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Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is an essential cofactor for the post-translational conversion of peptide-bound glutamate to γ-carboxyglutamate. The resultant vitamin K-dependent proteins are known or postulated to possess a variety of biological functions, chiefly in the maintenance of hemostasis. The vitamin K cycle is a cellular pathway that drives γ-carboxylation and recycling of VK via γ-carboxyglutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), respectively. In this review, we show how novel molecular biological approaches are providing new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms caused by rare mutations of both GGCX and VKOR. We also discuss how other protein regulators influence the intermediary metabolism of VK, first through intestinal absorption and second through a pathway that converts some dietary phylloquinone to menadione, which is prenylated to menaquinone-4 (MK-4) in target tissues by UBIAD1. The contribution of MK-4 synthesis to VK functions is yet to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Shearer
- Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom;
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558 Japan;
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52
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Tarento TDC, McClure DD, Talbot AM, Regtop HL, Biffin JR, Valtchev P, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. A potential biotechnological process for the sustainable production of vitamin K 1. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 39:1-19. [PMID: 29793354 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1474168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this review is to propose an approach for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) based upon its known sources, its role in photosynthesis and its biosynthetic pathway. The chemistry, health benefits, market, and industrial production of vitamin K are also summarized. Vitamin K compounds (K vitamers) are required for the normal function of at least 15 proteins involved in diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, tissue mineralization, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Vitamin K is essential for the prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), especially in neonates. Increased vitamin K intake may also reduce the severity and/or risk of bone fracture, arterial calcification, inflammatory diseases, and cognitive decline. Consumers are increasingly favoring natural food and therapeutic products. However, the bulk of vitamin K products employed for both human and animal use are chemically synthesized. Biosynthesis of the menaquinones (vitamin K2) has been extensively researched. However, published research on the biotechnological production of phylloquinone is restricted to a handful of available articles and patents. We have found that microalgae are more suitable than plant cell cultures for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone. Many algae are richer in vitamin K1 than terrestrial plants, and algal cells are easier to manipulate. Vitamin K1 can be efficiently recovered from the biomass using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D C Tarento
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dale D McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea M Talbot
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - Hubert L Regtop
- Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Biffin
- Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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53
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Mitra B, Zabetakis I. Dairy Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: Do We Really Need to be Concerned? Foods 2018; 7:E29. [PMID: 29494487 PMCID: PMC5867544 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of death and morbidity globally and diet plays a crucial role in the disease prevention and pathology. The negative perception of dairy fats stems from the effort to reduce dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake due to their association with increased cholesterol levels upon consumption and the increased risk of CVD development. Institutions that set dietary guidelines have approached dairy products with negative bias and used poor scientific data in the past. As a result, the consumption of dairy products was considered detrimental to our cardiovascular health. In western societies, dietary trends indicate that generally there is a reduction of full-fat dairy product consumption and increased low-fat dairy consumption. However, recent research and meta-analyses have demonstrated the benefits of full-fat dairy consumption, based on higher bioavailability of high-value nutrients and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, the relationship between dairy consumption, cardiometabolic risk factors and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases are discussed. Functional dairy foods and the health implications of dairy alternatives are also considered. In general, evidence suggests that milk has a neutral effect on cardiovascular outcomes but fermented dairy products, such as yoghurt, kefir and cheese may have a positive or neutral effect. Particular focus is placed on the effects of the lipid content on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | | | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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54
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Vitamin K1 inversely correlates with glycemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and positively regulates SIRT1/AMPK pathway of glucose metabolism in liver of T2D mice and hepatocytes cultured in high glucose. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 52:103-114. [PMID: 29175667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Au NT, Ryman T, Rettie AE, Hopkins SE, Boyer BB, Black J, Philip J, Yracheta J, Fohner AE, Reyes M, Thornton TA, Austin MA, Thummel KE. Dietary Vitamin K and Association with Hepatic Vitamin K Status in a Yup'ik Study Population from Southwestern Alaska. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:10.1002/mnfr.201700746. [PMID: 29094808 PMCID: PMC5803412 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The relationship between dietary vitamin K and plasma PIVKA-II concentration, a biomarker of hepatic vitamin K status, in a Yup'ik study population in southwestern Alaska is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 659 male and female, self-reported Yup'ik people, ≥14 years of age, were enrolled. Blood is collected for genotyping and plasma PIVKA-II biomarker analysis. A Yup'ik-specific dietary food frequency questionnaire is used to assess vitamin K intake. Among the participants, 22% report not consuming foods rich in vitamin K during the past year and 36% have a PIVKA-II concentration ≥ 2 ng mL-1 , indicating vitamin K insufficiency. The odds of an elevated PIVKA-II concentration are 33% lower in individuals reporting any versus no consumption of vitamin-K-rich foods. The association is significant after adjusting for CYP4F2*3 genotype. Tundra greens are high in vitamin K1 content, but an exploratory analysis suggests that subsistence meat sources have a greater effect on vitamin K status. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of the Yup'ik population exhibits vitamin K insufficiency, which is associated with low consumption of vitamin K rich foods and which might affect an individual's response to anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin that target the vitamin K cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Au
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tove Ryman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scarlett E Hopkins
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Bert B Boyer
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jynene Black
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jacques Philip
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Joseph Yracheta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alison E Fohner
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morayma Reyes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Austin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Marles RJ, Roe AL, Oketch-Rabah HA. US Pharmacopeial Convention safety evaluation of menaquinone-7, a form of vitamin K. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:553-578. [PMID: 28838081 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K plays important biological roles in maintaining normal blood coagulation, bone mineralization, soft tissue physiology, and neurological development. Menaquinone-7 is a form of vitamin K2 that occurs naturally in some animal-derived and fermented foods. It is also available as an ingredient of dietary supplements. Menaquinone-7 has greater bioavailability than other forms of vitamin K, which has led to increasing sales and use of menaquinone-7 supplements. This special article reviews the chemistry, nomenclature, dietary sources, intake levels, and pharmacokinetics of menaquinones, along with the nonclinical toxicity data available and the data on clinical outcomes related to safety (adverse events). In conclusion, the data reviewed indicate that menaquinone-7, when ingested as a dietary supplement, is not associated with any serious risk to health or with other public health concerns. On the basis of this conclusion, US Pharmacopeia monographs have been developed to establish quality standards for menaquinone-7 as a dietary ingredient and as a dietary supplement in various dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Marles
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L Roe
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hellen A Oketch-Rabah
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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57
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Dihingia A, Ozah D, Baruah PK, Kalita J, Manna P. Prophylactic role of vitamin K supplementation on vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes by regulating the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway via activating Gla proteins. Food Funct 2018; 9:450-462. [PMID: 29227493 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is no previous study that has examined the relationship between circulating vitamin K1 (VK1) and vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims to examine the hypothesis that circulating VK1 deficiency may be associated with higher inflammation and insulin resistance in T2D patients and that VK1 supplementation regulates the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway via activating VK-dependent Gla proteins and reduces vascular inflammation. The results showed that plasma VK1 levels were significantly lower and MCP-1, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in T2D patients compared to those in the controls. The lower levels of VK1 in T2D patients were significantly and inversely correlated with MCP-1 and HOMA-IR, which suggests that VK1 supplementation may reduce the vascular inflammation and insulin resistance in T2D. Using a high fat diet-fed T2D mice model this study further demonstrated that VK1 supplementation (1, 3, 5 μg per kg BW, 8 weeks) dose-dependently decreased the body weight gain, glucose intolerance, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, and cytokine secretion (MCP-1 and IL-6) in T2D mice. Further cell culture studies showed that VK1 supplementation (1, 5, or 10 nM) decreased NF-κB phosphorylation and MCP-1 secretion and increased Nrf2 protein expression in high glucose (HG, 25 mM)-treated monocytes. Signal silencing studies with GGCX siRNA again depicted the role of VK-dependent Gla proteins in mediating the effect of VK1 on vascular inflammation in HG-treated cells. In conclusion, this study suggests that circulating VK1 has a positive effect in lowering vascular inflammation in T2D by regulating NF-κB/Nrf2 transcription factors via activating VK-dependent Gla proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Dihingia
- Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India.
