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Bekal S, Ramsay D, Rallu F, Pilon P, Gilmour M, Johnson R, Tremblay C. First documented case of human infection with ovine Shiga-toxin-producingEscherichia coliserotype O52:H45. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:417-8. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a concurrent case of infection with non-O157 Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strain in an 8-month-old child. Laboratory and epidemiological investigations indicated child exposure to contaminated sheep meat following the Muslim feast of sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). Microbiological and molecular typing confirmed that the ovine strain O52:H45 (stx1+, eae–, hlyA–) was the causal agent. This is the first documented case of human infection to this STEC serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, 20045 chemin Ste-Marie, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada
| | - Danielle Ramsay
- Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1R 4X6, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Pilon
- Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 3725, rue Saint Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 3L9, Canada
| | - Matthew Gilmour
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Roger Johnson
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, 20045 chemin Ste-Marie, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada
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Son I, Binet R, Maounounen-Laasri A, Lin A, Hammack TS, Kase JA. Detection of five Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes with multiplex PCR. Food Microbiol 2014; 40:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Paddock ZD, Renter DG, Cull CA, Shi X, Bai J, Nagaraja TG. Escherichia coliO26 in Feedlot Cattle: Fecal Prevalence, Isolation, Characterization, and Effects of anE. coliO157 Vaccine and a Direct-Fed Microbial. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:186-93. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zac D. Paddock
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David G. Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Charley A. Cull
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Xiarong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Amézquita-López BA, Quiñones B, Lee BG, Chaidez C. Virulence profiling of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli recovered from domestic farm animals in Northwestern Mexico. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:7. [PMID: 24551599 PMCID: PMC3908320 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic enteric pathogen that causes human gastrointestinal illnesses. The present study characterized the virulence profiles of O157 and non-O157 STEC strains, recovered from domestic animals in small rural farms within the agricultural Culiacan Valley in Mexico. Virulence genes coding for adhesins, cytotoxins, proteases, subtypes of Shiga toxin (Stx), and other effectors were identified in the STEC strains by PCR. The genotyping analysis revealed the presence of the effectors nleA, nleB, nleE, and nleH1-2, espK, and espN in the O157:H7 and O111:H8 STEC strains. Furthermore, the genes encoding the autoagglutinating adhesin (Saa) and subtilase (SubA) were exclusively identified in the O8:H19 eae-negative strains. The adhesin (iha) and the silent hemolysin (sheA) genes were detected in 79% of the O157 and non-O157 strains. To examine the relative toxicities of the STEC strains, a fluorescent Vero cell line, Vero-d2EGFPs, was employed to measure the inhibition of protein synthesis by Stx. Analysis of culture supernatants from serotype O8:H19 strains with the stx gene profile stx1a, stx2a, and stx2c and serotypes O75:H8 and O146:H8 strains with the stx gene profile stx1a, stx1c, and stx2b, resulted in a significant reduction in the Vero-d2EGFP fluorescent signal. These observations suggest that these non-O157 strains may have an enhanced ability to inhibit protein synthesis in Vero cells. Interestingly, analysis of the stx2c-positive O157:H7 strains resulted in a high fluorescent signal, indicating a reduced toxicity in the Vero-d2EGFP cells. These findings indicate that the O157 and non-O157 STEC strains, recovered in the Culiacan Valley, display distinct virulence profiles and relative toxicities in mammalian cells and have provided information for evaluating risks associated with zoonotic STEC in this agricultural region in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center Albany, CA, USA
| | - Bertram G Lee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center Albany, CA, USA
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo Culiacán, Mexico
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Molecular approach for tracing dissemination routes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in bovine offal at slaughter. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:739139. [PMID: 24592396 PMCID: PMC3925628 DOI: 10.1155/2014/739139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine offal is currently recognized as one of the sources of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection in Japan. Here, the prevalence and genetic characterization of STEC O157 in bovine feces, offal, and carcasses at slaughtering were examined between July and October in 2006. STEC O157 was detected in 31 of 301 cattle feces (10.3%) delivered from 120 farms. Simultaneously, 60 bovine-originated offal (tongue, liver, and omasum) and carcasses were randomly selected and the detection of O157 STEC was examined as well. STEC O157 was isolated from 4 tongues (6.7%), 1 liver (1.7%), 3 omasa (5.0%), and 2 carcasses (3.3%), respectively. All the O157 isolates were positive for eae and hlyA genes, and 37 of 41 isolates (90.2%) exhibited stx2c genotype. PFGE analysis revealed the identical macrogenotypes of 4-tongue- and 1-liver-originated isolates and among 2 fecal isolates from animals slaughtered consecutively. Considering their continuous detection according to the slaughtering order, we concluded that these distributions of O157 in bovine offal and feces might be due to cross-contamination at (pre)slaughter. Our data thus reposes implication of better sanitary control in diapedesis from both upper and lower sites to prevent spread of this pathogen to bovine offal at slaughtering.
