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López Sánchez A, Hernández Luelmo S, Izquierdo Y, López B, Cascón T, Castresana C. Mitochondrial Stress Induces Plant Resistance Through Chromatin Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704964. [PMID: 34630455 PMCID: PMC8493246 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond more efficiently when confronted with previous similar stress. In the case of pathogens, this memory of a previous infection confers resistance to future ones, which possesses a high potential for agricultural purposes. Some of the defense elements involved in this resistance phenotype, as well as epigenetic mechanisms participating in the maintenance of the memory, are currently known. However, the intracellular cascade from pathogen perception until the establishment of the epigenetic memory is still unexplored. Here, through the induction of mitochondrial stress by exogenous applications of Antimycin A in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, we discovered and characterized a role of mitochondrial stress in plant-induced resistance. Mitochondrial stress-induced resistance (MS-IR) is effective locally, systemically, within generation and transgenerationally. Mechanistically, MS-IR seems to be mediated by priming of defense gene transcription caused by epigenetic changes. On one hand, we observed an increment in the deposition of H3K4me3 (a positive epigenetic mark) at the promoter region of the primed genes, and, on the other hand, the DNA (de)methylation machinery seems to be required for the transmission of MS-IR to the following generations. Finally, we observed that MS-IR is broad spectrum, restricting the colonization by pathogens from different kingdoms and lifestyles. Altogether, this evidence positions mitochondria as a prominent organelle in environment sensing, acting as an integrating platform to process external and internal signals, triggering the appropriate response, and inducing the epigenetic memory of the stress to better react against future stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Castresana
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
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López Sánchez A, Hernández Luelmo S, Izquierdo Y, López B, Cascón T, Castresana C. Mitochondrial Stress Induces Plant Resistance Through Chromatin Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704964. [PMID: 34630455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704964/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond more efficiently when confronted with previous similar stress. In the case of pathogens, this memory of a previous infection confers resistance to future ones, which possesses a high potential for agricultural purposes. Some of the defense elements involved in this resistance phenotype, as well as epigenetic mechanisms participating in the maintenance of the memory, are currently known. However, the intracellular cascade from pathogen perception until the establishment of the epigenetic memory is still unexplored. Here, through the induction of mitochondrial stress by exogenous applications of Antimycin A in Arabidopsis thaliana plants, we discovered and characterized a role of mitochondrial stress in plant-induced resistance. Mitochondrial stress-induced resistance (MS-IR) is effective locally, systemically, within generation and transgenerationally. Mechanistically, MS-IR seems to be mediated by priming of defense gene transcription caused by epigenetic changes. On one hand, we observed an increment in the deposition of H3K4me3 (a positive epigenetic mark) at the promoter region of the primed genes, and, on the other hand, the DNA (de)methylation machinery seems to be required for the transmission of MS-IR to the following generations. Finally, we observed that MS-IR is broad spectrum, restricting the colonization by pathogens from different kingdoms and lifestyles. Altogether, this evidence positions mitochondria as a prominent organelle in environment sensing, acting as an integrating platform to process external and internal signals, triggering the appropriate response, and inducing the epigenetic memory of the stress to better react against future stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yovanny Izquierdo
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bran López
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Cascón
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
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Ortego F, Broekgaarden C, Suzuki T, Broufas G, Smagghe G, Diaz I. Editorial: Plant-Pest Interactions Volume II: Hemiptera. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748999. [PMID: 34589109 PMCID: PMC8473780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ortego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - George Broufas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Madrid, Spain
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Yassin M, Ton J, Rolfe SA, Valentine TA, Cromey M, Holden N, Newton AC. The rise, fall and resurrection of chemical-induced resistance agents. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3900-3909. [PMID: 33729685 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery that the plant immune system could be augmented for improved deployment against biotic stressors through the exogenous application of chemicals that lead to induced resistance (IR), many such IR-eliciting agents have been identified. Initially it was hoped that these chemical IR agents would be a benign alternative to traditional chemical biocides. However, owing to low efficacy and/or a realization that their benefits sometimes come at the cost of growth and yield penalties, chemical IR agents fell out of favour and were seldom used as crop protection products. Despite the lack of interest in agricultural use, researchers have continued to explore the efficacy and mechanisms of chemical IR. Moreover, as we move away from the approach of 'zero tolerance' toward plant pests and pathogens toward integrated pest management, chemical IR agents could have a place in the plant protection product list. In this review, we chart the rise and fall of chemical IR agents, and then explore a variety of strategies used to improve their efficacy and remediate their negative adverse effects. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yassin
- Plant Production and Protection Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A Rolfe
- Plant Production and Protection Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Matthew Cromey
- Department of Plant Health, Royal Horticultural Society, Woking, UK
| | - Nicola Holden
- Scotland's Rural Colleges, Craibstone Estate, Aberdeen, UK
