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Hunt KJ, Jaffa MA, Garrett SM, Luttrell DK, Lipson KE, Lopes-Virella MF, Luttrell LM, Jaffa AA, Lopes-Virella MF, Hunt KJ, Baker NL, Virella G, Moritz T. Plasma Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) Levels Predict Myocardial Infarction in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) Cohort. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:840-846. [PMID: 29382658 PMCID: PMC5860844 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as CCN2, is a potent chemotactic and extracellular matrix-inducing matricellular protein that has been implicated in progression of inflammatory and fibroproliferative disorders. An emerging role of CTGF/CCN2 is that of a prosclerotic factor implicated in the development of cardiac disease. Our objective was to determine the role of CTGF/CCN2 as a predictor of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Levels of CTGF/CCN2 were measured in 952 VADT patients a median of 1.9 years after entry into the study. Participants were followed for an average of 3.3 years for vascular outcomes. CTGF/CCN2 categories were defined as below the detectable limit (referent, 54.5%), lower half of detectable values (22.8%), and upper half of detectable values (22.7%). Hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiovascular end points in relation to CTGF/CCN2 categories were calculated by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS During follow-up, 4.8% had a myocardial infarction (MI), 6.9% had an MI or cardiovascular death, and 6.9% died. After adjustments by conventional risk factors, individuals in the highest category of CTGF/CCN2 were at higher risk of MI (HR 2.43 [95% CI 1.15, 5.14]), MI or cardiovascular death (HR 2.71 [95% CI 1.44, 5.08]), and all-cause mortality (HR 2.70 [95% CI 1.43, 5.08]) relative to individuals with CTGF below the detectable limit. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that high levels of CTGF/CCN2 predict future MI and cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Hunt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Miran A. Jaffa
- Epidemiology and Population Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara M. Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Deirdre K. Luttrell
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Louis M. Luttrell
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ayad A. Jaffa
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibition attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and cardiorenal fibrosis induced by uremic toxins: Implications for cardiorenal syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187459. [PMID: 29107962 PMCID: PMC5673193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of protein-bound uremic toxins in the setting of cardiorenal syndrome leads to adverse effects on cardiorenal cellular functions, where cardiac hypertrophy and cardiorenal fibrosis are the hallmarks. In this study, we sought to determine if Apoptosis Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 (ASK1), an upstream regulator of cellular stress response, mediates cardiac hypertrophy and cardiorenal fibrosis induced by indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol sulfate (PCS) in vitro, and whether ASK1 inhibition is beneficial to ameliorate these cellular effects. PCS augmented cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and fibroblast collagen synthesis (as determined by 3H-leucine and 3H-proline incorporation, respectively), similar to our previous finding with IS. IS and PCS also increased collagen synthesis of proximal tubular cells and renal mesangial cells. Pro-hypertrophic (α-skeletal muscle actin and β-MHC) and pro-fibrotic genes (TGF-β1 and ctgf) were induced by both IS and PCS. Western blot analyses revealed the activation of ASK1 and downstream mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (p38MAPK and ERK1/2) as well as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by IS and PCS. ASK1, OAT1/3, ERK1/2 and p38MAPK inhibitors suppressed all these effects. In summary, IS and PCS exhibit pro-hypertrophic and pro-fibrotic properties, at least in part, via the activation of ASK1 and its downstream pathways. ASK1 inhibitor is an effective therapeutic agent to alleviate protein-bound uremic toxin-induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiorenal fibrosis in vitro, and may be translated further for cardiorenal syndrome therapy.