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58
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Intakes and sources of vitamin K 1 in Irish teenagers aged 13–17 years. Proc Nutr Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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59
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Finnan EG, Harshman SG, Haytowitz DB, Booth SL. Mixed dishes are an unexpected source of dietary vitamin K. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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60
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Chollet M, Guggisberg D, Portmann R, Risse MC, Walther B. Determination of menaquinone production by Lactococcus spp. and propionibacteria in cheese. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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61
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Aleku GA, Nowicka B, Turner NJ. Biocatalytic Potential of Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Quinones. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Godwin A. Aleku
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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62
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Karl JP, Meydani M, Barnett JB, Vanegas SM, Barger K, Fu X, Goldin B, Kane A, Rasmussen H, Vangay P, Knights D, Jonnalagadda SS, Saltzman E, Roberts SB, Meydani SN, Booth SL. Fecal concentrations of bacterially derived vitamin K forms are associated with gut microbiota composition but not plasma or fecal cytokine concentrations in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1052-1061. [PMID: 28814395 PMCID: PMC5611782 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence suggests novel roles for bacterially derived vitamin K forms known as menaquinones in health and disease, which may be attributable in part to anti-inflammatory effects. However, the relevance of menaquinones produced by gut bacteria to vitamin K requirements and inflammation is undetermined.Objective: This study aimed to quantify fecal menaquinone concentrations and identify associations between fecal menaquinone concentrations and serum vitamin K concentrations, gut microbiota composition, and inflammation.Design: Fecal and serum menaquinone concentrations, fecal microbiota composition, and plasma and fecal cytokine concentrations were measured in 80 men and postmenopausal women (48 men, 32 women, age 40-65 y) enrolled in a randomized, parallel-arm, provided-food trial. After consuming a run-in diet for 2 wk, participants were randomly assigned to consume a whole grain-rich (WG) or a refined grain-based (RG) diet for 6 wk. Outcomes were measured at weeks 2 and 8.Results: The median total daily excretion of menaquinones in feces was 850 nmol/d but was highly variable (range: 64-5358 nmol/d). The total median (IQR) fecal concentrations of menaquinones decreased in the WG diet compared with the RG diet [-6.8 nmol/g (13.0 nmol/g) dry weight for WG compared with 1.8 nmol/g (12.3 nmol/g) dry weight for RG; P < 0.01)]. However, interindividual variability in fecal menaquinone concentrations partitioned individuals into 2 distinct groups based on interindividual differences in concentrations of different menaquinone forms rather than the diet group or the time point. The relative abundances of several gut bacteria taxa, Bacteroides and Prevotella in particular, differed between these groups, and 42% of identified genera were associated with ≥1 menaquinone form. Menaquinones were not detected in serum, and neither fecal concentrations of individual menaquinones nor the menaquinone group was associated with any marker of inflammation.Conclusion: Menaquinone concentrations in the human gut appear highly variable and are associated with gut microbiota composition. However, the health implications remain unclear. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01902394.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philip Karl
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Mohsen Meydani
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Junaidah B Barnett
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Sally M Vanegas
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Kathryn Barger
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Anne Kane
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Helen Rasmussen
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Dan Knights
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and,Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
| | | | - Edward Saltzman
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA;
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Camacho-Barcia ML, Bulló M, Garcia-Gavilán JF, Ruiz-Canela M, Corella D, Estruch R, Fitó M, García-Layana A, Arós F, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, García-Arellano A, Vinyoles E, Sorli JV, Salas-Salvadó J. Association of Dietary Vitamin K1 Intake With the Incidence of Cataract Surgery in an Adult Mediterranean Population: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135:657-661. [PMID: 28494067 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Importance Cataract, one of the most frequent causes of blindness in developed countries, is strongly associated with aging. The exact mechanisms underlying cataract formation are still unclear, but growing evidence suggests a potential role of inflammatory and oxidative processes. Therefore, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factors of the diet, such as vitamin K1, could play a protective role. Objective To examine the association between dietary vitamin K1 intake and the risk of incident cataracts in an elderly Mediterranean population. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective analysis was conducted in 5860 participants from the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea Study, a randomized clinical trial executed between 2003 and 2011. Participants were community-dwelling men (44.2%) and women (55.8%), and the mean (SD) age was 66.3 (6.1) years. Main Outcomes and Measures Dietary vitamin K1 intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The time to the cataract event was calculated as the time between recruitment and the date of the occurrence to cataract surgery, the time to the last visit of the follow-up, date of death, or the end of the study. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs for cataract incidence were estimated with a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Results Participants were community-dwelling men (44.2%; n = 868) and women (55.8%; n = 1086), and the mean (SD) age was 66.3 (6.1) years. After a median of 5.6 years follow-up, we documented a total of 768 new cataracts. Participants in the highest tertile of dietary vitamin K1 intake had a lower risk of cataracts than those in the lowest tertile (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58-0.88; P = .002), after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions and Relevance High intake of dietary vitamin K1 was associated with a reduced risk of cataracts in an elderly Mediterranean population even after adjusting by other potential confounders. Trial Registration isrctn.org: ISRCTN35739639.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Camacho-Barcia
- Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús F Garcia-Gavilán
- Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain3Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain4Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain5Department of Internal Medicine, August Pi i Sunyer Institute of Biomedical Research, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain6Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition (Regicor Study Group), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Layana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain7Department of Ophthalmology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Arós
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain8Department of Cardiology, Hospital Txangorritxu, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Miquel Fiol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain9Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain10San Pablo Health Center, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain11Research Institut of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain12Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Arellano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain3Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain13Emergency Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Servicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ernest Vinyoles
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain6Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition (Regicor Study Group), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Vicente Sorli
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain4Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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64
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Fusaro M, Gallieni M, Rizzo MA, Stucchi A, Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Moysés RMA, Jorgetti V, Iervasi G, Giannini S, Fabris F, Aghi A, Sella S, Galli F, Viola V, Plebani M. Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:789-799. [PMID: 27732556 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K (phylloquinone or vitamin K1 and menaquinones or vitamin K2) plays an important role as a cofactor in the synthesis of hepatic blood coagulation proteins, but recently has also aroused an increasing interest for its action in extra-hepatic tissues, in particular in the regulation of bone and vascular metabolism. The accurate measurement of vitamin K status in humans is still a critical issue. Along with indirect assays, such as the undercarboxylated fractions of vitamin K-dependent proteins [prothrombin, osteocalcin (OC), and matrix gla protein], the direct analysis of blood levels of phylloquinone and menaquinones forms might be considered a more informative and direct method for assessing vitamin K status. Different methods for direct quantification of vitamin K serum levels are available. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods coupled with post-column reduction procedures and fluorimetric or electrochemical detection are commonly used for food and blood analysis of phylloquinone, but they show some limitations when applied to the analysis of serum menaquinones because of interferences from triglycerides. Recent advancements include liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) detection, which assures higher specificity. The optimization and standardization of these methods requires specialized laboratories. The variability of results observed in the available studies suggests the need for further investigations to obtain more accurate analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fusaro
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, PI
| | - Maurizio Gallieni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan
| | | | - Andrea Stucchi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni (Milano), Milan
| | - Pierre Delanaye
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart Tilman (ULg CHU), Liège
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Liège
| | | | | | - Giorgio Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa
| | - Sandro Giannini
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Andrea Aghi
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Stefania Sella
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia
| | - Valentina Viola
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome
| | - Mario Plebani
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova
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65