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Suzuki T, Broufas G, Smagghe G, Ortego F, Broekgaarden C, Diaz I. Editorial: Plant-Pest Interactions Volume III: Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730290. [PMID: 34456960 PMCID: PMC8386468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - George Broufas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Félix Ortego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Caseys C, Shi G, Soltis N, Gwinner R, Corwin J, Atwell S, Kliebenstein DJ. Quantitative interactions: the disease outcome of Botrytis cinerea across the plant kingdom. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab175. [PMID: 34003931 PMCID: PMC8496218 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a fungal pathogen that causes necrotic disease on more than a thousand known hosts widely spread across the plant kingdom. How B. cinerea interacts with such extensive host diversity remains largely unknown. To address this question, we generated an infectivity matrix of 98 strains of B. cinerea on 90 genotypes representing eight host plants. This experimental infectivity matrix revealed that the disease outcome is largely explained by variations in either the host resistance or pathogen virulence. However, the specific interactions between host and pathogen account for 16% of the disease outcome. Furthermore, the disease outcomes cluster among genotypes of a species but are independent of the relatedness between hosts. When analyzing the host specificity and virulence of B. cinerea, generalist strains are predominant. In this fungal necrotroph, specialization may happen by a loss in virulence on most hosts rather than an increase of virulence on a specific host. To uncover the genetic architecture of Botrytis host specificity and virulence, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed and revealed up to 1492 genes of interest. The genetic architecture of these traits is widespread across the B. cinerea genome. The complexity of the disease outcome might be explained by hundreds of functionally diverse genes putatively involved in adjusting the infection to diverse hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Nicole Soltis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Raoni Gwinner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus 69010-970, Brazil
| | - Jason Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark
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Chen Y, Puentes A, Björkman C, Brosset A, Bylund H. Comparing Exogenous Methods to Induce Plant-Resistance Against a Bark-Feeding Insect. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:695867. [PMID: 34354725 PMCID: PMC8329535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can trigger induced plant defenses against herbivores, and has been shown to provide protection against insect herbivory in conifer seedlings. Other methods, such as mechanical damage to seedlings, can also induce plant defenses, yet few have been compared to MeJA and most studies lack subsequent herbivory feeding tests. We conducted two lab experiments to: (1) compare the efficacy of MeJA to mechanical damage treatments that could also induce seedling resistance, (2) examine if subsequent insect damage differs depending on the time since induction treatments occurred, and (3) assess if these induction methods affect plant growth. We compared Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings sprayed with MeJA (10 or 15 mM) to seedlings subjected to four different mechanical bark damage treatments (two different bark wound sizes, needle-piercing damage, root damage) and previous pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage as a reference treatment. The seedlings were exposed to pine weevils 12 or 32 days after treatments (early and late exposure, hereafter), and resistance was measured as the amount of damage received by plants. At early exposure, seedlings treated with needle-piercing damage received significantly more subsequent pine weevil feeding damage than those treated with MeJA. Seedlings treated with MeJA and needle-piercing damage received 84% less and 250% more pine weevil feeding, respectively, relative to control seedlings. The other treatments did not differ statistically from control or MeJA in terms of subsequent pine weevil damage. For the late exposure group, plants in all induction treatments tended to receive less pine weevil feeding (yet this was not statistically significant) compared to control seedlings. On the other hand, MeJA significantly slowed down seedling growth relative to control and all other induction treatments. Overall, the mechanical damage treatments appeared to have no or variable effects on seedling resistance. One of the treatments, needle-piercing damage, actually increased pine weevil feeding at early exposure. These results therefore suggest that mechanical damage shows little potential as a plant protection measure to reduce feeding by a bark-chewing insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Chen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnès Brosset
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Bylund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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Yildiz I, Mantz M, Hartmann M, Zeier T, Kessel J, Thurow C, Gatz C, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Zeier J. The mobile SAR signal N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces NPR1-dependent transcriptional reprogramming and immune priming. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1679-1705. [PMID: 33871649 PMCID: PMC8260123 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) accumulates in the plant foliage in response to a localized microbial attack and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distant leaf tissue. Previous studies indicated that pathogen inoculation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) systemically activates SAR-related transcriptional reprogramming and a primed immune status in strict dependence of FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1), which mediates the endogenous biosynthesis of NHP. Here, we show that elevations of NHP by exogenous treatment are sufficient to induce a SAR-reminiscent transcriptional response that mobilizes key components of immune surveillance and signal transduction. Exogenous NHP primes Arabidopsis wild-type and NHP-deficient fmo1 plants for a boosted induction of pathogen-triggered defenses, such as the biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin and branched-chain amino acids, as well as expression of defense-related genes. NHP also sensitizes the foliage systemically for enhanced SA-inducible gene expression. NHP-triggered SAR, transcriptional reprogramming, and defense priming are fortified by SA accumulation, and require the function of the transcriptional coregulator NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 (NPR1). Our results suggest that NPR1 transduces NHP-activated immune signaling modes with predominantly SA-dependent and minor SA-independent features. They further support the notion that NHP functions as a mobile immune regulator capable of moving independently of active SA signaling between leaves to systemically activate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Jana Kessel
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Medical Faculty, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Medical Faculty, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
- Author for communication:
