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Development and validation of DSM-5 based diagnostic tool for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213242. [PMID: 30865682 PMCID: PMC6415840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorder-IV (DSM-IV) TR based INCLEN Diagnostic Tool for Autism Spectrum Disorder (INDT-ASD) is an established instrument for the diagnosis of ASD in Indian subcontinent and low-middle income countries (LMIC). The introduction of DSM-5 necessitated revision of existing INDT-ASD tool to incorporate the DSM-5 related changes. This study was undertaken to develop and validate the DSM-5 based All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)-Modified-INDT-ASD Tool. The modifications were done using Delphi method and included: (a) rearrangement of questions from the previous tool; and (b) addition of new questions on sensory symptoms. The modified tool was validated against DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the cut-off for total score as compared to Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score to grade the severity of ASD. Two-hundred-twenty-five children (159 boys, median age = 47months) were enrolled. The modified tool demonstrated sensitivity of 98.4% and specificity of 91.7% to diagnose ASD. A score ≥14 on the tool was suggestive of severe ASD (CARS>36.5) with a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 80.7% respectively [Area under the curve = 0.89]. AIIMS-Modified-INDT-ASD Tool is a simple and structured instrument based on DSM-5 criteria which can facilitate diagnosis of ASD with acceptable diagnostic accuracy.
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52
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Osório AAC, Brunoni AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic scoping review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:298-304. [PMID: 30451290 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to review available studies which test transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to reduce symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD We performed a systematic scoping review in PubMed and PsychINFO databases for studies employing tDCS in children and adolescents with ASD. RESULTS We found five studies (two small randomized controlled studies, one experimental study, one quasi-experimental study, and one case study) reporting positive effects of tDCS in ASD symptom reduction. Study design varied greatly and sample size ranged from 1 to 20 patients. INTERPRETATION Preliminary evidence is encouraging of the potential usefulness of tDCS for treatment of ASD in children and adolescents. It suggests tentative support for reductions in symptom severity and, according to parental reports and clinical observations, improvements in some aspects of language. However, the evidence is sparse and of low quality, so the true effect of tDCS is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect in this review. Therefore, future randomized controlled trials are needed to draw conclusions regarding tDCS efficacy in paediatric samples with ASD. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS There is low confidence in the estimate of effect, but tentatively encouraging results warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alexandra Caldas Osório
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Developmental Disorders Graduate Program, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Russowsky Brunoni
- University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroscience and National Institute of Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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53
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Rosina E, Battan B, Siracusano M, Di Criscio L, Hollis F, Pacini L, Curatolo P, Bagni C. Disruption of mTOR and MAPK pathways correlates with severity in idiopathic autism. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:50. [PMID: 30705255 PMCID: PMC6355879 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular signature underlying autism spectrum disorder remains largely unknown. This study identifies differential expression of mTOR and MAPK pathways in patients affected by mild and severe idiopathic autism. A total of 55 subjects were enrolled, of which 22 were typically developing individuals and 33 were patients aged between 3 and 11 years, with autism spectrum disorder. A detailed history, including physical examination, developmental evaluation, mental health history and autism diagnostic observation schedule were performed for each patient. Components of the mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways were analysed from peripheral blood at the protein level. Patients were then stratified according to their clinical phenotypes, and the molecular profiling was analysed in relation to the degree of autism severity. In this cohort of patients, we identified increased activity of mTOR and the MAPK pathways, key regulators of synaptogenesis and protein synthesis. Specifically, rpS6, p-eIF4E, TSC1 and p-MNK1 expression discriminated patients according to their clinical diagnosis, suggesting that components of protein synthesis signalling pathways might constitute a molecular signature of clinical severity in autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Rosina
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Battan
- Department of Systems Medicine, Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Siracusano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lorena Di Criscio
- Department of Systems Medicine, Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiona Hollis
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Pacini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Curatolo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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54
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Barlati S, Deste G, Gregorelli M, Vita A. Autistic traits in a sample of adult patients with schizophrenia: prevalence and correlates. Psychol Med 2019; 49:140-148. [PMID: 29554995 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are currently conceptualized as distinct disorders. However, the relationship between these two disorders has been revisited in recent years due to evidence that they share phenotypic and genotypic expressions. This study aimed to identify ASD traits in patients with schizophrenia, and to define their demographic, psychopathological, cognitive and functional correlates. METHOD Seventy-five schizophrenia patients (20 females, mean age 42 ± 12) were evaluated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Participants were also assessed with clinical, neuropsychological, and psychosocial functioning measures. RESULTS Of the 75 patients, 47 were negative to all the autism scales administered (ADOS-TOT-NEG), 21 patients were positive to the ADOS Language sub-domain (ADOS-L-POS), 21 patients were positive to the ADOS Reciprocal Social Interaction (RSI) sub-domain (ADOS-RSI-POS), 14 patients were positive to the ADOS Total scale (ADOS-TOT-POS), and nine patients were positive to the ADI-R scale (ADI-R-POS). Demographic (duration of illness), psychopathological (negative symptoms and general psychopathology), and cognitive (working memory and processing speed) differences emerged between schizophrenic patients with and without ASD traits, while no differences in psychosocial functioning were detected. Results of this study indicate the existence, in a sample of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, of a distinct group of subjects with ASD features, characterized by specific symptomatological and cognitive profile. CONCLUSIONS These findings may contribute to better characterize patients with schizophrenia in order to develop new procedures and therapeutic tools in a more personalized perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barlati
- Department of Mental Health,ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia,Italy
| | - G Deste
- Department of Mental Health,ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia,Italy
| | - M Gregorelli
- Center Diagnosis Care and Autism Research (CDRA),ULSS 9 Scaligera,Verona Italy; "Luna" Association Onlus,Brescia,Italy
| | - A Vita
- Department of Mental Health,ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia,Italy
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55
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de Giambattista C, Ventura P, Trerotoli P, Margari M, Palumbi R, Margari L. Subtyping the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comparison of Children with High Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:138-150. [PMID: 30043350 PMCID: PMC6331497 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since Hans Asperger's first description (Arch Psych Nervenkrankh 117:76-136, 1944), through Lorna Wing's translation and definition (Psychol Med 11:115-129, 1981), to its introduction in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM, 1994), Asperger Syndrome has always aroused huge interest and debate, until vanishing in the DSM fifth edition (2013). The debate regarded its diagnostic validity and its differentiation from high functioning autism (HFA). The present study aimed to examine whether AS differed from HFA in clinical profiles and to analyze the impact of DSM-5's innovation. Differences in cognitive, language, school functioning and comorbidities, were revealed when 80 AS and 70 HFA patients (3-18 years) were compared. Results suggested that an AS empirical distinction within autism spectrum disorder should be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta de Giambattista