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Fu X, Harshman SG, Shen X, Haytowitz DB, Karl JP, Wolfe BE, Booth SL. Multiple Vitamin K Forms Exist in Dairy Foods. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:e000638. [PMID: 29955705 PMCID: PMC5998353 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.117.000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The plant-based form of vitamin K (phylloquinone, vitamin K-1) has been well quantified in the US diet. Menaquinones (vitamin K-2) are another class of vitamin K compounds that differ from phylloquinone in the length and saturation of their side chain, but they have not been well characterized in foods. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to 1) quantify phylloquinone and the different forms of menaquinones [menaquinone (MK) 4-MK13] in milk, yogurt, Greek yogurt, creams, and cheeses and 2) compare the menaquinone contents of full-fat, reduced-fat, and nonfat dairy products. Methods: All dairy samples were either obtained from the USDA National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program or purchased from retail outlets. Phylloquinone and menaquinone concentrations in these dairy products were quantified by mass spectrometry technology. Results: Full-fat dairy products contained appreciable amounts of menaquinones, primarily in the forms of MK9, MK10, and MK11. We also measured modest amounts of phylloquinone, MK4, MK8, and MK12 in these products. In contrast, there was little MK5-7 or MK13 detected in the majority of dairy products. The total vitamin K contents of soft cheese, blue cheese, semi-soft cheese, and hard cheese were (means ± SEMs): 506 ± 63, 440 ± 41, 289 ± 38, and 282 ± 5.0 µg/100 g, respectively. Nonfermented cheeses, such as processed cheese, contained lower amounts of vitamin K (98 ± 11 µg/100 g). Reduced-fat or fat-free dairy products contained ∼5-22% of the vitamin K found in full-fat equivalents. For example, total vitamin K contents of full-fat milk (4% fat), 2%-fat milk, 1%-fat milk, and nonfat milk were 38.1 ± 8.6, 19.4 ± 7.7, 12.9 ± 2.0, and 7.7 ± 2.9 µg/100 g, respectively. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of menaquinone contents of US dairy products. Findings indicate that the amount of vitamin K contents in dairy products is high and proportional to the fat content of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Fu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie G Harshman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Xiaohua Shen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - David B Haytowitz
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | | | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Palermo A, Tuccinardi D, D'Onofrio L, Watanabe M, Maggi D, Maurizi AR, Greto V, Buzzetti R, Napoli N, Pozzilli P, Manfrini S. Vitamin K and osteoporosis: Myth or reality? Metabolism 2017; 70:57-71. [PMID: 28403946 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K is a liposoluble vitamin. The predominant dietary form, phylloquinone or vitamin K1, is found in plants and green vegetables; whereas menaquinone, or vitamin K2, is endogenously synthesized by intestinal bacteria and includes several subtypes that differ in side chain length. Aside from its established role in blood clotting, several studies now support a critical function of vitamin K in improving bone health. Vitamin K is in fact required for osteocalcin carboxylation that in turn regulates bone mineral accretion; it seems to promote the transition of osteoblasts to osteocytes and also limits the process of osteoclastogenesis. Several observational and interventional studies have examined the relationship between vitamin K and bone metabolism, but findings are conflicting and unclear. This systematic review aims to investigate the impact of vitamin K (plasma levels, dietary intake, and oral supplementation) on bone health with a particular interest in bone remodeling, mineral density and fragility fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palermo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca D'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Maggi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Maurizi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Greto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Buzzetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Lamberg-Allardt C, Przyrembel H, Tetens I, Dumas C, Fabiani L, Ioannidou S, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Dietary reference values for vitamin K. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04780. [PMID: 32625486 PMCID: PMC7010012 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for vitamin K. In this Opinion, the Panel considers vitamin K to comprise both phylloquinone and menaquinones. The Panel considers that none of the biomarkers of vitamin K intake or status is suitable by itself to derive DRVs for vitamin K. Several health outcomes possibly associated with vitamin K intake were also considered but data could not be used to establish DRVs. The Panel considers that average requirements and population reference intakes for vitamin K cannot be derived for adults, infants and children, and therefore sets adequate intakes (AIs). The Panel considers that available evidence on occurrence, absorption, function and content in the body or organs of menaquinones is insufficient, and, therefore, sets AIs for phylloquinone only. Having assessed additional evidence available since 1993 in particular related to biomarkers, intake data and the factorial approach, which all are associated with considerable uncertainties, the Panel maintains the reference value proposed by the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1993. An AI of 1 μg phylloquinone/kg body weight per day is set for all age and sex population groups. Considering the respective reference body weights, AIs for phylloquinone are set at 70 μg/day for all adults including pregnant and lactating women, at 10 μg/day for infants aged 7-11 months, and between 12 μg/day for children aged 1-3 years and 65 μg/day for children aged 15-17 years.
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68
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Turgut Cosan D, Yazıcı HU, Colak E, Soyocak A, Degirmenci I, Kurt H, Birdane A, Colak E, Gunes HV. Susceptiveness of Vitamin K epOxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1 Gene Polymorphism in Essential Hypertension. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:292-297. [PMID: 28281786 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential hypertension (EH) is defined as a worldwide public health problem and one of the important risk factors for development of human coronary artery disease. Increased peripheral arterial resistance is one of the distinguishing characteristics of EH. The extracellular deposition of calcium in the arterial wall is defined as vascular calcification, which results in aortic stiffness and elevation of blood pressure. Regulation of vascular calcification is physiologically limited by γ-carboxylated proteins that regulate mineralization. Any deficiencies related to mineralization influence vascular calcification. As a result of vitamin-K deficiency or any problem associated with the vitamin K epOxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene, Glu cannot be transformed to Gla and calcification initiates in blood vessels, myocardium, and cardiac. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the potential association of VKORC1 polymorphisms with the risk of EH. MATERIALS AND METHODS There were 100 individuals diagnosed with EH and 100 healthy individuals involved in the study. 3673G/A (rs9923231) and 9041G/A (rs7294) polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene were determined by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS A significant difference was found between the rs7294 polymorphisms ratios of the case and control groups, but significant differences weren't found in distribution of the rs9923231 alleles. Finally it was determined that the GG genotype provides a 3.97-fold increased risk for EH compared to the AA genotype for the rs7294 polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the VKORC1 gene rs7294 polymorphism is important for the development of EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Turgut Cosan
- 1 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Ugur Yazıcı
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Emine Colak
- 1 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahu Soyocak
- 3 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydın University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irfan Degirmenci
- 1 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hulyam Kurt
- 1 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Birdane
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Colak
- 4 Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Veysi Gunes
- 1 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir, Turkey
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69
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New pieces to an old puzzle: identifying the warfarin-binding site that prevents clotting. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:5-6. [PMID: 28054569 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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70
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Lesi G, Gramenzi A, Frascà C, Cardini F, Garavini CM. Acupuncture Point Injection of Vitamin K1 to Treat Severe Primary Dysmenorrhea: Case Series at a Women’s Health Service in Bologna. Chin Med 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2017.81004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rønn SH, Harsløf T, Pedersen SB, Langdahl BL. Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) prevents age-related deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture at the tibia in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:541-549. [PMID: 27625301 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical studies suggest that vitamin K2 protects against bone loss and fractures; however, its effect on bone quality has never been investigated. We investigated the effect of vitamin MK-7 on undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), and bone mass and quality. DESIGN We conducted a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. METHODS We investigated the effect of MK-7 375 µg for 12 months on bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bone microarchitecture measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) and biochemical bone turnover markers in 148 postmenopausal women with osteopenia. All of them were supplemented with calcium and vitamin D. RESULTS ucOC decreased in the MK-7 group (-65.6 (59.1; 71.0) %) (median (CI)) compared with the placebo group (-6.4 (-13.5; 1.2) %) after 3 months (P < 0.01). HRpQCT after 12 months demonstrated that trabecular number in tibia was unchanged in the MK-7-group (-0.1 ± 1.9%) (mean ± s.d.) and decreased in the placebo group (-3.5 ± 2.2%), trabecular spacing was unchanged in the MK-7 group (+1.2 ± 8.0%) and increased in the placebo group (+4.5 ± 9.7%), and trabecular thickness was unchanged in the MK-7 group (+0.2 ± 1.7%) and increased in the placebo group (+4.0 ± 2.2%) (between-group changes for all: P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in HRpQCT-derived parameters at the radius or in BMD at any site. CONCLUSION The changes in bone microarchitecture in the placebo group are consistent with the age-related deterioration of trabecular structure, with a loss of trabeculae and a greater mean thickness of the remaining trabeculae. This suggests that vitamin MK-7 preserves trabecular bone structure at the tibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Hertz Rønn
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torben Harsløf
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bente Lomholt Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Hayes A, Hennessy Á, Walton J, McNulty BA, Lucey AJ, Kiely M, Flynn A, Cashman KD. Phylloquinone Intakes and Food Sources and Vitamin K Status in a Nationally Representative Sample of Irish Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:2274-2280. [PMID: 27733530 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.239137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from a nationally representative sample of 18- to 64-y-old Irish adults conducted in 1999 highlighted low phylloquinone intakes. That survey, however, did not include older adults (aged ≥65 y), a subgroup that is potentially at higher risk of low phylloquinone intakes, or a biomarker of vitamin K status. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this work were to measure the phylloquinone intake and its adequacy and the serum percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC), a vitamin K status biomarker, in a nationally representative sample of Irish adults aged 18-90 y, and to compare these newer data on dietary phylloquinone in adults aged 18-64 y with those from the previous survey. METHODS Data and biobanked serum samples from the National Adult Nutrition Survey, a randomly selected sample of Irish adults aged 18-90 y (N = 1500), were accessed. Phylloquinone intakes were estimated from 4-d food diary data and were compared across age groups (18-35, 36-50, 51-64, and ≥65 y). Serum %ucOC was assessed by immunoassay (n = 692). RESULTS The mean ± SD intake of phylloquinone from all sources was 85.2 ± 59.1 μg/d, 99% of which was derived from food. Phylloquinone intakes and serum %ucOC were significantly (P < 0.05) lower (14-25%) and higher (27-39%), respectively, in the 18- to 35-y age group than in the 36- to 50-y, 51- to 64-y, and ≥65-y age groups (no differences between these 3 groups; P > 0.2 in all cases). Mean phylloquinone intakes had increased (P < 0.01) modestly (6 μg/d) in 18-64-y-olds across a decade. Of the total study population, 55% had phylloquinone intakes below the United Kingdom recommended intake of 1 μg ⋅ kg body weight-1 ⋅ d-1 CONCLUSION: Our study shows that younger adults (aged 18-35 y) appear to be at higher risk of inadequate vitamin K intake and lower vitamin K status, the health implications of which are unclear and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Hayes