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53
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Derangeon M, Montnach J, Cerpa CO, Jagu B, Patin J, Toumaniantz G, Girardeau A, Huang CLH, Colledge WH, Grace AA, Baró I, Charpentier F. Transforming growth factor β receptor inhibition prevents ventricular fibrosis in a mouse model of progressive cardiac conduction disease. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:464-474. [PMID: 28339646 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A, the gene encoding NaV1.5 channel, have been associated with inherited progressive cardiac conduction disease (PCCD). We have proposed that Scn5a heterozygous knock-out (Scn5a+/-) mice, which are characterized by ventricular fibrotic remodelling with ageing, represent a model for PCCD. Our objectives were to identify the molecular pathway involved in fibrosis development and prevent its activation. Methods and results Our study shows that myocardial interstitial fibrosis occurred in Scn5a+/- mice only after 45 weeks of age. Fibrosis was triggered by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway activation. Younger Scn5a+/- mice were characterized by a higher connexin 43 expression than wild-type (WT) mice. After the age of 45 weeks, connexin 43 expression decreased in both WT and Scn5a+/- mice, although the decrease was larger in Scn5a+/- mice. Chronic inhibition of cardiac sodium current with flecainide (50 mg/kg/day p.o) in WT mice from the age of 6 weeks to the age of 60 weeks did not lead to TGF-β pathway activation and fibrosis. Chronic inhibition of TGF-β receptors with GW788388 (5 mg/kg/day p.o.) in Scn5a+/- mice from the age of 45 weeks to the age of 60 weeks prevented the occurrence of fibrosis. However, current data could not detect reduction in QRS duration with GW788388. Conclusion Myocardial fibrosis secondary to a loss of NaV1.5 is triggered by TGF-β signalling pathway. Those events are more likely secondary to the decreased NaV1.5 sarcolemmal expression rather than the decreased Na+ current per se. TGF-β receptor inhibition prevents age-dependent development of ventricular fibrosis in Scn5a+/- mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Derangeon
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Jérôme Montnach
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Cynthia Ore Cerpa
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Benoit Jagu
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Justine Patin
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Gilles Toumaniantz
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Aurore Girardeau
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Christopher L H Huang
- The Section of Cardiovascular Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing street, Cambridge CB23EG, UK
| | - William H Colledge
- The Section of Cardiovascular Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing street, Cambridge CB23EG, UK
| | - Andrew A Grace
- The Section of Cardiovascular Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing street, Cambridge CB23EG, UK
| | - Isabelle Baró
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Flavien Charpentier
- INSERM, UMR1087, l'institut du thorax, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CNRS, UMR6291, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,Université de Nantes, quai Moncousu, Nantes F-44000, France.,CHU Nantes, Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes F-44000, France
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54
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Xiang FL, Fang M, Yutzey KE. Loss of β-catenin in resident cardiac fibroblasts attenuates fibrosis induced by pressure overload in mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:712. [PMID: 28959037 PMCID: PMC5620049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition that contributes to compromised cardiac function and potentially heart failure. Cardiac pressure overload resulting from trans-aortic constriction in mice leads to cardiac fibrosis and increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cardiac fibroblasts. Here, we conditionally induce β-catenin loss of function in resident cardiac fibroblasts using Tcf21 MerCreMer or in activated cardiac fibroblasts using periostin (Postn) MerCreMer . We show that β-catenin loss of function in cardiac fibroblasts after trans-aortic constriction significantly preserves cardiac function, and reduces interstitial fibrosis but does not alter the numbers of activated or differentiated cardiac fibroblasts in vivo. However, β-catenin is specifically required in resident cardiac fibroblasts for fibrotic excessive extracellular matrix gene expression and binds Col3a1 and Postn gene sequences in cultured cardiac fibroblasts after induction of Wnt signaling. Moreover, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is blunted with cardiac fibroblast-specific loss of β-catenin after trans-aortic constriction in vivo. Thus, Wnt/β-catenin signaling in resident cardiac fibroblasts is required for excessive extracellular matrix gene expression and collagen deposition after trans-aortic constriction.Understanding the mechanisms causing cardiac fibrosis is key to prevention and therapy development of many heart diseases. Here, the authors show that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in resident cardiac fibroblasts is required for deposition of fibrotic extracellular matrix and the regulation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a mouse model of heart fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Xiang