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ventura
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Medical Statistic, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Margari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Palumbi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
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56
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Li Y, Jia X, Wu H, Xun G, Ou J, Zhang Q, Li H, Bai T, Hu Z, Zou X, Xia K, Guo H. Genotype and phenotype correlations for SHANK3 de novo mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2668-2676. [PMID: 30537371 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SHANK3 has been identified as the causative gene of 22q13.3 microdeletion syndrome phenotype. De novo mutations (DNMs) of SHANK3 were subsequently identified in patients with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), schizophrenia (SCZ), a Rett syndrome-like phenotype, and intellectual disability (ID). Although broad developmental phenotypes of these patients have been described in single studies, few studies have reviewed the genotype and phenotype relationships using a relatively large cohort of patients with SHANK3 DNMs. In this study, we identified a de novo splice mutation (NM_033517.1: c.2265+1G>A) that functionally impairs mRNA splicing, produces multiple splice variants, and results in the reduction of the amounts of mRNA. To analyze the genotype and phenotype correlations for SHANK3 DNMs, we reviewed 37 previously published patients with 28 SHANK3 DNMs. Our results revealed that haploinsufficiency of SHANK3 causes a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes with impaired social interaction, repetitive behavior, speech impairment, ID, and regression as the most common observations. Seizures, hypotonia, global development delay, dysmorphic features, and several other features also occurred recurrently. Specific phenotypes are also observed in certain genotypes. Our study provides the frequency of the heterogeneous co-occurring conditions caused by SHANK3 DNMs, which will be beneficial for diagnosis and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangbin Jia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guanglei Xun
- Mental Health Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiumeng Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Child Healthcare Department, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Bai
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobing Zou
- Child Healthcare Department, The Third affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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57
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Deste G, Barlati S, Gregorelli M, Lisoni J, Turrina C, Valsecchi P, Vita A. Looking through autistic features in schizophrenia using the PANSS Autism Severity Score (PAUSS). Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:764-768. [PMID: 30551322 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia share several features. However, the assessment of ASD in schizophrenia is difficult. Aim of this study is to investigate the possibility to use the PANSS Autism Severity Score (PAUSS) to recognize autistic features in schizophrenia. The PAUSS was administered to 75 patients with schizophrenia, previously assessed with ASD diagnostic scales. PAUSS total scores were higher in patients with ASD, compared to those without ASD. Patients with PAUSS score higher than the cut-off proposed for ASD showed specific neuropsychological and functional characteristics. The PAUSS may be useful to identify patients with schizophrenia autistic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Deste
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Barlati
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Gregorelli
- Center Diagnosis Care and Autism Research (CDRA), ULSS 9 Scaligera, Luna Association Onlus, Verona Italy, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lisoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cesare Turrina
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Valsecchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Vita
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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58
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Prenatal Neuropathologies in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: The Gestation of a Comprehensive Zebrafish Model. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040029. [PMID: 30513623 PMCID: PMC6316217 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are neurodevelopmental disorders with overlapping diagnostic behaviors and risk factors. These include embryonic exposure to teratogens and mutations in genes that have important functions prenatally. Animal models, including rodents and zebrafish, have been essential in delineating mechanisms of neuropathology and identifying developmental critical periods, when those mechanisms are most sensitive to disruption. This review focuses on how the developmentally accessible zebrafish is contributing to our understanding of prenatal pathologies that set the stage for later ASD-ID behavioral deficits. We discuss the known factors that contribute prenatally to ASD-ID and the recent use of zebrafish to model deficits in brain morphogenesis and circuit development. We conclude by suggesting that a future challenge in zebrafish ASD-ID modeling will be to bridge prenatal anatomical and physiological pathologies to behavioral deficits later in life.
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59
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Background cortisol versus social anxiety as correlates of HPA-axis recovery from stress in boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:52-60. [PMID: 30165174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show dysregulation of the expected Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and elevated cortisol responses to stress and response patterns, but little has been reported regarding their recovery from stress in terms of cortisol concentrations. This response was investigated in a sample of 32 young males with ASD aged between 9 and 18 years (M = 14.3 yr, SD = 2.7 yr), using a standardised experimental protocol combined with individualised stressor and non-stressor tasks. Results indicated that about half of the sample demonstrated unexpected HPA axis response patterns, and that recovery from stress cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with a single symptom of Social Phobia and Morning cortisol. These findings suggest that one of the key diagnostic criteria for ASD may be strongly influential in the HPA axis responses of boys with ASD and that training regimesto assist them to form less fearful associations with their non-ASD peers may be central to the academic and social progress of these boys.
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60
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Wang Y, Xiao L, Chen RS, Chen C, Xun GL, Lu XZ, Shen YD, Wu RR, Xia K, Zhao JP, Ou JJ. Social impairment of children with autism spectrum disorder affects parental quality of life in different ways. Psychiatry Res 2018; 266:168-174. [PMID: 29864617 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the life quality of Chinese parents of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their association with child social impairment and childcare burden. The participants included 406 families of children with ASD and 513 families with typically developing (TD) children. The findings indicated that parents in the ASD group had a lower quality of life than parents in the TD group, whereas only mother of children with ASD experienced a greater childcare burden than mother with TD children. Lower parental quality of life were associated with higher social impairment of children. To further clarify the correlativity of child social impairment, parental quality of life and childcare burden, the mediation analyses were conducted. The results showed that childcare burden mediated the influence of child social impairment on maternal quality of life, while it has no mediating effect on fathers. It implies that social impairment of children affects parental quality of life in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya); Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Xiangtan Maternal and Child Care Service Centre, 295 Donghu Road, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Run-Sen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Chen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, The Ministry of Justice, 1347 West Guang Fu Road, Shanghai 200063, PR China
| | - Guang-Lei Xun
- Shandong Mental Health Center, 49 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Zi Lu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, 229 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266034, Shangdong, PR China
| | - Yi-Dong Shen
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya); Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ren-Rong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya); Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Kun Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, No.110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya); Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Jian-Jun Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya); Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China.