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research
| | | | - Janette Walton
- National Dietary Surveys Research Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences
| | - Breige A McNulty
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Máiréad Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - Albert Flynn
- National Dietary Surveys Research Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences
| | - Kevin D Cashman
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, .,Department of Medicine, and
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73
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Hoffmann MR, Senior PA, Jackson ST, Ferland G, Presse N, Jindal K, Li P, Alzaben AS, Mager DR. Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density is Influenced by Vitamin D Supplementation and Vitamin K1 Intake in Adults with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2016; 78:11-19. [PMID: 27779902 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2016-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with diabetes (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for suboptimal bone health. The study objective was to investigate the relationships between vitamin D (vitD), vitamin K1 (vitK1), and calcium intake with bone mineral density (BMD) and vitamin D status in an ambulatory population with DM and CKD. METHODS Adults (age 18-80 years; n = 62) with DM and CKD (stages 1-4) were recruited from the Northern Alberta Renal Program. Primary outcome variables included vitD, vitK1, and calcium intake; serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D; and BMD as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. RESULTS Participants met the estimated average requirement or adequate intake for vitD, vitK1, and calcium intake in 73% (n = 45), 66% (n = 39), and 52% (n = 31), respectively, with a combined intake of micronutrient supplementation and diet. Participants had serum 25(OH)D concentrations ≥75 nmol/L (n = 41), normal BMDs (n = 48), and 66% (n = 41/62) were taking vitD supplements (>1000 IU/D). BMD was positively influenced by serum 25(OH)D. However, serum 25(OH) ≥100 nmol/L was associated with lower BMD (absolute and T-scores) for whole-body and spine (P ≤ 0.05). VitK1 intake (≥200 μg/day) was associated with higher whole-body and femoral-neck BMDs (absoluteand T-scores; P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION VitD status and BMD in adults with DM and CKD was influenced by vitD supplementation and vitK1 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Hoffmann
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Peter A Senior
- b Divsion of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.,c Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention Clinic, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB
| | - Stephanie T Jackson
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- d Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC.,e Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC
| | - Nancy Presse
- d Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC.,e Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC
| | - Kailash Jindal
- f Northern Alberta Renal Program, Edmonton, AB.,g Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Ping Li
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Abeer S Alzaben
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
| | - Diana R Mager
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.,h Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
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Zwakenberg SR, den Braver NR, Engelen AIP, Feskens EJM, Vermeer C, Boer JMA, Verschuren WMM, van der Schouw YT, Beulens JWJ. Vitamin K intake and all-cause and cause specific mortality. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:1294-1300. [PMID: 27640076 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vitamin K has been associated with various health outcomes, including non-fatal cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer. However, little is known about the association between vitamin K intake and all-cause and cause specific mortality. This study aims to investigate the association between vitamin K intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 33,289 participants from the EPIC-NL cohort, aged 20-70 years at baseline and recruited between 1993 and 1997. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline with a validated food frequency questionnaire and intakes of phylloquinone, and total, short chain and long chain menaquinones were calculated. Information on vital status and causes of death was obtained through linkage to several registries. The association between the different forms of vitamin K intake and mortality was assessed with Cox proportional hazards, adjusted for risk factors for chronic diseases and nutrient intake. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 16.8 years, 2863 deaths occurred, including 625 from CVD (256 from coronary heart disease (CHD)), 1346 from cancer and 892 from other causes. After multivariable adjustment, phylloquinone and menaquinones were not associated with all-cause mortality with hazard ratios for the upper vs. the lowest quartile of intake of 1.04 (0.92;1.17) and 0.94 (0.82;1.07) respectively. Neither phylloquinone intake nor menaquinone intake was associated with risk of CVD mortality. Higher intake of long chain menaquinones was borderline significantly associated (ptrend = 0.06) with lower CHD mortality with a HR10μg of 0.86 (0.74;1.00). None of the forms of vitamin K intake were associated with cancer mortality or mortality from other causes. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin K intake was not associated with all-cause mortality, cancer mortality and mortality from other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine R Zwakenberg
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole R den Braver
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk I P Engelen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Vermeer
- R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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75
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Fu X, Shen X, Finnan EG, Haytowitz DB, Booth SL. Measurement of Multiple Vitamin K Forms in Processed and Fresh-Cut Pork Products in the U.S. Food Supply. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4531-4535. [PMID: 27191033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K food composition data have historically been limited to plant-based phylloquinone (vitamin K1). The purpose of this study was to expand analysis of vitamin K to animal products and to measure phylloquinone and 10 forms of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in processed and fresh-cut pork products. Nationally representative samples of processed pork products (n = 28) were obtained through USDA's National Food and Nutrition Analysis Program, and fresh pork (six cuts; n = 5 per cut) and bacon (n = 4) were purchased from local retail outlets. All samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (phylloquinone and menaquinone-4) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (menaquinone-5 to menaquinone-13). Although low in phylloquinone (<2.1 ± 0.5 μg of phylloquinone per 100 g), all processed pork products and fresh pork cuts contained menaquinone-4, menaquinone-10, and menaquinone-11 (range: [35.1 ± 11.0]-[534 ± 89.0] μg of menaquinones per 100 g). The total menaquinone contents of processed pork products were correlated with fat contents (r = 0.935). In summary, processed and fresh-cut pork products are a rich dietary source of menaquinones that are currently unaccounted for in assessment of vitamin K in the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Fu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , 711 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Xiaohua Shen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , 711 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Emily G Finnan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , 711 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - David B Haytowitz
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS , 10300 Baltimore Ave, Building 005 BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , 711 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
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76
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Ruiz S, Espín S, Rainio M, Ruuskanen S, Salminen JP, Lilley TM, Eeva T. Effects of dietary lead exposure on vitamin levels in great tit nestlings - An experimental manipulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:688-697. [PMID: 27023278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metal pollution negatively affects animal physiology, including nutrient metabolism, but in the wild an effect can seldom be attributed to a single metal. Moreover, little is known about how the metabolism of vitamins, essential micronutrients for developing juveniles, is affected by toxic metals. Therefore we experimentally investigated the effects of lead (Pb), a widespread toxic metal, on four fat-soluble vitamins A (total and retinol), D3, E (total and α-tocopherol) and K and carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin and unidentified) in great tit (Parus major) nestlings. In addition to a control group where no Pb was provided, two Pb-dosed groups were compared to a metal exposed group in the vicinity of a Ni-Cu smelter. We examined whether Pb treatment affects vitamin homeostasis and how the response of Pb-treated birds relates to that of a population under industrial exposure of Pb and other metals. For this purpose, vitamin and carotenoid levels were quantified with UPLC-MS from plasma of 7 days-old nestlings. All metal exposed groups showed increased vitamin A and retinol levels. However, vitamin levels were not directly associated with fecal Pb levels, with the exception of retinol, which was positively correlated with fecal Pb. Alpha-tocopherol, lutein and zeaxanthin levels were positively associated with body mass and wing growth rate. To conclude, Pb exposure increased plasma vitamin A and retinol levels while the levels of other vitamins and carotenoids rather reflected secondary pollution effects via differences in habitat and diet quality at the smelter site. Our findings suggest Pb exposed nestlings may allocate the vitamins needed for growth and development to fight the physiological stress thus compromising their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ruiz
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Silvia Espín
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Miia Rainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Thomas M Lilley
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Pennsylvania, PA 17837, USA
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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77
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Cosso R, Falchetti A. Vitamin K and bone metabolism: the myth and the truth. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1174061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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78
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Harshman SG, Shea MK. The Role of Vitamin K in Chronic Aging Diseases: Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, and Osteoarthritis. Curr Nutr Rep 2016; 5:90-98. [PMID: 27648390 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an enzyme cofactor required for the carboxylation of vitamin K dependent proteins, several of which have been implicated in diseases of aging. Inflammation is recognized as a crucial component of many chronic aging diseases and evidence suggests vitamin K has an anti-inflammatory action that is independent of its role as an enzyme co-factor. Vitamin K-dependent proteins and inflammation have been implicated in cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis, which are leading causes of disability and mortality in older adults. The purpose of this review is to summarize observational studies and randomized trials focused on vitamin K status and inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis. Although mechanistic evidence suggests a protective role for vitamin K in these age-related conditions, the benefit of vitamin K supplementation is controversial because observational data are equivocal and the number of randomized trials is few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Harshman
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, Phone number: 617-556-3151, Fax number: 617 556 3149
| | - M Kyla Shea
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, Phone number: 617-556-3073, fax number: 617 556 3344
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79