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Gianluca B, Anna M, Roberta M, Domenico M, Simonetta G. C, Francesca P, Catherine M. B, Geraldine D, Mazzette R. Detection of genes encoding for virulence and adherence factors in Escherichia coli isolated in slaughtered Sarda breed sheep. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:234-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shams S, Haghi-Ashtiani MT, Nasrollahi L, Shahsiah R, Monajemzadeh M, Tahbaz-Lahafi B, Alaie-Alamooti A. Frequency of shiga toxin-producing genes of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic stools of Iranian children by PCR. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2013; 23:637-42. [PMID: 24910740 PMCID: PMC4025119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is a pathogenic E. coli that may cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) after diarrheal disease through Shiga toxins. Management of the patients with STEC infection is different from that of other diarrheal diseases due to increase in frequency of HUS after antibiotic administration. Few studies were conducted in Iran and epidemiology of STEC remains obscure; this necessitates examination of stools especially in young children for this bacterium. METHODS We determined the frequency of STEC in 947 E. coli strains isolated from diarrheal stools of children less than 14 years in Tehran with conventional culture methods and multiplex-PCR via determining the STX1 and STX2 genes, between October 2008 and September 2009. We also evaluated the association between stool exam findings and presence of STEC. FINDINGS Twenty seven (2.8%) of E. coli isolates were positive for STX1 or STX2 genes, most of which occurred in spring (P<0.05). There was no significant association between STEC positivity and stool exam findings. Eighteen out of 27 (66.7%) Shiga toxin positive samples were isolated from males and the rest from females. The most common STX-positive diarrheal samples showed loose consistency (P<0.017). CONCLUSION Although the low frequency of STEC in our population indicates that it is not a major problem in our population, STEC should be regarded as an important infection because of its severe consequences. Further studies with greater sample size are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Shams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran,Pediatric Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Haghi-Ashtiani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Nasrollahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:Address: Division of Laboratory, Children's Medical Center, No 62, Dr Gharib St., Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Reza Shahsiah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Monajemzadeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Alaie-Alamooti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Estimating the prevalence of potential enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and intimin gene diversity in a human community by monitoring sanitary sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:119-27. [PMID: 24141131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02747-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, the understanding of bacterial enteric diseases in the community and their virulence factors relies almost exclusively on clinical disease reporting and examination of clinical pathogen isolates. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of an alternative approach that monitors potential enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) prevalence and intimin gene (eae) diversity in a community by directly quantifying and characterizing target virulence genes in the sanitary sewage. The quantitative PCR (qPCR) quantification of the eae, stx1, and stx2 genes in sanitary sewage samples collected over a 13-month period detected eae in all 13 monthly sewage samples at significantly higher abundance (93 to 7,240 calibrator cell equivalents [CCE]/100 ml) than stx1 and stx2, which were detected sporadically. The prevalence level of potential EPEC in the sanitary sewage was estimated by calculating the ratio of eae to uidA, which averaged 1.0% (σ = 0.4%) over the 13-month period. Cloning and sequencing of the eae gene directly from the sewage samples covered the majority of the eae diversity in the sewage and detected 17 unique eae alleles belonging to 14 subtypes. Among them, eae-β2 was identified to be the most prevalent subtype in the sewage, with the highest detection frequency in the clone libraries (41.2%) and within the different sampling months (85.7%). Additionally, sewage and environmental E. coli isolates were also obtained and used to determine the detection frequencies of the virulence genes as well as eae genetic diversity for comparison.
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59
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Occurrence of potentially human-pathogenic Escherichia coli O103 in Norwegian sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7502-9. [PMID: 24077709 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01825-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of an outbreak of hemorrhagic-uremic syndrome in Norway in 2006 indicated that the outbreak strain Escherichia coli O103:H25 could originate from sheep. A national survey of the Norwegian sheep population was performed, with the aim of identifying and describing a possible reservoir of potentially human-pathogenic E. coli O103, in particular of the H types 2 and 25. The investigation of fecal samples from 585 sheep flocks resulted in 1,222 E. coli O103 isolates that were analyzed for the presence of eae and stx genes, while a subset of 369 isolates was further examined for flagellar antigens (H typing), stx subtypes, bfpA, astA, and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The total ovine E. coli O103 serogroup was genetically diverse by numbers of H types, virulotypes, and PFGE banding patterns identified, although a tendency of clustering toward serotypes was seen. The flocks positive for potentially human-pathogenic E. coli O103 were geographically widely distributed, and no association could be found with county or geographical region. The survey showed that eae-negative, stx-negative E. coli O103, probably nonpathogenic to humans, is very common in sheep, with 27.5% of flocks positive. Moreover, the study documented a low prevalence (0.7%) of potentially human-pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O103:H2, while STEC O103:H25 was not detected. However, 3.1% and 5.8% of the flocks were positive for enteropathogenic E. coli O103 belonging to H types 2 and 25, respectively. These isolates are of concern as potential human pathogens by themselves but more importantly as possible precursors for human-pathogenic STEC.
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60
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Jacob ME, Foster DM, Rogers AT, Balcomb CC, Shi X, Nagaraja TG. Evidence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the feces of meat goats at a U.S. slaughter plant. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1626-9. [PMID: 23992509 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important human pathogens, and attention to non-O157 serogroups has increased in recent years. Although cattle are normally considered the primary reservoir for STEC, recent illnesses associated with goat contact have indicated that these animals are important potential reservoirs for the organisms. The prevalence of STEC, particularly non-O157 serogroups, in U.S. goats has not been well described. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of six major non-O157 STEC serogroups in the feces of meat goats. Rectal contents from 296 goats were collected postevisceration at a slaughter plant in the southeastern United States over 9 days during a 12-week period from August through October 2012. Samples were enriched in E. coli broth, and DNA was extracted and used as template in an 11-gene multiplex PCR that detected six non-O157 serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, and O145) and virulence genes. Samples were considered positive when at least one non-O157 STEC serotype was present with either stx₁ or stx₂. All six non-O157 serogroups were detected by PCR in our samples, and 14.5% of samples were positive for at least one serogroup. Prevalence of O26 was highest, with 6.4% of goat fecal samples positive. The prevalence of O45 was 3.4%, O103 was 4.4%, O111 was 4.1%, O121 was 1.4%, and O145 was 3.0%. Twenty-two (7.4%) of 296 fecal samples had more than one non-O157 serogroup detected in the feces. Two samples had evidence of three non-O157 STEC serogroups. Goats appear to be an important reservoir for non-O157 STEC, and further work to understand the characteristics, epidemiology, and ecology of STEC in these animals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA.
