dermatitis in 20 dogs with discoid lupus erythematosus or leishmaniosis. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:200-e46. [PMID: 28133824 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In areas endemic for leishmaniosis, discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and canine leishmaniosis (CanL) are the most common differential diagnoses for nasal planum erosive-ulcerative dermatitis in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To compare histopathological and immunopathological features of canine nasal planum erosive-ulcerative dermatitis with depigmentation due to DLE or CanL. ANIMALS Nasal planum biopsies from dogs with nasal planum loss of architecture, depigmentation, swelling, erosions or ulcerations due to DLE (n = 14) or CanL (n = 6). METHODS Sections of paraffin-embedded samples, stained with haematoxylin and eosin were reviewed. Samples were examined using antibodies targeting T cells (CD3), B cells (CD20), macrophages (Mac387) and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II). Histopathological and immunophenotypical findings were compared between DLE and CanL cases. RESULTS Lichenoid and interface dermatitis were observed in both DLE and CanL cases. A nodular-to-diffuse, superficial and/or deep dermatitis with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells was present only in CanL samples. CD20-positive cells predominated over CD3- and Mac387-positive cells in the two conditions. The percentage of dermal Mac387-positive cells was higher in CanL compared to DLE samples and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In this study, similar histopathological and immunopathological findings were observed in dogs with nasal planum lesions due to DLE or CanL. Therefore, in areas endemic for leishmaniosis, the presence of the parasite should be investigated in canine nasal planum dermatitis showing clinical and histopathological features suggestive of DLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela De Lucia
- Clinica Veterinaria Privata San Marco, Via Sorio 114/C, 35141, Padova, Italy.,Laboratorio d'Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Via Sorio 114/C, 35141, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mezzalira
- Laboratorio d'Analisi Veterinarie San Marco, Via Sorio 114/C, 35141, Padova, Italy
| | - Mar Bardagí
- Department de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors M Fondevila
- Department de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Fabbri
- U.O. Qualità, Ricerca Organizzativa e Innovazione, AUSL della Romagna, Via Coriano 38, 47924, Rimini, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fondati
- Veterinaria Cetego, Via M.C. Cetego 20, 00177, Roma, Italy.,Ambulatorio Veterinario Trastevere, Viale Glorioso 23, 00153, Roma, Italy
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Visceral Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Iran: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 12:1-11. [PMID: 28761456 PMCID: PMC5522684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has strong links with poverty, substantial medical and veterinary impacts. This review aimed to focus in studies published during 1994-2016 on VL in southeastern Iran. METHODS The present review is based on expert knowledge and historical studies published during the past 23 yr (1994-2016) on VL in southeastern Iran. In addition, related literature found in PubMed by using the keywords such as visceral leishmaniasis, kala-azar, and Leishmania infantum are included. RESULTS Overall, 118 children aged 4.2 yr were detected as infected with human VL (HVL). The majority of the cases were from Orzoieh district (37.1%) in southwest of Kerman Province, followed by Sirjan (15.7%), Jiroft (14.8%), Kahnuj (9.3%) and to lesser extent from other areas. The male to female ratio was 1.7. The three most frequent clinical features were represented by fever (100.0%), anemia (95.0%) and splenomegaly (91.5%). Altogether, 42.0% of the VL cases developed secondary bacterial infections, the overall case-fatality rate was 3.4%, and majorities (88.0%) of the VL patients were undernourished. Overall, 733 dogs and wild canines were examined by different techniques with various seroprevalence ranges. CONCLUSION In southeastern Iran, VL is endemic in Orzoieh district in Kerman Province. While the dogs are implicated as the main domestic reservoir of VL, wide range of wild canines can serve as a secondary potential reservoir host.