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O'Keefe JH, Bergman N, Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, DiNicolantonio JJ, Cordain L. Nutritional strategies for skeletal and cardiovascular health: hard bones, soft arteries, rather than vice versa. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000325. [PMID: 27042317 PMCID: PMC4809188 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this paper is to explore better strategies for optimising bone strength and reducing risk of fracture, while at the same time decreasing risk of cardiovascular disease. The majority of Americans do not consume the current recommended dietary allowance for calcium, and the lifetime risk of osteoporosis is about 50%. However, traditional mononutrient calcium supplements may not be ideal. We comprehensively and systematically reviewed the scientific literature in order to determine the optimal dietary strategies and nutritional supplements for long-term skeletal health and cardiovascular health. To summarise, the following steps may be helpful for building strong bones while maintaining soft and supple arteries: (1) calcium is best obtained from dietary sources rather than supplements; (2) ensure that adequate animal protein intake is coupled with calcium intake of 1000 mg/day; (3) maintain vitamin D levels in the normal range; (4) increase intake of fruits and vegetables to alkalinise the system and promote bone health; (5) concomitantly increase potassium consumption while reducing sodium intake; (6) consider increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K1 and K2; (7) consider including bones in the diet; they are a rich source of calcium-hydroxyapatite and many other nutrients needed for building bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H O'Keefe
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute , Kansas City, Missouri , USA
| | - Nathaniel Bergman
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Center for Functional Medicine , Cleveland, Ohio , USA
| | - Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Center for Primary Health Care Research , Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine at Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Maélan Fontes-Villalba
- Center for Primary Health Care Research , Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine at Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | | | - Loren Cordain
- Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado , USA
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80
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Ferland G, Doucet I, Mainville D. Phylloquinone and Menaquinone-4 Tissue Distribution at Different Life Stages in Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed Different VK Levels Since Weaning or Subjected to a 40% Calorie Restriction since Adulthood. Nutrients 2016; 8:141. [PMID: 26959054 PMCID: PMC4808870 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether through the vitamin K-dependent proteins or the individual K vitamers, vitamin K (VK) is associated with a number of age-related conditions (e.g., osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, cognitive decline). In light of this, we investigated the influence of lifetime dietary VK exposure on the tissue distribution of phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4) vitamers in 3-, 12- and 22-month-old male and female rats fed different K1 diets since weaning or subjected to a 40% calorie restricted diet (CR) since adulthood. Dietary K1 intakes around the minimal amount required for normal blood coagulation had no significant influence on body weights of both male and female rats at different life stages. Tissue contents of the K vitamers differed according to organs, were generally higher in females than in males, and increased with K1 intake. The MK-4/total VK ratios tended to be increased in old age possibly reflecting an increased physiological demand for MK-4 during aging. Our study also confirmed the greater susceptibility of male rats to low VK containing diet, notably at a younger age. Despite lifelong higher K1 intakes per unit body weight, tissue K1 and MK-4 contents at 20 months were generally lower in CR rats compared to their ad libitum (AL) counterparts. Whether the lower tissue MK-4 content is the result of lower synthesis from K1 or greater tissue utilization remains to be determined. However, the more youthful coagulation profile observed in old CR rats (vs. AL rats) tends to support the notion that CR is associated with greater utilization of the K vitamers to sustain physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Ferland
- Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Doucet
- Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Hôpital de la Cité-de-la-Santé, Laval, QC H7M 3L9, Canada.
| | - Dominique Mainville
- Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Centre de réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau, Montréal, QC H2H 2N8, Canada.
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81
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Lee SE, Schulze KJ, Cole RN, Wu LSF, Yager JD, Groopman J, Christian P, West KP. Biological Systems of Vitamin K: A Plasma Nutriproteomics Study of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency in 500 Nepalese Children. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:214-23. [PMID: 26913649 PMCID: PMC4840917 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a fat-soluble vitamin whose deficiency disrupts coagulation and may disturb bone and cardiovascular health. However, the scale and systems affected by VK deficiency in pediatric populations remains unclear. We conducted a study of the plasma proteome of 500 Nepalese children 6–8 years of age (male/female ratio = 0.99) to identify proteins associated with VK status. We measured the concentrations of plasma lipids and protein induced by VK absence-II (PIVKA-II) and correlated relative abundance of proteins quantified by mass spectrometry with PIVKA-II. VK deficiency (PIVKA-II >2 μg/L) was associated with a higher abundance of low-density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations (p < 0.01). Among 978 proteins observed in >10% of the children, five proteins were associated with PIVKA-II and seven proteins were differentially abundant between VK deficient versus sufficient children, including coagulation factor-II, hemoglobin, and vascular endothelial cadherin, passing a false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of 10% (q < 0.10). Among 27 proteins associated with PIVKA-II or VK deficiency at a less stringent FDR (q < 0.20), a network comprised of hemoglobin subunits and erythrocyte anti-oxidative enzymes were highly and positively correlated each other (all r > 0.7). Untargeted proteomics offers a novel systems approach to elucidating biological processes of coagulation, vascularization, and erythrocyte oxidative stress related to VK status. The results may help elucidate subclinical metabolic disturbances related to VK deficiency in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Eun Lee
- 1 Center for Human Nutrition, Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- 1 Center for Human Nutrition, Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert N Cole
- 2 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lee S F Wu
- 1 Center for Human Nutrition, Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James D Yager
- 3 Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Groopman
- 3 Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Parul Christian
- 1 Center for Human Nutrition, Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith P West
- 1 Center for Human Nutrition, Departments of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
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82
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Ravcheev DA, Thiele I. Genomic Analysis of the Human Gut Microbiome Suggests Novel Enzymes Involved in Quinone Biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 26904004 PMCID: PMC4746308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquinone and menaquinone are membrane lipid-soluble carriers of electrons that are essential for cellular respiration. Eukaryotic cells can synthesize ubiquinone but not menaquinone, whereas prokaryotes can synthesize both quinones. So far, most of the human gut microbiome (HGM) studies have been based on metagenomic analysis. Here, we applied an analysis of individual HGM genomes to the identification of ubiquinone and menaquinone biosynthetic pathways. In our opinion, the shift from metagenomics to analysis of individual genomes is a pivotal milestone in investigation of bacterial communities, including the HGM. The key results of this study are as follows. (i) The distribution of the canonical pathways in the HGM genomes was consistent with previous reports and with the distribution of the quinone-dependent reductases for electron acceptors. (ii) The comparative genomics analysis identified four alternative forms of the previously known enzymes for quinone biosynthesis. (iii) Genes for the previously unknown part of the futalosine pathway were identified, and the corresponding biochemical reactions were proposed. We discuss the remaining gaps in the menaquinone and ubiquinone pathways in some of the microbes, which indicate the existence of further alternate genes or routes. Together, these findings provide further insight into the biosynthesis of quinones in bacteria and the physiology of the HGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Ravcheev
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ines Thiele
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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83
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Zhang YL, Yin JH, Ding H, Zhang W, Zhang CQ, Gao YS. Vitamin K2 Prevents Glucocorticoid-induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:347-58. [PMID: 27019620 PMCID: PMC4807155 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid medication is one of the most common causes of atraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), and vitamin K2 (VK2) has been shown to play an important and beneficial role in bone metabolism. In this study, we hypothesized that VK2 could decrease the incidence of glucocorticoid-induced ONFH in a rat model. Using in vitro studies, we investigated how bone marrow-derived stem cells in the presence of methylprednisolone proliferate and differentiate, specifically examining osteogenic-related proteins, including Runx2, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Using in vivo studies, we established glucocorticoid-induced ONFH in rats and investigated the preventive effect of VK2. We employed micro-CT scanning, angiography of the femoral head, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses, which demonstrated that VK2 yielded beneficial effects for subchondral bone trabecula. In conclusion, VK2 is an effective antagonist for glucocorticoid on osteogenic progenitors. The underlying mechanisms include acceleration of BMSC propagation and promotion of bone formation-associated protein expression, which combine and contribute to the prevention of glucocorticoid-induced ONFH in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Hui Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Shui Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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84
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Beneficial role of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and the reduced risk of type 2 diabetes: A review. Nutrition 2016; 32:732-9. [PMID: 27133809 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrients are gaining acceptance as an important nutritional therapy for the prevention and/or management of diabetes and its associated health risks. Although a very small quantity of micronutrients are required for specific functions in our bodies, moderate deficiencies can lead to serious health issues. Impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose intolerance play a major role in the development of diabetic pathophysiology. Vitamin K is well known for its function in blood coagulation. Moreover, several human studies reported the beneficial role of vitamin K supplementation in improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, preventing insulin resistance, and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2 D). Both animal and human studies have suggested that vitamin K-dependent protein (osteocalcin [OC]), regulation of adipokine levels, antiinflammatory properties, and lipid-lowering effects may mediate the beneficial function of vitamin K in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. This review for the first time provides an overview of the currently available preclinical and clinical evidences on the effect of vitamin K supplementation in the management of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. The outcome of this review will increase understanding for the development of a novel adjuvant therapy to achieve better control of glycemia and improve the lives of diabetic patients.