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61
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Zhang W, Nadirk J, Kossow A, Bielaszewska M, Leopold SR, Witten A, Fruth A, Karch H, Ammon A, Mellmann A. Phylogeny and phenotypes of clinical and environmental Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli O174. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:963-76. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Zhang
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Julia Nadirk
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Annelene Kossow
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Martina Bielaszewska
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Shana R. Leopold
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Anika Witten
- Leibniz Institute for Arteriosclerosis; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens; Robert Koch Institute, Branch Wernigerode; 38855 Wernigerode Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Andrea Ammon
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC); Stockholm Sweden
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
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Jacob ME, Foster DM, Rogers AT, Balcomb CC, Sanderson MW. Prevalence and relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in the feces and on the hides and carcasses of U.S. meat goats at slaughter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4154-8. [PMID: 23584770 PMCID: PMC3697551 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00772-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the prevalences of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces, hide, and carcasses of meat goats at a U.S. processing plant. Prevalences were 11.1%, 2.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. Sixteen pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtypes were identified among 49 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, some of which were present on multiple sample types or collection days.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Osés SM, Diez AM, Melero B, Luning PA, Jaime I, Rovira J. Characterization by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods of the bacterial population of suckling-lamb packaged in different atmospheres. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:216-22. [PMID: 24010600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study offers insight into the dynamics of bacterial populations in fresh cuts of suckling lamb under four different atmospheric conditions: air (A), and three Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) environments, 15%O2/30%CO2/55%N2 (C, commercial), 70%O2/30%CO2 (O), and 15%O2/85%CO2 (H) for 18 days. Microbial analyses by both conventional methods and PCR-DGGE were performed. Controversial and surprising results emerged from comparing both methods in relation to the genus Pseudomonas. Thus, conventional methods detected the presence of high numbers of Pseudomonas colonies, although PCR-DGGE only detected this genus in air-packaged samples. PCR-DGGE detected higher microbial diversity in the control samples (A) than in the modified atmospheres (C, O, H), having atmosphere H the fewest number of species. Brochothrix thermosphacta, LAB (Carnobacterium divergens and Lactobacillus sakei), and Escherichia spp. were detected in all the atmospheres throughout storage. Moreover, previously undescribed bacteria from lamb meat such as Enterobacter hormaechei, Staphylococcus equorum and Jeotgalicoccus spp. were also isolated in this study by DGGE. Additionally, qPCR analysis was used to detect and characterize strains of Escherichia coli. Virulence genes (stx1, stx2 and eae) were detected throughout storage in 97% of the samples. A high CO2 atmosphere was the most effective packaging combination doubling storage time in comparison with commercial atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Osés
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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64
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Momtaz H, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Rahimi E, Ezadi H, Arab R. Incidence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in ruminant's meat. Meat Sci 2013; 95:381-8. [PMID: 23747633 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To assess the presences of Escherichia coli, its serogroups, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties in ruminant's meat, a total of 820 raw meat samples were collected and then evaluated using culture, PCR and disk diffusion methods. Totally, 238 (29.02%) samples were positive for presence of Escherichia coli. All of the isolates had more than one virulence gene including Stx1, Stx2, eaeA and ehly. All investigated serogroups were found in beef and sheep and all except O145, O121 and O128 were found in goat. The O91, O113, O111, O103, O26 and O157 serogroups were found in camel. Totally, aadA1-blaSHV combination was the most predominant antibiotic resistance gene. The highest resistance of STEC strains was seen against penicillin while resistance to nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin was minimal. These findings showed that health care and meat inspection should be reconsidered in Iranian slaughterhouses and butchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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65
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Thomas KM, McCann MS, Collery MM, Moschonas G, Whyte P, McDowell DA, Duffy G. Transfer of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 from fleece to carcass during sheep slaughter in an Irish export abattoir. Food Microbiol 2013; 34:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Thomas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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66
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Moura CD, Tiba MR, Silva MJD, Leite DDS. Identification of new flagellin-encoding fliC genes in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic animals using RFLP-PCR and sequencing methods. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of Escherichia coli requires knowledge regarding the prevalent serotypes and virulence factors profiles allows the classification in pathogenic/non-pathogenic. However, some of these bacteria do not express flagellar antigen invitro. In this case the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) and sequencing of the fliC may be suitable for the identification of antigens by replacing the traditional serology. We studied 17 samples of E. coli isolated from animals and presenting antigen H nontypeable (HNT). The H antigens were characterized by PCR-RFLP and sequencing of fliC gene. Three new flagellin genes were identified, for which specific antisera were obtained. The PCR-RFLP was shown to be faster than the serotyping H antigen in E. coli, provided information on some characteristics of these antigens and indicated the presence of new genes fliC.
