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Lakey RL, Morgan TG, Rowan AD, Isaacs JD, Cawston TE, Hilkens CMU. A novel paradigm for dendritic cells as effectors of cartilage destruction. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:502-7. [PMID: 19269957 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dendritic cells (DCs) are enriched in RA synovium and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA primarily through their ability to present autoantigen and activate T cells. However, whether DCs play an effector role in cartilage destruction is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DCs can induce collagen release from cartilage and the mechanism involved. METHODS Human monocyte-derived DCs (mDCs) were activated with CD40 ligand (CD40L) to mimic DC-T-cell interaction, and supernatants were incubated with cartilage explants. Hydroxyproline was assessed as a measure of collagen release and collagenolytic activity was measured by a bioassay using tritiated collagen. TNF-alpha in DC supernatants was measured by specific ELISA. RESULTS Supernatants from CD40L-activated mDCs, but not unstimulated mDCs, strongly induced the destruction of cartilage collagen. mDC supernatants did not contain collagenases but did induce collagenolytic activity in cartilage explants. Neutralization of TNF-alpha in mDC supernatants completely abolished collagenolysis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that mDCs, upon CD40-ligation, induce cartilage collagen degradation through an indirect mechanism via the production of TNF-alpha. Our data suggest a potential important role for mDC-derived TNF-alpha in RA, which is in line with the previously reported observations that DCs are a major source of TNF-alpha in early autoimmune lesions and that anti-TNF-alpha therapeutics effectively suppress joint damage in RA patients. We propose that DCs can act as effectors in cartilage destruction, adding a new aspect to the functional role of DCs in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Lakey
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Auer J, Bläss M, Schulze-Koops H, Russwurm S, Nagel T, Kalden JR, Röllinghoff M, Beuscher HU. Expression and regulation of CCL18 in synovial fluid neutrophils of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R94. [PMID: 17875202 PMCID: PMC2212580 DOI: 10.1186/ar2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the recruitment of leukocytes and the accumulation of inflammatory mediators within the synovial compartment. Release of the chemokine CCL18 has been widely attributed to antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. This study investigates the production of CCL18 in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), the predominant cell type recruited into synovial fluid (SF). Microarray analysis, semiquantitative and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction identified SF PMN from patients with RA as a novel source for CCL18 in diseased joints. Highly upregulated expression of other chemokine genes was observed for CCL3, CXCL8 and CXCL10, whereas CCL21 was downregulated. The chemokine receptor genes were differentially expressed, with upregulation of CXCR4, CCRL2 and CCR5 and downregulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2. In cell culture experiments, expression of CCL18 mRNA in blood PMN was induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha, whereas synthesis of CCL18 protein required additional stimulation with a combination of IL-10 and vitamin D3. In comparison, recruited SF PMN from patients with RA were sensitized for CCL18 production, because IL-10 alone was sufficient to induce CCL18 release. These results suggest a release of the T cell-attracting CCL18 by PMN when recruited to diseased joints. However, its production is tightly regulated at the levels of mRNA expression and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Auer
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bläss
- SIRS-Lab GmbH, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schulze-Koops
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology and Onkology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Group III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glücksstrasse 5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Russwurm
- SIRS-Lab GmbH, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Clinics of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Bachstrasse 18, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Nagel
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology and Onkology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim R Kalden
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology and Onkology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Röllinghoff
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Horst Ulrich Beuscher
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Lebre MC, Burwell T, Vieira PL, Lora J, Coyle AJ, Kapsenberg ML, Clausen BE, De Jong EC. Differential expression of inflammatory chemokines by Th1- and Th2-cell promoting dendritic cells: a role for different mature dendritic cell populations in attracting appropriate effector cells to peripheral sites of inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 83:525-35. [PMID: 16174103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity to pathogens depends on efficient immune responses adapted to the type of pathogen and the infected tissue. Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in directing the effector T cell response to either a protective T helper type 1 (Th1) or type 2 (Th2) phenotype. Human monocyte-derived DC can be differentiated into Th1-, Th2- or Th1/Th2-promoting DC in vitro upon activation with microbial compounds or cytokines. Host defence is highly dependent on mobile leucocytes and cell trafficking is largely mediated by the interactions of chemokines with their specific receptors expressed on the surface of leucocytes. The production of chemokines by mature effector DC remains elusive. Here we assess the differential production of both inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines by monocyte-derived mature Th1/Th2-, Th1- or Th2-promoting DC and its regulation in response to CD40 ligation, thereby mimicking local engagement with activated T cells. We show that mature Th1- and Th1/Th2-, but not Th2-promoting DC, selectively express elevated levels of the inflammatory chemokines CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1alpha, CCL4/MIP-1beta and CCL5/RANTES, as well as the homeostatic chemokine CCL19/MIP-3beta. CCL21/6Ckine is preferentially expressed by Th2-promoting DC. Production of the Th1-attracting chemokines, CXCL9/Mig, CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL11/I-TAC, is restricted to Th1-promoting DC. In contrast, expression of Th2-associated chemokines does not strictly correlate with the Th2-promoting DC phenotype, except for CCL22/MDC, which is preferentially expressed by Th2-promoting DC. Because inflammatory chemokines and Th1-associated chemokines are constitutively expressed by mature Th1-promoting DC and CCL22/MDC is constitutively expressed by mature Th2-promoting DC, we propose a novel role for mature DC present in inflamed peripheral tissues in orchestrating the immune response by recruiting appropriate leucocyte populations to the site of pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Lebre
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Capriotti E, Vonderheid EC, Thoburn CJ, Bright EC, Hess AD. Chemokine receptor expression by leukemic T cells of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: clinical and histopathological correlations. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2882-92. [PMID: 17597825 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors expressed by normal and neoplastic lymphocytes provide an important mechanism for cells to traffic into the skin and skin-associated lymph nodes. The goal of this study was to correlate chemokine receptor and CD62L expression by circulating neoplastic T cells with the clinical and pathological findings of the leukemic phase of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, primarily Sézary syndrome (SS). Chemokine receptor mRNA transcripts were found in the majority of leukemic cells for CCR1, CCR4, CCR7, CCR10, CXCR3, and CD62L and in 20-50% of the samples for CXCR5. In patients with SS, relatively high expression levels of CCR7 and CCR10 by circulating neoplastic T cells correlated with epidermotropism, CXCR5 expression correlated with density of the dermal infiltrate, and CD62L correlated with extent of lymphadenopathy. Of note, CXCR5 expression and a dense dermal infiltrate correlated with a poor prognosis. The chemokine receptor profile supports the concept that neoplastic T cells are central memory T cells, and that CCR10 and CD62L play a fundamental role respectively in epidermotropism and lymphadenopathy that is observed in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Capriotti
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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56
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Laborde EA, Vanzulli S, Beigier-Bompadre M, Isturiz MA, Ruggiero RA, Fourcade MG, Catalan Pellet AC, Sozzani S, Vulcano M. Immune Complexes Inhibit Differentiation, Maturation, and Function of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:673-81. [PMID: 17579090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between immune complexes (IC) and the receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcgammaRs) triggers regulatory and effector functions in the immune system. In this study, we investigated the effects of IC on differentiation, maturation, and functions of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). When IC were added on day 0, DC generated on day 6 (IC-DC) showed lower levels of CD1a and increased expression of CD14, MHC class II, and the macrophage marker CD68, as compared with normally differentiated DC. The use of specific blocking FcgammaR mAbs indicated that the effect of IC was exerted mainly through their interaction with FcgammaRI and to a lesser extend with FcgammaRII. Immature IC-DC also expressed higher levels of CD83, CD86, and CD40 and the expression of these maturation markers was not further regulated by LPS. The apparent lack of maturation following TLR stimulation was associated with a decreased production of IL-12, normal secretion of IL-10 and CCL22, and increased production of CXCL8 and CCL2. IC-DC displayed low endocytic activity and a reduced ability to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation both at basal and LPS-stimulated conditions. Altogether, these data reveal that IC strongly affect DC differentiation and maturation. Skewing of DC function from Ag presentation to a proinflammatory phenotype by IC resembles the state of activation observed in DC obtained from patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus disease and arthritis. Therefore, the altered maturation of DC induced by IC may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina A Laborde
