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Kistler WS, Baas D, Lemeille S, Paschaki M, Seguin-Estevez Q, Barras E, Ma W, Duteyrat JL, Morlé L, Durand B, Reith W. RFX2 Is a Major Transcriptional Regulator of Spermiogenesis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005368. [PMID: 26162102 PMCID: PMC4498915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis consists broadly of three phases: proliferation of diploid germ cells, meiosis, and finally extensive differentiation of the haploid cells into effective delivery vehicles for the paternal genome. Despite detailed characterization of many haploid developmental steps leading to sperm, only fragmentary information exists on the control of gene expression underlying these processes. Here we report that the RFX2 transcription factor is a master regulator of genes required for the haploid phase. A targeted mutation of Rfx2 was created in mice. Rfx2-/- mice are perfectly viable but show complete male sterility. Spermatogenesis appears to progress unperturbed through meiosis. However, haploid cells undergo a complete arrest in spermatid development just prior to spermatid elongation. Arrested cells show altered Golgi apparatus organization, leading to a deficit in the generation of a spreading acrosomal cap from proacrosomal vesicles. Arrested cells ultimately merge to form giant multinucleated cells released to the epididymis. Spermatids also completely fail to form the flagellar axoneme. RNA-Seq analysis and ChIP-Seq analysis identified 139 genes directly controlled by RFX2 during spermiogenesis. Gene ontology analysis revealed that genes required for cilium function are specifically enriched in down- and upregulated genes showing that RFX2 allows precise temporal expression of ciliary genes. Several genes required for cell adhesion and cytoskeleton remodeling are also downregulated. Comparison of RFX2-regulated genes with those controlled by other major transcriptional regulators of spermiogenesis showed that each controls independent gene sets. Altogether, these observations show that RFX2 plays a major and specific function in spermiogenesis. Failure of spermatogenesis, which is presumed to often result from genetic defects, is a common cause of male sterility. Although numerous genes associated with defects in male spermatogenesis have been identified, numerous cases of genetic male infertility remain unelucidated. We report here that the transcription factor RFX2 is a master regulator of gene expression programs required for progression through the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. Male RFX2-deficient mice are completely sterile. Spermatogenesis progresses through meiosis, but haploid cells undergo a complete block in development just prior to spermatid elongation. Gene expression profiling and ChIP-Seq analysis revealed that RFX2 controls key pathways implicated in cilium/flagellum formation, as well as genes implicated in microtubule and vesicle associated transport. The set of genes activated by RFX2 in spermatids exhibits virtually no overlap with those controlled by other known transcriptional regulators of spermiogenesis, establishing RFX2 as an essential new player in this developmental process. RFX2-deficient mice should therefore represent a valuable new model for deciphering the regulatory networks that direct sperm formation, and thereby contribute to the identification of causes of human male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Stephen Kistler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WSK); (BD)
| | - Dominique Baas
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Queralt Seguin-Estevez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuèle Barras
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wenli Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (WSK); (BD)
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
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Laclef C, Anselme I, Besse L, Catala M, Palmyre A, Baas D, Paschaki M, Pedraza M, Métin C, Durand B, Schneider-Maunoury S. The role of primary cilia in corpus callosum formation is mediated by production of the Gli3 repressor. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4997-5014. [PMID: 26071364 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a frequent brain disorder found in over 80 human congenital syndromes including ciliopathies. Here, we report a severe AgCC in Ftm/Rpgrip1l knockout mouse, which provides a valuable model for Meckel-Grüber syndrome. Rpgrip1l encodes a protein of the ciliary transition zone, which is essential for ciliogenesis in several cell types in mouse including neuroepithelial cells in the developing forebrain. We show that AgCC in Rpgrip1l(-/-) mouse is associated with a disturbed location of guidepost cells in the dorsomedial telencephalon. This mislocalization results from early patterning defects and abnormal cortico-septal boundary (CSB) formation in the medial telencephalon. We demonstrate that all these defects primarily result from altered GLI3 processing. Indeed, AgCC, together with patterning defects and mispositioning of guidepost cells, is rescued by overexpressing in Rpgrip1l(-/-) embryos, the short repressor form of the GLI3 transcription factor (GLI3R), provided by the Gli3(Δ699) allele. Furthermore, Gli3(Δ699) also rescues AgCC in Rfx3(-/-) embryos deficient for the ciliogenic RFX3 transcription factor that regulates the expression of several ciliary genes. These data demonstrate that GLI3 processing is a major outcome of primary cilia function in dorsal telencephalon morphogenesis. Rescuing CC formation in two independent ciliary mutants by GLI3(Δ699) highlights the crucial role of primary cilia in maintaining the proper level of GLI3R required for morphogenesis of the CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laclef
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Isabelle Anselme
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Laurianne Besse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Martin Catala
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-APHP, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Palmyre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Dominique Baas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Maria Pedraza
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM S839, F-75005 Paris, France, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, S839, Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM S839, F-75005 Paris, France, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, S839, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
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Kang GM, Han YM, Ko HW, Kim J, Oh BC, Kwon I, Kim MS. Leptin Elongates Hypothalamic Neuronal Cilia via Transcriptional Regulation and Actin Destabilization. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18146-18155. [PMID: 26041775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated neurons have a single, primary cilium. The primary cilia of hypothalamic neurons play a critical role in sensing metabolic signals. We recently showed that mice with leptin deficiency or resistance have shorter cilia in the hypothalamic neurons, and leptin treatment elongates cilia in hypothalamic neurons. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which leptin controls ciliary length in hypothalamic neurons. In N1 hypothalamic neuronal cells, leptin treatment increased the expression of intraflagellar transport proteins. These effects occurred via phosphatase and tensin homolog/glycogen synthase kinase-3β-mediated inhibition of the transcriptional factor RFX1. Actin filament dynamics were also involved in leptin-promoted ciliary elongation. Both leptin and cytochalasin-D treatment induced F-actin disruption and cilium elongation in hypothalamic neurons that was completely abrogated by co-treatment with the F-actin polymerizer phalloidin. Our findings suggest that leptin elongates hypothalamic neuronal cilia by stimulating the production of intraflagellar transport proteins and destabilizing actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Han
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Hyuk Whan Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido 410-773, Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-338, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ijoo Kwon
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
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Kawase S, Kuwako K, Imai T, Renault-Mihara F, Yaguchi K, Itohara S, Okano H. Regulatory factor X transcription factors control Musashi1 transcription in mouse neural stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 23:2250-61. [PMID: 25058468 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) is of great interest in neural development and stem cell biology. The RNA-binding protein Musashi1 (Msi1), which is often employed as a marker for NS/PCs, regulates Notch signaling to maintain NS/PCs in undifferentiated states by the translational repression of Numb expression. Considering these critical roles of Msi1 in the maintenance of NS/PCs, it is extremely important to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which Msi1 is selectively expressed in these cells. However, the mechanism regulating Msi1 transcription is unclear. We previously reported that the transcriptional regulatory region of Msi1 is located in the sixth intron of the Msi1 locus in NS/PCs, based on in vitro experiments. In the present study, we generated reporter transgenic mice for the sixth intronic Msi1 enhancer (Msi1-6IE), which show the reporter expression corresponding with endogenous Msi1-positive cells in developing and adult NS/PCs. We found that the core element responsible for this reporter gene activity includes palindromic Regulatory factor X (Rfx) binding sites and that Msi1-6IE was activated by Rfx. Rfx4, which was highly expressed in NS/PCs positive for the Msi1-6IE reporter, bound to this region, and both of the palindromic Rfx binding sites were required for the transactivation of Msi1-6IE. Furthermore, ectopic Rfx4 expression in the developing mouse cerebral cortex transactivates Msi1 expression in the intermediate zone. This study suggests that ciliogenic Rfx transcription factors regulate Msi1 expression through Msi1-6IE in NS/PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawase
- 1 Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
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Tözser J, Earwood R, Kato A, Brown J, Tanaka K, Didier R, Megraw TL, Blum M, Kato Y. TGF-β Signaling Regulates the Differentiation of Motile Cilia. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1000-7. [PMID: 25959824 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium is a small cellular organelle with motility- and/or sensory-related functions that plays a crucial role during developmental and homeostatic processes. Although many molecules or signal transduction pathways that control cilia assembly have been reported, the mechanisms of ciliary length control have remained enigmatic. Here, we report that Smad2-dependent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling impacts the length of motile cilia at the Xenopus left-right (LR) organizer, the gastrocoel roof plate (GRP), as well as at the neural tube and the epidermis. Blocking TGF-β signaling resulted in the absence of the transition zone protein B9D1/MSKR-1 from cilia in multi-ciliated cells (MCCs) of the epidermis. Interestingly, this TGF-β activity is not mediated by Mcidas, Foxj1, and RFX2, the known major regulators of ciliogenesis. These data indicate that TGF-β signaling is crucial for the function of the transition zone, which in turn may affect the regulation of cilia length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Tözser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrtraβe 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ryan Earwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Akiko Kato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Jacob Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Koichi Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Ruth Didier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrtraβe 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Yoichi Kato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA.