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, ML 7020, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ming Fang
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, ML 7020, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, ML 7020, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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55
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Khalil H, Kanisicak O, Prasad V, Correll RN, Fu X, Schips T, Vagnozzi RJ, Liu R, Huynh T, Lee SJ, Karch J, Molkentin JD. Fibroblast-specific TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3770-3783. [PMID: 28891814 DOI: 10.1172/jci94753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The master cytokine TGF-β mediates tissue fibrosis associated with inflammation and tissue injury. TGF-β induces fibroblast activation and differentiation into myofibroblasts that secrete extracellular matrix proteins. Canonical TGF-β signaling mobilizes Smad2 and Smad3 transcription factors that control fibrosis by promoting gene expression. However, the importance of TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling in fibroblast-mediated cardiac fibrosis has not been directly evaluated in vivo. Here, we examined pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis in fibroblast- and myofibroblast-specific inducible Cre-expressing mouse lines with selective deletion of the TGF-β receptors Tgfbr1/2, Smad2, or Smad3. Fibroblast-specific deletion of Tgfbr1/2 or Smad3, but not Smad2, markedly reduced the pressure overload-induced fibrotic response as well as fibrosis mediated by a heart-specific, latency-resistant TGF-β mutant transgene. Interestingly, cardiac fibroblast-specific deletion of Tgfbr1/2, but not Smad2/3, attenuated the cardiac hypertrophic response to pressure overload stimulation. Mechanistically, loss of Smad2/3 from tissue-resident fibroblasts attenuated injury-induced cellular expansion within the heart and the expression of fibrosis-mediating genes. Deletion of Smad2/3 or Tgfbr1/2 from cardiac fibroblasts similarly inhibited the gene program for fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling, although deletion of Tgfbr1/2 uniquely altered expression of an array of regulatory genes involved in cardiomyocyte homeostasis and disease compensation. These findings implicate TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling in activated tissue-resident cardiac fibroblasts as principal mediators of the fibrotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Khalil
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert N Correll
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xing Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tobias Schips
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, USA
| | - Thanh Huynh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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TGF-β1 affects cell-cell adhesion in the heart in an NCAM1-dependent mechanism. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 112:49-57. [PMID: 28870505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contractile property of the myocardium is maintained by cell-cell junctions enabling cardiomyocytes to work as a syncytium. Alterations in cell-cell junctions are observed in heart failure, a disease characterized by the activation of Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGFβ1). While TGFβ1 has been implicated in diverse biologic responses, its molecular function in controlling cell-cell adhesion in the heart has never been investigated. Cardiac-specific transgenic mice expressing active TGFβ1 were generated to model the observed increase in activity in the failing heart. Activation of TGFβ1 in the heart was sufficient to drive ventricular dysfunction. To begin to understand the function of this important molecule we undertook an extensive structural analysis of the myocardium by electron microscopy and immunostaining. This approach revealed that TGFβ1 alters intercalated disc structures and cell-cell adhesion in ventricular myocytes. Mechanistically, we found that TGFβ1 induces the expression of neural adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) in cardiomyocytes in a p38-dependent pathway, and that selective targeting of NCAM1 was sufficient to rescue the cell adhesion defect observed when cardiomyocytes were treated with TGFβ1. Importantly, NCAM1 was upregulated in human heart samples from ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients and NCAM1 protein levels correlated with the degree of TGFβ1 activity in the human cardiac ventricle. Overall, we found that TGFβ1 is deleterious to the heart by regulating the adhesion properties of cardiomyocytes in an NCAM1-dependent mechanism. Our results suggest that inhibiting NCAM1 would be cardioprotective, counteract the pathological action of TGFβ1 and reduce heart failure severity.