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61
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Barahona-Corrêa JB, Velosa A, Chainho A, Lopes R, Oliveira-Maia AJ. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:27. [PMID: 30038561 PMCID: PMC6046620 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder manifesting as lifelong deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities. While there are no specific pharmacological or other physical treatments for autism, in recent years repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), a technique for non-invasive neuromodulation, has attracted interest due to potential therapeutic value. Here we report the results of a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the use of rTMS to treat ASD. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Bielefeld Academic Search, and Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse. Search terms reflected diagnoses and treatment modalities of interest. Studies reporting use of rTMS to treat core ASD or cognitive symptoms in ASD were eligible. Two researchers performed article selection and data extraction independently, according to PRISMA guidelines. Changes in ASD clinical scores or in cognitive performance were the main outcomes. Random effects meta-analysis models were performed. Results: We found 23 eligible reports, comprising 4 case-reports, 7 non-controlled clinical trials, and 12 controlled clinical trials, comparing the effects of real TMS with waiting-list controls (n = 6) or sham-treatment (n = 6). Meta-analyses showed a significant, but moderate, effect on repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, social behavior, and number of errors in executive function tasks, but not other outcomes. Most studies had a moderate to high risk of bias, mostly due to lack of subject- and evaluator-blinding to treatment allocation. Only 5 studies reported stability of these gains for periods of up 6 months, with descriptions that improvements were sustained over time. Conclusions: Existing evidence supports that TMS could be useful to treat some dimensions of ASD. However, such evidence must be regarded with care, as most studies did not adequately control for placebo effects. Moreover, little is known regarding the most effective stimulation parameters, targets, and schedules. There is an urgent need for further randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trials, with adequate follow-up periods, to test the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation to treat these disorders. Available evidence must be regarded as preliminary and insufficient, at present, to support offering TMS to treat ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa
- Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,CADIN-Neurodesenvolvimento e Inclusão, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana Velosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Chainho
- Centro de Investigação e de Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- CADIN-Neurodesenvolvimento e Inclusão, Cascais, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação e de Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Albino J Oliveira-Maia
- Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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62
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Schieve LA, Shapira SK. Invited Commentary: Male Reproductive System Congenital Malformations and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:664-667. [PMID: 29452336 PMCID: PMC5884740 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent developmental disorder. Studies indicate that while ASD etiology has a genetic component, the risk is polygenic, with gene-environment interactions being likely. The prenatal period is a critical exposure window for nongenetic risk factors. Previous studies have found positive associations between congenital malformations (all types) and ASD; a few also found specific associations between genitourinary system malformations and ASD; and one study found an association between hypospadias and ASD. In the accompanying article, Rotem et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(4):656-663) describe how they conducted a comprehensive analysis focusing on the shared risk of ASD with hypospadias or cryptorchidism, using existing data from a large Israeli health services system, which afforded several advantages because of the large sample size and low attrition of the patient population. The authors conducted a careful analysis, including sensitivity analyses, to account for risk factor and case misclassifications that might have occurred had they relied solely on preexisting diagnostic codes to define exposures and outcome. They observed positive associations between both hypospadias and cryptorchidism and ASD that were independent of numerous sociodemographic and pregnancy health factors. This study advances our understanding of ASD etiology and illustrates how existing data might be used to assess some ASD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Schieve
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Laura A. Schieve, Stuart K. Shapira)
| | - Stuart K. Shapira
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Laura A. Schieve, Stuart K. Shapira)
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63
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Sungur AÖ, Stemmler L, Wöhr M, Rust MB. Impaired Object Recognition but Normal Social Behavior and Ultrasonic Communication in Cofilin1 Mutant Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29515378 PMCID: PMC5825895 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and intellectual disability (ID) show a remarkable overlap in symptoms, including impairments in cognition, social behavior and communication. Human genetic studies revealed an enrichment of mutations in actin-related genes for these disorders, and some of the strongest candidate genes control actin dynamics. These findings led to the hypotheses: (i) that ASD, SCZ and ID share common disease mechanisms; and (ii) that, at least in a subgroup of affected individuals, defects in the actin cytoskeleton cause or contribute to their pathologies. Cofilin1 emerged as a key regulator of actin dynamics and we previously demonstrated its critical role for synaptic plasticity and associative learning. Notably, recent studies revealed an over-activation of cofilin1 in mutant mice displaying ASD- or SCZ-like behavioral phenotypes, suggesting that dysregulated cofilin1-dependent actin dynamics contribute to their behavioral abnormalities, such as deficits in social behavior. These findings let us hypothesize: (i) that, apart from cognitive impairments, cofilin1 mutants display additional behavioral deficits with relevance to ASD or SCZ; and (ii) that our cofilin1 mutants represent a valuable tool to study the underlying disease mechanisms. To test our hypotheses, we compared social behavior and ultrasonic communication of juvenile mutants to control littermates, and we did not obtain evidence for impaired direct reciprocal social interaction, social approach or social memory. Moreover, concomitant emission of ultrasonic vocalizations was not affected and time-locked to social activity, supporting the notion that ultrasonic vocalizations serve a pro-social communicative function as social contact calls maintaining social proximity. Finally, cofilin1 mutants did not display abnormal repetitive behaviors. Instead, they performed weaker in novel object recognition, thereby demonstrating that cofilin1 is relevant not only for associative learning, but also for “non-matching-to-sample” learning. Here we report the absence of an ASD- or a SCZ-like phenotype in cofilin1 mutants, and we conclude that cofilin1 is relevant specifically for non-social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Özge Sungur
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Stemmler
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco B Rust
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,DFG Research Training Group-Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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64
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Kim H, Keifer CM, Rodriguez-Seijas C, Eaton NR, Lerner MD, Gadow KD. Structural hierarchy of autism spectrum disorder symptoms: an integrative framework. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:30-38. [PMID: 28195316 PMCID: PMC5555838 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an attempt to resolve questions regarding the symptom classification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), previous research generally aimed to demonstrate superiority of one model over another. Rather than adjudicating which model may be optimal, we propose an alternative approach that integrates competing models using Goldberg's bass-ackwards method, providing a comprehensive understanding of the underlying symptom structure of ASD. METHODS The study sample comprised 3,825 individuals, consecutive referrals to a university hospital developmental disabilities specialty clinic or a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. This study analyzed DSM-IV-referenced ASD symptom statements from parent and teacher versions of the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-4R. A series of exploratory structural equation models was conducted in order to produce interpretable latent factors that account for multivariate covariance. RESULTS Results indicated that ASD symptoms were structured into an interpretable hierarchy across multiple informants. This hierarchy includes five levels; key features of ASD bifurcate into different constructs with increasing specificity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine an underlying structural hierarchy of ASD symptomatology using the bass-ackwards method. This hierarchy demonstrates how core features of ASD relate at differing levels of resolution, providing a model for conceptualizing ASD heterogeneity and a structure for integrating divergent theories of cognitive processes and behavioral features that define the disorder. These findings suggest that a more coherent and complete understanding of the structure of ASD symptoms may be reflected in a metastructure rather than at one level of resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Kim
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Cara. M. Keifer
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | | | | | | | - Kenneth D. Gadow
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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do Egito JHT, Ferreira GMR, Gonçalves MI, Osório AAC. Brief Report: Factor Analysis of the Brazilian Version of the Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 48:1847-1853. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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66