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De Kesel J, Conrath U, Flors V, Luna E, Mageroy MH, Mauch-Mani B, Pastor V, Pozo MJ, Pieterse CMJ, Ton J, Kyndt T. The Induced Resistance Lexicon: Do's and Don'ts. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:685-691. [PMID: 33531282 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To be protected from biological threats, plants have evolved an immune system comprising constitutive and inducible defenses. For example, upon perception of certain stimuli, plants can develop a conditioned state of enhanced defensive capacity against upcoming pathogens and pests, resulting in a phenotype called 'induced resistance' (IR). To tackle the confusing lexicon currently used in the IR field, we propose a widely applicable code of practice concerning the terminology and description of IR phenotypes using two main phenotypical aspects: local versus systemic resistance, and direct versus primed defense responses. Our general framework aims to improve uniformity and consistency in future scientific communication, which should help to avoid further misinterpretations and facilitate the accessibility and impact of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Kesel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Estrella Luna
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Melissa H Mageroy
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institute of Biology, Université de Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Science for Life, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Plant Production and Protection Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Mladenov V, Fotopoulos V, Kaiserli E, Karalija E, Maury S, Baranek M, Segal N, Testillano PS, Vassileva V, Pinto G, Nagel M, Hoenicka H, Miladinović D, Gallusci P, Vergata C, Kapazoglou A, Abraham E, Tani E, Gerakari M, Sarri E, Avramidou E, Gašparović M, Martinelli F. Deciphering the Epigenetic Alphabet Involved in Transgenerational Stress Memory in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7118. [PMID: 34281171 PMCID: PMC8268041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epigenetic modifications have been intensely investigated over the last decade due to their role in crop adaptation to rapid climate change, it is unclear which epigenetic changes are heritable and therefore transmitted to their progeny. The identification of epigenetic marks that are transmitted to the next generations is of primary importance for their use in breeding and for the development of new cultivars with a broad-spectrum of tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we discuss general aspects of plant responses to environmental stresses and provide an overview of recent findings on the role of transgenerational epigenetic modifications in crops. In addition, we take the opportunity to describe the aims of EPI-CATCH, an international COST action consortium composed by researchers from 28 countries. The aim of this COST action launched in 2020 is: (1) to define standardized pipelines and methods used in the study of epigenetic mechanisms in plants, (2) update, share, and exchange findings in epigenetic responses to environmental stresses in plants, (3) develop new concepts and frontiers in plant epigenetics and epigenomics, (4) enhance dissemination, communication, and transfer of knowledge in plant epigenetics and epigenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velimir Mladenov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Sq. Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos 3036, Cyprus;
| | - Eirini Kaiserli
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Erna Karalija
- Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Department for Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Stephane Maury
- INRAe, EA1207 USC1328 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Miroslav Baranek
- Mendeleum—Insitute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valtická 334, 69144 Lednice, Czech Republic;
| | - Naama Segal
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, The National Center for Mariculture (NCM), P.O.B. 1212, Eilat 88112, Israel;
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Center of Biological Research Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Glória Pinto
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Biology Department, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Nagel
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany;
| | - Hans Hoenicka
- Genomic Research Department, Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany;
| | - Dragana Miladinović
- Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Philippe Gallusci
- UMR Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, 210 Chemin de Leysotte—CS5000833882 Villenave d’Ornon, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Chiara Vergata
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Aliki Kapazoglou
- Department of Vitis, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture (IOSV), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Dimitra (HAO-Dimitra), Sofokli Venizelou 1, Lykovrysi, 14123 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eleni Abraham
- Laboratory of Range Science, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Maria Gerakari
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Efi Sarri
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Evaggelia Avramidou
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Mateo Gašparović
- Chair of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
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Rolli E, Vergani L, Ghitti E, Patania G, Mapelli F, Borin S. 'Cry-for-help' in contaminated soil: a dialogue among plants and soil microbiome to survive in hostile conditions. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5690-5703. [PMID: 34139059 PMCID: PMC8596516 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An open question in environmental ecology regards the mechanisms triggered by root chemistry to drive the assembly and functionality of a beneficial microbiome to rapidly adapt to stress conditions. This phenomenon, originally described in plant defence against pathogens and predators, is encompassed in the ‘cry‐for‐help’ hypothesis. Evidence suggests that this mechanism may be part of the adaptation strategy to ensure the holobiont fitness in polluted environments. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were considered as model pollutants due to their toxicity, recalcitrance and poor phyto‐extraction potential, which lead to a plethora of phytotoxic effects and rise environmental safety concerns. Plants have inefficient detoxification processes to catabolize PCBs, even leading to by‐products with a higher toxicity. We propose that the ‘cry‐for‐help’ mechanism could drive the exudation‐mediated recruitment and sustainment of the microbial services for PCBs removal, exerted by an array of anaerobic and aerobic microbial degrading populations working in a complex metabolic network. Through this synergistic interaction, the holobiont copes with the soil contamination, releasing the plant from the pollutant stress by the ecological services provided by the boosted metabolism of PCBs microbial degraders. Improving knowledge of root chemistry under PCBs stress is, therefore, advocated to design rhizoremediation strategies based on plant microbiome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Rolli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vergani