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Farrokh C, Jordan K, Auvray F, Glass K, Oppegaard H, Raynaud S, Thevenot D, Condron R, De Reu K, Govaris A, Heggum K, Heyndrickx M, Hummerjohann J, Lindsay D, Miszczycha S, Moussiegt S, Verstraete K, Cerf O. Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:190-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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68
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The occurrence of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains among children with diarrhea in Iran. J Infect Chemother 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Amézquita-López BA, Quiñones B, Cooley MB, León-Félix J, Castro-del Campo N, Mandrell RE, Jiménez M, Chaidez C. Genotypic analyses of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 recovered from feces of domestic animals on rural farms in Mexico. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51565. [PMID: 23251577 PMCID: PMC3519732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic enteric pathogens associated with human gastroenteritis worldwide. Cattle and small ruminants are important animal reservoirs of STEC. The present study investigated animal reservoirs for STEC in small rural farms in the Culiacan Valley, an important agricultural region located in Northwest Mexico. A total of 240 fecal samples from domestic animals were collected from five sampling sites in the Culiacan Valley and were subjected to an enrichment protocol followed by either direct plating or immunomagnetic separation before plating on selective media. Serotype O157:H7 isolates with the virulence genes stx2, eae, and ehxA were identified in 40% (26/65) of the recovered isolates from cattle, sheep and chicken feces. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis grouped most O157:H7 isolates into two clusters with 98.6% homology. The use of multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) differentiated isolates that were indistinguishable by PFGE. Analysis of the allelic diversity of MLVA loci suggested that the O157:H7 isolates from this region were highly related. In contrast to O157:H7 isolates, a greater genotypic diversity was observed in the non-O157 isolates, resulting in 23 PFGE types and 14 MLVA types. The relevant non-O157 serotypes O8:H19, O75:H8, O111:H8 and O146:H21 represented 35.4% (23/65) of the recovered isolates. In particular, 18.5% (12/65) of all the isolates were serotype O75:H8, which was the most variable serotype by both PFGE and MLVA. The non-O157 isolates were predominantly recovered from sheep and were identified to harbor either one or two stx genes. Most non-O157 isolates were ehxA-positive (86.5%, 32/37) but only 10.8% (4/37) harbored eae. These findings indicate that zoonotic STEC with genotypes associated with human illness are present in animals on small farms within rural communities in the Culiacan Valley and emphasize the need for the development of control measures to decrease risks associated with zoonotic STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BQ); (CC)
| | - Michael B. Cooley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Josefina León-Félix
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | | | - Robert E. Mandrell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Maribel Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
- * E-mail: (BQ); (CC)
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Characterization of non-O157 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy fat-tailed sheep in southeastern of Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:641-8. [PMID: 23015355 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the presence and prevalence of non-O157 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates from faeces of healthy fat-tailed sheep and detection of phylogenetic background and antibiotic resistance profile of isolates. One hundred ninety-two E. coli isolates were recovered from obtained rectal swabs and were confirmed by biochemical tests. Antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates were detected and phylogenetic background of isolates was determined according to the presence of the chuA, yjaA and TspE4.C2 genetic markers. The isolates were examined to determine stx (1), stx (2) and eae genes. Non-O157 STEC isolates were identified by using O157 specific antiserum. Forty-three isolates (22.40 %) were positive for one of the stx (1), stx (2) and eae genes, whereas 10.42 % were positive for stx (1), 19.38 % for eae and 2.60 % for stx (2) gene. None of the positive isolates belonged to O157 serogroup. Twenty isolates possessed stx ( 1 ) were distributed in A (six isolates), B1 (13) and D (one) phylogroups, whereas stx (2) positive isolates fell into A (three isolates) and B1 (two) phylogenetic groups. Eighteen isolates contained eae gene belonged to A (five isolates), B1 (seven) and D (six) phylogroups. The maximum and minimum resistance rates were recorded against to penicillin and co-trimoxazole respectively. The positive isolates for stx (1), stx (2) and eae genes showed several antibiotic resistance patterns, whereas belonged to A, B1 and D phylogroups. In conclusion, faeces of healthy sheep could be considered as the important sources of non-O157 STEC and also multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates.