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Wells KL, Rowneki M, Killian DJ. A splice acceptor mutation in C. elegans daf-19/Rfx disrupts functional specialization of male-specific ciliated neurons but does not affect ciliogenesis. Gene 2015; 559:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tabet AC, Verloes A, Pilorge M, Delaby E, Delorme R, Nygren G, Devillard F, Gérard M, Passemard S, Héron D, Siffroi JP, Jacquette A, Delahaye A, Perrin L, Dupont C, Aboura A, Bitoun P, Coleman M, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Benzacken B, Betancur C. Complex nature of apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 25844147 PMCID: PMC4384291 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements can be associated with an abnormal phenotype, including intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Genome-wide microarrays reveal cryptic genomic imbalances, related or not to the breakpoints, in 25% to 50% of patients with an abnormal phenotype carrying a microscopically balanced chromosomal rearrangement. Here we performed microarray analysis of 18 patients with ASD carrying balanced chromosomal abnormalities to identify submicroscopic imbalances implicated in abnormal neurodevelopment. Methods Eighteen patients with ASD carrying apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities were screened using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Nine rearrangements were de novo, seven inherited, and two of unknown inheritance. Genomic imbalances were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. Results We detected clinically significant de novo copy number variants in four patients (22%), including three with de novo rearrangements and one with an inherited abnormality. The sizes ranged from 3.3 to 4.9 Mb; three were related to the breakpoint regions and one occurred elsewhere. We report a patient with a duplication of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region, contributing to the delineation of this rare genomic disorder. The patient has a chromosome 4p inverted duplication deletion, with a 0.5 Mb deletion of terminal 4p and a 4.2 Mb duplication of 4p16.2p16.3. The other cases included an apparently balanced de novo translocation t(5;18)(q12;p11.2) with a 4.2 Mb deletion at the 18p breakpoint, a subject with de novo pericentric inversion inv(11)(p14q23.2) in whom the array revealed a de novo 4.9 Mb deletion in 7q21.3q22.1, and a patient with a maternal inv(2)(q14.2q37.3) with a de novo 3.3 Mb terminal 2q deletion and a 4.2 Mb duplication at the proximal breakpoint. In addition, we identified a rare de novo deletion of unknown significance on a chromosome unrelated to the initial rearrangement, disrupting a single gene, RFX3. Conclusions These findings underscore the utility of SNP arrays for investigating apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities in subjects with ASD or related neurodevelopmental disorders in both clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claude Tabet
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Marion Pilorge
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elsa Delaby
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Fondation Fondamental, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Gudrun Nygren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 41119 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Françoise Devillard
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, avenue du Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Neurology Unit, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, AP-HP, Trousseau Hospital, 26 avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Aurelia Jacquette
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andrée Delahaye
- INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Cytogenetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France ; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Céline Dupont
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Azzedine Aboura
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Mary Coleman
- Foundation for Autism Research, 3081 Quail Hollow, Sarasota, FL 34235 USA
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation Fondamental, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France ; Department of Psychiatry, AP-HP, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier Hospital, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France ; INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Est Créteil, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 41119 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Benzacken
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Cytogenetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France ; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Catalina Betancur
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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Magnani D, Morlé L, Hasenpusch-Theil K, Paschaki M, Jacoby M, Schurmans S, Durand B, Theil T. The ciliogenic transcription factor Rfx3 is required for the formation of the thalamocortical tract by regulating the patterning of prethalamus and ventral telencephalon. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2578-93. [PMID: 25631876 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are complex subcellular structures that play key roles during embryogenesis by controlling the cellular response to several signaling pathways. Defects in the function and/or structure of primary cilia underlie a large number of human syndromes collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Often, ciliopathies are associated with mental retardation (MR) and malformation of the corpus callosum. However, the possibility of defects in other forebrain axon tracts, which could contribute to the cognitive disorders of these patients, has not been explored. Here, we investigate the formation of the corticothalamic/thalamocortical tracts in mice mutant for Rfx3, which regulates the expression of many genes involved in ciliogenesis and cilia function. Using DiI axon tracing and immunohistochemistry experiments, we show that some Rfx3(-/-) corticothalamic axons abnormally migrate toward the pial surface of the ventral telencephalon (VT). Some thalamocortical axons (TCAs) also fail to leave the diencephalon or abnormally project toward the amygdala. Moreover, the Rfx3(-/-) VT displays heterotopias containing attractive guidance cues and expressing the guidance molecules Slit1 and Netrin1. Finally, the abnormal projection of TCAs toward the amygdala is also present in mice carrying a mutation in the Inpp5e gene, which is mutated in Joubert Syndrome and which controls cilia signaling and stability. The presence of identical thalamocortical malformations in two independent ciliary mutants indicates a novel role for primary cilia in the formation of the corticothalamic/thalamocortical tracts by establishing the correct cellular environment necessary for its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Magnani
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaires et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon F69622, France
| | - Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaires et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon F69622, France
| | - Monique Jacoby
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg and
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Signal Transduction, GIGA B34, Université de Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaires et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon F69622, France
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK,
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Bangs FK, Schrode N, Hadjantonakis AK, Anderson KV. Lineage specificity of primary cilia in the mouse embryo. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:113-22. [PMID: 25599390 PMCID: PMC4406239 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are required for vertebrate cells to respond to specific intercellular signals. Here we define when and where primary cilia appear in the mouse embryo using a transgenic line that expresses ARL13B-mCherry in cilia and Centrin 2-GFP in centrosomes. Primary cilia first appear on cells of the epiblast at E6.0 and are subsequently present on all derivatives of the epiblast. In contrast, extraembryonic cells of the visceral endoderm and trophectoderm lineages have centrosomes but no cilia. Stem cell lines derived from embryonic lineages recapitulate the in vivo pattern: epiblast stem cells are ciliated, whereas trophoblast stem cells and extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells lack cilia. Basal bodies in XEN cells are mature and can form cilia when the AURKA-HDAC6 cilium disassembly pathway is inhibited. The lineage-dependent distribution of cilia is stable throughout much of gestation, defining which cells in the placenta and yolk sac are able to respond to Hedgehog ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Bangs
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nadine Schrode
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10065, USA
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60
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Zhou X, Zhu HQ, Lu J. Regulation of gene expression in HBV- and HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: integrated GWRS and GWGS analyses. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4038-4050. [PMID: 25550913 PMCID: PMC4276171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the molecular mechanism of hepatitis B virus-related and hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma, samples from hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infected patients and the normal were compared, respectively. METHODS In both experiments, genes with high value were selected based on a genome-wide relative significance and genome-wide global significance model. Co-expression network of the selected genes was constructed, and transcription factors in the network were identified. Molecular complex detection algorithm was used to obtain sub-networks. RESULTS Based on the new model, the top 300 genes were selected. Co-expression network was constructed and transcription factors were identified. We obtained two common genes FCN2 and CXCL14, and two common transcription factors RFX5 and EZH2. In hepatitis B virus experiment, cluster 1 and 3 had the higher value. In cluster 1, ten of the 17 genes and one transcription factor were all reported associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. In cluster 3, transcription factor ESR1 was reported related with hepatocellular carcinoma. In hepatitis C virus experiment, the value of cluster 3 and 4 was higher. In cluster 3, nine genes were reported to play a key role in hepatocellular carcinoma. In cluster 4, there were 5 genes in the 34 genes. To compare the relevance of a node in holding together communicating nodes, centralities based analysis was performed and we obtained some genes with high stress value. CONCLUSION The analysis above helped us to understand the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Hua-Qiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Ji'nan 250014, China
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Vieillard J, Jerber J, Durand B. Contrôle transcriptionnel des gènes ciliaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:968-75. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143011010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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62
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Kasahara K, Kawakami Y, Kiyono T, Yonemura S, Kawamura Y, Era S, Matsuzaki F, Goshima N, Inagaki M. Ubiquitin-proteasome system controls ciliogenesis at the initial step of axoneme extension. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5081. [PMID: 25270598 PMCID: PMC4205846 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles that organize numerous key signals during developments and tissue homeostasis. Ciliary microtubule doublet, named axoneme, is grown directly from the distal end of mother centrioles through a multistep process upon cell cycle exit; however, the instructive signals that initiate these events are poorly understood. Here we show that ubiquitin-proteasome machinery removes trichoplein, a negative regulator of ciliogenesis, from mother centrioles and thereby causes Aurora-A inactivation, leading to ciliogenesis. Ciliogenesis is blocked if centriolar trichoplein is stabilized by treatment with proteasome inhibitors or by expression of non-ubiquitylatable trichoplein mutant (K50/57R). Started from two-stepped global E3 screening, we have identified KCTD17 as a substrate-adaptor for Cul3-RING E3 ligases (CRL3s) that polyubiquitylates trichoplein. Depletion of KCTD17 specifically arrests ciliogenesis at the initial step of axoneme extension through aberrant trichoplein-Aurora-A activity. Thus, CRL3-KCTD17 targets trichoplein to proteolysis to initiate the axoneme extension during ciliogenesis. Biogenesis of the primary cilium begins after cell cycle exit, but the regulatory steps for its formation are poorly defined. Here the authors show that proteasome-mediated removal of the ciliogenesis inhibitor, trichoplein, from mother centrioles initiates the first step of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Kasahara