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Elisa Ghitti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanni Patania
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy
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Chen J, Li Z, Lin B, Liao J, Zhuo K. A Meloidogyne graminicola Pectate Lyase Is Involved in Virulence and Activation of Host Defense Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651627. [PMID: 33868351 PMCID: PMC8044864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete an array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes to overcome the physical barrier formed by the plant cell wall. Here, we describe a novel pectate lyase gene Mg-PEL1 from M. graminicola. Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional expression level of Mg-PEL1 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and it was still detected during the early parasitic stage. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that Mg-PEL1 was expressed exclusively within the subventral esophageal gland cells of M. graminicola. The yeast signal sequence trap system revealed that it possessed an N-terminal signal peptide with secretion function. Recombinant Mg-PEL1 exhibited hydrolytic activity toward polygalacturonic acid. Rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting Mg-PEL1 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that the cell wall localization of Mg-PEL1 was required for the activation of plant defense responses, including programmed plant cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and expression of defense-related genes. Taken together, our results indicated that Mg-PEL1 could enhance the pathogenicity of M. graminicola and induce plant immune responses during nematode invasion into plants or migration in plants. This provides a new insight into the function of pectate lyases in plants-nematodes interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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López Sánchez A, Pascual-Pardo D, Furci L, Roberts MR, Ton J. Costs and Benefits of Transgenerational Induced Resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644999. [PMID: 33719325 PMCID: PMC7952753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that stressed plants employ epigenetic mechanisms to transmit acquired resistance traits to their progeny. However, the evolutionary and ecological significance of transgenerational induced resistance (t-IR) is poorly understood because a clear understanding of how parents interpret environmental cues in relation to the effectiveness, stability, and anticipated ecological costs of t-IR is lacking. Here, we have used a full factorial design to study the specificity, costs, and transgenerational stability of t-IR following exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to increasing stress intensities by a biotrophic pathogen, a necrotrophic pathogen, and salinity. We show that t-IR in response to infection by biotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens is effective against pathogens of the same lifestyle. This pathogen-mediated t-IR is associated with ecological costs, since progeny from biotroph-infected parents were more susceptible to both necrotrophic pathogens and salt stress, whereas progeny from necrotroph-infected parents were more susceptible to biotrophic pathogens. Hence, pathogen-mediated t-IR provides benefits when parents and progeny are in matched environments but is associated with costs that become apparent in mismatched environments. By contrast, soil salinity failed to mediate t-IR against salt stress in matched environments but caused non-specific t-IR against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens in mismatched environments. However, the ecological relevance of this non-specific t-IR response remains questionable as its induction was offset by major reproductive costs arising from dramatically reduced seed production and viability. Finally, we show that the costs and transgenerational stability of pathogen-mediated t-IR are proportional to disease pressure experienced by the parents, suggesting that plants use disease severity as an environmental proxy to adjust investment in t-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ana López Sánchez,
| | - David Pascual-Pardo
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Furci
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Roberts
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Jurriaan Ton,
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Singh NK, Dutta A, Puccetti G, Croll D. Tackling microbial threats in agriculture with integrative imaging and computational approaches. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:372-383. [PMID: 33489007 PMCID: PMC7787954 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens and pests are one of the major threats to agricultural productivity worldwide. For decades, targeted resistance breeding was used to create crop cultivars that resist pathogens and environmental stress while retaining yields. The often decade-long process of crossing, selection, and field trials to create a new cultivar is challenged by the rapid rise of pathogens overcoming resistance. Similarly, antimicrobial compounds can rapidly lose efficacy due to resistance evolution. Here, we review three major areas where computational, imaging and experimental approaches are revolutionizing the management of pathogen damage on crops. Recognizing and scoring plant diseases have dramatically improved through high-throughput imaging techniques applicable both under well-controlled greenhouse conditions and directly in the field. However, computer vision of complex disease phenotypes will require significant improvements. In parallel, experimental setups similar to high-throughput drug discovery screens make it possible to screen thousands of pathogen strains for variation in resistance and other relevant phenotypic traits. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence can capture rich phenotypic information across pathogen genotypes. Through genome-wide association mapping approaches, phenotypic data helps to unravel the genetic architecture of stress- and virulence-related traits accelerating resistance breeding. Finally, joint, large-scale screenings of trait variation in crops and pathogens can yield fundamental insights into how pathogens face trade-offs in the adaptation to resistant crop varieties. We discuss how future implementations of such innovative approaches in breeding and pathogen screening can lead to more durable disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anik Dutta
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Puccetti