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57
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Hermida N, Michel L, Esfahani H, Dubois-Deruy E, Hammond J, Bouzin C, Markl A, Colin H, Steenbergen AV, De Meester C, Beauloye C, Horman S, Yin X, Mayr M, Balligand JL. Cardiac myocyte β3-adrenergic receptors prevent myocardial fibrosis by modulating oxidant stress-dependent paracrine signaling. Eur Heart J 2017; 39:888-898. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Hermida
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lauriane Michel
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hrag Esfahani
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Dubois-Deruy
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joanna Hammond
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreas Markl
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Henri Colin
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Steenbergen
- Division of Cardiology, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe De Meester
- Division of Cardiology, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Division of Cardiology, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Division of Cardiology, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King’s British Heart Foundation Center, King’s College, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU, London, UK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King’s British Heart Foundation Center, King’s College, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU, London, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Department of Medicine, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, 52 avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Atrial myofibroblast activation and connective tissue formation in a porcine model of atrial fibrillation and reduced left ventricular function. Life Sci 2017; 181:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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59
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van Middendorp LB, Kuiper M, Munts C, Wouters P, Maessen JG, van Nieuwenhoven FA, Prinzen FW. Local microRNA-133a downregulation is associated with hypertrophy in the dyssynchronous heart. ESC Heart Fail 2017; 4:241-251. [PMID: 28772031 PMCID: PMC5542733 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Left bundle branch block (LBBB) creates considerable regional differences in mechanical load within the left ventricle (LV). We investigated expression of selected microRNAs (miRs) in relation to regional hypertrophy and fibrosis in LBBB hearts and their reversibility upon cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Methods and results Eighteen dogs were followed for 4 months after induction of LBBB, 10 of which received CRT after 2 months. Five additional dogs served as control. LV geometric changes were determined by echocardiography and myocardial strain by magnetic resonance imaging tagging. Expression levels of miRs, their target genes: connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), serum response factor (SRF), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc4), and cardiomyocyte diameter and collagen deposition were measured in the septum and LV free wall (LVfw). In LBBB hearts, LVfw and septal systolic circumferential strain were 200% and 50% of control, respectively. This coincided with local hypertrophy in the LVfw. MiR‐133a expression was reduced by 33% in the LVfw, which corresponded with a selective increase of CTGF expression in the LVfw (279% of control). By contrast, no change was observed in SRF and NFATc4 expression was decreased in LBBB hearts. CRT normalized strain patterns and reversed miR‐133a and CTGF expression towards normal, expression of other miRs, related to remodelling, such as miR‐199b and miR‐155f, were not affected. Conclusions In the clinically relevant large animal model of LBBB, a close inverse relation exists between local hypertrophy and miR‐133a. Reduced miR‐133a correlated with increased CTGF levels but not with SRF and NFATc4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B van Middendorp
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Kuiper
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Munts
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Wouters
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G Maessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Frans A van Nieuwenhoven
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Frits W Prinzen
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
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Frangogiannis NG. The role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the infarcted myocardium. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S52-S63. [PMID: 28446968 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has negligible regenerative capacity. Following myocardial infarction, sudden necrosis of cardiomyocytes triggers an intense inflammatory reaction that clears the wound from dead cells and matrix debris, while activating a reparative program. A growing body of evidence suggests that members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family critically regulate the inflammatory and reparative response following infarction. Although all three TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3) are markedly upregulated in the infarcted myocardium, information on isoform-specific actions is limited. Experimental studies have suggested that TGF-β exerts a wide range of actions on cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, and vascular cells. The findings are often conflicting, reflecting the