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Kanner AM, Scharfman H, Jette N, Anagnostou E, Bernard C, Camfield C, Camfield P, Legg K, Dinstein I, Giacobe P, Friedman A, Pohlmann-Eden B. Epilepsy as a Network Disorder (1): What can we learn from other network disorders such as autistic spectrum disorder and mood disorders? Epilepsy Behav 2017; 77:106-113. [PMID: 29107450 PMCID: PMC9835466 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition which often occurs with other neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The relation between epilepsy and these conditions is complex. Some population-based studies have identified a bidirectional relation, whereby not only patients with epilepsy are at increased risk of suffering from some of these neurologic and psychiatric disorders (migraine, stroke, dementia, autism, depression, anxiety disorders, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and psychosis), but also patients with these conditions are at increased risk of suffering from epilepsy. The existence of common pathogenic mechanisms has been postulated as a potential explanation of this phenomenon. To reassess the relationships between neurological and psychiatric conditions in general, and specifically autism, depression, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, a recent meeting brought together basic researchers and clinician scientists entitled "Epilepsy as a Network Disorder." This was the fourth in a series of conferences, the "Fourth International Halifax Conference and Retreat". This manuscript summarizes the proceedings on potential relations between Epilepsy on the one hand and autism and depression on the other. A companion manuscript provides a summary of the proceedings about the relation between epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, closed by the role of translational research in clarifying these relationships. The review of the topics in these two manuscripts will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms operant in some of the common neurologic and psychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M. Kanner
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Room #1324, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Corresponding author. (A.M. Kanner)
| | - Helen Scharfman
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA,The Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Jette
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada
| | - Christophe Bernard
- NS – Institute de Neurosciences des Systemes, UMR INSERM 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Equipe Physionet, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Carol Camfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter Camfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Karen Legg
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Halifax Infirmary, Halifax B3H4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- Departments of Psychology and Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Peter Giacobe
- Centre for Mental Health, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel,Departments of Medical Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Bernd Pohlmann-Eden
- Brain Repair Center, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Room 229, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
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van den Berk-Smeekens I, Oosterling IJ, den Boer JC, Buitelaar JK, Staal WG, van Dongen-Boomsma M. Pivotal Response Treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris van den Berk-Smeekens
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Iris J Oosterling
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Jenny C den Boer
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Centre; Ede Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Wouter G Staal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Martine van Dongen-Boomsma
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre; Nijmegen Netherlands
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Duvekot J, Hoopen LWT, Slappendel G, van der Ende J, Verhulst FC, van der Sijde A, Greaves-Lord K. Design and Cohort Characteristics of the Social Spectrum Study: A Multicenter Study of the Autism Spectrum Among Clinically Referred Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:33-48. [PMID: 27699684 PMCID: PMC5222937 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the design and cohort characteristics of the Social Spectrum Study: a clinical cohort study that used a two-phase sampling design to identify children at risk for ASD. After screening 1281 children aged 2.5–10 years who had been consecutively referred to one of six mental health services in the Netherlands, children who screened positive for ASD (n = 428) and a random selection of screen negatives (n = 240) were invited to participate in diagnostic assessments and questionnaires regarding the child, family and society. A 1-year follow-up was also conducted. Results from this study may contribute to knowledge of the identification and characterization of children with ASD, family processes, and the impact of ASD on the family and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorieke Duvekot
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 8, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Yulius, Organization for Mental Health, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leontine W Ten Hoopen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 8, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Slappendel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 8, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Yulius, Organization for Mental Health, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Ende
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 8, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 8, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad van der Sijde
- Yulius, Organization for Mental Health, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Greaves-Lord
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Wytemaweg 8, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Yulius, Organization for Mental Health, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
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Broome K, McCabe P, Docking K, Doble M. A Systematic Review of Speech Assessments for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Recommendations for Best Practice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2017; 26:1011-1029. [PMID: 28772287 DOI: 10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a summary and evaluation of speech assessments used with children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A subsequent narrative review was completed to ascertain the core components of an evidence-based pediatric speech assessment, which, together with the results of the systematic review, provide clinical and research guidelines for best practice. METHOD A systematic search of eight databases was used to find peer-reviewed research articles published between 1990 and 2014 assessing the speech of children with ASD. Eligible articles were categorized according to the assessment methods used and the speech characteristics described. RESULTS The review identified 21 articles that met the inclusion criteria, search criteria, and confidence in ASD diagnosis. The speech of prelinguistic participants was assessed in seven articles. Speech assessments with verbal participants were completed in 15 articles with segmental and suprasegmental aspects of speech analyzed. Assessment methods included connected speech samples, single-word naming tasks, speech imitation tasks, and analysis of the production of words and sentences. CONCLUSIONS Clinical and research guidelines for speech assessment of children with ASD are outlined. Future comparisons will be facilitated by the use of consistent reporting methods in research focusing on children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Broome
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, The University of Sydney, Australia
- The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patricia McCabe
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Maree Doble
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Axelrud LK, DeSousa DA, Manfro GG, Pan PM, Knackfuss AC, Mari JDJ, Miguel EC, Rohde LA, Salum GA. The Social Aptitudes Scale: looking at both "ends" of the social functioning dimension. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1031-1040. [PMID: 28567593 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dimensional approaches are likely to advance understanding of human behaviors and emotions. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether instruments in psychiatry capture variability at the full spectrum of these dimensions. We aimed to investigate this issue for two scales assessing distinct aspects of social functioning: the Social Aptitudes Scale (SAS), a "bidirectional" scale constructed to investigate both "ends" of social functioning; and the social Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL-social), a "unidirectional" scale constructed to assess social problems. METHODS We investigated 2512 children and adolescents aged 6-14. Item response theory was used to investigate on which range of the trait each scale captures information. We performed quantile regressions to investigate if correlations between SAS and CBCL-social vary within different levels of social aptitudes dimension and multiple logistic regressions to investigate associations with negative and positive clinical outcomes. RESULTS SAS was able to provide information on the full range of social aptitudes, whereas CBCL-social provided information on subjects with high levels of social problems. Quantile regressions showed SAS and CBCL-social have higher correlations for subjects with low social aptitudes and non-significant correlations for subjects with high social aptitudes. Multiple logistic regressions showed that SAS was able to provide independent clinical predictions even after adjusting for CBCL-social scores. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide further validity to SAS and exemplify the potential of "bidirectional" scales to dimensional assessment, allowing a better understanding of variations that occur in the population and providing information for children with typical and atypical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Kvitko Axelrud
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Araújo DeSousa
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mario Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Knackfuss
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jair de Jesus Mari