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Hematologic Research, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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van Lieshout AWT, Fransen J, Flendrie M, Eijsbouts AMM, van den Hoogen FHJ, van Riel PLCM, Radstake TRDJ. Circulating levels of the chemokine CCL18 but not CXCL16 are elevated and correlate with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1334-8. [PMID: 17350968 PMCID: PMC1994323 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.066084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T cells are considered to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CCL18 and CXCL16 are two chemokines that facilitate T cell attraction by APC, of which a role in the pathogenesis of RA has been suggested. OBJECTIVE To compare the circulating levels of CXCL16 and CCL18 in RA with controls and to investigate the relation of CXCL16 and CCL18 with RA disease activity and joint damage. METHODS Circulating CCL18 and CXCL16 levels were determined in 61 RA patients with a follow-up of 6 years and a group of 41 healthy controls with ELISA. Chemokine levels were correlated with demographic data, disease activity (DAS28) and joint damage (modified Sharp score). In addition, serum CCL18 and CXCL16 levels from a cohort of 44 RA patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha were correlated with disease activity. RESULTS CCL18 levels in serum were significantly elevated in RA patients compared with controls, while serum CXCL16 levels were not. In contrast to CXCL16, serum CCL18 was positively correlated with disease activity. Both CCL18 and CXCL16 levels decreased upon treatment with anti-TNF-alpha. Neither CCL18 nor CXCL16 correlated with joint damage and progression. CONCLUSION Here, we show, for the first time, that circulating CCL18 and not CXCL16 levels are elevated in RA patients as compared with controls and correlate with disease activity in RA. More knowledge regarding the regulation and function of both CCL18 and CXCL16 is essential to value their role in RA.
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Wimmer A, Khaldoyanidi SK, Judex M, Serobyan N, Discipio RG, Schraufstatter IU. CCL18/PARC stimulates hematopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures indirectly through its effect on monocytes. Blood 2006; 108:3722-9. [PMID: 16888095 PMCID: PMC1895459 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a role in regulating hematopoietic stem cell function, including migration, proliferation, and retention. We investigated the involvement of CCL18 in the regulation of bone marrow hematopoiesis. Treatment of human long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) with CCL18 resulted in significant stimulation of hematopoiesis, as measured by the total number of hematopoietic cells and their committed progenitors produced in culture. Monocytes/macrophages, whose survival was almost doubled in the presence of CCL18 compared with controls, were the primary cells mediating this effect. Conditioned media from CCL18-treated mature monocytes fostered colony-promoting activity that increased the number of colonies formed by hematopoietic progenitor cells. Gene expression profiling of CCL18-stimulated monocytes demonstrated more than 200 differentially expressed genes, including those regulating apoptosis (caspase-8) and proliferation (IL-6, IL-15, stem cell factor [SCF]). Up-regulation of these cytokines was confirmed on the protein expression level. The contribution of SCF and IL-6 in CCL18-mediated stimulatory activity for hematopoiesis was confirmed by SCF- and IL-6-blocking antibodies that significantly inhibited the colony-promoting activity of CCL18-stimulated conditioned medium. In addition to the effect on monocytes, CCL18 facilitated the formation of the adherent layer in LTBMCs and increased the proliferation of stromal fibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wimmer
- Division of Cancer Biology, Ste 100, La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, 4570 Executive Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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59
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van Lieshout AWT, van der Voort R, le Blanc LMP, Roelofs MF, Schreurs BW, van Riel PLCM, Adema GJ, Radstake TRDJ. Novel insights in the regulation of CCL18 secretion by monocytes and dendritic cells via cytokines, toll-like receptors and rheumatoid synovial fluid. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:23. [PMID: 16984635 PMCID: PMC1590050 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T cell attracting chemokine CCL18 is produced by antigen presenting cells and a role for CCL18 has been suggested in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of these conditions, in which abundant CCL18 production is present. Although Th2 cytokines and IL-10 are known to have an effect on CCL18 production, there are several gaps in our knowledge regarding the exact regulation of CCL18 secretion, both in general and in RA. In this study we provide new insights in the regulation of CCL18 secretion by monocytes and dendritic cells. RESULTS In contrast to a large panel of pro-inflammatory stimuli (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IFN-gamma), T cell mimicking molecules (RANKL, CD40L) or TLR driven maturation, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 strongly stimulated DC to secrete CCL18. On freshly isolated monocytes, CCL18 secretion was induced by IL-4 and IL-13, in strong synergy with IL-10. This synergistic effect could already be observed after only 24 hours, indicating that not only macrophages and dendritic cells, but also monocytes secrete CCL18 under these stimulatory conditions. A high CCL18 expression was detected in RA synovial tissue and incubation of monocytes with synovial fluid from RA patients clearly enhanced the effects of IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10. Surprisingly, the effect of synovial fluid was not driven by IL-10 of IL-13, suggesting the presence of another CCL18 inducing factor in synovial fluid. CONCLUSION In summary, IL-10 synergistically induces CCL18 secretion in combination with IL-4 of IL-13 on monocytes and monocyte derived cells. The effects of IL-14, IL-13 and IL-10 are strongly enhanced by synovial fluid. This synergy may contribute to the high CCL18 expression in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robbert van der Voort