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Elucidating the Diversity and Potential Function of Nonribosomal Peptide and Polyketide Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in the Root Microbiome. mSystems 2020; 5:5/6/e00866-20. [PMID: 33361322 PMCID: PMC7762793 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00866-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyketides (PKs) and nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are two microbial secondary metabolite (SM) families known for their variety of functions, including antimicrobials, siderophores, and others. Despite their involvement in bacterium-bacterium and bacterium-plant interactions, root-associated SMs are largely unexplored due to the limited cultivability of bacteria. Here, we analyzed the diversity and expression of SM-encoding biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in root microbiomes by culture-independent amplicon sequencing, shotgun metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics. Roots (tomato and lettuce) harbored distinct compositions of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) relative to the adjacent bulk soil, and specific BGC markers were both enriched and highly expressed in the root microbiomes. While several of the highly abundant and expressed sequences were remotely associated with known BGCs, the low similarity to characterized genes suggests their potential novelty. Low-similarity genes were screened against a large set of soil-derived cosmid libraries, from which five whole BGCs of unknown function were retrieved. Three clusters were taxonomically affiliated with Actinobacteria, while the remaining were not associated with known bacteria. One Streptomyces-derived BGC was predicted to encode a polyene with potential antifungal activity, while the others were too novel to predict chemical structure. Screening against a suite of metagenomic data sets revealed higher abundances of retrieved clusters in roots and soil samples. In contrast, they were almost completely absent in aquatic and gut environments, supporting the notion that they might play an important role in root ecosystems. Overall, our results indicate that root microbiomes harbor a specific assemblage of undiscovered SMs.IMPORTANCE We identified distinct secondary-metabolite-encoding genes that are enriched (relative to adjacent bulk soil) and expressed in root ecosystems yet almost completely absent in human gut and aquatic environments. Several of the genes were distantly related to genes encoding antimicrobials and siderophores, and their high sequence variability relative to known sequences suggests that they may encode novel metabolites and may have unique ecological functions. This study demonstrates that plant roots harbor a diverse array of unique secondary-metabolite-encoding genes that are highly enriched and expressed in the root ecosystem. The secondary metabolites encoded by these genes might assist the bacteria that produce them in colonization and persistence in the root environment. To explore this hypothesis, future investigations should assess their potential role in interbacterial and bacterium-plant interactions.
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66
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The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense-A Road to Disease Resistance. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121705. [PMID: 33287437 PMCID: PMC7761819 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses to pathogens. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perception and initiating signal transduction pathways that are interconnected with various defense processes regulated by plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS-mediated reversible oxidation of cysteine residues on plant proteins have profound effects on protein functions like signal transduction of plant defense responses during pathogen infections. Indeed, the multifaceted plant defense responses initiated by SDCs should provide novel tools for plant breeding to endow crops with efficient defense responses to invading pathogens.
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67
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Gruden K, Lidoy J, Petek M, Podpečan V, Flors V, Papadopoulou KK, Pappas ML, Martinez-Medina A, Bejarano E, Biere A, Pozo MJ. Ménage à Trois: Unraveling the Mechanisms Regulating Plant-Microbe-Arthropod Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1215-1226. [PMID: 32828689 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe-arthropod (PMA) three-way interactions have important implications for plant health. However, our poor understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms hampers their biotechnological applications. To this end, we searched for potential common patterns in plant responses regarding taxonomic groups or lifestyles. We found that most signaling modules regulating two-way interactions also operate in three-way interactions. Furthermore, the relative contribution of signaling modules to the final plant response cannot be directly inferred from two-way interactions. Moreover, our analyses show that three-way interactions often result in the activation of additional pathways, as well as in changes in the speed or intensity of defense activation. Thus, detailed, basic knowledge of plant-microbe-arthropod regulation will be essential for the design of environmentally friendly crop management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Javier Lidoy
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Podpečan
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I; Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Kalliopi K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria L Pappas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Ainhoa Martinez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
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Wang R, Wang HL, Tang RP, Sun MY, Chen TM, Duan XC, Lu XF, Liu D, Shi XC, Laborda P, Wang SY. Pseudomonas putida Represses JA- and SA-Mediated Defense Pathways in Rice and Promotes an Alternative Defense Mechanism Possibly through ABA Signaling. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121641. [PMID: 33255501 PMCID: PMC7760693 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathways induced by Pseudomonas putida in rice plants at the early plant–rhizobacteria interaction stages, with and without inoculation of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, were studied. In the absence of pathogen, P. putida reduced ethylene (ET) production, and promoted root and stem elongation. Interestingly, gene OsHDA702, which plays an important role in root formation, was found significantly up-regulated in the presence of the rhizobacterium. Although X. oryzae pv. oryzae inoculation enhanced ET production in rice plants, P. putida treatment repressed ET-, jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense pathways, and induced the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), and the overexpression of OsHDA705 and some pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), which in turn increased the susceptibility of the rice plants against the pathogen. Collectively, this is the first work on the defense signaling induced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in plants at the early interaction stages, and suggests that rhizobacteria stimulate an alternative defense mechanism in plants based on ABA accumulation and OsHDA705 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin-Chi Shi
- Correspondence: (X.-C.S.); (P.L.); (S.-Y.W.)
| | | | - Su-Yan Wang
- Correspondence: (X.-C.S.); (P.L.); (S.-Y.W.)