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Zhao GH, Yin K, Zhong WX, Xiao T, Wei QK, Cui Y, Liu GZ, Xu C, Wang HF. Epidemiological Investigation of Asymptomatic Dogs with Leishmania Infection in Southwestern China Where Visceral Leishmaniasis is Intractable. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:797-801. [PMID: 28095666 PMCID: PMC5266363 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heishui county, located in northwest Sichuan province, southwestern China, is an endemic area of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and is the most intractable area. VL is never destroyed in it. Asymptomatic dogs (Leishmania parasites have been diagnosed but clinically healthy) are considered to be a potential reservoir host in zoonotic VL area, and most can lead to infection of individuals, that is a new challenge for controlling VL in humans. The present study aimed to assess the Leishmania infection rate of asymptomatic dogs in Heishui county. Total 105 asymptomatic domestic dogs were gathered from 4 districts in Heishui county to investigate the infection rate with serological and molecular methods based on ELISA and kinetoplast minicircle DNA(kDNA) PCR, respectively. Out of 105 dogs, 44 (41.9%) were positive by more than 1 method; 21 (20.0%) were positive by ELISA, and 30 (28.6%) were positive by kDNA-PCR. Our study showed that Leishmania infection of domestic dogs which is clinically healthy is prevalent in the studied district, and the asymptomatic dogs infected by Leishmania may be the primary reason for the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hua Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yin
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Xia Zhong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Kuan Wei
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cui
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Gong-Zhen Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Fa Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, 272033, P. R. China
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Rock KS, Quinnell RJ, Medley GF, Courtenay O. Progress in the Mathematical Modelling of Visceral Leishmaniasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 94:49-131. [PMID: 27756459 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The leishmaniases comprise a complex of diseases characterized by clinical outcomes that range from self-limiting to chronic, and disfiguring and stigmatizing to life threatening. Diagnostic methods, treatments, and vector and reservoir control options exist, but deciding the most effective interventions requires a quantitative understanding of the population level infection and disease dynamics. The effectiveness of any set of interventions has to be determined within the context of operational conditions, including economic and political commitment. Mathematical models are the best available tools for studying quantitative systems crossing disciplinary spheres (biology, medicine, economics) within environmental and societal constraints. In 2005, the World Health Assembly and government health ministers of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh signed a Memorandum of Understanding to eliminate the life threatening form of leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), on the Indian subcontinent by 2015 through a combination of early case detection, improved treatments, and vector control. The elimination target is <1 case/10,000 population at the district or subdistrict level compared to the current 20/10,000 in the regions of highest transmission. Towards this goal, this chapter focuses on mathematical models of VL, and the biology driving those models, to enable realistic predictions of the best combination of interventions. Several key issues will be discussed which have affected previous modelling of VL and the direction future modelling may take. Current understanding of the natural history of disease, immunity (and loss of immunity), and stages of infection and their durations are considered particularly for humans, and also for dogs. Asymptomatic and clinical infection are discussed in the context of their relative roles in Leishmania transmission, as well as key components of the parasite-sandfly-vector interaction and intervention strategies including diagnosis, treatment and vector control. Gaps in current biological knowledge and potential avenues to improve model structures and mathematical predictions are identified. Underpinning the marriage between biology and mathematical modelling, the content of this chapter represents the first step towards developing the next generation of models for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rock
- University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - G F Medley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Courtenay
- University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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72
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First detection of Leishmania kDNA in canine cerumen samples by qPCR. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:65-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reguera RM, Morán M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, García-Estrada C, Balaña-Fouce R. Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:98-114. [PMID: 27523945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a parasite-borne disease mainly induced by Leishmania infantum in the Old World and Leishmania chagasi (infantum) in the New World. CanL is a zoonosis transmitted by the bite of infected Phlebotominae flies that act as vectors. CanL is a very serious disease that usually produces death when remains untreated and can be a focus of transmission to other dogs or humans. Infected dogs and other domestic and wild animals act as reservoirs and are a real threat to uninfected/healthy dogs and humans in endemic areas where the sand flies are present. Prevention of new infections in dogs can help to stop the current increase of the disease in humans, reinforcing the concept of "One Health" approach. The management of CanL is being performed using prophylactic measures in healthy dogs - insecticides impregnated in collars or immunostimulants applied by spot-on devices - and chemotherapy in animals that suffer from the disease. Antimonials as first-line monotherapy have proven efficacy in reducing most of the clinical signs of CanL, but they need to be administered during several days, and no complete parasite clearance is achieved, favouring the presence of relapses among treated dogs. Therefore, new drugs, such as miltefosine, or combinations of this drug or antimonials with allopurinol are in the pipeline of clinical treatment of CanL. Recently, there has been an emergence of protective - prophylactic - and curative - autogenous vaccines - immunotherapy tools to face CanL, whose results are still under study. This review highlights the current use of preventive and eradicative weapons to fight against this disease, which is a scourge for dogs and a continuous threat to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Morán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain.
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74
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Brachelente C, Müller N, Doherr MG, Sattler U, Welle M. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Naturally Infected Dogs is Associated with a T Helper-2-biased Immune Response. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:166-75. [PMID: 15753470 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-2-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin lesions are a frequent manifestation of Leishmania infantum infections in Mediterranean countries. This study demonstrates by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction the local cytokine response in skin biopsies from Leishmania-infected dogs ( n = 10). As controls, we investigated skin biopsies from healthy ( n = 10) and fleabite hypersensitive dogs (n = 10). We established a quantitative PCR to determine the parasite burden in biopsies. The objective was to elucidate whether a correlation exists between parasite number, histologic response, and T helper-1 (TH1)/T helper-2 (TH2) cytokine expression in lesional skin of naturally infected dogs. In Leishmania-infected dogs, interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) messenger RNA production was significantly higher than controls. Furthermore, dogs with a high Leishmania burden had a significantly higher IL-4 expression, whereas no difference was noted with regard to expression of other cytokines. By comparing the pattern of inflammation and cytokine expression, a clear trend became evident in that levels of IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were elevated in biopsies with a periadnexal nodular pattern and in biopsies where the severity of the periadnexal infiltrate was equal to the perivascular to interstitial infiltrate. Expression of IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α was slightly increased in biopsies where plasma cells prevailed on lymphocytes, whereas expression of IFN-γ was moderately higher when lymphocytes were predominating. In summary, the present study demonstrates that the local immune response in naturally occurring leishmaniasis includes TH1 as well as TH2 cytokine subsets. Furthermore, respective data suggest that increased expression of the TH2-type cytokine IL-4 is associated with both severe clinical signs and a high parasite burden in the skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brachelente
- Department of Biopathological Sciences, Perugia, Italy
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75
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Immunopathological Features of Canine Myocarditis Associated with Leishmania infantum Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8016186. [PMID: 27413751 PMCID: PMC4930798 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8016186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis associated with infectious diseases may occur in dogs, including those caused by the protozoa Neospora caninum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Babesia canis, and Hepatozoon canis. However, although cardiac disease due to Leishmania infection has also been documented, the immunopathological features of myocarditis have not been reported so far. The aim of this study was to examine the types of cellular infiltrates and expression of MHC classes I and II in myocardial samples obtained at necropsy from 15 dogs with an established intravitam diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Pathological features of myocardium were characterized by hyaline degeneration of cardiomyocytes, necrosis, and infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages, sometimes with perivascular pattern; fibrosis was also present in various degrees. Immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells was performed by immunohistochemistry on cryostat sections obtained from the heart of the infected dogs. The predominant leukocyte population was CD8+ with a fewer number of CD4+ cells. Many cardiomyocytes expressed MHC classes I and II on the sarcolemma. Leishmania amastigote forms were not detected within macrophages or any other cell of the examined samples. Our study provided evidence that myocarditis in canine visceral leishmaniasis might be related to immunological alterations associated with Leishmania infection.