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Linda MP le Blanc
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke F Roelofs
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - B Willem Schreurs
- Department of Orthopedics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Piet LCM van Riel
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy RDJ Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Humby F, Manzo A, Pitzalis C. Chemokines in arthritis: key molecules in pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460816.1.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Brennan FM, Foey AD, Feldmann M. The importance of T cell interactions with macrophages in rheumatoid cytokine production. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 305:177-94. [PMID: 16724806 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29714-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of suppression of cytokines in rheumatoid synovial tissue and fluid pioneered the studies of human cytokines in diseased tissue due to the relative ease of staining samples, even at the height of the inflammatory process. These studies led to the study of synovial cytokine regulation, and the identification of TNF as a therapeutic target, which has been amply validated in clinical trials and now routine therapy. The next key question was how is TNF disregulated in synovium. Are there differences between the mechanisms of synovial TNF production compared to the production of protective TNF during an immune response? Are there differences between the induction of the pro-inflammatory TNF and the anti inflammatory IL-10? The analysis of the interaction of the two most abundant synovial cells, T lymphocytes and macrophages has provided interesting clues to new therapeutic approaches based on disrupting T-macrophage interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Brennan
- Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK.
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Radstake TRDJ, Franke B, Wenink MH, Nabbe KCAM, Coenen MJH, Welsing P, Bonvini E, Koenig S, van den Berg WB, Barrera P, van Riel PLCM. The functional variant of the inhibitory Fcγ receptor IIb (CD32B) is associated with the rate of radiologic joint damage and dendritic cell function in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:3828-37. [PMID: 17133580 DOI: 10.1002/art.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaRs) recognize immune complexes (ICs) and coordinate the immune response by modulating the functions of dendritic cells (DCs). The purpose of this study was to unravel the role of the inhibitory FcgammaRIIb in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by studying the effect of the FCGR2B 695T>C polymorphism on susceptibility to RA, severity of the disease, and DC function. METHODS Genotyping was performed in RA patients (n = 246) and healthy blood donors (n = 269). The patients' demographic data, disease severity, and disease progression were assessed over a followup of 6 years. DCs were cultured for flow cytometry to determine the expression of FcgammaRs. For detection of FcgammaRIIb (CD32B), a unique anti-FcgammaRIIb antibody (2B6-fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]) was used. The capacity for antigen uptake by DCs was studied by assessing the uptake of FITC-labeled ICs. Levels of cytokine production by DCs were measured during lipopolysaccharide-mediated cell activation in the presence and absence of ICs. RESULTS Although no role of the FCGR2B variant in RA susceptibility was demonstrated, this variant was associated with a nearly doubled rate of radiologic joint damage during the first 6 years of RA. Multiple regression analysis showed that FCGR2B was by far the strongest predictor of joint damage identified to date. DCs from patients carrying this variant failed to display the inhibitory phenotype normally observed upon IC-mediated triggering of inflammation and displayed diminished FcgammaRII-mediated antigen uptake compared with wild-type DCs. However, the levels of FcgammaRs were not affected, suggesting that the FCGR2B variant alters the function rather than regulation of proteins. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that a single genetic variant, the FCGR2B 695T>C polymorphism, is a critical determinant of disease severity in RA and radically changes DC behavior. Our results underscore the key role of DCs in the progression of RA and reveal FcgammaRIIb as an important potential therapeutic target in RA and other autoimmune conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Arthrography
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Endocytosis