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69
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Phytochemical and Antioxidant Dynamics of the Soursop Fruit (Annona muricata L.) in response to Colletotrichum spp. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3180634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work evaluates the effect of the pathogens Colletotrichum siamense and C. gloeosporioides on the response of soursop fruits. The bioactive compounds (total phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins) were evaluated qualitatively in soursop pulp. Positive phytochemicals and antioxidant activity (DPPH•, ABTS•+, and FRAP) were quantified at day zero, one, three, and five. Fruits treated with C. gloeosporioides showed higher disease severity (P<0.05). Early fruit response (day one) was observed with both pathogens, increased the concentration of saponins and repressed the production of quercetin 3-O-glucoside (P<0.05). Likewise, C. siamense decreased total soluble phenols and flavonoids and increased antiradical activity DPPH•. Besides, C. gloeosporioides decreased the levels of kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and ferulic acid (P<0.05). Regarding the late response (day three), both pathogens decreased the concentration of saponins and increased flavonoids and phytosterols (P<0.05). Nevertheless, C. siamense increased the levels of total soluble phenols, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, and antiradical activity FRAP (P<0.05). Also, C. gloeosporioides repressed the production of quercetin 3-O-glucoside at day five (P<0.05). Soursop fruits had a response to the attack of Colletotrichum during ripening at physicochemical and oxidative levels, which is associated with the production of compounds related to the development inhibition of pathogens. Even so, soursop fruits showed higher susceptibility to C. gloeosporioides and higher sensitivity to the attack of C. siamense.
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Abstract
The importance of tree genetic variability in the ability of forests to respond and adapt to environmental changes is crucial in forest management and conservation. Along with genetics, recent advances have highlighted “epigenetics” as an emerging and promising field of research for the understanding of tree phenotypic plasticity and adaptive responses. In this paper, we review recent advances in this emerging field and their potential applications for tree researchers and breeders, as well as for forest managers. First, we present the basics of epigenetics in plants before discussing its potential for trees. We then propose a bibliometric and overview of the literature on epigenetics in trees, including recent advances on tree priming. Lastly, we outline the promises of epigenetics for forest research and management, along with current gaps and future challenges. Research in epigenetics could use highly diverse paths to help forests adapt to global change by eliciting different innovative silvicultural approaches for natural- and artificial-based forest management.
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71
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Chitinase Gene Positively Regulates Hypersensitive and Defense Responses of Pepper to Colletotrichum acutatum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186624. [PMID: 32927746 PMCID: PMC7555800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The utilization of chitin-binding proteins or chitinase genes is the best option to control this disease. A chitin-binding domain (CBD) has been shown to be crucial for the innate immunity of plants and activates the hypersensitive response (HR). The CaChiIII7 chitinase gene has been identified and isolated from pepper plants. CaChiIII7 has repeated CBDs that encode a chitinase enzyme that is transcriptionally stimulated by C. acutatum infection. The knockdown of CaChiIII7 in pepper plants confers increased hypersensitivity to C. acutatum, resulting in its proliferation in infected leaves and an attenuation of the defense response genes CaPR1, CaPR5, and SAR8.2 in the CaChiIII7-silenced pepper plants. Additionally, H2O2 accumulation, conductivity, proline biosynthesis, and root activity were distinctly reduced in CaChiIII7-silenced plants. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that the CaChiIII7 protein is located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of plant cells. The transient expression of CaChiIII7 increases the basal resistance to C. acutatum by significantly expressing several defense response genes and the HR in pepper leaves, accompanied by an induction of H2O2 biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that CaChiIII7 plays a prominent role in plant defense in response to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Wilkinson
- Plant Production and Protection Centre, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection Centre, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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73
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Mageroy MH, Wilkinson SW, Tengs T, Cross H, Almvik M, Pétriacq P, Vivian-Smith A, Zhao T, Fossdal CG, Krokene P. Molecular underpinnings of methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1827-1843. [PMID: 32323322 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to various stimuli, plants acquire resistance against pests and/or pathogens. Such acquired or induced resistance allows plants to rapidly adapt to their environment. Spraying the bark of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhances resistance to tree-killing bark beetles and their associated phytopathogenic fungi. Analysis of spruce chemical defenses and beetle colonization success suggests that MeJA treatment both directly induces immune responses and primes inducible defenses for a faster and stronger response to subsequent beetle attack. We used metabolite and transcriptome profiling to explore the mechanisms underlying MeJA-induced resistance in Norway spruce. We demonstrated that MeJA treatment caused substantial changes in the bark transcriptional response to a triggering stress (mechanical wounding). Profiling of mRNA expression showed a suite of spruce inducible defenses are primed following MeJA treatment. Although monoterpenes and diterpene resin acids increased more rapidly after wounding in MeJA-treated than control bark, expression of their biosynthesis genes did not. We suggest that priming of inducible defenses is part of a complex mixture of defense responses that underpins the increased resistance against bark beetle colonization observed in Norway spruce. This study provides the most detailed insights yet into the mechanisms underlying induced resistance in a long-lived gymnosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mageroy
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel W Wilkinson
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hugh Cross
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marit Almvik
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, University of Bordeaux, MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Adam Vivian-Smith