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Urdahl AM, Solheim HT, Vold L, Hasseltvedt V, Wasteson Y. Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stxgenes) in human faecal samples. APMIS 2012; 121:202-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Margrete Urdahl
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo
| | - Heidi Tetlie Solheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo
| | - Line Vold
- Division of Infectious Disease Control; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo
| | - Viggo Hasseltvedt
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Sykehuset Innlandet Trust; Lillehammer; Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo
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72
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Schilling AK, Hotzel H, Methner U, Sprague LD, Schmoock G, El-Adawy H, Ehricht R, Wöhr AC, Erhard M, Geue L. Zoonotic agents in small ruminants kept on city farms in southern Germany. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3785-93. [PMID: 22447607 PMCID: PMC3346384 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07802-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep and goats are popular examples of livestock kept on city farms. In these settings, close contacts between humans and animals frequently occur. Although it is widely accepted that small ruminants can carry numerous zoonotic agents, it is unknown which of these agents actually occur in sheep and goats on city farms in Germany. We sampled feces and nasal liquid of 48 animals (28 goats, 20 sheep) distributed in 7 city farms and on one activity playground in southern Germany. We found that 100% of the sampled sheep and 89.3% of the goats carried Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The presence of Staphylococcus spp. in 75% of both sheep and goats could be demonstrated. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 25% and 14.3% of the sheep and goats, respectively. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Coxiella burnetii was found. On the basis of these data, we propose a reasonable hygiene scheme to prevent transmission of zoonotic agents during city farm visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katarina Schilling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Methner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa D. Sprague
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Gernot Schmoock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Anna-Caroline Wöhr
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Erhard
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Geue
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Wusterhausen, Germany
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73
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Norwegian sheep are an important reservoir for human-pathogenic Escherichia coli O26:H11. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4083-91. [PMID: 22492457 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00186-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous national survey of Escherichia coli in Norwegian sheep detected eae-positive (eae(+)) E. coli O26:H11 isolates in 16.3% (80/491) of the flocks. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the human-pathogenic potential of these ovine isolates by comparing them with E. coli O26 isolates from humans infected in Norway. All human E. coli O26 isolates studied carried the eae gene and shared flagellar type H11. Two-thirds of the sheep flocks and 95.1% of the patients harbored isolates containing arcA allele type 2 and espK and were classified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (stx positive) or EHEC-like (stx negative). These isolates were further divided into group A (EspK2 positive), associated with stx(2-EDL933) and stcE(O103), and group B (EspK1 positive), associated with stx(1a). Although the stx genes were more frequently present in isolates from patients (46.3%) than in those from sheep flocks (5%), more than half of the ovine isolates in the EHEC/EHEC-like group had multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) profiles that were identical to those seen in stx-positive human O26:H11 isolates. This indicates that EHEC-like ovine isolates may be able to acquire stx-carrying bacteriophages and thereby have the possibility to cause serious illness in humans. The remaining one-third of the sheep flocks and two of the patients had isolates fulfilling the criteria for atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC): arcA allele type 1 and espK negative (group C). The majority of these ovine isolates showed MLVA profiles not previously seen in E. coli O26:H11 isolates from humans. However, according to their virulence gene profile, the aEPEC ovine isolates should be considered potentially pathogenic for humans. In conclusion, sheep are an important reservoir of human-pathogenic E. coli O26:H11 isolates in Norway.
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74
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Osman KM, Mustafa AM, Elhariri M, Abdelhamed GS. The distribution of Escherichia coli serovars, virulence genes, gene association and combinations and virulence genes encoding serotypes in pathogenic E. coli recovered from diarrhoeic calves, sheep and goat. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:69-78. [PMID: 22435607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants, especially cattle, have been implicated as a principal reservoir of one of the enterovirulent Escherichia coli pathotypes. The detection of the virulence genes in diarrhoeic calves and small ruminants has not been studied in Egypt. To determine the occurrence, serotypes and the virulence gene markers, stx1, stx2, hylA, Flic(h7) , stb, F41, K99, sta, F17, LT-I, LT-II and eae, rectal swabs were taken from diarrhoeic calves, sheep and goats and subjected to bacterial culture and PCR. The E. coli prevalence rate in the diarrhoeic animals was 63.6% in calves, 27.3% in goat and 9.1% in sheep. The 102 E. coli strains isolated from the calves, goat and sheep were 100% haemolytic non-verotoxic and fitted into the Eagg group. The isolates belonged to seven O serogroups (O25, O78, O86, O119, O158, O164 and O157). The eae gene was detected in six of the strains isolated from the calves. The 102 bovine, ovine and caprine E. coli strains isolated in this study were negative for stx1, stx2, F41, LT-I and Flic(h7) genes. The highest gene combinations were found to occur in the form of 24/102 isolates (23.5%) that carried the F17 gene predominantly associated with eaeA, hylA, K99 and Stb genes in the calves, while the hylA, K99 and Sta were the only genes found to be in conjunction in both calves and goats (6/102; 5.9% each). Our data show that in Egypt, large and small ruminants could be a potential source of infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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75
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Seropathotypes, Phylogroups, Stx subtypes, and intimin types of wildlife-carried, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains with the same characteristics as human-pathogenic isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2578-85. [PMID: 22307301 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07520-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in wildlife that have spread in Europe, living near human settlements; to analyze their epidemiological role in maintenance and transmission to domestic livestock; and to assess the potential health risk of wildlife-carried strains. STEC strains were recovered from 53% of roe deer, 8.4% of wild boars, and 1.9% of foxes sampled in the northwest of Spain (Galicia). Of the 40 serotypes identified, 21 were classified as seropathotypes associated with human disease, accounting for 81.5% of the wildlife-carried STEC strains, including the enterohemorrhagic serotypes O157:H7-D-eae-γ1, O26:[H11]-B1-eae-β1, O121:H19-B1-eae-ε1, and O145:[H28]-D-eae-γ1. None of the wildlife-carried strains belonged to the highly pathogenic serotype O104:H4-B1 from the recent Germany outbreak. Forty percent of wildlife-carried STEC strains shared serotypes, phylogroups, intimin types, and Stx profiles with isolates from human patients from the same geographic area. Furthermore, wildlife-carried strains belonging to serotypes O5:HNM-A, O26:[H11]-B1, O76:H19-B1, O145:[H28]-D, O146:H21-B1, and O157:H7-D showed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles with >85% similarity to human-pathogenic STEC strains. We also found a high level of similarity among STEC strains of serotypes O5:HNM-A, O26:[H11]-B1, and O145:HNM-D of bovine (feces and beef) and wildlife origins. Interestingly, O146:H21-B1, the second most frequently detected serotype in this study, is commonly associated with human diarrhea and isolated from beef and vegetables sold in Galicia. Importantly, at least 3 STEC isolates from foxes (O5:HNM-A-eae-β1, O98:[H21]-B1-eae-ζ1, and O146:[H21]-B1) showed characteristics similar to those of human STEC strains. In conclusion, roe deer, wild boar, and fox in Galicia are confirmed to be carriers of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans and seem to play an important role in the maintenance of STEC.