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Joints/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R D J Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Randolph GJ, Angeli V, Swartz MA. Dendritic-cell trafficking to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:617-28. [PMID: 16056255 DOI: 10.1038/nri1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting dendritic cells often acquire foreign antigens in peripheral tissues such as the skin. Optimal encounter with naive T cells for the presentation of these antigens requires that the dendritic cells migrate to draining lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels. In this article, we review important aspects of what is known about dendritic-cell trafficking into and through lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes. We present these findings in the context of information about lymphatic-vessel biology. Gaining a better understanding of the crosstalk between dendritic cells and lymphatic vessels during the migration of dendritic cells to lymph nodes is essential for future advances in manipulating dendritic-cell migration as a means to fine-tune immune responses in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Icahn Research Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1496, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Radstake TRDJ, van Lieshout AWT, van Riel PLCM, van den Berg WB, Adema GJ. Dendritic cells, Fc{gamma} receptors, and Toll-like receptors: potential allies in the battle against rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1532-8. [PMID: 15878905 PMCID: PMC1755288 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.033779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest an important role for Fcgamma receptors and Toll-like receptors expressed by dendritic cells (DC) in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Possibly, DC behaviour might be tuned to counteract the misbalanced immune system in RA. Understanding the precise mechanisms that determine the skewed immune response in RA may provide new clues for the therapeutic use of DC in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R D J Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Radstake TRDJ, Nabbe KCAM, Wenink MH, Roelofs MF, Oosterlaar A, van Lieshout AWT, Barrera P, van Lent PLEM, van den Berg WB. Dendritic cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis lack the interleukin 13 mediated increase of Fc gamma RII expression, which has clear functional consequences. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1737-43. [PMID: 15878907 PMCID: PMC1755317 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.034405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC) function is largely tailored by Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma R) and is critical for every immune response. OBJECTIVE To compare interleukin (IL) 13 mediated regulation of Fc gamma RII and its related DC function between healthy controls and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS DC were derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells according to standardised protocols. F cgammaRI, II, and III expression and DC phenotype were assessed by FACS analysis. The level of cytokine production and chemokine expression was measured by Luminex and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques. Antigen uptake capacity was studied by DC fluorescent heat aggregated immunoglobulins and FACS analysis. RESULTS Replacement of IL4 by IL13 clearly increased the expression of Fc gamma RII on DC from healthy controls (CDC), but had no effect on DC from patients with RA (RADC). The lower production of inflammatory mediators by IL13 CDC upon Fc gamma R mediated triggering suggests that IL13 induces up regulation of specifically Fc gamma RII. RADC co-cultured with IL4 already displayed an inhibitory DC phenotype, but this inhibitory phenotype was not augmented by the addition of IL13. The defective Fc gamma RII regulation was further substantiated by the finding that IL13 CDC increased antigen uptake capacity, whereas IL13 RADC did not. CONCLUSION IL13 regulates the expression of inhibitory Fc gamma RII in normal subjects but not in RA, potentially resulting in a chronic proinflammatory immune reaction in RA. Unravelling the underlying mechanisms of Fc gamma RII regulation might lead to new therapeutic targets in RA.
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Schutyser E, Richmond A, Van Damme J. Involvement of CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) in normal and pathological processes. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:14-26. [PMID: 15784687 PMCID: PMC2665283 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1204712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) was originally discovered as pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC), dendritic cell (DC)-chemokine 1 (DC-CK1), alternative macrophage activation-associated CC chemokine-1 (AMAC-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4). CCL18 primarily targets lymphocytes and immature DC, although its agonistic receptor remains unknown so far. CCL18 is mainly expressed by a broad range of monocytes/macrophages and DC. A more profound understanding of the various activation programs and functional phenotypes of these producer cells might give a better insight in the proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory role of this CC chemokine. It is interesting that CCL18 is constitutively present at high levels in human plasma and likely contributes to the physiological homing of lymphocytes and DC and to the generation of primary immune responses. Furthermore, enhanced CCL18 production has been demonstrated in several diseases, including various malignancies and inflammatory joint, lung, and skin diseases. The lack of a rodent counterpart for human CCL18 sets all hope on primate animal models to further elucidate the importance of CCL18 in vivo. This review will address these different aspects in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evemie Schutyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Departments of Veterans Affairs and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ann Richmond
- Departments of Veterans Affairs and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. E-mail:
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Abstract