- 1] Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan [2] Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kawakami
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Virology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Saho Era
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory of Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center of Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoki Goshima
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- 1] Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan [2] Department of Cellular Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Amato R, Morleo M, Giaquinto L, di Bernardo D, Franco B. A network-based approach to dissect the cilia/centrosome complex interactome. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:658. [PMID: 25102769 PMCID: PMC4137083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilia are microtubule-based organelles protruding from almost all mammalian cells which, when dysfunctional, result in genetic disorders called "ciliopathies". High-throughput studies have revealed that cilia are composed of thousands of proteins. However, despite many efforts, much remains to be determined regarding the biological functions of this increasingly important complex organelle. RESULTS We have derived an online tool, from a systematic network-based approach to dissect the cilia/centrosome complex interactome (CCCI). The tool integrates all current available data into a model which provides an "interaction" perspective on ciliary function. We generated a network of interactions between human proteins organized into functionally relevant "communities", which can be defined as groups of genes that are both highly inter-connected and strongly co-expressed. We then combined sequence and co-expression data in order to identify the transcription factors responsible for regulating genes within their respective communities. Our analyses have discovered communities significantly specialized for delegating specific biological functions such as mRNA processing, protein translation, folding and degradation processes that had never been associated with ciliary proteins until now. CONCLUSIONS CCCI will allow us to clarify the roles of previously unknown ciliary functions, elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying ciliary-associated phenotypes, and apply our knowledge of the functional roles of relatively uncharacterized molecular entities to disease phenotypes and new clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy.
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Lodh S, O’Hare EA, Zaghloul NA. Primary cilia in pancreatic development and disease. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2014; 102:139-58. [PMID: 24864023 PMCID: PMC4213238 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia and their anchoring basal bodies are important regulators of a growing list of signaling pathways. Consequently, dysfunction in proteins associated with these structures results in perturbation of the development and function of a spectrum of tissue and cell types. Here, we review the role of cilia in mediating the development and function of the pancreas. We focus on ciliary regulation of major pathways involved in pancreatic development, including Shh, Wnt, TGF-β, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor. We also discuss pancreatic phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction, including pancreatic cysts and defects in glucose homeostasis, and explore the potential role of cilia in such defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Lodh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A. O’Hare
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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65
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Choksi SP, Lauter G, Swoboda P, Roy S. Switching on cilia: transcriptional networks regulating ciliogenesis. Development 2014; 141:1427-41. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.074666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cilia play many essential roles in fluid transport and cellular locomotion, and as sensory hubs for a variety of signal transduction pathways. Despite having a conserved basic morphology, cilia vary extensively in their shapes and sizes, ultrastructural details, numbers per cell, motility patterns and sensory capabilities. Emerging evidence indicates that this diversity, which is intimately linked to the different functions that cilia perform, is in large part programmed at the transcriptional level. Here, we review our understanding of the transcriptional control of ciliary biogenesis, highlighting the activities of FOXJ1 and the RFX family of transcriptional regulators. In addition, we examine how a number of signaling pathways, and lineage and cell fate determinants can induce and modulate ciliogenic programs to bring about the differentiation of distinct cilia types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semil P. Choksi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Gilbert Lauter
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore
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66
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Barratt KS, Glanville-Jones HC, Arkell RM. The Zic2
gene directs the formation and function of node cilia to control cardiac situs. Genesis 2014; 52:626-35. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S. Barratt
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Hannah C. Glanville-Jones
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Ruth M. Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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Soulavie F, Piepenbrock D, Thomas J, Vieillard J, Duteyrat JL, Cortier E, Laurençon A, Göpfert MC, Durand B. hemingway is required for sperm flagella assembly and ciliary motility in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1276-86. [PMID: 24554765 PMCID: PMC3982993 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia play important functions in many organisms. In Drosophila, hemingway (hmw) encodes a novel protein conserved in species with motile cilia. hmw-mutant flies are hearing impaired and male sterile. HMW is required for acquisition of motile properties of cilia in the fly sound receiver and stability of the sperm axoneme. Cilia play major functions in physiology and development, and ciliary dysfunctions are responsible for several diseases in humans called ciliopathies. Cilia motility is required for cell and fluid propulsion in organisms. In humans, cilia motility deficiencies lead to primary ciliary dyskinesia, with upper-airways recurrent infections, left–right asymmetry perturbations, and fertility defects. In Drosophila, we identified hemingway (hmw) as a novel component required for motile cilia function. hmw encodes a 604–amino acid protein characterized by a highly conserved coiled-coil domain also found in the human orthologue, KIAA1430. We show that HMW is conserved in species with motile cilia and that, in Drosophila, hmw is expressed in ciliated sensory neurons and spermatozoa. We created hmw-knockout flies and found that they are hearing impaired and male sterile. hmw is implicated in the motility of ciliated auditory sensory neurons and, in the testis, is required for elongation and maintenance of sperm flagella. Because HMW is absent from mature flagella, we propose that HMW is not a structural component of the motile axoneme but is required for proper acquisition of motile properties. This identifies HMW as a novel, evolutionarily conserved component necessary for motile cilium function and flagella assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Soulavie
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Lyon, France Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Manojlovic Z, Earwood R, Kato A, Stefanovic B, Kato Y. RFX7 is required for the formation of cilia in the neural tube. Mech Dev 2014; 132:28-37. [PMID: 24530844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory Factor X (RFX) transcription factors are important for development and are likely involved in the pathogenesis of serious human diseases including ciliopathies. While seven RFX genes have been identified in vertebrates and several RFX transcription factors have been reported to be regulators of ciliogenesis, the role of RFX7 in development including ciliogenesis is not known. Here we show that RFX7 in Xenopus laevis is expressed in the neural tube, eye, otic vesicles, and somites. Knockdown of RFX7 in Xenopus embryos resulted in a defect of ciliogenesis in the neural tube and failure of neural tube closure. RFX7 controlled the formation of cilia by regulating the expression of RFX4 gene, which has been reported to be required for ciliogenesis in the neural tube. Moreover, ectopic expression of Foxj1, which is a master regulator of motile cilia formation, suppressed the expression of RFX4 but not RFX7. Taken together, RFX7 plays an important role in the process of neural tube closure at the top of the molecular cascade which controls ciliogenesis in the neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarko Manojlovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Ryan Earwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Akiko Kato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Yoichi Kato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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69
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Feng C, Zhang Y, Yin J, Li J, Abounader R, Zuo Z. Regulatory factor X1 is a new tumor suppressive transcription factor that acts via direct downregulation of CD44 in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1078-85. [PMID: 24526308 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological functions of regulatory factor (RF)X1, a transcription factor, are not known. Since the RFX1 gene is often epigenetically silenced and clusters of differentiation (CD)44 proteins that regulate cancer cell biology are increased in human glioblastomas, we designed this study to determine whether RFX1 could regulate CD44 expression in glioblastoma. METHODS Regulatory factor X1 was overexpressed in 4 human glioblastoma cell lines. CD44 expression and cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were assayed under in vitro conditions. In vivo growth of human glioblastoma xenografts was determined in mice. The expression of RFX1 and CD44 in human glioblastoma tissues was quantified. RESULTS A putative RFX1 binding sequence existed in the first exon of the human CD44 gene. The transcription activity of the DNA fragment containing this putative sequence was decreased in cells overexpressing RFX1. Regulatory factor X1 bound to the CD44 gene in glioblastoma cells. It reduced CD44 expression and activated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, signaling molecules downstream of CD44 to regulate cell proliferation and survival. Overexpression of RFX1 inhibited the survival, proliferation, and transwell invasion of glioblastoma cells and in vivo growth of human glioblastoma xenografts. CD44 overexpression reversed RFX1 effects on cell proliferation. Finally, CD44 protein levels were inversely correlated with RFX1 protein levels in human glioblastoma tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that RFX1 directly regulates CD44 expression. This mechanism may contribute to RFX1's effects on proliferation, survival, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. Our results provide initial evidence that RFX1 may be an important target/regulator of the malignancy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhuo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Jinbo Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Roger Abounader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (C.F., J.Y., J.L., Z.Z.); Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA (Y.Z., R.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (J.L.)