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eurípedes Constantino Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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Galilee A, Stefanidou C, McCleery JP. Atypical speech versus non-speech detection and discrimination in 4- to 6- yr old children with autism spectrum disorder: An ERP study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181354. [PMID: 28738063 PMCID: PMC5524336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous event-related potential (ERP) research utilizing oddball stimulus paradigms suggests diminished processing of speech versus non-speech sounds in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, brain mechanisms underlying these speech processing abnormalities, and to what extent they are related to poor language abilities in this population remain unknown. In the current study, we utilized a novel paired repetition paradigm in order to investigate ERP responses associated with the detection and discrimination of speech and non-speech sounds in 4- to 6-year old children with ASD, compared with gender and verbal age matched controls. ERPs were recorded while children passively listened to pairs of stimuli that were either both speech sounds, both non-speech sounds, speech followed by non-speech, or non-speech followed by speech. Control participants exhibited N330 match/mismatch responses measured from temporal electrodes, reflecting speech versus non-speech detection, bilaterally, whereas children with ASD exhibited this effect only over temporal electrodes in the left hemisphere. Furthermore, while the control groups exhibited match/mismatch effects at approximately 600 ms (central N600, temporal P600) when a non-speech sound was followed by a speech sound, these effects were absent in the ASD group. These findings suggest that children with ASD fail to activate right hemisphere mechanisms, likely associated with social or emotional aspects of speech detection, when distinguishing non-speech from speech stimuli. Together, these results demonstrate the presence of atypical speech versus non-speech processing in children with ASD when compared with typically developing children matched on verbal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Galilee
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chrysi Stefanidou
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P. McCleery
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Burns CO, Matson JL. An evaluation of the clinical application of the DSM-5 for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:909-917. [PMID: 28678629 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1351301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The changes to the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) were met with much controversy by researchers, clinicians, and families of individuals with ASD. The goal of this paper is to review the literature on the impact of these changes. Areas covered: This paper reviews the major changes to diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. It emphasizes how these changes are hypothesized to impact prevalence rates, as well as trends in characteristics of individuals who would have met previous criteria for ASD but no longer qualify for a diagnosis under DSM-5. Policy issues such as access to services and research considerations are also briefly reviewed. Expert commentary: Researchers have found that the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD may significantly impact which children receive diagnoses, which in turn affects access to services that address impairments characteristic of this disorder. Despite the fact that the DSM-5 has now been in use for four years, fewer recent studies were identified than was expected. Future research should continue to focus on the impact of changes in criteria, as well as on translational scientific advances across disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire O Burns
- a Louisiana State University , Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Johnny L Matson
- a Louisiana State University , Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
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DiLalla LF, McCrary M, Diaz E. A review of endophenotypes in schizophrenia and autism: The next phase for understanding genetic etiologies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 175:354-361. [PMID: 28661580 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders are caused by multiple genes and multiple environmental factors, making the identification of specific genetic risk factors for these disorders difficult. Endophenotypes are behaviors or characteristics that are intermediate between the genotype and a phenotype of interest. Because they are more directly related to the gene action than is the endpoint disorder, they may be useful in the identification of specific genes related to psychiatric disorders and the classification of disorders or traits that share an underlying genetic etiology. We discuss genetic and endophenotype research on schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in this review. Some of the psychophysiological endophenotypes that have been studied for schizophrenia include prepulse inhibition of the startle response, the antisaccadic task assessing frontal lobe function, inhibition of the P50 event-related potential (ERP), and other auditory ERP measures. Potential ASD endophenotypes include theory of mind, language skills (specifically, age at first spoken word and first spoken phrase), social skills, and certain brain functions, such as asynchronization of neural activity and brain responses to emotional faces. Because the link between genes and specific psychiatric disorders is difficult to determine, identification of endophenotypes is useful for beginning the search to identify specific genes that affect these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Diaz
- Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
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Williams ME, Wheeler BY, Linder L, Jacobs RA. Evolving Definitions of Autism and Impact on Eligibility for Developmental Disability Services: California Case Example. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 55:192-209. [PMID: 28608770 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-55.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When establishing eligibility for developmental disability (DD) services, definitions of specific diagnostic conditions, such as autism, impact policy. Under the Medicaid home and community-based waiver program, states have discretion in determining specific program or service eligibility criteria, the nature of supports to be provided, and the number of individuals to be served. Individuals with DD, their families, and advocates have pushed to expand eligibility and improve the quality of services and supports received. This article uses a California legal case to explore the impact on individuals seeking eligibility for DD services when states rely on evolving diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Recommendations are made for a more equitable and consistent approach to disability eligibility determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Williams
- Marian E. Williams, Barbara Y. Wheeler, Lisa Linder, and Robert A. Jacobs, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities. Lisa Linder is now at Department of Family and Child Development, San Diego State University
| | - Barbara Y Wheeler
- Marian E. Williams, Barbara Y. Wheeler, Lisa Linder, and Robert A. Jacobs, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities. Lisa Linder is now at Department of Family and Child Development, San Diego State University
| | - Lisa Linder
- Marian E. Williams, Barbara Y. Wheeler, Lisa Linder, and Robert A. Jacobs, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities. Lisa Linder is now at Department of Family and Child Development, San Diego State University
| | - Robert A Jacobs
- Marian E. Williams, Barbara Y. Wheeler, Lisa Linder, and Robert A. Jacobs, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities. Lisa Linder is now at Department of Family and Child Development, San Diego State University
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75
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Bosl WJ, Loddenkemper T, Nelson CA. Nonlinear EEG biomarker profiles for autism and absence epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40810-017-0023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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76
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Graf WD, Miller G, Epstein LG, Rapin I. The autism “epidemic”. Neurology 2017; 88:1371-1380. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic autism has gradually evolved into the concept of a larger “spectrum disorder.” The rising prevalence of autism and autism spectrum disorder (autism/ASD) diagnoses can be largely attributed to broader diagnostic criteria, adoption of dimensional assessment strategies, increased awareness, linking of services to diagnosis, and the inclusion of milder neurodevelopmental differences bordering on normality. The spectrum disorder diagnosis raises numerous bioethical issues for individuals and society. Three groups of caregivers have important ethical, legal, and social obligations to individuals with autism/ASD: (1) families and advocates of individuals with autism/ASD; (2) health care and other professionals; and (3) governments. Each group may have different views of autism/ASD diagnostic criteria, screening, testing, and the effectiveness of various interventions. All see timely diagnosis as desirable, but earlier diagnosis may not be better, morally or practically. The growing practice of genetic testing in milder ASD raises ethical questions because of its uncertain scientific validity and limited clinical utility. Individuals with autism/ASD have various kinds of needs but all want acceptance and most deserve better accommodations. Governments struggle to provide a fair allocation of appropriate special education and supportive services. This article examines the evolving dimensions of the autism/ASD diagnosis, outlines certain bioethics principles related to its evaluation and management, reviews relevant laws and disability rights, and emphasizes the societal obligation to recognize neurodevelopmental variation and human neurodiversity. Future directions in the evaluation and care of autism/ASD should attempt to integrate the roles and responsibilities of all agents caring for each unique autistic individual.
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77
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Clawson A, South M, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ. Electrophysiological Endophenotypes and the Error-Related Negativity (ERN) in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Family Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:1436-1452. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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78
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Montgomery CB, Allison C, Lai MC, Cassidy S, Langdon PE, Baron-Cohen S. Do Adults with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome Differ in Empathy and Emotion Recognition? J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 46:1931-1940. [PMID: 26883645 PMCID: PMC4860194 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether adults with high functioning autism (HFA) showed greater difficulties in (1) their self-reported ability to empathise with others and/or (2) their ability to read mental states in others’ eyes than adults with Asperger syndrome (AS). The Empathy Quotient (EQ) and ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test (Eyes Test) were compared in 43 adults with AS and 43 adults with HFA. No significant difference was observed on EQ score between groups, while adults with AS performed significantly better on the Eyes Test than those with HFA. This suggests that adults with HFA may need more support, particularly in mentalizing and complex emotion recognition, and raises questions about the existence of subgroups within autism spectrum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Montgomery
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR7 4TJ, UK. .,Child and Family Psychology Service, Child Development Centre, Hospital Road, Bury St Edmunds, IP33 3ND, UK.