context-dependence of TGF-β-mediated effects; conclusions are often based exclusively on in vitro studies and on associative evidence. TGF-β has been reported to modulate cardiomyocyte survival responses, promote monocyte recruitment, inhibit macrophage pro-inflammatory gene expression, suppress adhesion molecule synthesis by endothelial cells, promote myofibroblast conversion and extracellular matrix synthesis, and mediate both angiogenic and angiostatic effects. This review manuscript discusses our understanding of the cell biological effects of TGF-β in myocardial infarction. We discuss the relative significance of downstream TGF-β-mediated Smad-dependent and -independent pathways, and the risks and challenges of therapeutic TGF-β targeting. Considering the high significance of TGF-β-mediated actions in vivo, study of cell-specific effects and dissection of downstream signaling pathways are needed in order to design safe and effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Pedram A, Razandi M, Narayanan R, Levin ER. Estrogen receptor beta signals to inhibition of cardiac fibrosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:57-68. [PMID: 27321970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis evolves from the cardiac hypertrophic state. In this respect, estrogen and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) inhibit the effects of cardiac hypertrophic peptides that also stimulate fibrosis. Here we determine details of the anti-fibrotic functions of ERβ. In acutely isolated rat cardiac fibroblasts. E2 or a specific ERβ agonist (βLGND2) blocked angiotensin II (AngII) signaling to fibrosis. This resulted from ERβ activating protein kinase A and AMP kinase, inhibiting both AngII de-phosphorylation of RhoA and the resulting stimulation of Rho kinase. Inhibition of Rho kinase from ERβ signaling resulted in marked decrease of TGFβ expression, connective tissue growth factor production and function, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 expression and activity, and the conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Production of collagens I and III were also significantly decreased. Several important aspects were corroborated in-vivo from βLGND2-treated mice that underwent AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, ERβ in cardiac fibroblasts prevents key aspects of cardiac fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pedram
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90822, United States
| | - Mahnaz Razandi
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90822, United States
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TE, 38163, United States
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90822, United States; Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717, United States.
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Zheng X, Li X, Lyu Y, He Y, Wan W, Jiang X. Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Rats Ameliorates Cardiac Dysfunction and Fibrosis Post-Myocardial Infarction Involving MicroRNAs. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2751-60. [PMID: 27490896 PMCID: PMC4982530 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) in ameliorating post-myocardial infarction (MI) left ventricular (LV) fibrosis via microRNA-dependent regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) remains unknown. Material/Methods MI and RSD were induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by ligating the left coronary artery and denervating the bilateral renal nerves, respectively. Norepinephrine, renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone in plasma, collagen, microRNA21, microRNA 101a, microRNA 133a and CTGF in heart tissue, as well as cardiac function were evaluated six weeks post-MI. Results In the RSD group, parameters of cardiac function were significantly improved as evidenced by increased LV ejection fraction (p<0.01), LV end-systolic diameter (p<0.01), end-diastolic diameter (p<0.05), LV systolic pressure (p<0.05), maximal rate of pressure rise and decline (dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin, p<0.05), and decreased LV end-diastolic pressure (p<0.05) when compared with MI rats. Further, reduced collagen deposition in peri-infarct myocardium was observed in RSD-treated rats along with higher microRNA101a and microRNA133a (p<0.05) and lower microRNA21 expression (p<0.01) than in MI rats. CTGF mRNA and protein levels were decreased in LV following RSD (p<0.01), accompanied by decreased expression of norepinephrine, renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone in plasma (p<0.05) compared with untreated MI rats. Conclusions The potential therapeutic effects of RSD on post-MI LV fibrosis may be partly mediated by inhibition of CTGF expression via upregulation of microRNA 101a and microRNA 133a and downregulation of microRNA21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yongnan Lyu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yiyu He