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85
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Wade C, Wang L, Zhao WJ, Cardini F, Kronenberg F, Gui SQ, Ying Z, Zhao NQ, Chao MT, Yu J. Acupuncture point injection treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea: a randomised, double blind, controlled study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e008166. [PMID: 26733563 PMCID: PMC4716272 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if injection of vitamin K3 in an acupuncture point is optimal for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea, when compared with 2 other injection treatments. SETTING A Menstrual Disorder Centre at a public hospital in Shanghai, China. PARTICIPANTS Chinese women aged 14-25 years with severe primary dysmenorrhoea for at least 6 months not relieved by any other treatment were recruited. Exclusion criteria were the use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices or anticoagulant drugs, pregnancy, history of abdominal surgery, participation in other therapies for pain and diagnosis of secondary dysmenorrhoea. Eighty patients with primary dysmenorrhoea, as defined on a 4-grade scale, completed the study. Two patients withdrew after randomisation. INTERVENTIONS A double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial compared vitamin K3 acupuncture point injection to saline acupuncture point injection and vitamin K3 deep muscle injection. Patients in each group received 3 injections at a single treatment visit. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the difference in subjective perception of pain as measured by an 11 unit Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Secondary measurements were Cox Pain Intensity and Duration scales and the consumption of analgesic tablets before and after treatment and during 6 following cycles. RESULTS Patients in all 3 groups experienced pain relief from the injection treatments. Differences in NRS measured mean pain scores between the 2 active control groups were less than 1 unit (-0.71, CI -1.37 to -0.05) and not significant, but the differences in average scores between the treatment hypothesised to be optimal and both active control groups (1.11, CI 0.45 to 1.78) and (1.82, CI 1.45 to 2.49) were statistically significant in adjusted mixed-effects models. Menstrual distress and use of analgesics were diminished for 6 months post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture point injection of vitamin K3 relieves menstrual pain rapidly and is a useful treatment in an urban outpatient clinic. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00104546; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wade
- Richard & Hinda Rosenthal Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Institute of East West Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - L Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - W J Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - F Cardini
- Agenzia Sanitaria e Sociale Regionale dell'Emilia Romagna, (Healthcare and Social Agency of Emilia Romagna Region), Viale Aldo Moro, 21, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Kronenberg
- Richard & Hinda Rosenthal Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - S Q Gui
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Ying
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - N Q Zhao
- Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - M T Chao
- Richard & Hinda Rosenthal Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Yu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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86
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DiNicolantonio JJ, Bhutani J, O'Keefe JH. The health benefits of vitamin K. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000300. [PMID: 26468402 PMCID: PMC4600246 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K has important functions within the body, some of which are still being discovered. Research has shown that vitamin K is an anticalcification, anticancer, bone-forming and insulin-sensitising molecule. Recent data indicate that subclinical vitamin K deficiency is not uncommon. Additionally, vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin may cause detrimental side effects, which may partly be blunted through vitamin K supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaikrit Bhutani
- Pt. BD Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Rohtak, Haryana , India
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Mid America Heart Institute at Saint Luke's Hospital , Kansas City, Missouri , USA
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87
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Zwakenberg SR, Gundberg CM, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Beulens JWJ. Osteocalcin Is Not Associated with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from the EPIC-NL Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138693. [PMID: 26418005 PMCID: PMC4587948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether total osteocalcin (tOC), uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and percentage of uncarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC) are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Methods This nested case control study included 1,635 participants, 833 incident diabetes cases and 802 non-diabetic control participants, aged 21–70 years from the EPIC-NL cohort. Baseline concentrations of tOC, ucOC and %ucOC were assessed. During 10 years of follow-up, diabetes cases were self-reported and verified against information from general practitioners or pharmacists. The association between the different forms of osteocalcin and diabetes risk was assessed with logistic regression adjusted for diabetes risk factors (waist circumference, age, sex, cohort, smoking status, family history of diabetes, hypertension, alcohol intake, physical activity and education) and dietary factors (total energy intake and energy adjusted intake of fat, fiber, protein and calcium). Results TOC concentration was not associated with diabetes risk, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.97 (0.91–1.03) for each ng/ml increment after adjustment for diabetes risk factors and dietary factors. No association between ucOC and %ucOC and the risk of diabetes was observed either. In sex stratified analyses (P interaction = 0.07), higher %ucOC tended to be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a multivariable model in women (OR 1.05 for each increment of 5% ucOC (1.00–1.11), Ptrend = 0.08), but not in men (OR 0.96 for each increment of 5% ucOC (0.88–1.04)). When waist circumference was replaced by body mass index, none of the osteocalcin forms were associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in the final model among both women and men. Conclusions Available evidence suggests that tOC, ucOC and %ucOC are each not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, more large-scale cohort studies are needed to clarify the presence of any association between the different forms of osteocalcin and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine R. Zwakenberg
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Caren M. Gundberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Annemieke M. W. Spijkerman
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne L. van der A
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joline W. J. Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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88
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Presse N, Potvin S, Bertrand B, Calvo MS, Ferland G. Phylloquinone content of herbs, spices and seasonings. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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89
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Karl JP, Fu X, Wang X, Zhao Y, Shen J, Zhang C, Wolfe BE, Saltzman E, Zhao L, Booth SL. Fecal menaquinone profiles of overweight adults are associated with gut microbiota composition during a gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:84-93. [PMID: 26016865 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence supports novel roles for vitamin K in cardiometabolic health, some of which may be unique to the bacterially synthesized vitamin K forms known as menaquinones. However, factors influencing menaquinone biosynthesis by the gut microbiota and associations with cardiometabolic health have not been examined. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify associations between fecal menaquinone profiles, gut microbiota composition, and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health. DESIGN The menaquinone profile and gut microbiota structure were periodically measured in fecal samples collected from 77 overweight Chinese adults who consumed a prescribed diet previously shown to alter gut microbiota composition and to improve cardiometabolic biomarkers. RESULTS Covariance among menaquinones within individual fecal samples partitioned individuals into 2 distinct groups, herein introduced as menaquinotypes of the human gut. Menaquinotypes were characterized by differences in menaquinone (MK) 5 and MK9-MK13 and differences in the relative abundance of several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) delineated at the species level, predominantly within the genera Prevotella spp. and Bacteroides spp. Fecal MK4, MK6, and MK8 decreased during the intervention (P < 0.05); and longitudinal changes in the relative abundance of >100 OTUs were associated with altered fecal content of ≥1 individual menaquinone. The strongest and most consistent relations were between Prevotella spp. and MK5 and MK11-MK13, between Bacteroides spp. and MK9 and MK10, and between Escherichia/Shigella spp. and MK8. Neither individual menaquinones nor menaquinotypes were longitudinally associated with markers of glycemia, insulin resistance, or inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that variability in fecal menaquinone content is predominantly determined by relatively few genera within the gut microbiota and that diet-mediated alterations in gut microbiota composition may provide a feasible approach for altering gut menaquinone content. This trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry as ChiCTR-TRC-09000353.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philip Karl