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70
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Balwierz PJ, Pachkov M, Arnold P, Gruber AJ, Zavolan M, van Nimwegen E. ISMARA: automated modeling of genomic signals as a democracy of regulatory motifs. Genome Res 2014; 24:869-84. [PMID: 24515121 PMCID: PMC4009616 DOI: 10.1101/gr.169508.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate reconstruction of the regulatory networks that control gene expression is one of the key current challenges in molecular biology. Although gene expression and chromatin state dynamics are ultimately encoded by constellations of binding sites recognized by regulators such as transcriptions factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), our understanding of this regulatory code and its context-dependent read-out remains very limited. Given that there are thousands of potential regulators in mammals, it is not practical to use direct experimentation to identify which of these play a key role for a particular system of interest. We developed a methodology that models gene expression or chromatin modifications in terms of genome-wide predictions of regulatory sites and completely automated it into a web-based tool called ISMARA (Integrated System for Motif Activity Response Analysis). Given only gene expression or chromatin state data across a set of samples as input, ISMARA identifies the key TFs and miRNAs driving expression/chromatin changes and makes detailed predictions regarding their regulatory roles. These include predicted activities of the regulators across the samples, their genome-wide targets, enriched gene categories among the targets, and direct interactions between the regulators. Applying ISMARA to data sets from well-studied systems, we show that it consistently identifies known key regulators ab initio. We also present a number of novel predictions including regulatory interactions in innate immunity, a master regulator of mucociliary differentiation, TFs consistently disregulated in cancer, and TFs that mediate specific chromatin modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Balwierz
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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71
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Chung MI, Kwon T, Tu F, Brooks ER, Gupta R, Meyer M, Baker JC, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. Coordinated genomic control of ciliogenesis and cell movement by RFX2. eLife 2014; 3:e01439. [PMID: 24424412 PMCID: PMC3889689 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms linking systems-level programs of gene expression to discrete cell biological processes in vivo remain poorly understood. In this study, we have defined such a program for multi-ciliated epithelial cells (MCCs), a cell type critical for proper development and homeostasis of the airway, brain and reproductive tracts. Starting from genomic analysis of the cilia-associated transcription factor Rfx2, we used bioinformatics and in vivo cell biological approaches to gain insights into the molecular basis of cilia assembly and function. Moreover, we discovered a previously un-recognized role for an Rfx factor in cell movement, finding that Rfx2 cell-autonomously controls apical surface expansion in nascent MCCs. Thus, Rfx2 coordinates multiple, distinct gene expression programs in MCCs, regulating genes that control cell movement, ciliogenesis, and cilia function. As such, the work serves as a paradigm for understanding genomic control of cell biological processes that span from early cell morphogenetic events to terminally differentiated cellular functions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01439.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Fan Tu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Eric R Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Rakhi Gupta
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Matthew Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Julie C Baker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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Koefoed K, Veland IR, Pedersen LB, Larsen LA, Christensen ST. Cilia and coordination of signaling networks during heart development. Organogenesis 2013; 10:108-25. [PMID: 24345806 DOI: 10.4161/org.27483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are unique sensory organelles that coordinate a wide variety of different signaling pathways to control cellular processes during development and in tissue homeostasis. Defects in function or assembly of these antenna-like structures are therefore associated with a broad range of developmental disorders and diseases called ciliopathies. Recent studies have indicated a major role of different populations of cilia, including nodal and cardiac primary cilia, in coordinating heart development, and defects in these cilia are associated with congenital heart disease. Here, we present an overview of the role of nodal and cardiac primary cilia in heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Koefoed
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Rønn Veland
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
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73
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Brandler WM, Paracchini S. The genetic relationship between handedness and neurodevelopmental disorders. Trends Mol Med 2013; 20:83-90. [PMID: 24275328 PMCID: PMC3969300 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Handedness and brain asymmetry have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as dyslexia and schizophrenia. The genetic nature of this correlation is not understood. Recent discoveries have shown handedness is determined in part by the biological pathways that establish left/right (LR) body asymmetry during development. Cilia play a key role in this process, and candidate genes for dyslexia have also been recently shown to be involved in cilia formation. Defective cilia result not only in LR body asymmetry phenotypes but also brain midline phenotypes such as an absent corpus callosum. These findings suggest that the mechanisms for establishing LR asymmetry in the body are reused for brain midline development, which in turn influences traits such as handedness and reading ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Brandler
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Silvia Paracchini
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK.
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74
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Jerber J, Baas D, Soulavie F, Chhin B, Cortier E, Vesque C, Thomas J, Durand B. The coiled-coil domain containing protein CCDC151 is required for the function of IFT-dependent motile cilia in animals. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:563-77. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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75
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Wang S, Dong Z. Primary cilia and kidney injury: current research status and future perspectives. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1085-98. [PMID: 23904226 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00399.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, membrane-enclosed organelles protruding from the apical side of cells, can be divided into two classes: motile and primary cilia. During the past decades, motile cilia have been intensively studied. However, it was not until the 1990s that people began to realize the importance of primary cilia as cellular-specific sensors, particularly in kidney tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that primary cilia may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and planar cell polarity. Many signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and mammalian target of rapamycin, have been located to the primary cilia. Thus primary cilia have been regarded as a hub that integrates signals from the extracellular environment. More importantly, dysfunction of this organelle may contribute to the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of human genetic diseases, named ciliopathies. The significance of primary cilia in acquired human diseases such as hypertension and diabetes has gradually drawn attention. Interestingly, recent reports disclosed that cilia length varies during kidney injury, and shortening of cilia enhances the sensitivity of epithelial cells to injury cues. This review briefly summarizes the current status of cilia research and explores the potential mechanisms of cilia-length changes during kidney injury as well as provides some thoughts to allure more insightful ideas and promotes the further study of primary cilia in the context of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- Dept. of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.