| | - Carrie Allison
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Cassidy
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Peter E Langdon
- The Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7LR, UK.,Broadland Clinic, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust - Norfolk, Little Plumstead, Norwich, NR13 5EW, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,CLASS Clinic, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire, UK
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79
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Mthombeni ZC, Nwoye A. Black South African caregivers’ understanding and responses to their children with autism spectrum disorder symptoms: a qualitative study. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246317696453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate Black South African caregivers’ understanding and approaches to securing a cure for their children with autistic spectrum disorder symptoms. Qualitative data were collected focusing on exploring caregivers’ narratives. A purposive sampling technique was used to draw study participants who were of Black South African background and had a child with a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data collected and to give analytical meaning to the narratives. The results yielded four dominant themes regarding the level of caregivers’ understanding of autistic spectrum disorder and the options they followed in searching for the cure of their children’s illness. The study drew attention to the feelings of frustration experienced by caregivers in their discovery that the use of both indigenous and Western approaches to autistic spectrum disorder symptoms yielded little benefits. Given these findings, a number of recommendations were made to improve policy and practice in the mental health treatment of children with autistic spectrum disorder symptoms among Black South African clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinhle Cynthia Mthombeni
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Augustine Nwoye
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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80
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Change in Autism Diagnoses Prior to and Following the Introduction of DSM-5. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 47:163-171. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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81
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Neurotensin stimulates sortilin and mTOR in human microglia inhibitable by methoxyluteolin, a potential therapeutic target for autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7049-E7058. [PMID: 27663735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604992113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We had reported elevated serum levels of the peptide neurotensin (NT) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here, we show that NT stimulates primary human microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, and the immortalized cell line of human microglia-SV40. NT (10 nM) increases the gene expression and release (P < 0.001) of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and CCL5 from human microglia. NT also stimulates proliferation (P < 0.05) of microglia-SV40. Microglia express only the receptor 3 (NTR3)/sortilin and not the NTR1 or NTR2. The use of siRNA to target sortilin reduces (P < 0.001) the NT-stimulated cytokine and chemokine gene expression and release from human microglia. Stimulation with NT (10 nM) increases the gene expression of sortilin (P < 0.0001) and causes the receptor to be translocated from the cytoplasm to the cell surface, and to be secreted extracellularly. Our findings also show increased levels of sortilin (P < 0.0001) in the serum from children with ASD (n = 36), compared with healthy controls (n = 20). NT stimulation of microglia-SV40 causes activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling kinase, as shown by phosphorylation of its substrates and inhibition of these responses by drugs that prevent mTOR activation. NT-stimulated responses are inhibited by the flavonoid methoxyluteolin (0.1-1 μM). The data provide a link between sortilin and the pathological findings of microglia and inflammation of the brain in ASD. Thus, inhibition of this pathway using methoxyluteolin could provide an effective treatment of ASD.
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82
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Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics. Nat Med 2016; 22:345-61. [PMID: 27050589 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has fueled remarkable advances in our understanding of its potential neurobiological mechanisms. Yet, at the same time, these findings highlight extraordinary causal diversity and complexity at many levels ranging from molecules to circuits and emphasize the gaps in our current knowledge. Here we review current understanding of the genetic architecture of ASD and integrate genetic evidence, neuropathology and studies in model systems with how they inform mechanistic models of ASD pathophysiology. Despite the challenges, these advances provide a solid foundation for the development of rational, targeted molecular therapies.
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83
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Doehring P, Volkmar FR. Knowledge Gaps in ASD Research: Short and Long Term Implications for Policy. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:733-6. [PMID: 26754478 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Doehring
- Life Course Outcomes Research Program, A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3734, USA.
| | - Fred R Volkmar
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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84
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Foss-Feig JH, McPartland JC, Anticevic A, Wolf J. Re-conceptualizing ASD Within a Dimensional Framework: Positive, Negative, and Cognitive Feature Clusters. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:342-351. [PMID: 26267330 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria and revision of diagnostic classification for Autism Spectrum Disorder in the latest diagnostic manual call for a new way of conceptualizing heterogeneous ASD features. We propose a novel conceptualization of ASD, borrowing from the schizophrenia literature in clustering ASD features along positive, negative, and cognitive dimensions. We argue that this dimensional conceptualization can offer improved ability to classify, diagnose, and treat, to apply and predict response to treatment, and to explore underlying neural and genetic alterations that may contribute to particular feature clusters. We suggest the proposed conceptualization can advance the field in a manner that may prove clinically and biologically useful for understanding and addressing heterogeneity within ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Foss-Feig
- Yale University Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - James C McPartland
- Yale University Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julie Wolf
- Yale University Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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85
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McCleery JP. Comment on Technology-Based Intervention Research for Individuals on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:3832-5. [PMID: 26537909 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this letter to the editor is to comment on several review papers recently published in the current Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Special Issue on Technology: Software, Robotics, and Translational Science. These reviews address a variety of aspects relating to technology-aided intervention and instruction for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Here, I comment on and evaluate the overall status of research and development in this area, including reflection on current challenges in this area in the context of previous challenges and resolutions in behavioral intervention research. From these reviews and the current evaluation, I further discuss important next steps for the field which may be critical for guiding progress toward meaningful impacts upon individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P McCleery
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, #860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Pyramid Educational Consultants, 325 E. Main Street, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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86
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Lobar SL. DSM-V Changes for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for Diagnosis, Management, and Care Coordination for Children With ASDs. J Pediatr Health Care 2016; 30:359-65. [PMID: 26602109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to highlight issues about diagnosis and management of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in all settings, along with care coordination for all children with ASDs. The article outlines differences between the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, revised (DSM-IV-TR) and the newer version (DSM-V) for ASDs. These changes may limit the eligibility of some children for services in school, leading to poorer social/academic outcomes, lower rates of employment, and decreased assistance in eventual independent living. Primary care providers identified a lack of knowledge regarding ASDs before the DSM-V was published, describing difficulty in making ASD diagnoses, recognizing early symptoms of developmental concern, and managing care. Care coordination is part of the role of the advanced practice nurse, and lack of understanding of ASD changes in the DSM-V may diminish the ability of advanced practice nurses to screen for ASDs and make the appropriate referrals.