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76
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Torres MDM, Almeida ADBPFD, Paula DAJD, Mendonça AJ, Nakazato L, Pescador CA, Sousa VRF. Hemostatic assessment of dogs associated with hepatic parasite load of Leishmania infantum chagasi. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:244-247. [PMID: 27334828 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum chagasi liver parasite load was compared to hemostatic abnormalities, as well as to clinical, laboratorial, and histopathological findings in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. The liver parasite load of 30 dogs L. infantum chagasi naturally-infected was evaluated by quantitative real- time PCR and the results were compared with serum biochemistry and primary and secondary hemostasis findings. Moreover, hepatic histological lesions were described in these dogs. Prolonged bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), were observed in the group with visceral leishmaniasis. Eleven dogs presented inflammatory liver lesions, with predominance of mild multifocal mononuclear periportal hepatitis. No association between the presence of parasites and abnormalities in screening tests was observed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The clinical progression in leishmaniasis is associated with the occurrence of hemorrhagic diathesis, which depends not only on the presence of the parasite but also the inflammatory process, compromised immunological response, hepatic and renal failure in symptomatic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Medeiros Torres
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Daphine Ariadne Jesus de Paula
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Adriane Jorge Mendonça
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Caroline Argenta Pescador
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT , Brasil, Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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77
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Muniesa A, Peris A, Castillo JA, de Blas I. Variations in seroprevalences of canine leishmaniasis: Could it be a consequence of the population structure? Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:5-9. [PMID: 27514874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum and is transmitted by Phlebotominae vectors. Despite numerous publications on the subject, some essential aspects of the epidemiology are not yet sufficiently clear. We proposed a stochastic model with the aim of identifying some important gaps in the current knowledge of leishmaniasis, such as the frequency of vector infection or a dog's life expectancy depending on their purpose and their health status. We only found that the purpose was a significant factor. Furthermore, we detected relationships among age, gender and habitat with the dogs' purposes that can affect the calculation of the overall seroprevalence of the analysed sample. The development of this model will allow us to discard potential confounding factors as gender, age, purpose or habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muniesa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), c/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ana Peris
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), c/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Castillo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), c/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), c/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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78
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Matralis D, Papadogiannakis E, Kontos V, Papadopoulos E, Ktenas E, Koutinas A. Detection of intracellular IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected withLeishmania infantum. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:510-5. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Matralis
- “Attiko” Animal Hospital; Paeania Athens Greece
| | - E. Papadogiannakis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health; National School of Public Health; Athens Greece
| | - V. Kontos
- Department of Veterinary Public Health; National School of Public Health; Athens Greece
| | - E. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - E. Ktenas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; National School of Public Health; Athens Greece
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79
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Corpas-López V, Merino-Espinosa G, Acedo-Sánchez C, Díaz-Sáez V, Morillas-Márquez F, Martín-Sánchez J. Hair parasite load as a new biomarker for monitoring treatment response in canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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80
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Dumitrache MO, Nachum-Biala Y, Gilad M, Mircean V, Cazan CD, Mihalca AD, Baneth G. The quest for canine leishmaniasis in Romania: the presence of an autochthonous focus with subclinical infections in an area where disease occurred. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:297. [PMID: 27209427 PMCID: PMC4875638 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine leishmaniasis is a severe, potentially life-threatening, systemic vector-borne disease of dogs caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Romania has been traditionally regarded as a non-endemic country for leishmaniasis with sporadic human disease cases. However, the recent report of an autochthonous canine leishmaniasis case (the first in the last 80 years) suggested the presence of an infection focus in the area of Râmnicu Vâlcea. The present study describes a survey of canine leishmaniasis in this geographical area with comparison to a georeferenced dataset of sand fly distribution based on historical literature records. METHODS The study was carried out in Râmnicu Vâlcea and included samples (serum, blood and conjunctival swabs) collected from 80 dogs including client-owned dogs from two local practices and dogs from two public shelters. Serum anti-leishmanial antibodies were assessed by ELISA. All blood and conjunctival samples were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, targeting the leishmanial kinetoplast minicircle DNA. RESULTS Three dogs (3.7 %) were seropositive and another four (5.0 %) showed borderline results indicative of exposure or infection. TaqMan PCR was performed for all dogs, on both blood and conjunctival swabs. Seven dogs (8.7 %) were positive by conjunctival swab PCR and one dog (1.2 %) by blood PCR. None of the positive dogs presented clinical signs compatible with canine leishmaniasis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study evaluating canine leishmaniasis in a dog population in Romania by both highly sensitive PCR and serology. Although the prevalence was relatively low compared to other endemic regions, our results clearly demonstrate the presence of a canine leishmaniasis focus in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirabela Oana Dumitrache