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Pastor-Fernández J, Gamir J, Pastor V, Sanchez-Bel P, Sanmartín N, Cerezo M, Flors V. Arabidopsis Plants Sense Non-self Peptides to Promote Resistance Against Plectosphaerella cucumerina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 32536929 PMCID: PMC7225342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are important regulators that participate in the modulation of almost every physiological event in plants, including defense. Recently, many of these peptides have been described as defense elicitors, termed phytocytokines, that are released upon pest or pathogen attack, triggering an amplification of plant defenses. However, little is known about peptides sensing and inducing resistance activities in heterologous plants. In the present study, exogenous peptides from solanaceous species, Systemins and HypSys, are sensed and induce resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina in the taxonomically distant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Surprisingly, other peptides from closer taxonomic clades have very little or no effect on plant protection. In vitro bioassays showed that the studied peptides do not have direct antifungal activities, suggesting that they protect the plant through the promotion of the plant immune system. Interestingly, tomato Systemin was able to induce resistance at very low concentrations (0.1 and 1 nM) and displays a maximum threshold being ineffective above at higher concentrations. Here, we show evidence of the possible involvement of the JA-signaling pathway in the Systemin-Induced Resistance (Sys-IR) in Arabidopsis. Additionally, Systemin treated plants display enhanced BAK1 and BIK1 gene expression following infection as well as increased production of ROS after PAMP treatment suggesting that Systemin sensitizes Arabidopsis perception to pathogens and PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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Santamaria ME, Arnaiz A, Rosa-Diaz I, González-Melendi P, Romero-Hernandez G, Ojeda-Martinez DA, Garcia A, Contreras E, Martinez M, Diaz I. Plant Defenses Against Tetranychus urticae: Mind the Gaps. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040464. [PMID: 32272602 PMCID: PMC7238223 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between a pest and its host plant are the consequence of an evolutionary arms race based on the perception of the phytophagous arthropod by the plant and the different strategies adopted by the pest to overcome plant triggered defenses. The complexity and the different levels of these interactions make it difficult to get a wide knowledge of the whole process. Extensive research in model species is an accurate way to progressively move forward in this direction. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch has become a model species for phytophagous mites due to the development of a great number of genetic tools and a high-quality genome sequence. This review is an update of the current state of the art in the molecular interactions between the generalist pest T. urticae and its host plants. The knowledge of the physical and chemical constitutive defenses of the plant and the mechanisms involved in the induction of plant defenses are summarized. The molecular events produced from plant perception to the synthesis of defense compounds are detailed, with a special focus on the key steps that are little or totally uncovered by previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Irene Rosa-Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gara Romero-Hernandez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Dairon A. Ojeda-Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Alejandro Garcia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Estefania Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.E.S.); (A.A.); (I.R.-D.); (P.G.-M.); (G.R.-H.); (D.A.O.-M.); (A.G.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910679180
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Mageroy MH, Christiansen E, Långström B, Borg-Karlson AK, Solheim H, Björklund N, Zhao T, Schmidt A, Fossdal CG, Krokene P. Priming of inducible defenses protects Norway spruce against tree-killing bark beetles. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:420-430. [PMID: 31677172 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants can form an immunological memory known as defense priming, whereby exposure to a priming stimulus enables quicker or stronger response to subsequent attack by pests and pathogens. Such priming of inducible defenses provides increased protection and reduces allocation costs of defense. Defense priming has been widely studied for short-lived model plants such as Arabidopsis, but little is known about this phenomenon in long-lived plants like spruce. We compared the effects of pretreatment with sublethal fungal inoculations or application of the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the resistance of 48-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees to mass attack by a tree-killing bark beetle beginning 35 days later. Bark beetles heavily infested and killed untreated trees but largely avoided fungus-inoculated trees and MeJA-treated trees. Quantification of defensive terpenes at the time of bark beetle attack showed fungal inoculation induced 91-fold higher terpene concentrations compared with untreated trees, whereas application of MeJA did not significantly increase terpenes. These results indicate that resistance in fungus-inoculated trees is a result of direct induction of defenses, whereas resistance in MeJA-treated trees is due to defense priming. This work extends our knowledge of defense priming from model plants to an ecologically important tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mageroy
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Erik Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Bo Långström
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Halvor Solheim
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Niklas Björklund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, 1431, Norway
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Huang J, Zhang N, Shan J, Peng Y, Guo J, Zhou C, Shi S, Zheng X, Wu D, Guan W, Yang K, Du B, Zhu L, Yuan L, He G, Chen R. Salivary Protein 1 of Brown Planthopper Is Required for Survival and Induces Immunity Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571280. [PMID: 32973857 PMCID: PMC7481525 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is one of the major pests of rice. It uses its stylet to penetrate rice phloem, feeding on rice sap and causing direct damage to rice or even plant death. During the feeding process, BPHs secrete saliva into plant tissues, which plays crucial roles in the plant-insect interactions. However, little is known about how the salivary proteins secreted by BPH affect feeding ability and how they induce plant immune responses. Here, we identified an N. lugens Salivary Protein 1 (NlSP1) by screening salivary proteome and characterized its functions in BPH and plants. NlSP1 induces cell death, H2O2 accumulation, the expression of defense-related genes, and callose deposition in planta. The active region of NlSP1 that induces plant cell death is located in its N-terminal region. Inhibition of NlSP1 expression in BPHs reduced their feeding ability and had a lethal effect on them. Most importantly, we demonstrated that NlSP1 was able to be secreted into rice plant during feeding process and form a complex with certain interacting partner of rice. These results provide a detailed characterization of a salivary protein from BPHs and offers new insights into our understanding of rice-BPH interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Rongzhi Chen,