- Vitamin K Laboratory and Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Xiaoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Edward Saltzman
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; and
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90
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Fatihi A, Latimer S, Schmollinger S, Block A, Dussault PH, Vermaas WFJ, Merchant SS, Basset GJ. A Dedicated Type II NADPH Dehydrogenase Performs the Penultimate Step in the Biosynthesis of Vitamin K1 in Synechocystis and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1730-41. [PMID: 26023160 PMCID: PMC4498204 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE C1 (NDC1; At5g08740) results in the accumulation of demethylphylloquinone, a late biosynthetic intermediate of vitamin K1. Gene coexpression and phylogenomics analyses showed that conserved functional associations occur between vitamin K biosynthesis and NDC1 homologs throughout the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages. Deletion of Synechocystis ndbB, which encodes for one such homolog, resulted in the same defects as those observed in the cyanobacterial demethylnaphthoquinone methyltransferase knockout. Chemical modeling and assay of purified demethylnaphthoquinone methyltransferase demonstrated that, by virtue of the strong electrophilic nature of S-adenosyl-l-methionine, the transmethylation of the demethylated precursor of vitamin K is strictly dependent on the reduced form of its naphthoquinone ring. NDC1 was shown to catalyze such a prerequisite reduction by using NADPH and demethylphylloquinone as substrates and flavine adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. NDC1 displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and was markedly inhibited by dicumarol, a competitive inhibitor of naphthoquinone oxidoreductases. These data demonstrate that the reduction of the demethylnaphthoquinone ring represents an authentic step in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin K, that this reaction is enzymatically driven, and that a selection pressure is operating to retain type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Fatihi
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Scott Latimer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Stefan Schmollinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Anna Block
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Patrick H Dussault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Wim F J Vermaas
- School of Life Sciences and Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
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91
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Rehder DS, Gundberg CM, Booth SL, Borges CR. Gamma-carboxylation and fragmentation of osteocalcin in human serum defined by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1546-55. [PMID: 25855755 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.047621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum osteocalcin (Oc) concentration is a highly specific measure of bone turnover, but its circulating proteoform(s) have not been well defined. Based on immunological methods, the major forms are thought to be the intact polypeptide and a large N-terminal-mid molecule fragment for which there is no consensus on the precise sequence. Vitamin K-dependent gamma (γ)-carboxylated variants of Oc are also found in circulation but there have been no methods that can define how many of the three potential γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues are γ-carboxylated or provide their relative abundances. Recent reports that uncarboxylated and partially γ-carboxylated Oc forms have hormonal function underscore the need for precise evaluation of Oc at all three potential γ-carboxylation sites. Herein, mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) was used to provide qualitative and semiquantitative (relative percent abundance) information on Oc molecular variants as they exist in individual plasma and serum samples. Following verification that observable Oc proteoforms were accurately assigned and not simply ex vivo artifacts, MALDI-MSIA and ESI-MSIA were used to assess the relative abundance of Oc truncation and γ-carboxylation, respectively, in plasma from 130 patients enrolled in vitamin K supplementation trials. Human Oc was found to circulate in over a dozen truncated forms with each of these displaying anywhere from 0-3 Gla residues. The relative abundance of truncated forms was consistent and unaffected by vitamin K supplementation. In contrast, when compared with placebo, vitamin K supplementation dramatically increased the fractional abundance of Oc with three Gla residues, corresponding to a decrease in the fractional abundance of Oc with zero Gla residues. These findings unequivocally document that increased vitamin K intake reduces the uncarboxylated form of Oc. Several reports of a positive effect of vitamin K intake on insulin sensitivity in humans have shown that un- or undercarboxylation of Oc, unlike in mice, is not associated with insulin resistance. Analyses similar to those described here will be useful to understand the functional significance of Oc γ-carboxylation in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Rehder
- From the ‡The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Caren M Gundberg
- ¶Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarah L Booth
- ‖Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chad R Borges
- From the ‡The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona;
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92
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Lombardi G, Perego S, Luzi L, Banfi G. A four-season molecule: osteocalcin. Updates in its physiological roles. Endocrine 2015; 48:394-404. [PMID: 25158976 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is the main non-collagenous hydroxyapatite-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and hypertrophic chondrocytes. It has a regulatory role in mineralization and it is considered a marker of bone cell metabolism. Recent findings evidenced new extra-skeletal roles for OC, depicting it as a real hormone. OC shares many functional features with the common hormones, such as tissue-specific expression, circadian rhythm, and synthesis as a pre-pro-molecule. However, it has some peculiar features making it a unique molecule: OC exists in different forms based on the degree of carboxylation. Indeed, OC has three glutamic acid residues, in position 17, 21, and 24, which are subject to γ-carboxylation, through the action of a vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxytransferase. The degree of carboxylation, and thus the negative charge density, determines the affinity for the calcium ions deposited in the extracellular matrix of the bone. The modulation of the carboxylation could, thus, represent the mechanism by which the body controls the circulating levels, and hence the hormonal function, of OC. There are evidences linking OC, and the bone metabolism, with a series of endocrine (glucose metabolism, energy metabolism, fertility) physiological (muscle activity) and pathological functions (ectopic calcification). Aim of this review is to give a full overview of the physiological roles of OC by collecting the newest experimental findings on this intriguing molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy,
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93
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Bull JN, West CW, Verlet JRR. On the formation of anions: frequency-, angle-, and time-resolved photoelectron imaging of the menadione radical anion. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1578-1589. [PMID: 29560245 PMCID: PMC5811081 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency-, angle-, and time-resolved photoelectron imaging of gas-phase menadione (vitamin K3) radical anions was used to show that quasi-bound resonances of the anion can act as efficient doorway states to produce metastable ground electronic state anions on a sub-picosecond timescale. Several anion resonances have been experimentally observed and identified with the assistance of ab initio calculations, and ground state anion recovery was observed across the first 3 eV above threshold. Time-resolved measurements revealed the mechanism of electronic ground state anion formation, which first involves a cascade of very fast internal conversion processes to a bound electronic state that, in turn, decays by slower internal conversion to the ground state. Autodetachment processes from populated resonances are inefficient compared with electronic relaxation through internal conversion. The mechanistic understanding gained provides insight into the formation of radical anions in biological and astrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Bull
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Christopher W West
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Jan R R Verlet
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , South Road , DH1 3LE , UK .