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Matan Gilad
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Viorica Mircean
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Daniela Cazan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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81
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Solano-Gallego L, Di Filippo L, Ordeix L, Planellas M, Roura X, Altet L, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat S. Early reduction of Leishmania infantum-specific antibodies and blood parasitemia during treatment in dogs with moderate or severe disease. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:235. [PMID: 27160317 PMCID: PMC4862152 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania infantum-specific antibodies are used extensively for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in canine leishmaniosis. Different views have been described for the measurement of L. infantum antibody levels for the monitoring of anti-leishmanial treatment. In addition, molecular techniques using blood are frequently employed in the clinical setting. However, there are not enough studies to prove the usefulness of PCR in diagnosis, treatment monitoring and in assessing the prognosis of the disease. The objectives of this study were to evaluate L. infantum-specific antibodies and blood parasitemia at the time of diagnosis and during treatment and to correlate these with the dog's clinical status. METHODS Thirty-seven dogs were diagnosed and followed-up during treatment (days 30, 180 and 365). The treatment protocol consisted of a combination of meglumine antimoniate for one month and allopurinol for at least one year. Leishmania infantum-specific antibodies and blood parasitemia were assessed by an end point sera dilution ELISA and by real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS The majority of dogs were classified as LeishVet stage II (moderate disease) at the time of diagnosis (86 %) and the rest as stage III. Results showed variable levels of specific antibodies at the time of diagnosis [median ± interquartile range (IQR): 1372 ± 8803 ELISA units (EU)]. Twenty-three seropositive dogs (64 %) were detected as PCR-positive at the time of diagnosis. Interestingly, a rapid significant antibody level reduction was observed by day 30 of treatment (median ± IQR: 604 ± 2168 EU). A continuing significant decrease of specific antibodies was also found at days 180 (median ± IQR: 201 ± 676 EU) and 365 (median ± IQR: 133 ± 329 EU) in association with clinical improvement. A significant blood parasitemia reduction was also observed at all time points studied. Mean parasites/ml ± SD were 19.4 ± 79.1 on day 0, 2.2 ± 11.7 on day 30, 0.9 ± 2.9 on day 180, and 0.3 ± 0.7 on day 365. CONCLUSIONS This study reports a significant reduction of L. infantum antibodies measured by an end point sera dilution ELISA method after 30 days of treatment associated with clinical improvement. A low proportion of sick dogs with moderate disease were negative by blood real-time PCR at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Di Filippo
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Planellas
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, PRUAB, 08193, Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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82
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Silva DT, Neves MF, de Queiroz NMGP, Spada JCP, Alves ML, Flóro e Silva M, Coelho WMD, Panosso AR, Noronha Junior ACF, Starke-Buzetti WA. Correlation study and histopathological description of intestinal alterations in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:24-36. [PMID: 26982556 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was a correlation study and histopathological description of alterations associated with the presence of Leishmania infantumamastigote in the intestinal wall of dogs infected with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Three groups were used: G1 (n = 8), comprising naturally infected dogs with CVL with amastigotes of L. infantum in the small and large intestines; G2 (n = 9), infected dogs with CVL, without intestinal amastigotes; and G3 (n = 3), uninfected dogs. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods were used for histopathology and amastigotes identification. 47.1% (8/17) of dogs from G1 group had amastigotes in the mucosa, submucosa and muscle layers of the small and large intestines and it was observed a prominent inflammatory reaction characterized by chronic infiltration of mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Comparison between the groups showed only a significant difference in relation to mucosal microscopic structural alterations in dogs from G1 in relation to G2 and G3. Parasite burden showed significant correlations with the microscopic alterations and clinical status of dogs in G1. By the conclusion, the inflammatory reactions caused by the parasites in the intestines might have contributed towards alterations in digestive processes, worsening the dogs' clinical status of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Tiago Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Francisca Neves
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Luana Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Flóro e Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Alan Rodrigo Panosso
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
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83
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Goyena E, Pérez-Cutillas P, Chitimia L, Risueño J, García-Martínez J, Bernal L, Berriatua E. A cross-sectional study of the impact of regular use of insecticides in dogs on Canine Leishmaniosis seroprevalence in southeast Spain. Prev Vet Med 2016; 124:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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84
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Aslan H, Oliveira F, Meneses C, Castrovinci P, Gomes R, Teixeira C, Derenge CA, Orandle M, Gradoni L, Oliva G, Fischer L, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S. New Insights Into the Transmissibility of Leishmania infantum From Dogs to Sand Flies: Experimental Vector-Transmission Reveals Persistent Parasite Depots at Bite Sites. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1752-61. [PMID: 26768257 PMCID: PMC4857470 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic fatal disease of dogs and a major source of human infection through propagation of parasites in vectors. Here, we infected 8 beagles through multiple experimental vector transmissions with Leishmania infantum–infected Lutzomyia longipalpis. CanL clinical signs varied, although live parasites were recovered from all dog spleens. Splenic parasite burdens correlated positively with Leishmania-specific interleukin 10 levels, negatively with Leishmania-specific interferon γ and interleukin 2 levels, and negatively with Leishmania skin test reactivity. A key finding was parasite persistence for 6 months in lesions observed at the bite sites in all dogs. These recrudesced following a second transmission performed at a distal site. Notably, sand flies efficiently acquired parasites after feeding on lesions at the primary bite site. In this study, controlled vector transmissions identify a potentially unappreciated role for skin at infectious bite sites in dogs with CanL, providing a new perspective regarding the mechanism of Leishmania transmissibility to vector sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Aslan