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Weiguo Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Gerritsen KG, Falke LL, van Vuuren SH, Leeuwis JW, Broekhuizen R, Nguyen TQ, de Borst GJ, Nathoe HM, Verhaar MC, Kok RJ, Goldschmeding R, Visseren FL. Plasma CTGF is independently related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study. Growth Factors 2016; 34:149-58. [PMID: 27686612 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2016.1210142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a key role in tissue fibrogenesis and growing evidence indicates a pathogenic role in cardiovascular disease. Aim of this study is to investigate the association of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) with cardiovascular risk and mortality in patients with manifest vascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma CTGF was measured by ELISA in a prospective cohort study of 1227 patients with manifest vascular disease (mean age 59.0 ± 9.9 years). Linear regression analysis was performed to quantify the association between CTGF and cardiovascular risk factors. Results are expressed as beta (β) regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The relation between CTGF and the occurrence of new cardiovascular events and mortality was assessed with Cox proportional hazard analysis. Adjustments were made for potential confounding factors. Plasma CTGF was positively related to total cholesterol (β 0.040;95%CI 0.013-0.067) and LDL cholesterol (β 0.031;95%CI 0.000-0.062) and inversely to glomerular filtration rate (β -0.004;95%CI -0.005 to -0.002). CTGF was significantly lower in patients with cerebrovascular disease. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years (IQR 5.3-7.4) 131 subjects died, 92 experienced an ischemic cardiac complication and 45 an ischemic stroke. CTGF was associated with an increased risk of new vascular events (HR 1.21;95%CI 1.04-1.42), ischemic cardiac events (HR 1.41;95%CI 1.18-1.67) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.18;95%CI 1.00-1.38) for every 1 nmol/L increase in CTGF. No relation was observed between CTGF and the occurrence of ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS In patients with manifest vascular disease, elevated plasma CTGF confers an increased risk of new cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin G Gerritsen
- a Department of Pathology
- b Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hendrik M Nathoe
- d Department of Cardiology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | - Robbert J Kok
- e Department of Pharmaceutics , Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands , and
| | | | - Frank L Visseren
- f Department of Vascular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Chatzifrangkeskou M, Le Dour C, Wu W, Morrow JP, Joseph LC, Beuvin M, Sera F, Homma S, Vignier N, Mougenot N, Bonne G, Lipson KE, Worman HJ, Muchir A. ERK1/2 directly acts on CTGF/CCN2 expression to mediate myocardial fibrosis in cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the lamin A/C gene. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2220-2233. [PMID: 27131347 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy caused by lamin A/C gene mutations (LMNA cardiomyopathy) is characterized by increased myocardial fibrosis, which impairs left ventricular relaxation and predisposes to heart failure, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. While we previously discovered abnormally elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activities in heart in LMNA cardiomyopathy, its role on the development of myocardial fibrosis remains unclear. We now showed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling participates in the activation of ERK1/2 signaling in LMNA cardiomyopathy. ERK1/2 acts on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression to mediate the myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction. Studies in vivo demonstrate that inhibiting CTGF/CCN2 using a specific antibody decreases myocardial fibrosis and improves the left ventricular dysfunction. Together, these findings show that cardiac ERK1/2 activity is modulated in part by TGF-β/Smad signaling, leading to altered activation of CTGF/CCN2 to mediate fibrosis and alter cardiac function. This identifies a novel mechanism in the development of LMNA cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzifrangkeskou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Caroline Le Dour
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leroy C Joseph
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maud Beuvin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Fusako Sera
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicolas Vignier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMS28 Phénotypage du petit animal, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antoine Muchir
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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65
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Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a significant global health problem associated with nearly all forms of heart disease. Cardiac fibroblasts comprise an essential cell type in the heart that is responsible for the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; however, upon injury, these cells transform to a myofibroblast phenotype and contribute to cardiac fibrosis. This remodeling involves pathological changes that include chamber dilation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, and ultimately leads to the progression to heart failure. Despite the critical importance of fibrosis in cardiovascular disease, our limited understanding of the cardiac fibroblast impedes the development of potential therapies that effectively target this cell type and its pathological contribution to disease progression. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the origins and roles of fibroblasts, mediators and signaling pathways known to influence fibroblast function after myocardial injury, as well as novel therapeutic strategies under investigation to attenuate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Travers
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Fadia A Kamal
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Burns C Blaxall
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH.