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76
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Blanco J. Escherichia coli enteroagregativa O104:H4-ST678 productora de Stx2a. ¡Diagnóstico microbiológico ya, de este y otros serotipos de STEC/VTEC! Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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77
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Structural studies of the O-antigenic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O177. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2300-3. [PMID: 21867992 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide (PS) from Escherichia coli O177 has been determined. Component analysis together with (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy experiments was used to determine the structure. Inter-residue correlations were determined by (1)H,(13)C-heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation and (1)H,(1)H-NOESY experiments. PS is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units with the following structure: →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-α-L-FucpNAc-(1→3)-α-L-FucpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→. An α-L-Rhap residue is suggested to be present at the terminal part of the polysaccharide, which on average is composed of ∼20 repeating units, since the (1)H and (13)C chemical shifts of an α-linked rhamnopyranosyl group could be assigned by a combination of 2D NMR spectra. Consequently, the biological repeating unit has a 3-substituted N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue at its reducing end. The repeating unit of the E. coli O177 O-antigen shares the →3)-α-L-FucpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ structural element with the O-antigen from E. coli O15 and this identity may then explain the reported cross-reactivity between the strains.
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78
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Potentially human-pathogenic Escherichia coli O26 in Norwegian sheep flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4949-58. [PMID: 21642413 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00189-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A national survey of Escherichia coli O26 in Norwegian sheep flocks was conducted, using fecal samples to determine the prevalence. In total, 491 flocks were tested, and E. coli O26 was detected in 17.9% of the flocks. One hundred forty-two E. coli O26 isolates were examined for flagellar antigens (H typing) and four virulence genes, including stx and eae, to identify possible Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Most isolates (129 out of 142) were identified as E. coli O26:H11. They possessed eae and may have potential as human pathogens, although only a small fraction were identified as STEC O26:H11, giving a prevalence in sheep flocks of only 0.8%. Correspondingly, the sheep flock prevalence of atypical EPEC (aEPEC) O26:H11 was surprisingly high (15.9%). The genetic relationship between the E. coli O26:H11 isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), identifying 63 distinct PFGE profiles and 22 MLVA profiles. Although the MLVA protocol was less discriminatory than PFGE and a few cases of disagreement were observed, comparison by partition mapping showed an overall good accordance between the two methods. A close relationship between a few isolates of aEPEC O26:H11 and STEC O26:H11 was identified, but all the E. coli O26:H11 isolates should be considered potentially pathogenic to humans. The present study consisted of a representative sampling of sheep flocks from all parts of Norway. This is the first large survey of sheep flocks focusing on E. coli O26 in general, including results of STEC, aEPEC, and nonpathogenic isolates.
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79
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GOVARIS ALEXANDROS, ANGELIDIS APOSTOLOSS, KATSOULIS KONSTANTINOS, POURNARAS SPYROS. OCCURRENCE, VIRULENCE GENES AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 IN BOVINE, CAPRINE, OVINE AND PORCINE CARCASSES IN GREECE. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Martin A, Beutin L. Characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from meat and milk products of different origins and association with food producing animals as main contamination sources. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 146:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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81
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Kiss R, Szita G, Herpay M, Csikó G, Pászti J, Mag T, Kovács P, Kovács G, Szita J, Tóth P, Szatmári I, Bernáth S. The isolation of verocytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli(VTEC) strains from improperly pasteurised cow’s milk samples. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.2010.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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82
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Doughari HJ, Ndakidemi PA, Human IS, Benade S. The Ecology, Biology and Pathogenesis of Acinetobacter spp.: An Overview. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:101-12. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Spinney Benade
- Applied Sciences Faculty, Cape Peninsula University of Technology
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83
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King LA, Filliol-Toutain I, Mariani-Kurkidjian P, Vaillant V, Vernozy-Rozand C, Ganet S, Pihier N, Niaudet P, de Valk H. Family outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O123:H-, France, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1491-3. [PMID: 20735944 PMCID: PMC3294988 DOI: 10.3201/eid1609.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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84
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Bolton DJ. Verocytotoxigenic (Shiga toxin-producing) Escherichia coli: virulence factors and pathogenicity in the farm to fork paradigm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:357-65. [PMID: 21114423 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are a good example of the evolution and emergence of pathogenic E. coli. Unknown before the late 1970s, these bacteria are a major cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide. The production of verocytotoxins is the main virulence feature of VTEC but cannot be solely responsible for full pathogenicity. VTEC associated with severe human disease are usually capable of colonizing the intestinal mucosa with a characteristic attaching-and-effacing mechanism, genetically governed by the locus of enterocyte effacement, and possess other mobile genetic elements carrying additional virulence genes such as plasmids, phages, and pathogenicity islands (e.g., O-I 122). Despite the huge amount of data collected after the sequencing of the full genome of VTEC O157, the virulence and the evolution of the different VTEC serotypes have only been partially unraveled. A greater understanding of the factors governing the development of severe disease in humans and the colonization of animal hosts must be achieved before effective intervention strategies aimed at the reduction of the burden of infection can be developed. Defining all the factors characterizing a fully pathogenic VTEC strain will be crucial to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis of human infections, the surveillance of animal reservoirs, the assessment of public health risks, and the development of control interventions. An overview of the VTEC virulence factors, including their genetic basis and function, would start this process and is the objective of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan J Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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85