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Faculty of Health Science, Selahaddin Eyyubi University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Philip Castrovinci
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Regis Gomes
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escritório Regional da Fiocruz Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Teixeira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escritório Regional da Fiocruz Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Candace A Derenge
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
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85
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MIRAHMADI H, SALIMI KHORASHAD A, SOHRABNAHAD A, HEYDARIAN P, BIZHANI N. Species Identification and Molecular Typing of Leishmania Spp. Using Targeting HSP70 Gene in Suspected Patients of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis from Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Southeast Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 11:489-498. [PMID: 28127360 PMCID: PMC5251177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a sand fly-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Because of the preventing and controlling methods, clinical course, prognosis and choice of treatment are differing from species; differentiation of species is critical. The present study was aimed to detect the parasite species using the PCR-RFLP method. METHODS A total of 130 Giemsa-Stained slides from suspected Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients were examined under a light microscope at ×1000. DNA from each slide was extracted PCR method was undertaken with HSP70 genes and the PCR products were digested with a restriction enzyme HaeIII (BsuR1). The study was conducted in the laboratory of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeastern Iran in 2015. RESULTS From 130 suspected samples, 59 (45.3%) were positive by the microscopic examination, meanwhile 64 (49.2%) were positive by PCR-RFLP, Leishmania species were recognized, and L. tropica was introduced as predominant species in current study. CONCLUSION PCR-RFLP is a valuable technique for distinguish of Leishmania species. Furthermore, anthroponotic CL is the dominant cause of CL in Sistan and Baluchestan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi MIRAHMADI
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, Dept. of Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Alireza SALIMI KHORASHAD
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, Dept. of Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran,Correspondence ,
| | - Alireza SOHRABNAHAD
- Dept. of Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Peyman HEYDARIAN
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence ,
| | - Negar BIZHANI
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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86
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Abeijon C, Daifalla N, Krautz-Peterson G, Pizzirani S, Beamer G, Frazatti-Gallina NM, Raw I, Campos-Neto A. Immunogenicity in dogs and protection against visceral leishmaniasis induced by a 14kDa Leishmania infantum recombinant polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:1-7. [PMID: 26640609 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In areas were human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic, the domestic dog is the main parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania infantum. Development of prophylactic strategies to lower the parasite burden in dogs would reduce sand fly transmission thus lowering the incidence of zoonotic VL. Here we demonstrate that vaccination of dogs with a recombinant 14kDa polypeptide of L. infantum nuclear transport factor 2 (Li-ntf2) mixed with adjuvant BpMPLA-SE resulted in the production of specific anti-Li-ntf2 IgG antibodies as well as IFN-γ release by the animals' peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the antigen. In addition, immunization with this single and small 14kDa poplypeptide resulted in protracted progression of the infection of the animals after challenging with a high dose of virulent L. infantum. Five months after challenge the parasite load was lower in the bone marrow of immunized dogs compared to non-immunized animals. The antibody response to K39, a marker of active VL, at ten months after challenge was strong and significantly higher in the control dogs than in vaccinated animals. At the study termination vaccinated animals showed significantly more liver granulomas and lymphoid hyperplasia than non-vaccinated animals, which are both histological markers of resistance to infection. Together, these results indicate that the 14kDa polypeptide is an attractive protective molecule that can be easily incorporated in a leishmanial polyprotein vaccine candidate to augment/complement the overall protective efficacy of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, Grafton MA
| | | | - Isaias Raw
- BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute/Foundation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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87
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Nunes CM, de Lima VMF, de Melo GD, de Paula HB, Pereira MEG, Tronco CDMT, Hiramoto RM, Laurenti MD, Burattini MN. Serological, parasitological and molecular tests for canine visceral leishmaniosis diagnosis in a longitudinal study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:402-9. [PMID: 26689179 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the measures to control visceral leishmaniosis (VL) in Brazil is the identification and culling of the canine reservoir. There is much controversy concerning this strategy, including the proper identification of positive dogs and the fact that the host-parasite relationship changes over time make it more challenging. A dynamic cohort of 62 dogs was followed every three months using serological and parasitological examinations and PCR. Positivity by PCR was higher than by serology and by parasitological examinations and showed a tendency to decrease over time, while serology tended to increase after six months. Concomitant positivity in all tests was observed in 10.4% of the samples, and negativity in 29.1%. Overall sensitivity ranged from 43.6 to 64.1%, and was not uniform over time. The proportion of dogs with or without clinical signs was not different by cytology or PCR but PCR was able to identify a larger number of asymptomatic dogs compared to ELISA and immunochromatography. PCR can be useful for surveillance of areas where cases of canine VL have not yet been detected and in which control strategies can be implemented to limit the spread of the disease. Despite the advance in diagnostic tools CVL diagnosis remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cáris Maroni Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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88