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76
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Didon L, Zwick RK, Chao IW, Walters MS, Wang R, Hackett NR, Crystal RG. RFX3 modulation of FOXJ1 regulation of cilia genes in the human airway epithelium. Respir Res 2013; 14:70. [PMID: 23822649 PMCID: PMC3710277 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciliated cells play a central role in cleansing the airways of inhaled contaminants. They are derived from basal cells that include the airway stem/progenitor cells. In animal models, the transcription factor FOXJ1 has been shown to induce differentiation to the ciliated cell lineage, and the RFX transcription factor-family has been shown to be necessary for, but not sufficient to induce, correct cilia development. Methods To test the hypothesis that FOXJ1 and RFX3 cooperatively induce expression of ciliated genes in the differentiation process of basal progenitor cells toward a ciliated cell linage in the human airway epithelium, primary human airway basal cells were assessed under conditions of in vitro differentiation induced by plasmid-mediated gene transfer of FOXJ1 and/or RFX3. TaqMan PCR was used to quantify mRNA levels of basal, secretory, and cilia-associated genes. Results Basal cells, when cultured in air-liquid interface, differentiated into a ciliated epithelium, expressing FOXJ1 and RFX3. Transfection of FOXJ1 into resting basal cells activated promoters and induced expression of ciliated cell genes as well as both FOXJ1 and RFX3, but not basal cell genes. Transfection of RFX3 induced expression of RFX3 but not FOXJ1, nor the expression of cilia-related genes. The combination of FOXJ1 + RFX3 enhanced ciliated gene promoter activity and mRNA expression beyond that due to FOXJ1 alone. Corroborating immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated an interaction between FOXJ1 and RFX3. Conclusion FOXJ1 is an important regulator of cilia gene expression during ciliated cell differentiation, with RFX3 as a transcriptional co-activator to FOXJ1, helping to induce the expression of cilia genes in the process of ciliated cell differentiation of basal/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Didon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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77
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Vandenberg LN, Levin M. A unified model for left-right asymmetry? Comparison and synthesis of molecular models of embryonic laterality. Dev Biol 2013; 379:1-15. [PMID: 23583583 PMCID: PMC3698617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how and when the left-right (LR) axis is first established is a fundamental question in developmental biology. A popular model is that the LR axis is established relatively late in embryogenesis, due to the movement of motile cilia and the resultant directed fluid flow during late gastrulation/early neurulation. Yet, a large body of evidence suggests that biophysical, molecular, and bioelectrical asymmetries exist much earlier in development, some as early as the first cell cleavage after fertilization. Alternative models of LR asymmetry have been proposed that accommodate these data, postulating that asymmetry is established due to a chiral cytoskeleton and/or the asymmetric segregation of chromatids. There are some similarities, and many differences, in how these various models postulate the origin and timing of symmetry breaking and amplification, and these events' linkage to the well-conserved subsequent asymmetric transcriptional cascades. This review examines experimental data that lend strong support to an early origin of LR asymmetry, yet are also consistent with later roles for cilia in the amplification of LR pathways. In this way, we propose that the various models of asymmetry can be unified: early events are needed to initiate LR asymmetry, and later events could be utilized by some species to maintain LR-biases. We also present an alternative hypothesis, which proposes that individual embryos stochastically choose one of several possible pathways with which to establish their LR axis. These two hypotheses are both tractable in appropriate model species; testing them to resolve open questions in the field of LR patterning will reveal interesting new biology of wide relevance to developmental, cell, and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Vandenberg
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Michael Levin
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
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78
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Komatsu Y, Mishina Y. Establishment of left-right asymmetry in vertebrate development: the node in mouse embryos. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4659-66. [PMID: 23771646 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of vertebrate left-right asymmetry is a critical process for normal embryonic development. After the discovery of genes expressed asymmetrically along the left-right axis in chick embryos in the mid 1990s, the molecular mechanisms responsible for left-right patterning in vertebrate embryos have been studied extensively. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms by which the initial symmetry along the left-right axis is broken in the mouse embryo. We focus on the role of primary cilia and molecular mechanisms of ciliogenesis at the node when symmetry is broken and left-right asymmetry is established. The node is considered a signaling center for early mouse embryonic development, and the results we review here have led to a better understanding of how the node functions and establishes left-right asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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79
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Li A, Chan B, Felix JC, Xing Y, Li M, Brody SL, Borok Z, Li C, Minoo P. Tissue-dependent consequences of Apc inactivation on proliferation and differentiation of ciliated cell progenitors via Wnt and notch signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62215. [PMID: 23646120 PMCID: PMC3639955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular signals that control decisions regarding progenitor/stem cell proliferation versus differentiation are not fully understood. Differentiation of motile cilia from progenitor/stem cells may offer a simple tractable model to investigate this process. Wnt and Notch represent two key signaling pathways in progenitor/stem cell behavior in a number of tissues. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Apc is a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway and a well known multifunctional protein. Using the cre-LoxP system we inactivated the Apc locus via Foxj1-cre, which is expressed in cells committed to ciliated cell lineage. We then characterized the consequent phenotype in two select tissues that bear motile cilia, the lung and the testis. In the lung, Apc deletion induced β-catenin accumulation and Jag1 expression in ciliated cells and by lateral induction, triggered Notch signaling in adjacent Clara cells. In the bronchiolar epithelium, absence of Apc blocked the differentiation of a subpopulation of cells committed to the ciliogenesis program. In the human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells, Apc over-expression inhibited Jag1 expression and promoted motile ciliogenic gene expression program including Foxj1, revealing the potential mechanism. In the testis, Apc inactivation induced β-catenin accumulation in the spermatogonia, but silenced Notch signaling and depleted spermatogonial stem cells, associated with reduced proliferation, resulting in male infertility. In sum, the present comparative analysis reveals the tissue-dependent consequences of Apc inactivation on proliferation and differentiation of ciliated cell progenitors by coordinating Wnt and Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Belinda Chan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Felix
- Department of Pathology, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yiming Xing
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zea Borok
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Changgong Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Transcriptional activation of Odf2/Cenexin by cell cycle arrest and the stress activated signaling pathway (JNK pathway). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1338-46. [PMID: 23458833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome/basal body protein ODF2/Cenexin is necessary for the formation of the primary cilium. Primary cilia are essential organelles that sense and transduce environmental signals. Primary cilia are therefore critical for embryonic and postnatal development as well as for tissue homeostasis in adulthood. Impaired function of primary cilia causes severe human diseases. ODF2 deficiency prevents formation of the primary cilium and is embryonically lethal. To explore the regulation of primary cilia formation we analyzed the promoter region of Odf2 and its transcriptional activity. In cycling cells, Odf2 transcription is depressed but becomes up-regulated in quiescent cells. Low transcriptional activity is mediated by sequences located upstream from the basal promoter, and neither transcription factors with predicted binding sites in the Odf2 promoter nor Rfx3 or Foxj, which are known to control ciliary gene expression, could activate Odf2 transcription. However, co-expression of either C/EBPα, c-Jun or c-Jun and its regulator MEKK1 enhances Odf2 transcription in cycling cells. Our results provide the first analysis of transcriptional regulation of a ciliary gene. Furthermore, we suggest that transcription of even more ciliary genes is largely inhibited in cycling cells but could be activated by cell cycle arrest and by the stress signaling JNK pathway.