Apart from the deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus, various methods exist in the peripheral immune system to control specific human immune responses to self-antigens. One of these mechanisms involves regulatory T cells, of which CD4+CD25+ T cells are a major subset. Recent evidence suggests that CD4+CD25+ T cells have a role in controlling the development of autoimmune diseases in animals and in humans. The precise delineation of the function of CD4+CD25+ T cells in autoimmune inflammation is therefore of great importance for the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the ability to control such regulatory mechanisms might provide novel therapeutic opportunities in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here we review existing knowledge of CD4+CD25+ T cells and discuss their role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Leipe
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alla Skapenko
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hendrik Schulze-Koops
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Haas CS, Martinez RJ, Attia N, Haines GK, Campbell PL, Koch AE. Chemokine receptor expression in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:3718-30. [PMID: 16320322 DOI: 10.1002/art.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokine receptors mediate leukocyte migration into inflamed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue (ST). Knowledge of their distribution is crucial for understanding the evolution of the inflammatory process. In this study, we used rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), a model for RA, to define the temporospatial expression of chemokine receptors. METHODS ST from rats with AIA was immunostained, the percentage of cells expressing each receptor was determined, and findings were correlated with levels of inflammation. Chemokine receptor expression was evaluated on rat macrophages in vitro. RESULTS CCR1, a receptor for macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha)/CCL3 and RANTES/CCL5, exhibited high constitutive expression on macrophages in AIA. CCR5, binding MIP-1alpha/CCL3 and RANTES/CCL5, was up-regulated on ST macrophages during the course of AIA, correlating with macrophage expression of CCR2, a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/CCL2. Endothelial cell (EC) CCR2 was down-regulated as arthritis progressed, inversely correlating with inflammation. CCR3, another RANTES/CCL5 receptor, was constitutively high on macrophages in vivo and in vitro, with down-regulation during AIA. CXCR4, a receptor for stromal cell-derived factor 1/CXCL12), was prominently up-regulated on ECs, preceding the peak of inflammation. CONCLUSION These findings show that 1) constitutive expression of CCR1 on macrophages remains high during AIA; 2) CCR2 and CCR3 may play a role in initial recruitment of leukocytes to ST in AIA; 3) macrophage expression of CCR2 and CCR5 may be important for sustaining inflammatory changes; and 4) EC CXCR4 may be a harbinger of inflammatory changes. Our results may help guide chemokine receptor blockade-targeting treatment strategies in inflammatory arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Female
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Haas
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0680, USA
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van Lieshout AWT, Barrera P, Smeets RL, Pesman GJ, van Riel PLCM, van den Berg WB, Radstake TRDJ. Inhibition of TNF alpha during maturation of dendritic cells results in the development of semi-mature cells: a potential mechanism for the beneficial effects of TNF alpha blockade in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 64:408-14. [PMID: 15256380 PMCID: PMC1755381 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.023259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells orchestrate pivotal immunological processes mediated by the production of cytokines and chemokines. OBJECTIVE To assess whether neutralisation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) during maturation of dendritic cells affects their phenotype and behaviour, which might explain the beneficial effects of TNF alpha neutralisation in rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Immature and fully matured dendritic cells were cultured from blood monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls following standardised protocols. TNF alpha was neutralised by addition of the p55 soluble TNF alpha receptor, PEGsTNFRI. The effect of TNF alpha neutralisation on the phenotype (CD14, CD16, CD32, CD64, CD80, CD83, CD86, and MHC) of dendritic cells was investigated by flow cytometry. Expression of chemokines (CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL22, CCL3, and CXCL8) and production of IL1 beta and IL6 during dendritic cell differentiation and maturation were examined. RESULTS Neutralisation of TNF alpha during the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells did not result in an altered dendritic cell phenotype in the rheumatoid patients or the healthy controls. In contrast, the expression of CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL22, CCL3, and CXCL8 by dendritic cells was significantly reduced when TNF alpha activity was inhibited during lipopolysaccharide triggered dendritic cell maturation. The production of IL1 beta and IL6 by mature dendritic cells was inhibited by PEGsTNFRI. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of TNF alpha activity during dendritic cell maturation leads to the development of semi-mature cells. These data suggest a novel pathway by which the neutralisation of TNF alpha might exert its therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W T van Lieshout
- Department of Rhumatology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
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