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66
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Shettigar V, Zhang B, Little SC, Salhi HE, Hansen BJ, Li N, Zhang J, Roof SR, Ho HT, Brunello L, Lerch JK, Weisleder N, Fedorov VV, Accornero F, Rafael-Fortney JA, Gyorke S, Janssen PML, Biesiadecki BJ, Ziolo MT, Davis JP. Rationally engineered Troponin C modulates in vivo cardiac function and performance in health and disease. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10794. [PMID: 26908229 PMCID: PMC4770086 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for heart disease, the leading cause of death in the world, has progressed little for several decades. Here we develop a protein engineering approach to directly tune in vivo cardiac contractility by tailoring the ability of the heart to respond to the Ca(2+) signal. Promisingly, our smartly formulated Ca(2+)-sensitizing TnC (L48Q) enhances heart function without any adverse effects that are commonly observed with positive inotropes. In a myocardial infarction (MI) model of heart failure, expression of TnC L48Q before the MI preserves cardiac function and performance. Moreover, expression of TnC L48Q after the MI therapeutically enhances cardiac function and performance, without compromising survival. We demonstrate engineering TnC can specifically and precisely modulate cardiac contractility that when combined with gene therapy can be employed as a therapeutic strategy for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Shettigar
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sean C Little
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Department of Discovery Biology, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
| | - Hussam E Salhi
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Brian J Hansen
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Hsiang-Ting Ho
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lucia Brunello
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jessica K Lerch
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Vadim V Fedorov
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Federica Accornero
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sandor Gyorke
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Brandon J Biesiadecki
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Mark T Ziolo
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P Davis
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Kaasbøll OJ, Moe IT, Ahmed MS, Stang E, Hagelin EMV, Attramadal H. CTGF/CCN2 Postconditioning Increases Tolerance of Murine Hearts towards Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149000. [PMID: 26872261 PMCID: PMC4752337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Previous studies of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in hearts from mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of CCN2 have shown that CCN2 increases tolerance towards IRI. The objectives of this study were to investigate to what extent post-ischemic administration of recombinant human CCN2 (rhCCN2) would limit infarct size and improve functional recovery and what signaling pathways are involved. Experimental Approach Isolated mice hearts were perfused ad modum Langendorff, subjected to no-flow, global ischemia, and subsequently, exposed to mammalian cell derived, full-length (38-40kDa) rhCCN2 (250 nM) or vehicle during the first 15 min of a 60 min reperfusion period. Key Results Post-ischemic administration of rhCCN2 resulted in attenuation of infarct size from 58 ± 4% to 34 ± 2% (p < 0.001) which was abrogated by concomitant administration of the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 (45 ± 3% vs. 50 ± 3%, ns). In congruence with reduction of infarct size rhCCN2 also improved recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (p < 0.05). Western blot analyses of extracts of ex vivo-perfused murine hearts also revealed that rhCCN2 evoked concentration-dependent increase of cardiac phospho-GSK3β (serine-9) contents. Conclusions and Implications We demonstrate that post-ischemic administration of rhCCN2 increases the tolerance of ex vivo-perfused murine hearts to IRI. Mechanistically, this postconditioning effect of rhCCN2 appeared to be mediated by activation of the reperfusion injury salvage kinase pathway as demonstrated by sensitivity to PI3 kinase inhibition and increased CCN2-induced phosphorylation of GSK3β (Ser-9). Thus, the rationale for testing rhCCN2-mediated post-ischemic conditioning of the heart in more complex models is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jørgen Kaasbøll
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Tronstad Moe
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammad Shakil Ahmed
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Stang
- Dept. of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marie Valbjørn Hagelin
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Attramadal
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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68
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Vivar R, Humeres C, Muñoz C, Boza P, Bolivar S, Tapia F, Lavandero S, Chiong M, Diaz-Araya G. FoxO1 mediates TGF-beta1-dependent cardiac myofibroblast differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:128-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Koshman YE, Sternlicht MD, Kim T, O'Hara CP, Koczor CA, Lewis W, Seeley TW, Lipson KE, Samarel AM. Connective tissue growth factor regulates cardiac function and tissue remodeling in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:214-22. [PMID: 26549358 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac structural changes associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) include cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been associated with tissue remodeling and is highly expressed in failing hearts. Our aim was to test if inhibition of CTGF would alter the course of cardiac remodeling and preserve cardiac function in the protein kinase Cε (PKCε) mouse model of DCM. Transgenic mice expressing constitutively active PKCε in cardiomyocytes develop cardiac dysfunction that was evident by 3 months of age, and that progressed to cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, and increased mortality. Beginning at 3 months of age, PKCε mice were treated with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to CTGF (FG-3149) for an additional 3 months. CTGF inhibition significantly improved left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic functions in PKCε mice, and slowed the progression of LV dilatation. Using gene arrays and quantitative PCR, the expression of many genes associated with tissue remodeling was elevated in PKCε mice, but significantly decreased by CTGF inhibition. However total collagen deposition was not attenuated. The observation of significantly improved LV function by CTGF inhibition in PKCε mice suggests that CTGF inhibition may benefit patients with DCM. Additional studies to explore this potential are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya E Koshman
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | | | - Taehoon Kim
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Christopher P O'Hara
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Christopher A Koczor
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - William Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Todd W Seeley
- FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | | | - Allen M Samarel
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, United States.