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81
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Norris DP. Cilia, calcium and the basis of left-right asymmetry. BMC Biol 2012; 10:102. [PMID: 23256866 PMCID: PMC3527145 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The clockwise rotation of cilia in the developing mammalian embryo drives a leftward flow of liquid; this genetically regulated biophysical force specifies left-right asymmetry of the mammalian body. How leftward flow is interpreted and information propagated to other tissues is the subject of debate. Four recent papers have shed fresh light on the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Norris
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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82
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Jerber J, Thomas J, Durand B. [Transcriptional control of ciliogenesis in animal development]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:205-18. [PMID: 23171843 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are eukaryotic organelles with a conserved structure and function from unicellular organisms to human. In animals, different types of cilia can be found and cilia assembly during development is a highly dynamic process. Ciliary defects in human lead to a wide spectrum of diseases called ciliopathies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern dynamic cilia assembly during development and in different tissues in metazoans is an important biological challenge. The FOXJ1 (Forkhead Box J1) and RFX (Regulatory Factor X) family of transcription factors have been shown to be important factors in ciliogenesis control. FOXJ1 proteins are required for motile ciliogenesis in vertebrates. By contrast, RFX proteins are essential to assemble both primary and motile cilia through the regulation of specific sets of genes such as those encoding intraflagellar transport components. Recently, new actors with more specific roles in cilia biogenesis and physiology have also been discovered. All these factors are subject to complex regulation, allowing for the dynamic and specific regulation of ciliogenesis in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jerber
- Centre de Genetique et de Physiologie Moleculare et Cellulaire, Universite Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
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83
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Vij S, Rink JC, Ho HK, Babu D, Eitel M, Narasimhan V, Tiku V, Westbrook J, Schierwater B, Roy S. Evolutionarily ancient association of the FoxJ1 transcription factor with the motile ciliogenic program. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003019. [PMID: 23144623 PMCID: PMC3493443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) was a unicellular organism with motile cilia. In the vertebrates, the winged-helix transcription factor FoxJ1 functions as the master regulator of motile cilia biogenesis. Despite the antiquity of cilia, their highly conserved structure, and their mechanism of motility, the evolution of the transcriptional program controlling ciliogenesis has remained incompletely understood. In particular, it is presently not known how the generation of motile cilia is programmed outside of the vertebrates, and whether and to what extent the FoxJ1-dependent regulation is conserved. We have performed a survey of numerous eukaryotic genomes and discovered that genes homologous to foxJ1 are restricted only to organisms belonging to the unikont lineage. Using a mis-expression assay, we then obtained evidence of a conserved ability of FoxJ1 proteins from a number of diverse phyletic groups to activate the expression of a host of motile ciliary genes in zebrafish embryos. Conversely, we found that inactivation of a foxJ1 gene in Schmidtea mediterranea, a platyhelminth (flatworm) that utilizes motile cilia for locomotion, led to a profound disruption in the differentiation of motile cilia. Together, all of these findings provide the first evolutionary perspective into the transcriptional control of motile ciliogenesis and allow us to propose a conserved FoxJ1-regulated mechanism for motile cilia biogenesis back to the origin of the metazoans. Cilia are microtubule-based, hair-like organelles that project from the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. Protists use motile cilia for locomotion as well as for sensory perception. In metazoans, motile cilia also function in fluid transport over epithelia, such as in the mammalian lungs. Most vertebrate and some invertebrate cell-types differentiate non-motile primary cilia, which function exclusively in sensory transduction. It is believed that primary cilia arose from motile cilia through the loss of the motility apparatus. Cilia are complex organelles: a large number of proteins are involved in their assembly and maintenance. FoxJ1, a forkhead-domain transcription factor, is the master regulator of motile ciliogenesis in vertebrates. It is not known to what extent this transcriptional control is conserved and how it may have evolved. Here, we document the existence of FoxJ1 orthologs in several eukaryotic groups besides the vertebrates. FoxJ1 proteins from three representative phyla—Placozoa, Platyhelminthes, and Echinodermata—were able to activate the expression of ciliary genes when mis-expressed in zebrafish embryos. Moreover, inactivation of FoxJ1 in planaria (Platyhelminthes) abolished motile cilia differentiation. These results provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation of motile cilia biogenesis outside the vertebrates and demonstrate a remarkable conservation of the activity of FoxJ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Vij
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jochen C. Rink
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hao Kee Ho
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Babu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Eitel
- ITZ Division of Ecology and Evolution, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Varnesh Tiku
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jody Westbrook
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- ITZ Division of Ecology and Evolution, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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84
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Hsu YC, Kao CY, Chung YF, Chen MS, Chiu IM. Ciliogenic RFX transcription factors regulate FGF1 gene promoter. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2511-22. [PMID: 22415835 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell division, and neurogenesis. Human FGF1 gene 1B promoter (-540 to +31)-driven green fluorescence (F1BGFP) was shown to recapitulate endogenous FGF1 gene expression. It can also be used to isolate neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and glioblastoma stem cells (GBM-SCs) from developing mouse brains and human glioblastoma tissues, respectively. However, the regulatory mechanisms of FGF-1B promoter and F1BGFP(+) cells are not clear. In this study, we present several lines of evidence to show the roles of ciliogenic RFX transcription factors in the regulation of FGF-1B gene promoter and F1BGFP(+) cells: (i) RFX1, RFX2, and RFX3 transcription factors could directly bind the 18-bp cis-element (-484 to -467), and contribute to the regulation of FGF1 promoter and neurosphere formation. (ii) We demonstrated RFX2/RFX3 complex could only be detected in the nuclear extract of FGF-1B positive cells, but not in FGF-1B negative cells. (iii) Protein kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine and rottlerin, could decrease the percentage of F1BGFP(+) cells and their neurosphere formation efficiency through reducing the RFX2/3 complex. (iv) RNA interference knockdown of RFX2 could significantly reduce the percentage of F1BGFP(+) cells and their neurosphere formation efficiency whereas overexpression of RFX2 resulted in the opposite effects. Taken together, this study suggests ciliogenic RFX transcription factors regulate FGF-1B promoter activity and the maintenance of F1BGFP(+) NSPCs and GBM-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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85
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Newton FG, zur Lage PI, Karak S, Moore DJ, Göpfert MC, Jarman AP. Forkhead transcription factor Fd3F cooperates with Rfx to regulate a gene expression program for mechanosensory cilia specialization. Dev Cell 2012; 22:1221-33. [PMID: 22698283 PMCID: PMC3414849 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cilia have evolved hugely diverse structures and functions to participate in a wide variety of developmental and physiological processes. Ciliary specialization requires differences in gene expression, but few transcription factors are known to regulate this, and their molecular function is unclear. Here, we show that the Drosophila Forkhead box (Fox) gene, fd3F, is required for specialization of the mechanosensory cilium of chordotonal (Ch) neurons. fd3F regulates genes for Ch-specific axonemal dyneins and TRPV ion channels, which are required for sensory transduction, and retrograde transport genes, which are required to differentiate their distinct motile and sensory ciliary zones. fd3F is reminiscent of vertebrate Foxj1, a motile cilia regulator, but fd3F regulates motility genes as part of a broader sensory regulation program. Fd3F cooperates with the pan-ciliary transcription factor, Rfx, to regulate its targets directly. This illuminates pathways involved in ciliary specialization and the molecular mechanism of transcription factors that regulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay G Newton
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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86
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Sasai N, Briscoe J. Primary cilia and graded Sonic Hedgehog signaling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:753-72. [PMID: 23799571 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionary-conserved microtubule-containing organelles protruding from the surface of cells. They are classified into two types--primary and motile cilia. Primary cilia are nearly ubiquitous, at least in vertebrate cells, and it has become apparent that they play an essential role in the intracellular transduction of a range of stimuli. Most notable among these is Sonic Hedgehog. In this article we briefly summarize the structure and biogenesis of primary cilia. We discuss the evidence implicating cilia in the transduction of extrinsic signals. We focus on the involvement and molecular mechanism of cilia in signaling by Sonic Hedgehog in embryonic tissues, specifically the neural tube, and we discuss how cilia play an active role in the interpretation of gradients of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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87