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94
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Sarewicz M, Osyczka A. Electronic connection between the quinone and cytochrome C redox pools and its role in regulation of mitochondrial electron transport and redox signaling. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:219-43. [PMID: 25540143 PMCID: PMC4281590 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration, an important bioenergetic process, relies on operation of four membranous enzymatic complexes linked functionally by mobile, freely diffusible elements: quinone molecules in the membrane and water-soluble cytochromes c in the intermembrane space. One of the mitochondrial complexes, complex III (cytochrome bc1 or ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase), provides an electronic connection between these two diffusible redox pools linking in a fully reversible manner two-electron quinone oxidation/reduction with one-electron cytochrome c reduction/oxidation. Several features of this homodimeric enzyme implicate that in addition to its well-defined function of contributing to generation of proton-motive force, cytochrome bc1 may be a physiologically important point of regulation of electron flow acting as a sensor of the redox state of mitochondria that actively responds to changes in bioenergetic conditions. These features include the following: the opposing redox reactions at quinone catalytic sites located on the opposite sides of the membrane, the inter-monomer electronic connection that functionally links four quinone binding sites of a dimer into an H-shaped electron transfer system, as well as the potential to generate superoxide and release it to the intermembrane space where it can be engaged in redox signaling pathways. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding how cytochrome bc1 may accomplish this regulatory physiological function, what is known and remains unknown about catalytic and side reactions within the quinone binding sites and electron transfers through the cofactor chains connecting those sites with the substrate redox pools. We also discuss the developed molecular mechanisms in the context of physiology of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sarewicz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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95
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Identification of a prognostic signature for old-age mortality by integrating genome-wide transcriptomic data with the conventional predictors: the Vitality 90+ Study. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:54. [PMID: 25213707 PMCID: PMC4167306 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediction models for old-age mortality have generally relied upon conventional markers such as plasma-based factors and biophysiological characteristics. However, it is unknown whether the existing markers are able to provide the most relevant information in terms of old-age survival or whether predictions could be improved through the integration of whole-genome expression profiles. METHODS We assessed the predictive abilities of survival models containing only conventional markers, only gene expression data or both types of data together in a Vitality 90+ study cohort consisting of n = 151 nonagenarians. The all-cause death rate was 32.5% (49 of 151 individuals), and the median follow-up time was 2.55 years. RESULTS Three different feature selection models, the penalized Lasso and Ridge regressions and the C-index boosting algorithm, were used to test the genomic data. The Ridge regression model incorporating both the conventional markers and transcripts outperformed the other models. The multivariate Cox regression model was used to adjust for the conventional mortality prediction markers, i.e., the body mass index, frailty index and cell-free DNA level, revealing that 331 transcripts were independently associated with survival. The final mortality-predicting transcriptomic signature derived from the Ridge regression model was mapped to a network that identified nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) as a central node. CONCLUSIONS Together with the loss of physiological reserves, the transcriptomic predictors centered around NF-κB underscored the role of immunoinflammatory signaling, the control of the DNA damage response and cell cycle, and mitochondrial functions as the key determinants of old-age mortality.
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96
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Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R. Review article: The nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:582-609. [PMID: 25078533 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity surgery is acknowledged as a highly effective therapy for morbidly obese patients. Beneficial short-term effects on common comorbidities are practically undisputed, but a growing data pool from long-term follow-up reveals increasing evidence of potentially severe nutritional and pharmacological consequences. AIMS To assess the prevalence, causes and symptoms of complications after obesity surgery, to elucidate and compare therapy recommendations for macro- and micronutrient deficiencies, and to explore surgically-induced effects on drug absorption and bioavailability, discussing ramifications for long-term therapy and prophylaxis. METHODS PubMed, Embase and MEDLINE were searched using terms including, but not limited to, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass, obesity surgery and Roux-en-Y, coupled with secondary search terms, e.g. anaemia, micronutrients, vitamin deficiency, bacterial overgrowth, drug absorption, pharmacokinetics, undernutrition. All studies in English, French or German published January 1980 through March 2014 were included. RESULTS Macro- and micronutrient deficiencies are common after obesity surgery. The most critical, depending on surgical technique, are hypoalbuminemia (3-18%) and deficiencies of vitamins B1 (≤49%), B12 (19-35%) and D (25-73%), iron (17-45%) and zinc (12-91%). Many drugs commonly administered to obese patients (e.g. anti-depressants, anti-microbials, metformin) are subject to post-operative and/or PPI-associated changes affecting bioavailability and absorption. CONCLUSIONS Complications are associated with pre-operative and/or post-operative malnutrition or procedure-related changes in intake, absorption and drug bioavailability. The high prevalence of nutrient deficiencies after obesity surgery makes life-long nutritional monitoring and supplementation essential. Post-operative changes to drug absorption and bioavailability in bariatric patients cast doubt on the validity of standard drug dosage and administration recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Sachsenhausen Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; German Obesity Center (GOC), Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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97
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Hamidi MS, Cheung AM. Vitamin K and musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1647-57. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam S. Hamidi
- Osteoporosis and Women's Health Programs; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Angela M. Cheung
- Osteoporosis and Women's Health Programs; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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98
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Karl JP, Fu X, Dolnikowski GG, Saltzman E, Booth SL. Quantification of phylloquinone and menaquinones in feces, serum, and food by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 963:128-33. [PMID: 24956079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K, comprising phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinones (MKn), is a family of vitamers found in multiple biological and environmental matrices. Advancing emerging evidence for novel and distinct physiologic roles of these vitamers in human health and disease necessitates sensitive and selective methods for quantifying PK and MKn in these matrices. We developed a novel method employing high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS) for simultaneous quantification of 11 vitamin K vitamers that can be applied in feces, serum and food. Minimal detectable concentrations of vitamin K vitamers ranged from 1 pmol/g to 30 pmol/g. Limits of quantification ranged from 5 pmol/g to 90 pmol/g. Inter-assay and intra-assay variations were <17% and <8%, respectively, in food, and <12% and <8%, respectively, in feces. Recovery exceeded 80% for all vitamers in both food and feces. The method successfully quantified PK and MKn concentrations in rat chow, feces and serum. In summary, this LC-APCI-MS method provides a sensitive and selective tool for quantifying vitamin K vitamers in feces, serum and food. This method can be applied in human and animal studies examining the role of vitamin K vitamers derived from the diet and gut bacteria synthesis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philip Karl
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
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99
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Chao MT, Wade CM, Booth SL. Increase in plasma phylloquinone concentrations following acupoint injection for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2014; 7:151-4. [PMID: 24929459 PMCID: PMC4096683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of acupoint injection of vitamin K in spleen-6 (SP6) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea have been observed in limited clinical settings. However, menadione, the form of vitamin K most studied for treating dysmenorrhea, is not routinely used in clinical practice in North America. As part of a larger clinical trial among women aged 18-25 years with primary dysmenorrhea, we conducted a substudy to test the plasma concentration of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). We collected blood samples from four women before and 24-48 hours after an acupoint injection of phylloquinone in SP6. Despite the rapid turnover of phylloquinone observed in previous studies, we found that the plasma phylloquinone concentrations increased significantly from preinjection to 1-2 days after the injection. Interestingly, higher phylloquinone concentrations were correlated with less pain intensity among women with dysmenorrhea. Additional research is needed to understand the association between vitamin K and menstrual pain, including the role of vitamin K deficiency in inflammation and pain, and on the possible mechanisms of acupoint injection of vitamin K for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Chao
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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100
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Bertolaso C, Groleau V, Schall JI, Maqbool A, Mascarenhas M, Latham N, Dougherty KA, Stallings VA. Fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency: efficacy of a nutrition intervention. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58:443-8. [PMID: 24345827 PMCID: PMC4212898 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the impact of LYM-X-SORB (LXS), an organized lipid matrix that has been shown to be absorbable without pancreatic enzyme therapy on fat-soluble vitamin status in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency (PI). METHODS Children with CF and PI were randomized to daily LXS or an isocaloric placebo comparison supplement for 12 months. Serum vitamins A (retinol), D (25-hydroxyvitamin D[25D]), E (α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol:cholesterol ratio), and K (percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin [%ucOC] and plasma proteins induced by vitamin K absence factor II [PIVKA II]) were assessed at baseline and 12 months. Dietary intake was determined using 3-day weighed food records and supplemental vitamin intake by a comprehensive questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 58 subjects (32 boys, age 10.3 ± 2.9 years [mean ± standard deviation]) with complete serum vitamin, dietary and supplemental vitamin data were analyzed. After adjusting for dietary and supplemental vitamin intake, serum retinol increased 3.0 ± 1.4 μg/dL (coefficient ± standard error) (adjusted R2 = 0.02, P = 0.03) and vitamin K status improved as demonstrated by a decreased percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin of -6.0% ± 1.6% by 12 months (adjusted R2 = 0.15, P < 0.001). These changes occurred in both the LXS and placebo comparison groups. No changes in serum 25D or α-tocopherol were detected. Both nutrition interventions increased caloric intake a mean of 83 ± 666 kcal/day by 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Vitamins A and K status improved, whereas vitamins D and E status was unchanged during 12 months of LXS and isocaloric placebo comparison supplement in children with CF and PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bertolaso
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Veronique Groleau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joan I. Schall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Asim Maqbool
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maria Mascarenhas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Norma Latham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelly A. Dougherty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Virginia A. Stallings
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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