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Hosein S, Rodríguez-Cortés A, Blake DP, Allenspach K, Alberola J, Solano-Gallego L. Transcription of Toll-Like Receptors 2, 3, 4 and 9, FoxP3 and Th17 Cytokines in a Susceptible Experimental Model of Canine Leishmania infantum Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140325. [PMID: 26465878 PMCID: PMC4605763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease resulting from complex interactions between protozoa and the canine immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system and facilitate the early detection of many infections. However, the role of TLRs in CanL remains unknown and information describing TLR transcription during infection is extremely scarce. The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of L. infantum infection on canine TLR transcription using a susceptible model. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcription of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in skin, spleen, lymph node and liver in the presence or absence of experimental L. infantum infection in Beagle dogs. These findings were compared with clinical and serological data, parasite densities in infected tissues and transcription of IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3 in different tissues in non-infected dogs (n = 10), and at six months (n = 24) and 15 months (n = 7) post infection. Results revealed significant down regulation of transcription with disease progression in lymph node samples for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3. In spleen samples, significant down regulation of transcription was seen in TLR4 and IL-22 when both infected groups were compared with controls. In liver samples, down regulation of transcription was evident with disease progression for IL-22. In the skin, upregulation was seen only for TLR9 and FoxP3 in the early stages of infection. Subtle changes or down regulation in TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and FoxP3 are indicative of the silent establishment of infection that Leishmania is renowned for. These observations provide new insights about TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and Foxp3 in the liver, spleen, lymph node and skin in CanL and highlight possible markers of disease susceptibility in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Hosein
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Royal Veterinary College, Clinical Sciences and Services, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Alberola
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Veterinaria, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
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89
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Müller N, Hentrich B, Frey CF, Welle M. Quantitative PCR for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded skin sections. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:507-510. [PMID: 26427730 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes a real-time PCR-based procedure to reliably determine the quantity of Leishmania amastigotes in relation to the amount of host tissue in histological skin sections from canine and equine cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The novel diagnostic Leishmania-PCR has a detection limit of <0.02 amastigotes per μg tissue, which corresponds well to the detection limit of immunohistochemistry and is far beyond that of conventional histology. Our results emphasise the importance of PCR to complement routine histology of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases, particularly in laboratories in which no immunohistochemical assay is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Brigitte Hentrich
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Welle
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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90
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Evaluation of conjunctival swab sampling in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis: A two-year follow-up study in Çukurova Plain, Turkey. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:295-302. [PMID: 26415899 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs is a very important and problematic public health issue in Turkey. A longitudinal study was carried out on dogs in selected villages in the Çukurova Plain in Turkey, from July 2011 to June 2013, where cutaneous (CL) and visceral (VL) leishmaniasis is endemic. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of CanL and to evaluate the early diagnostic performance of the non-invasive conjunctival swab nested PCR (CS n-PCR) test in comparison with the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). The consecutive blood and CS samples from a representative number of dogs (80-100 dogs/each survey) were collected in a cohort of 6 villages located in the area. Clinical symptoms, demographic and physical features about each dog were noted and lymph node aspiration samples were obtained from selected dogs with lymphadenopathy. In four surveys during the period, a total of 338 sets (blood and CS) of samples from 206 dogs were obtained, such that 83 dogs were sampled more than once. In the cross-sectional analysis, the CanL prevalence was found to be 27.18% (between 7.14% and 39.13%) by IFAT and 41.74% (between 29.03% and 46.66%) by CS n-PCR. The isolated strains were identified as Leishmania infantum MON-1 (n=9) and MON-98 (n=2) by MLEE analysis. Genetic studies targeting the Hsp70 and ITS1 regions performed on 11 dog isolates also showed two clear separate groups. According to IFAT results, 24 of the 83 dogs sampled more than once showed seroconversion (n=19) or a four-fold increase in Ab titers (n=5), while 17 were positive in the initial screening. Forty-two dogs stayed negative during the whole period. The natural Leishmania exposure rate was detected as 31.14% in the study area. CS n-PCR only detected Leishmania infection earlier than IFAT in 8 dogs. No statistical difference was found after the analysis of demographical and physical data. The results indicated that (i) circulation of the dog population is very common in settlements in the Çukurova Plain, but the disease prevalence is high and stable, (ii) the performance of CS n-PCR for detecting Leishmania-dog contact is higher than IFAT, (iii) and some of the parasites isolated from dogs have different zymodemes and/or genotypes from previous human and sand fly isolates; suggesting the probability of two different cycles of leishmaniasis in this particular area. This hypothesis should be supported by future studies targeting vectors and reservoirs.