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Alten L, Schuster-Gossler K, Beckers A, Groos S, Ulmer B, Hegermann J, Ochs M, Gossler A. Differential regulation of node formation, nodal ciliogenesis and cilia positioning by Noto and Foxj1. Development 2012; 139:1276-84. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.072728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mouse transcription factor Noto is expressed in the node and controls node morphogenesis, formation of nodal cilia and left-right asymmetry. Noto acts upstream of Foxj1, which regulates ciliogenesis in other mouse tissues. However, the significance of Foxj1 for the formation of cilia in the mouse node is unclear; in non-amniote species Foxj1 is required for ciliogenesis in the structures equivalent to the node. Here, we analyzed nodes, nodal cilia and nodal flow in mouse embryos in which we replaced the Noto-coding sequence with that of Foxj1, or in embryos that were deficient for Foxj1. We show that Foxj1 expressed from the Noto locus is functional and restores the formation of structurally normal motile cilia in the absence of Noto. However, Foxj1 is not sufficient for the correct positioning of cilia on the cell surface within the plane of the nodal epithelium, and cannot restore normal node morphology. We also show that Foxj1 is essential for ciliogenesis upstream of Rfx3 in the node. Thus, the function of Foxj1 in vertebrate organs of asymmetry is conserved, and Noto regulates node morphogenesis and the posterior localization of cilia on node cells independently of Foxj1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Alten
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Schuster-Gossler
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Beckers
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Groos
- Department of Cell Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bärbel Ulmer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Zoology (220), Garbenstrasse 30, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Achim Gossler
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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88
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Benadiba C, Magnani D, Niquille M, Morlé L, Valloton D, Nawabi H, Ait-Lounis A, Otsmane B, Reith W, Theil T, Hornung JP, Lebrand C, Durand B. The ciliogenic transcription factor RFX3 regulates early midline distribution of guidepost neurons required for corpus callosum development. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002606. [PMID: 22479201 PMCID: PMC3315471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the major commissure that bridges the cerebral hemispheres. Agenesis of the CC is associated with human ciliopathies, but the origin of this default is unclear. Regulatory Factor X3 (RFX3) is a transcription factor involved in the control of ciliogenesis, and Rfx3-deficient mice show several hallmarks of ciliopathies including left-right asymmetry defects and hydrocephalus. Here we show that Rfx3-deficient mice suffer from CC agenesis associated with a marked disorganisation of guidepost neurons required for axon pathfinding across the midline. Using transplantation assays, we demonstrate that abnormalities of the mutant midline region are primarily responsible for the CC malformation. Conditional genetic inactivation shows that RFX3 is not required in guidepost cells for proper CC formation, but is required before E12.5 for proper patterning of the cortical septal boundary and hence accurate distribution of guidepost neurons at later stages. We observe focused but consistent ectopic expression of Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) at the rostro commissural plate associated with a reduced ratio of GLIoma-associated oncogene family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) repressor to activator forms. We demonstrate on brain explant cultures that ectopic FGF8 reproduces the guidepost neuronal defects observed in Rfx3 mutants. This study unravels a crucial role of RFX3 during early brain development by indirectly regulating GLI3 activity, which leads to FGF8 upregulation and ultimately to disturbed distribution of guidepost neurons required for CC morphogenesis. Hence, the RFX3 mutant mouse model brings novel understandings of the mechanisms that underlie CC agenesis in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Benadiba
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Dario Magnani
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Niquille
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Valloton
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Homaira Nawabi
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Belkacem Otsmane
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Hornung
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Lebrand
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research Robotics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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89
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Francis RJB, Christopher A, Devine WA, Ostrowski L, Lo C. Congenital heart disease and the specification of left-right asymmetry. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2102-11. [PMID: 22408017 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01118.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex congenital heart disease (CHD) is often seen in conjunction with heterotaxy, the randomization of left-right visceral organ situs. However, the link between cardiovascular morphogenesis and left-right patterning is not well understood. To elucidate the role of left-right patterning in cardiovascular development, we examined situs anomalies and CHD in mice with a loss of function allele of Dnaic1, a dynein protein required for motile cilia function and left-right patterning. Dnaic1 mutants were found to have nodal cilia required for left-right patterning, but they were immotile. Half the mutants had concordant organ situs comprising situs solitus or mirror symmetric situs inversus. The remaining half had randomized organ situs or heterotaxy. Looping of the heart tube, the first anatomical lateralization, showed abnormal L-loop bias rather than the expected D-loop orientation in heterotaxy and nonheterotaxy mutants. Situs solitus/inversus mutants were viable with mild or no defects consisting of azygos continuation and/or ventricular septal defects, whereas all heterotaxy mutants had complex CHD. In heterotaxy mutants, but not situs solitus/inversus mutants, the morphological left ventricle was thin and often associated with a hypoplastic transverse aortic arch. Thus, in conclusion, Dnaic1 mutants can achieve situs solitus or inversus even with immotile nodal cilia. However, the finding of abnormal L-loop bias in heterotaxy and nonheterotaxy mutants would suggest motile cilia are required for normal heart looping. Based on these findings, we propose motile nodal cilia patterns heart looping but heart and visceral organ lateralization is driven by signaling not requiring nodal cilia motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J B Francis
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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90
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Two rotating cilia in the node cavity are sufficient to break left-right symmetry in the mouse embryo. Nat Commun 2012; 3:622. [PMID: 22233632 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of left-right asymmetry in mouse embryos is achieved by a leftward fluid flow (nodal flow) in the node cavity that is generated by clockwise rotational movement of 200-300 cilia in the node. The precise action of nodal flow and how much flow input is required for the robust read-out of left-right determination remains unknown. Here we show that a local leftward flow generated by as few as two rotating cilia is sufficient to break left-right symmetry. Quantitative analysis of fluid flow and ciliary rotation in the node of mouse embryos shows that left-right asymmetry is already established within a few hours after the onset of rotation by a subset of nodal cilia. Examination of various ciliary mutant mice shows that two rotating cilia are sufficient to initiate left-right asymmetric gene expression. Our results suggest the existence of a highly sensitive system in the node that is able to sense an extremely weak unidirectional flow, and may favour a model in which the flow is sensed as a mechanical force.
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91
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92
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Chung MI, Peyrot SM, LeBoeuf S, Park TJ, McGary KL, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. RFX2 is broadly required for ciliogenesis during vertebrate development. Dev Biol 2011; 363:155-65. [PMID: 22227339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, the RFX (Daf19) transcription factor is a major regulator of ciliogenesis, controlling the expression of the many essential genes required for making cilia. In vertebrates, however, seven RFX genes have been identified. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that Rfx2 is among the closest homologues of Daf19. We therefore hypothesize that Rfx2 broadly controls ciliogenesis during vertebrate development. Indeed, here we show that Rfx2 in Xenopus is expressed preferentially in ciliated tissues, including neural tube, gastrocoel roof plate, epidermal multi-ciliated cells, otic vesicles, and kidneys. Knockdown of Rfx2 results in cilia-defective embryonic phenotypes and fewer or truncated cilia are observed in Rfx2 morphants. These results indicate that Rfx2 is broadly required for ciliogenesis in vertebrates. Furthermore, we show that Rfx2 is essential for expression of several ciliogenic genes, including TTC25, which we show here is required for ciliogenesis, HH signaling, and left-right patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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93
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Bisgrove BW, Makova S, Yost HJ, Brueckner M. RFX2 is essential in the ciliated organ of asymmetry and an RFX2 transgene identifies a population of ciliated cells sufficient for fluid flow. Dev Biol 2011; 363:166-78. [PMID: 22233545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia create asymmetric fluid flow in the evolutionarily conserved ciliated organ of asymmetry (COA) and play a fundamental role in establishing the left-right (LR) axis in vertebrate embryos. The transcriptional control of the large group of genes that encode proteins that contribute to ciliary structure and function remains poorly understood. In this study we find that the winged helix transcription factor Rfx2 is expressed in motile cilia in mouse and zebrafish embryos. Morpholino knockdown of Rfx2 function in the whole embryo or specifically in cells of the zebrafish COA (Kupffer's Vesicle, KV) leads to reduced KV cilia length and perturbations in LR asymmetry. LR patterning defects include randomization of the early asymmetric Nodal signaling pathway genes southpaw, lefty1 and lefty2 and subsequent reversals in the organ primordia of the heart and gut. Rfx2 is also required for ciliogenesis in zebrafish pronephric duct. We further show that by restoring Left-Right dynein (LRD) expression and motility specifically in a subset of ciliated cells of the mouse COA (posterior notochord, PNC), we can restore fluid flow, asymmetric expression of Pitx2 and partially rescue situs defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent W Bisgrove
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, USA
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94