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87
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Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Patel AB, Doyle R. Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e844. [PMID: 27351598 PMCID: PMC4931610 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect as many as 1 in 45 children and are characterized by deficits in sociability and communication, as well as stereotypic movements. Many children also show severe anxiety. The lack of distinct pathogenesis and reliable biomarkers hampers the development of effective treatments. As a result, most children with ASD are prescribed psychopharmacologic agents that do not address the core symptoms of ASD. Autoantibodies against brain epitopes in mothers of children with ASD and many such children strongly correlate with allergic symptoms and indicate an aberrant immune response, as well as disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong statistical correlation between risk for ASD and either maternal or infantile atopic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, food allergies and food intolerance, all of which involve activation of mast cells (MCs). These unique tissue immune cells are located perivascularly in all tissues, including the thalamus and hypothalamus, which regulate emotions. MC-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators increase BBB permeability. Expression of the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6, 1 L-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is increased in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and serum of some patients with ASD, while NF-kB is activated in brain samples and stimulated peripheral blood immune cells of other patients; however, these molecules are not specific. Instead the peptide neurotensin is uniquely elevated in the serum of children with ASD, as is corticotropin-releasing hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus under stress. Both peptides trigger MC to release IL-6 and TNF, which in turn, stimulate microglia proliferation and activation, leading to disruption of neuronal connectivity. MC-derived IL-6 and TGFβ induce maturation of Th17 cells and MCs also secrete IL-17, which is increased in ASD. Serum IL-6 and TNF may define an ASD subgroup that benefits most from treatment with the natural flavonoid luteolin. Atopic diseases may create a phenotype susceptible to ASD and formulations targeting focal inflammation of the brain could have great promise in the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I Tsilioni
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A B Patel
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Doyle
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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88
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Finucane B, Myers SM. Genetic Counseling for Autism Spectrum Disorder in an Evolving Theoretical Landscape. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2016; 4:147-153. [PMID: 27570713 PMCID: PMC4982889 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-016-0099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Psychiatry is steadily moving toward a new conceptualization of brain disorders that blurs long-held diagnostic distinctions among neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, including autism. Genomic discoveries are driving these changing perceptions, yet there has so far been minimal impact on traditional genetic counseling practices that continue to view autism through the lens of a dichotomous, all-or-none risk model. RECENT FINDINGS High rates of comorbidity exist across autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, and other brain-based disorders. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders is the rule, rather than the exception, in affected individuals and within families. Moreover, studies of chromosomal microarray analysis and whole exome sequencing have now detected many of the same pathogenic copy number and sequence-level variants across cohorts with different clinical presentations. SUMMARY Going forward, the genetic counseling field will need to significantly adapt its approaches to pedigree interpretation, variant analysis, and patient education to more precisely describe both the chance and the nature of autism recurrence in terms of a continuum of brain dysfunction. These efforts will have implications for multiple practice areas and require philosophical changes for experienced practitioners and for the training of new genetic counselors. Resetting entrenched dichotomous notions about autism and other brain-based manifestations of genetic conditions will require a strategic educational effort on the part of the genetic counseling profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Finucane
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, 120 Hamm Drive, Ste 2A, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA
| | - Scott M. Myers
- Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, 120 Hamm Drive, Ste 2A, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA
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89
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Şimşek Ş, Çetin İ, Çim A, Kaya S. Elevated levels of tissue plasminogen activator and E-selectin in male children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2016; 9:1241-1247. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Şeref Şimşek
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Dicle University, Medical School; Diyarbakır Turkey
| | - İhsan Çetin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Batman University, School of Health Sciences; Batman Turkey
| | - Abdullah Çim
- Department of Medical Genetics; Dicle University, Medical School; Diyarbakır Turkey
| | - Savaş Kaya
- Department of Immunology; Dicle University, Medical School; Diyarbakır Turkey
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90
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Bakroon A, Lakshminarayanan V. Visual function in autism spectrum disorders: a critical review. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 99:297-308. [PMID: 27161596 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown considerable evidence of visual dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Anomalies in visual information processing can have a major effect on the life quality of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. We summarise the hypotheses and theories underlying neural aetiologies and genetic factors that cause these disorders, as well as the possible influences of unusual sensory processing on the communications and behaviour characterised by the autistics. In particular, we review the impact of these dysfunctions on visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Bakroon
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Physics, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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91
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Disorders Affecting Feeding and Swallowing in Infants and Children. Dysphagia 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-18701-5.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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92
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Risk factors in autism: Thinking outside the brain. J Autoimmun 2015; 67:1-7. [PMID: 26725748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex neurodevelopmental conditions that have been rising markedly in prevalence for the past 30 years, now thought to affect 1 in 68 in the United States. This has prompted the search for possible explanations, and has even resulted in some controversy regarding the "true" prevalence of autism. ASD are influenced by a variety of genetic, environmental, and possibly immunological factors that act during critical periods to alter key developmental processes. This can affect multiple systems and manifests as the social and behavioral deficits that define these disorders. The interaction of environmental exposures in the context of an individual's genetic susceptibilities manifests differently in each case, leading to heterogeneous phenotypes and varied comorbid symptoms within the disorder. This has also made it very difficult to elucidate underlying genes and exposure profiles, but progress is being made in this area. Some pharmaceutical drugs, toxicants, and metabolic and nutritional factors have been identified in epidemiological studies as increasing autism risk, especially during the prenatal period. Immunologic risk factors, including maternal infection during pregnancy, autoantibodies to fetal brain proteins, and familial autoimmune disease, have consistently been observed across multiple studies, as have immune abnormalities in individuals with ASD. Mechanistic research using animal models and patient-derived stem cells will help researchers to understand the complex etiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders, which will lead to more effective therapies and preventative strategies. Proposed therapies that need more investigation include special diets, probiotics, immune modulation, oxytocin, and personalized pharmacogenomic targets. The ongoing search for biomarkers and better treatments will result in earlier identification of ASD and provide much needed help and relief for afflicted families.
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93
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3p22.1p21.31 microdeletion identifies CCK as Asperger syndrome candidate gene and shows the way for therapeutic strategies in chromosome imbalances. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:82. [PMID: 26523151 PMCID: PMC4628252 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to other autism spectrum disorders, chromosome abnormalities are rare in Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism. Consequently, AS was occasionally subjected to classical positional cloning. Here, we report on a case of AS associated with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3. Further in silico analysis has identified a candidate gene for AS and has suggested a therapeutic strategy for manifestations of the chromosome rearrangement. Results Using array comparative genomic hybridization, an interstitial deletion of 3p22.1p21.31 (~2.5 Mb in size) in a child with Asperger’s syndrome, seborrheic dermatitis and chronic pancreatitis was detected. Original bioinformatic approach to the prioritization of candidate genes/processes identified CCK (cholecystokinin) as a candidate gene for AS. In addition to processes associated with deleted genes, bioinformatic analysis of CCK gene interactome indicated that zinc deficiency might be a pathogenic mechanism in this case. This suggestion was supported by plasma zinc concentration measurements. The increase of zinc intake produced a rise in zinc plasma concentration and the improvement in the patient’s condition. Conclusions Our study supported previous linkage findings and had suggested a new candidate gene in AS. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis identified the pathogenic mechanism, which was used to propose a therapeutic strategy for manifestations of the deletion. The relative success of this strategy allows speculating that therapeutic or dietary normalization of metabolic processes altered by a chromosome imbalance or genomic copy number variations may be a way for treating at least a small proportion of cases of these presumably incurable genetic conditions.