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91
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Spread of Leishmania infantum in Europe with dog travelling. Vet Parasitol 2015; 213:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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92
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Lara-Silva FDO, Michalsky ÉM, Fortes-Dias CL, Fiuza VDOP, Pessanha JEM, Regina-Silva S, de Avelar DM, Silva MA, Lima ACVMDR, da Costa AJA, Machado-Coelho GLL, Dias ES. Epidemiological aspects of vector, parasite, and domestic reservoir in areas of recent transmission and no reported human cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 148:128-36. [PMID: 25882769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 97% of the human cases of the American visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occur in Brazil. In the last few years, the disease expanded to medium- and large-sized cities, in which surveillance and control actions have been intensified, in an effort to control VL spreading. Our two-year study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, the sixth most populous city in Brazil, which is endemic for VL. We focused in two particular districts of recent transmission of the disease, with no reported human cases and submitted to minor surveillance and control actions. Our aim was to draw an epidemiological profile of the local situation concerning Lutzomyia vector, Leishmania parasites, and the main domestic reservoirs (dogs). Lutzomyia longipalpis comprised 96.5% of the total phlebotomine sand flies captured and displayed an expressive minimal infection rate by Leishmania infantum (16.7%). Positive correlations were found between the population densities of L. longipalpis, rainfall and temperature. L. infantum was also detected in the cortelezzii complex and, for the first time, in Lutzomyia lloydi. Leishmania braziliensis, an etiological agent of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis, was also identified in L. longipalpis. Among the 1408 dogs serologically tested by standard enzyme-linked and fluorescence immune assays (ELISA/IFA) 3.6% were positive for VL. L. infantum DNA and Leishmania parasites were identified in 100% and 72.5% of the seropositive dogs, respectively. The co-positivity of other diagnostic tests for VL-Leishmania-nested PCR, imprint and myeloculture-was compared to the standard serology. Both symptomatic or asymptomatic dogs displayed an equal average number of positive diagnostic tests for VL. The districts studied display favorable conditions for the rapid spreading of human infection, in terms of L. longipalpis population density, and presence of L. infantum in both vector and main reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Shara Regina-Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maiara Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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94
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Leite RS, Souza NA, Barbosa AD, Ferreira ALC, de Andrade ASR. Evaluation of conjunctival swab as a mass-screening tool for molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2255-62. [PMID: 25782681 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis is an important step of visceral leishmaniasis control program in Brazil once the dog is the main reservoir host of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the conjunctival swab (CS) as a mass-screening tool for CVL molecular diagnosis in an endemic area classified as priority for the Brazilian Ministry of Healthy for surveillance action. A total of 1350 domiciled dogs were screened. The animals were evaluated by serological tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as screening and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for confirmation) and by CS associated to real-time PCR, using primers addressed to kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles and SYBR Green. Canine β-globin gene amplification was used to evaluate the sample DNA integrity. A subgroup of 484 animals was also submitted to clinical evaluation. Among the 1350 dogs screened, 369 (27.3%) were positive by CS real-time PCR and 126 (9.3%) tested positive by ELISA. Thirty-one percent (39/126) of the ELISA-positive dogs were confirmed by IFAT. CS real-time PCR was able to detect infection in dogs independently of the symptomatology degree (p > 0.05), while ELISA was more sensitive in the group of dogs that present three or more clinical signs related to CVL. The results demonstrated that CS real-time PCR was able to detect a higher number of infected dogs than ELISA and that the prevalence of canine infections has been underestimated by the serological assays. The use of sensitive molecular diagnostic methods like CS real-time PCR, mainly in endemic areas, could greatly contribute to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Souza Leite
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Rua Professor Mário Werneck S/N°, Cidade Universitária, Campus da UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31120-970, Brazil
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Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the obligatory intracellular parasite of mammalian macrophages and causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL). The presence of infected dogs as the main reservoir host of ZVL is regarded as the most important potential risk for human infection. Thus the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is essential to stop the current increase of the Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Recently considerable advances in achieving protective immunization of dogs and several important attempts for achieving an effective vaccine against CVL lead to attracting the scientists trust in its important role for eradication of ZVL. This paper highlights the recent advances in vaccination against canine visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 until now.