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70
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CTGF knockout does not affect cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis formation upon chronic pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 88:82-90. [PMID: 26410398 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main contributors to maladaptive cardiac remodeling is fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a matricellular protein that is secreted into the cardiac extracellular matrix by both cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts, is often associated with development of fibrosis. However, recent studies have questioned the role of CTGF as a pro-fibrotic factor. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of CTGF on cardiac fibrosis, and on functional, structural, and electrophysiological parameters in a mouse model of CTGF knockout (KO) and chronic pressure overload. METHODS AND RESULTS A new mouse model of global conditional CTGF KO induced by tamoxifen-driven deletion of CTGF, was subjected to 16weeks of chronic pressure overload via transverse aortic constriction (TAC, control was sham surgery). CTGF KO TAC mice presented with hypertrophic hearts, and echocardiography revealed a decrease in contractility on a similar level as control TAC mice. Ex vivo epicardial mapping showed a low incidence of pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias (2/12 in control TAC vs. 0/10 in CTGF KO TAC, n.s.) and a tendency towards recovery of the longitudinal conduction velocity of CTGF KO TAC hearts. Picrosirius Red staining on these hearts unveiled increased fibrosis at a similar level as control TAC hearts. Furthermore, genes related to fibrogenesis were also similarly upregulated in both TAC groups. Histological analysis revealed an increase in fibronectin and vimentin protein expression, a significant reduction in connexin43 (Cx43) protein expression, and no difference in NaV1.5 expression of CTGF KO ventricles as compared with sham treated animals. CONCLUSION Conditional CTGF inhibition failed to prevent TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Additionally, no large differences were found in other parameters between CTGF KO and control TAC mice. With no profound effect of CTGF on fibrosis formation, other factors or pathways are likely responsible for fibrosis development.
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71
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p63RhoGEF regulates auto- and paracrine signaling in cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 88:39-54. [PMID: 26392029 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling, a hallmark of heart disease, is associated with intense auto- and paracrine signaling leading to cardiac fibrosis. We hypothesized that the specific mediator of Gq/11-dependent RhoA activation p63RhoGEF, which is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts, plays a role in the underlying processes. We could show that p63RhoGEF is up-regulated in mouse hearts subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). In an engineered heart muscle model (EHM), p63RhoGEF expression in cardiac fibroblasts increased resting and twitch tensions, and the dominant negative p63ΔN decreased both. In an engineered connective tissue model (ECT), p63RhoGEF increased tissue stiffness and its knockdown as well as p63ΔN reduced stiffness. In 2D cultures of neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts, p63RhoGEF regulated the angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent RhoA activation, the activation of the serum response factor, and the expression and secretion of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). All these processes were inhibited by the knockdown of p63RhoGEF or by p63ΔN likely based on their negative influence on the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, we show that p63RhoGEF also regulates CTGF in engineered tissues and correlates with it in the TAC model. Finally, confocal studies revealed a closely related localization of p63RhoGEF and CTGF in the trans-Golgi network.
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