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Abstract
Over 70 years since the first description of the disease, disrupted social behavior remains a core clinical feature of autistic spectrum disorder. The complex etiology of the disorder portends the need for a better understanding of the brain mechanisms that enable social behaviors, particularly those that are relevant to autism which is characterized by a failure to develop peer relationships, difficulty with emotional reciprocity and imitative play, and disrupted language and communication skills. Toward this end, the current review will examine recent progress that has been made toward understanding the neural mechanisms underlying consociate social attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Dölen
- a Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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95
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Brynskov C, Krøjgaard P, Eigsti IM. Language and communication in children with autism: Do research and clinical practice converge in Denmark? NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2015.1071199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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96
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Ebert M, Lorenzini E, da Silva EF. [Mothers of children with autistic disorder: perceptions and trajectories]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 36:49-55. [PMID: 26098802 DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2015.01.43623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood autism is characterized by severe and global impairment in several areas of human development and demands extensive care and dependence on the parents. The objective of this study was to understand the perceptions of mothers of children with autism regarding changes suffered by the child and their trajectories in search of an autism diagnosis. This is an exploratory descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted with ten participant mothers. Data were collected in 2013 by means of semi-structured interviews. Thematic content analysis produced the following categories: perceptions of mothers as to changes in behaviour and/or development of their children; and trajectories of mothers in search of a diagnosis for their children. After the perception of changes in behaviour/development, mothers face an arduous trajectory of healthcare service utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ebert
- Faculdade Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
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97
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Ngounou Wetie AG, Wormwood KL, Charette L, Ryan JP, Woods AG, Darie CC. Comparative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the salivary proteome of children with autism spectrum disorder. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2664-78. [PMID: 26290361 PMCID: PMC4627571 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been on the rise. However, clear aetiology is still elusive and improvements in early diagnosis are needed. To uncover possible biomarkers present in ASD, we used two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS), to compare salivary proteome profiling of children with ASD and controls. A total of 889 spots were compared and only those spots with a fold change ≥1.7 and a P-value <0.05 or a fold change of ≥3.0 between ASD cases and controls were analysed by nanoLC-MS/MS. Alpha-amylase, CREB-binding protein, p532, Transferrin, Zn alpha2 glycoprotein, Zymogen granule protein 16, cystatin D and plasminogen were down-regulated in ASD. Increased expression of proto-oncogene Frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell lymphomas 1 (FRAT1), Kinesin family member 14, Integrin alpha6 subunit, growth hormone regulated TBC protein 1, parotid secretory protein, Prolactin-inducible protein precursor, Mucin-16, Ca binding protein migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14 (MRP14) was observed in individuals with ASD. Many of the identified proteins have previously been linked to ASD or were proposed as risk factors of ASD at the genetic level. Some others are involved in pathological pathways implicated in ASD causality such as oxidative stress, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, immune system disturbances and inflammation. These data could contribute to protein signatures for ASD presence, risk and subtypes, and advance understanding of ASD cause as well as provide novel treatment targets for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand G Ngounou Wetie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Kelly L Wormwood
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Laci Charette
- SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, Plattsburgh, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne P Ryan
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Alisa G Woods
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.,SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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98
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Pasciuto E, Borrie SC, Kanellopoulos AK, Santos AR, Cappuyns E, D'Andrea L, Pacini L, Bagni C. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Translating human deficits into mouse behavior. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015. [PMID: 26220900 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders, with rising incidence but little effective therapeutic intervention available. Currently two main clinical features are described to diagnose ASDs: impaired social interaction and communication, and repetitive behaviors. Much work has focused on understanding underlying causes of ASD by generating animal models of the disease, in the hope of discovering signaling pathways and cellular targets for drug intervention. Here we review how ASD behavioral phenotypes can be modeled in the mouse, the most common animal model currently in use in this field, and discuss examples of genetic mouse models of ASD with behavioral features that recapitulate various symptoms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pasciuto
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S C Borrie
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A K Kanellopoulos
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A R Santos
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Cappuyns
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L D'Andrea
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Rome, Italy
| | - L Pacini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Rome, Italy
| | - C Bagni
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Rome, Italy.
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99
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Patel S, Roncaglia P, Lovering RC. Using Gene Ontology to describe the role of the neurexin-neuroligin-SHANK complex in human, mouse and rat and its relevance to autism. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:186. [PMID: 26047810 PMCID: PMC4458007 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with an autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) display a variety of characteristic behavioral traits, including impaired social interaction, communication difficulties and repetitive behavior. This complex neurodevelopment disorder is known to be associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Neurexins and neuroligins play a key role in synaptogenesis and neurexin-neuroligin adhesion is one of several processes that have been implicated in autism spectrum disorders. Results In this report we describe the manual annotation of a selection of gene products known to be associated with autism and/or the neurexin-neuroligin-SHANK complex and demonstrate how a focused annotation approach leads to the creation of more descriptive Gene Ontology (GO) terms, as well as an increase in both the number of gene product annotations and their granularity, thus improving the data available in the GO database. Conclusions The manual annotations we describe will impact on the functional analysis of a variety of future autism-relevant datasets. Comprehensive gene annotation is an essential aspect of genomic and proteomic studies, as the quality of gene annotations incorporated into statistical analysis tools affects the effective interpretation of data obtained through genome wide association studies, next generation sequencing, proteomic and transcriptomic datasets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0622-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8, Canada. .,Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
| | - Paola Roncaglia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK. .,The Gene Ontology Consortium, .
| | - Ruth C Lovering
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
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100
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Erol İ, Savaş T, Şekerci S, Yazıcı N, Erbay A, Demir Ş, Saygı S, Alkan Ö. Tuberous sclerosis complex; single center experience. Turk Arch Pediatr 2015; 50:51-60. [PMID: 26078697 DOI: 10.5152/tpa.2015.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was planned with the aim of retrospectively reviewing the clinical and laboratory findings and therapies of our patients diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis and redefining the patients according to the diagnostic criteria revised by the 2012 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group and comparing them with the literature. MATERIALS AND METHOD Twenty patients diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis complex in the Pediatric Neurology Clinic were examined retrospectively in terms of clinical findings and therapies. The diagnoses were compared again according to 1998 and 2012 criteria. RESULTS It was observed that the complaint at presentation was seizure in 17 of 20 patients and hypopigmented spots on the skin in 3 of 20 patients. On the initial physical examination, findings related with the disease were found in the skin in 17 of the patients, in the eye in 5, in the kidneys in 7 and in the brain with imaging in 17. No cardiac involvement was observed in the patients. Infantile spasm was observed in 7 of the patients who presented because of seizure (n=17), partial seizure was observed in 7 and multiple seizure types were observed in 3. It was found that sirolimus treatment was given to 9 of 20 patients because of different reasons, 7 of these 9 patients had epileptic seizures and sirolimus treatment had no effect on epileptic seizures. According to 2012 diagnostic criteria, no marked change occured in the diagnoses of our patients. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that the signs and symptoms of our patients were compatible with the literature. Molecular genetic examination was planned for the patients who were being followed up because of probable tuberous sclerosis complex. It was observed that sirolimus treatment had no marked effect on the seizure frequency of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Erol
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Tülin Savaş
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sevda Şekerci
- Department of Pediatrics, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nalan Yazıcı
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Erbay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Şenay Demir
- Department of Radiology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Semra Saygı
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Özlem Alkan
- Department of Radiology, Başkent University Adana Medical and Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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