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96
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Millán J, Chirife AD, Altet L. Serum chemistry reference values for the common genet (Genetta genetta): variations associated with Leishmania infantum infection. Vet Q 2014; 35:43-7. [PMID: 25399516 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.987883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of wildlife in the epidemiology of leishmaniosis in under debate, and determining whether infection with Leishmania infantum causes illness in wild carnivores is important to determine its potential role as a reservoir. OBJECTIVES To provide for the first time serum biochemistry reference values for the common genet (Genetta genetta), and to determine variations associated with L. infantum infection. METHODS Twenty-five serum biochemistry parameters were determined in 22 wild-caught genets. Blood samples were analyzed for L. infantum DNA by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Two female genets were positive for L. infantum DNA but did not show any external clinical sign upon physical examination. Among other variations in the biochemistry values of these genets, one presented a higher concentration of gamma-globulins and cholesterol, whereas the other genet presented increased creatinine, bilirubin, and chloride levels when compared to uninfected females. Sex-related differences in some parameters were also reported. CONCLUSION Infection with L. infantum may sometimes be accompanied by abnormal serum biochemistry in wild carnivores. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinical disease may occur in L. infantum-infected wild carnivores. This has implications in the epidemiology of leishmaniosis. In addition, the data provided here would also be useful as reference values for researchers or rehabilitators working with the common genet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Millán
- a Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales , Universidad Andres Bello , República 252, Santiago , Chile
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97
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Wylie C, Carbonell-Antoñanzas M, Aiassa E, Dhollander S, Zagmutt F, Brodbelt D, Solano-Gallego L. A systematic review of the efficacy of prophylactic control measures for naturally-occurring canine leishmaniosis, part I: Vaccinations. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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98
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Mansueto P, Seidita A, Vitale G, Cascio A. Transfusion transmitted leishmaniasis. What to do with blood donors from endemic areas? Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:617-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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99
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Zoghlami Z, Chouihi E, Barhoumi W, Dachraoui K, Massoudi N, Helel KB, Habboul Z, Hadhri MH, Limam S, Mhadhbi M, Gharbi M, Zhioua E. Interaction between canine and human visceral leishmaniases in a holoendemic focus of Central Tunisia. Acta Trop 2014; 139:32-8. [PMID: 25004438 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic in the Mediterranean basin. In Tunisia, CVL is spatially associated with human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years old. In this study, seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs was assessed in highly endemic districts of the governorate of Kairouan where more than 50% of HVL cases in Tunisia were reported. An entomological investigation was also carried out in two endemic districts (Bouhajla and Haffouz) to assess sand fly fauna and infection status of sand flies with Leishmania. A total of 191 serum samples were collected from healthy dogs and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Overall seroprevalence for L. infantum was 26.7% being highest among dogs in the district of Bouhajla (52.7%) and the lowest in the district of Chbika (5.2%). In dogs, seroprevalence did not differ significantly based on gender or age, with dogs younger than 1 year showing a higher seroprevalence compared to older dogs. These findings suggest strong force of infection in naïve animals in holoendemic regions leading to emerging high incidence of HVL. Concomitant to the high CVL prevalence observed in the Bouhajla district, a significantly high cumulative HVL incidence also was observed in this district. Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis were the most abundant sand fly species in Bouhajla and Haffouz districts. The rate of Leishmania-DNA infection in sand flies was 9.4%. This finding points to spatial correlation between the occurrence of disease in humans, a high rate of infection in dogs and a high abundance of P. pernicious and P. longicuspis. Thus, CVL is the main risk factor for transmission to humans and subsequently, it is an important parameter for controlling transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zoghlami
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - E Chouihi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - W Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K Dachraoui
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Massoudi
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K Ben Helel
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Z Habboul
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - M H Hadhri
- Regional Department of Health, Governorate of Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - S Limam
- Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - M Mhadhbi
- Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - M Gharbi
- Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - E Zhioua
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
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100
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An update on the diagnosis and treatment of canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi). Vet J 2014; 202:425-35. [PMID: 25266647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is still a common disease in endemic areas, such as the Mediterranean countries, and has progressively expanded into non-endemic areas like Central and Northern Europe. The aim of this article is to critically review current knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. In dogs with typical clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities, diagnosis is relatively easy based on the exclusion of major differentials, the demonstration of the parasite (e.g., with lymph node and/or skin cytology) and the presence of Leishmania-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies (quantitative serology). In less typical cases, these criteria together with the exclusion of possible differentials and the demonstration of compatible histological lesions in affected organs and tissues form the basis for a sound diagnosis. In clinically healthy dogs, molecular techniques are the most sensitive means for detecting L. infantum infection. Treatment of canine leishmaniosis should follow clinical staging and is usually based on meglumine antimonate or miltefosine administration for a few weeks in combination with allopurinol for several months. However, allopurinol monotherapy may be used in very mild cases as well as in dogs with end stage kidney disease. Aminosidine administered once daily at a revised dosage shows some promise but additional controlled studies are needed. Close attention to published guidelines regarding treatment and follow-up is necessary to achieve the best possible therapeutic outcome.
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