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Caron A, Xu X, Lin X. Wnt/β-catenin signaling directly regulates Foxj1 expression and ciliogenesis in zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle. Development 2011; 139:514-24. [PMID: 22190638 DOI: 10.1242/dev.071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are essential for normal development. The composition and assembly of cilia has been well characterized, but the signaling and transcriptional pathways that govern ciliogenesis remain poorly studied. Here, we report that Wnt/β-catenin signaling directly regulates ciliogenic transcription factor foxj1a expression and ciliogenesis in zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle (KV). We show that Wnt signaling acts temporally and KV cell-autonomously to control left-right (LR) axis determination and ciliogenesis. Specifically, reduction of Wnt signaling leads to a disruption of LR patterning, shorter and fewer cilia, a loss of cilia motility and a downregulation of foxj1a expression. However, these phenotypes can be rescued by KV-targeted overexpression of foxj1a. In comparison to the FGF pathway that has been previously implicated in the control of ciliogenesis, our epistatic studies suggest a more downstream function of Wnt signaling in the regulation of foxj1a expression and ciliogenesis in KV. Importantly, enhancer analysis reveals that KV-specific expression of foxj1a requires the presence of putative Lef1/Tcf binding sites, indicating that Wnt signaling activates foxj1a transcription directly. We also find that impaired Wnt signaling leads to kidney cysts and otolith disorganization, which can be attributed to a loss of foxj1 expression and disrupted ciliogenesis in the developing pronephric ducts and otic vesicles. Together, our data reveal a novel role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling upstream of ciliogenesis, which might be a general developmental mechanism beyond KV. Moreover, our results also prompt a hypothesis that certain developmental effects of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are due to the activation of Foxj1 and cilia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Caron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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95
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Avasthi P, Marshall WF. Stages of ciliogenesis and regulation of ciliary length. Differentiation 2011; 83:S30-42. [PMID: 22178116 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are highly conserved eukaryotic microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cells. These structures require large protein complexes and motors for distal addition of tubulin and extension of the ciliary membrane. In order for ciliogenesis to occur, coordination of many processes must take place. An intricate concert of cell cycle regulation, vesicular trafficking, and ciliary extension must all play out with accurate timing to produce a cilium. Here, we review the stages of ciliogenesis as well as regulation of the length of the assembled cilium. Regulation of ciliogenesis during cell cycle progression centers on centrioles, from which cilia extend upon maturation into basal bodies. Centriole maturation involves a shift from roles in cell division to cilium nucleation via migration to the cell surface and docking at the plasma membrane. Docking is dependent on a variety of proteinaceous structures, termed distal appendages, acquired by the mother centriole. Ciliary elongation by the process of intraflagellar transport (IFT) ensues. Direct modification of ciliary structures, as well as modulation of signal transduction pathways, play a role in maintenance of the cilium. All of these stages are tightly regulated to produce a cilium of the right size at the right time. Finally, we discuss the implications of abnormal ciliogenesis and ciliary length control in human disease as well as some open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachee Avasthi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California GH-N372F Genentech Hall, Box 2200, UCSF, 600 16th St. San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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96
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Integrated microarray and ChIP analysis identifies multiple Foxa2 dependent target genes in the notochord. Dev Biol 2011; 360:415-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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97
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Larkins CE, Aviles GDG, East MP, Kahn RA, Caspary T. Arl13b regulates ciliogenesis and the dynamic localization of Shh signaling proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4694-703. [PMID: 21976698 PMCID: PMC3226485 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-12-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We show Arl13b is localized to the ciliary membrane and regulates tubulin modifications and ciliary length in vitro. Significantly, we found that Smoothened is enriched in Arl13b null fibroblasts, even without Sonic hedgehog stimulation, but that Glis are not similarly enriched. Arl13b, a ciliary protein within the ADP-ribosylation factor family and Ras superfamily of GTPases, is required for ciliary structure but has poorly defined ciliary functions. In this paper, we further characterize the role of Arl13b in cilia by examining mutant cilia in vitro and determining the localization and dynamics of Arl13b within the cilium. Previously, we showed that mice lacking Arl13b have abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling; in this study, we show the dynamics of Shh signaling component localization to the cilium are disrupted in the absence of Arl13b. Significantly, we found Smoothened (Smo) is enriched in Arl13b-null cilia regardless of Shh pathway stimulation, indicating Arl13b regulates the ciliary entry of Smo. Furthermore, our analysis defines a role for Arl13b in regulating the distribution of Smo within the cilium. These results suggest that abnormal Shh signaling in Arl13b mutant embryos may result from defects in protein localization and distribution within the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Larkins
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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98
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Chu JSC, Tarailo-Graovac M, Zhang D, Wang J, Uyar B, Tu D, Trinh J, Baillie DL, Chen N. Fine tuning of RFX/DAF-19-regulated target gene expression through binding to multiple sites in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:53-64. [PMID: 21908398 PMCID: PMC3245922 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, mutations of a growing list of regulatory factor X (RFX) target genes have been associated with devastating genetics disease conditions including ciliopathies. However, mechanisms underlying RFX transcription factors (TFs)-mediated gene expression regulation, especially differential gene expression regulation, are largely unknown. In this study, we explore the functional significance of the co-existence of multiple X-box motifs in regulating differential gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. We hypothesize that the effect of multiple X-box motifs is not a simple summation of binding effect to individual X-box motifs located within a same gene. To test this hypothesis, we identified eight C. elegans genes that contain two or more X-box motifs using comparative genomics. We examined one of these genes, F25B4.2, which contains two 15-bp X-box motifs. F25B4.2 expression in ciliated neurons is driven by the proximal motif and its expression is repressed by the distal motif. Our data suggest that two X-box motifs cooperate together to regulate the expression of F25B4.2 in location and intensity. We propose that multiple X-box motifs might be required to tune specific expression level. Our identification of genes with multiple X-box motifs will also improve our understanding of RFX/DAF-19-mediated regulation in C. elegans and in other organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S C Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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99
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Abstract
The role of centrioles changes as a function of the cell cycle. Centrioles promote formation of spindle poles in mitosis and act as basal bodies to assemble primary cilia in interphase. Stringent regulations govern conversion between these two states. Although the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, recent findings have begun to shed light on pathways that regulate the conversion of centrioles to basal bodies and vice versa. Emerging studies also provide insights into how defects in the balance between centrosome and cilia function could promote ciliopathies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
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100
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Vincensini L, Blisnick T, Bastin P. [The importance of model organisms to study cilia and flagella biology]. Biol Aujourdhui 2011; 205:5-28. [PMID: 21501571 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are ubiquitous organelles that protrude from the surfaces of many cells, and whose architecture is highly conserved from protists to humans. These complex organelles, composed of over 500 proteins, can be either immotile or motile. They are involved in a myriad of biological processes, including sensing (non-motile cilia) and/or cell motility or movement of extracellular fluids (motile cilia). The ever-expanding list of human diseases linked to defective cilia illustrates the functional importance of cilia and flagella. These ciliopathies are characterised by an impressive diversity of symptoms and an often complex genetic etiology. A precise knowledge of cilia and flagella biology is thus critical to better understand these pathologies. However, multi-ciliated cells are terminally differentiated and difficult to manipulate, and a primary cilium is assembled only when the cell exits from the cell cycle. In this context the use of model organisms, that relies on the high degree of structural but also of molecular conservation of these organelles across evolution, is instrumental to decipher the many facets of cilia and flagella biology. In this review, we highlight the specific strengths of the main model organisms to investigate the molecular composition, mode of assembly, sensing and motility mechanisms and functions of cilia and flagella. Pioneering studies carried out in the green alga Chlamydomonas established the link between cilia and several genetic diseases. Moreover, multicellular organisms such as mouse, zebrafish, Xenopus, C. elegans or Drosophila, and protists like Paramecium, Tetrahymena and Trypanosoma or Leishmania each bring specific advantages to the study of cilium biology. For example, the function of genes involved in primary ciliary dyskinesia (due to defects in ciliary motility) can be efficiently assessed in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Vincensini
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire des Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur et CNRS URA 2581, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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