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Wallis CM, Galarneau ERA. Phenolic Compound Induction in Plant-Microbe and Plant-Insect Interactions: A Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580753. [PMID: 33384701 PMCID: PMC7769804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants rely on a variety of ways to protect themselves from being fed upon, including de novo production of specific compounds such as those termed as phenolics. Phenolics are often described as important in plant health and numerous studies have concluded they increase as a result of insect feeding, pathogen infection, or beneficial microorganism colonization. However, there are some studies reaching differing conclusions. Therefore, meta-analyses were conducted to observe whether common trends in phenolic induction in plants can be made when they become hosts to insects or microorganisms. Four hypotheses were tested. The first was that total phenolics increase as a generic response, and meta-analyses confirmed that this occurs when plants are infested with insects or colonized by bacterial or fungal microorganisms, but not for oomycetes. The second hypothesis was that phenolic induction is different when a beneficial microorganism colonizes a plant vs. when a plant is infected by a pathogen. Beneficial bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, and beneficial fungi produced increased phenolic levels in plant hosts, but fungal pathogens did not. The third hypothesis was that insect feeding method on plant hosts determines if phenolics are induced. Chewing induced phenolics but piercing-sucking and wood-boring did not. Lastly, we used meta-analyses to determine if annual or perennials rely on phenolic induction in different amounts, and even though annuals had significantly increased phenolic levels but perennials did not, it was observed that phenolic induction was not statistically different when plant type was considered. These results demonstrate that phenolic induction is a common response in plant hosts exposed to feeding or colonization, with specific exceptions such a pathogenic fungi and piercing-sucking insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Wallis
- Crop Diseases Pest and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher M. Wallis
| | - Erin R.-A. Galarneau
- Viticulture and Enology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Pirrello C, Mizzotti C, Tomazetti TC, Colombo M, Bettinelli P, Prodorutti D, Peressotti E, Zulini L, Stefanini M, Angeli G, Masiero S, Welter LJ, Hausmann L, Vezzulli S. Emergent Ascomycetes in Viticulture: An Interdisciplinary Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1394. [PMID: 31824521 PMCID: PMC6883492 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of pesticide usage is a current imperative and the implementation of sustainable viticulture is an urgent necessity. A potential solution, which is being increasingly adopted, is offered by the use of grapevine cultivars resistant to its main pathogenic threats. This, however, has contributed to changes in defense strategies resulting in the occurrence of secondary diseases, which were previously controlled. Concomitantly, the ongoing climate crisis is contributing to destabilizing the increasingly dynamic viticultural context. In this review, we explore the available knowledge on three Ascomycetes which are considered emergent and causal agents of powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose. We also aim to provide a survey on methods for phenotyping disease symptoms in fields, greenhouse and lab conditions, and for disease control underlying the insurgence of pathogen resistance to fungicide. Thus, we discuss fungal genetic variability, highlighting the usage and development of molecular markers and barcoding, coupled with genome sequencing. Moreover, we extensively report on the current knowledge available on grapevine-ascomycete interactions, as well as the mechanisms developed by the host to counteract the attack. Indeed, to better understand these resistance mechanisms, it is relevant to identify pathogen effectors which are involved in the infection process and how grapevine resistance genes function and impact the downstream cascade. Dealing with such a wealth of information on both pathogens and the host, the horizon is now represented by multidisciplinary approaches, combining traditional and innovative methods of cultivation. This will support the translation from theory to practice, in an attempt to understand biology very deeply and manage the spread of these Ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pirrello
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiago C. Tomazetti
- Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Monica Colombo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Paola Bettinelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Daniele Prodorutti
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Elisa Peressotti
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Zulini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Marco Stefanini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Gino Angeli
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leocir J. Welter
- Department of Natural and Social Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus of Curitibanos, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Curitibanos, Brazil
| | - Ludger Hausmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vezzulli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Rolfe SA, Griffiths J, Ton J. Crying out for help with root exudates: adaptive mechanisms by which stressed plants assemble health-promoting soil microbiomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:73-82. [PMID: 31731229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ immunological and ecological strategies to resist biotic stress. Recent evidence suggests that plants adapt to biotic stress by changing their root exudation chemistry to assemble health-promoting microbiomes. This so-called 'cry-for-help' hypothesis provides a mechanistic explanation for previously characterized soil feedback responses to plant disease, such as the development of disease-suppressing soils upon successive cultivations of take all-infected wheat. Here, we divide the hypothesis into individual stages and evaluate the evidence for each component. We review how plant immune responses modify root exudation chemistry, as well as what impact this has on microbial activities, and the subsequent plant responses to these activities. Finally, we review the ecological relevance of the interaction, along with its translational potential for future crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rolfe
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Joseph Griffiths
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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