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Virulence repertoire of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from diarrhoeic lambs of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:705-10. [PMID: 21104315 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 107 faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic lambs of high altitude terrains (2,000 to 5,000 m above the mean sea level) of Tawang and West Kameng districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Total 234 Escherichia coli were isolated and further subjected to PCR for the study of virulence repertoire characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Out of the 234 isolated E. coli, 32% were found positive for STEC, and 9% were carrying virulence gene for ETEC. The isolated STEC serogroups were O159, O127, O120, O113, O60, O30, O25, O8 and O2. Of all the 74 STEC strains, PCR showed that 18% isolates carried stx ( 1 ), 26% possessed stx ( 2 ) and 47% produced positive amplicon for both. Other virulent attributes like intimin (eaeA), enterohaemolysin (ehxA) and STEC auto-agglutinating adhesin (saa) were present in 18%, 43% and 44% of the isolates, respectively. The isolated ETEC serogroups were O172, O170, O159, O146, O127, O120, O113, O86, O75, O60, O30, O25, O8, O2, OR and OUT. Of the 22 ETEC-positive isolates, 23%, 18% and 4.5% possessed the gene only for LT, STa and STb, respectively, whereas 54% carried genes for both LT and STb. Some serogroups of E. coli like O159, O127, O120, O113, O60, O30, O25, O8 and O2 possessed genes for both Shiga toxin and enterotoxin. This study is the first report of ETEC isolation from diarrhoeic lambs in India. The moderately high proportion of STEC and ETEC in the diarrhoeic lambs implicated that these animals are important reservoir of STEC and ETEC. This is really a grave concern for the 'brokpas' and nomads (shepherds) who share a close relationship with this animals for their livelihood. This study also indicates that ETEC may be a major cause for frequent diarrhoeal episodes in lambs of this region.
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86
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Sánchez S, Martínez R, García A, Benítez J, Blanco J, Blanco J, Blanco M, Dahbi G, López C, Mora A, Alonso J, Rey J. Variation in the prevalence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in four sheep flocks during a 12-month longitudinal study. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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87
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 associated with human infections in Switzerland, 2000-2009. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:1097-104. [PMID: 20875198 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810002190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), an important foodborne pathogen, can cause mild to severe bloody diarrhoea (BD), sometimes followed by life-threatening complications such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). A total of 44 O157 strains isolated from different patients from 2000 through 2009 in Switzerland were further characterized and linked to medical history data. Non-bloody diarrhoea was experienced by 15.9%, BD by 61.4% of the patients, and 29.5% developed HUS. All strains belonged to MLST type 11, were positive for stx2 variants (stx2 and/or stx2c), eae and ehxA, and only two strains showed antibiotic resistance. Of the 44 strains, nine phage types (PTs) were detected the most frequent being PT32 (43.2%) and PT8 (18.2%). By PFGE, 39 different patterns were found. This high genetic diversity within the strains leads to the conclusion that STEC O157 infections in Switzerland most often occur as sporadic cases.
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88
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Rajkhowa S, Das R, Bora S, Rajkhowa C, Rahman H, Bujarbaruah KM. Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Faecal Samples of Healthy Mithun (Bos frontalis) by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:397-401. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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89
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Osés S, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L, Jaime I, Rovira J. Prevalence and quantification of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli along the lamb food chain by quantitative PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 141 Suppl 1:S163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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90
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Rapid microarray-based genotyping of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O156:H25/H-/Hnt isolates from cattle and clonal relationship analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5510-9. [PMID: 20581183 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00743-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) isolates of serogroup O156 have been obtained from human diarrhea patients and asymptomatic carriers, we studied cattle as a potential reservoir for these bacteria. E. coli isolates serotyped by agglutination as O156:H25/H-/Hnt strains (n = 32) were isolated from three cattle farms during a period of 21 months and characterized by rapid microarray-based genotyping. The serotyping by agglutination of the O156 isolates was not confirmed in some cases by the results of DNA-based serotyping as only 25 of the 32 isolates were conclusively identified as O156:H25. In the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, all EHEC O156:H25 isolates were characterized as sequence type 300 (ST300) and ST688, which differ by a single-nucleotide exchange in the purA gene. Oligonucleotide microarrays allow simultaneous detection of a wider range of EHEC-associated and other E. coli virulence markers than other methods. All O156:H25 isolates showed a wide spectrum of virulence factors typical for EHEC. The stx(1) genes combined with the EHEC hlyA (hlyA(EHEC)) gene, the eae gene of the zeta subtype, as well as numerous other virulence markers were present in all EHEC O156:H25 strains. The behavior of eight different cluster groups, including four that were EHEC O156:H25, was monitored in space and time. Variations in the O156 cluster groups were detected. The results of the cluster analysis suggest that some O156:H25 strains had the genetic potential for a long persistence in the host and on the farm, while other strains did not. As judged by their pattern of virulence markers, E. coli O156:H25 isolates of bovine origin may represent a considerable risk for human infection. Our results showed that the miniaturized E. coli oligonucleotide arrays are an excellent tool for the rapid detection of a large number of virulence markers.
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91
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Döpfer D, Sekse C, Beutin L, Solheim H, van der Wal F, de Boer A, Slettemeås J, Wasteson Y, Urdahl A. Pathogenic potential and horizontal gene transfer in ovine gastrointestinalEscherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1552-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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92
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REZK MARWAHM, ENANY MOHAMMADE, HANAFY MERVATS. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN O-SEROGROUP, VIRULENCE AND PLASMID PROFILE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM DISEASED CHICKENS. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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93
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Martínez R, Sánchez S, Rey J, Manuel Alonso J. Caracterización de cepas de Escherichia coli O157:H7 aisladas de pacientes en Cáceres, Extremadura (2006–2007). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:136-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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94
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Wani S, Hussain I, Fayaz I, Mir M, Nishikawa Y. Subtype analysis of stx1, stx2 and eae genes in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) from lambs in India. Vet J 2009; 182:489-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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95
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Moura RA, Sircili MP, Leomil L, Matté MH, Trabulsi LR, Elias WP, Irino K, Pestana de Castro AF. Clonal relationship among atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from different animal species and humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7399-408. [PMID: 19801470 PMCID: PMC2786407 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00636-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-nine typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains belonging to different serotypes and isolated from humans, pets (cats and dogs), farm animals (bovines, sheep, and rabbits), and wild animals (monkeys) were investigated for virulence markers and clonal similarity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The virulence markers analyzed revealed that atypical EPEC strains isolated from animals have the potential to cause diarrhea in humans. A close clonal relationship between human and animal isolates was found by MLST and PFGE. These results indicate that these animals act as atypical EPEC reservoirs and may represent sources of infection for humans. Since humans also act as a reservoir of atypical EPEC strains, the cycle of mutual infection of atypical EPEC between animals and humans, mainly pets and their owners, cannot be ruled out since the transmission dynamics between the reservoirs are not yet clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Moura
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P. Sircili
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Leomil
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Matté
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. Trabulsi
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Waldir P. Elias
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kinue Irino
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio F. Pestana de Castro
- Laboratory of Human and Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Laboratory of Public Health, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Phone: 5511 3091-7298. Fax: 5511 3091-7354. E-mail:
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96
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Genetic profiles of Shiga toxin and intimin genes found in stool broth cultures: a 2-year reference laboratory study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 65:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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97
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Sánchez S, García-Sánchez A, Martínez R, Blanco J, Blanco J, Blanco M, Dahbi G, Mora A, Hermoso de Mendoza J, Alonso J, Rey J. Detection and characterisation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than Escherichia coli O157:H7 in wild ruminants. Vet J 2009; 180:384-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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98
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Bandyopadhyay S, Biswas TK, Sasmal D, Ghosh MK, Dutta TK, Das SC, Bhattacharya D, Bera AK, Bandyopadhyay S, De S, Pan D. Virulence gene and antibiotic resistance profile of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli prevalent in captive yaks (Poephagus grunniens). Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:403-4. [PMID: 19477084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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99
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Vettorato MP, de Castro AFP, Cergole-Novella MC, Camargo FLL, Irino K, Guth BEC. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy sheep of different populations in São Paulo, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:53-9. [PMID: 19413771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sheep are important carriers of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in several countries. However, there are a few reports about ovine STEC in American continent. METHODS AND RESULTS About 86 E. coli strains previously isolated from 172 healthy sheep from different farms were studied. PCR was used for detection of stx(1), stx(2), eae, ehxA and saa genes and for the identification of intimin subtypes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR was performed to investigate the variants of stx(1) and stx(2), and the flagellar antigen (fliC) genes in nonmotile isolates. Five isolates were eae(+) and stx(-), and belonged to serotypes O128:H2/beta-intimin (2), O145:H2/gamma, O153:H7/beta and O178:H7/epsilon. Eighty-one STEC isolates were recovered, and the stx genotypes identified were stx(1c)stx(2d-O118) (46.9%), stx(1c) (27.2%), stx(2d-O118) (23.4%), and stx(1c)stx(2dOX3a) (2.5%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed 27 profiles among 53 STEC and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that healthy sheep in São Paulo, Brazil, can be carriers of potential human pathogenic STEC and atypical EPEC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As some of the STEC serotypes presently found have been involved with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in other countries, the important role of sheep as sources of STEC infection in our settings should not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vettorato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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100
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Sutherland SJ, Gray JT, Menzies PI, Hook SE, Millman ST. Transmission of foodborne zoonotic pathogens to riparian areas by grazing sheep. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2009; 73:125-131. [PMID: 19436581 PMCID: PMC2666317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if sheep grazing near riparian areas on pasture in Ontario are an important risk factor for the contamination of water with specific foodborne pathogens. Ten Ontario sheep farms were visited weekly for 12 wk during the summer of 2005. Samples of feces, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica, by bacteriological identification and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data was analyzed as repeated measures over time using mixed models. No samples were positive for Salmonella, and no samples were confirmed positive for E. coli O157:H7 after PCR. Levels of Campylobacter were highest in the soil, but did not differ between soil where sheep grazed or camped and roadside soil that had never been grazed (P = 0.85). Levels of Yersinia were highest in water samples and were higher in soil where sheep had access (P = 0.01). The prevalence of positive Campylobacter and Yersinia samples were not associated with locations where sheep spent more time (Campylobacter P = 0.46, Yersinia P = 0.99). There was no effect of stocking density on the prevalence of Campylobacter (P = 0.30), but as the stocking density increased the levels of Yersinia increased (P = 0.04). It was concluded that although sheep transmit Yersinia to their environment, pastured sheep flocks are not major risk factors for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens into water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Sutherland
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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