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Liu X, Ma Z, Cadotte MW, Chen F, He JS, Zhou S. Warming affects foliar fungal diseases more than precipitation in a Tibetan alpine meadow. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1574-1584. [PMID: 30325035 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of global change on semi-natural and agro-ecosystem functioning have been studied extensively. However, less well understood is how global change will influence fungal diseases, especially in a natural ecosystem. We use data from a 6-yr factorial experiment with warming (simulated using infrared heaters) and altered precipitation treatments in a natural Tibetan alpine meadow ecosystem, from which we tested global change effects on foliar fungal diseases at the population and community levels, and evaluated the importance of direct effects of the treatments and community-mediated (indirect) effects (through changes in plant community composition and competence) of global change on community pathogen load. At the population level, we found warming significantly increased fungal diseases for nine plant species. At the community level, we found that warming significantly increased pathogen load of entire host communities, whereas no significant effect of altered precipitation on community pathogen load was detected. We concluded that warming influences fungal disease prevalence more than precipitation does in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Moreover, our study provides new experimental evidence that increases in disease burden on some plant species and for entire host communities is primarily the direct effects of warming, rather than community-mediated (indirect) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 768 Jiayuguan Road West, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Fei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 768 Jiayuguan Road West, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Wilschut RA, Kostenko O, Koorem K, van der Putten WH. Nematode community responses to range-expanding and native plant communities in original and new range soils. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10288-10297. [PMID: 30397466 PMCID: PMC6206179 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant species expand their range to higher latitudes in response to climate change. However, it is poorly understood how biotic interactions in the new range differ from interactions in the original range. Here, in a mesocosm experiment, we analyze nematode community responses in original and new range soils to plant communities with either (a) species native in both the original and new range, (b) range-expanding species related to these natives (related range expanders), or (c) range expanders without native congeneric species in the new range (unrelated range expanders). We hypothesized that nematode community shifts between ranges are strongest for unrelated range expanders and minimal for plant species that are native in both ranges. As a part of these community shifts, we hypothesized that range expanders, but not natives, would accumulate fewer root-feeding nematodes in their new range compared to their original range. Analyses of responses of nematodes from both original and new ranges and comparison between range expanders with and without close relatives have not been made before. Our study reveals that none of the plant communities experienced evident nematode community shifts between the original and new range. However, in soils from the new range, root-feeding nematode communities of natives and related range expanders were more similar than in soils from the original range, whereas the nematode community of unrelated range expanders was distinct from the communities of natives and related range expanders in soils from both ranges. The abundances of root-feeding nematodes were comparable between the original and new range for all plant communities. Unexpectedly, unrelated range expanders overall accumulated most root-feeding nematodes, whereas related range expanders accumulated fewest. We conclude that nematode communities associated with native and range-expanding plant species differ between the original and the new range, but that range-expanding plant species do not accumulate fewer root-feeding nematodes in their new than in their original range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A. Wilschut
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Olga Kostenko
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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53
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Browne L, Karubian J. Rare genotype advantage promotes survival and genetic diversity of a tropical palm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1658-1667. [PMID: 29603256 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Negative density dependence, where survival decreases as density increases, is a well-established driver of species diversity at the community level, but the degree to which a similar process might act on the density or frequency of genotypes within a single plant species to maintain genetic diversity has not been well studied in natural systems. In this study, we determined the maternal genotype of naturally dispersed seeds of the palm Oenocarpus bataua within a tropical forest in northwest Ecuador, tracked the recruitment of each seed, and assessed the role of individual-level genotypic rarity on survival. We demonstrate that negative frequency-dependent selection within this species conferred a survival advantage to rare maternal genotypes and promoted population-level genetic diversity. The strength of the observed rare genotype survival advantage was comparable to the effect of conspecific density regardless of genotype. These findings corroborate an earlier, experimental study and implicate negative frequency-dependent selection of genotypes as an important, but currently underappreciated, determinant of plant recruitment and within-species genetic diversity. Incorporating intraspecific genetic variation into studies and theory of forest dynamics may improve our ability to understand and manage forests, and the processes that maintain their diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Browne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 400 Lindy Boggs, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes, Quito, Ecuador
- UCLA La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 400 Lindy Boggs, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes, Quito, Ecuador
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54
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Dalio RJD, Máximo HJ, Oliveira TS, Azevedo TDM, Felizatti HL, Campos MDA, Machado MA. Molecular Basis of Citrus sunki Susceptibility and Poncirus trifoliata Resistance Upon Phytophthora parasitica Attack. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:386-398. [PMID: 29125028 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0112-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution has shaped the molecular basis of an extensive number of defense mechanisms in plant-pathogen interactions. Phytophthora parasitica, a hemibiothrophic oomycete pathogen and the causal agent of citrus root rot and gummosis, interacts differently with Citrus sunki and Poncirus trifoliata, two commonly favored citrus rootstocks that are recognized as susceptible and resistant, respectively, to P. parasitica. The molecular core of these interactions remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence on the defense strategies employed by both susceptible and resistant citrus rootstocks, in parallel with P. parasitica deployment of effectors. Time course expression analysis (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) of several defense-related genes were evaluated during i) plant disease development, ii) necrosis, and iii) pathogen effector gene expression. In C. sunki, P. parasitica deploys effectors, including elicitins, NPP1 (necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1), CBEL (cellulose-binding elicitor and lectin activity), RxLR, and CRN (crinkler), and, consequently, this susceptible plant activates its main defense signaling pathways that result in the hypersensitive response and necrosis. Despite the strong plant-defense response, it fails to withstand P. parasitica invasion, confirming its hemibiothrophic lifestyle. In Poncirus trifoliata, the effectors were strongly expressed, nevertheless failing to induce any immunity manipulation and disease development, suggesting a nonhost resistance type, in which the plant relies on preformed biochemical and anatomical barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heros José Máximo
- 1 Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira. Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Silva Oliveira
- 1 Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira. Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Leme Felizatti
- 2 Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil; and
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Fitzpatrick CR, Copeland J, Wang PW, Guttman DS, Kotanen PM, Johnson MTJ. Assembly and ecological function of the root microbiome across angiosperm plant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1157-E1165. [PMID: 29358405 PMCID: PMC5819437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717617115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Across plants and animals, host-associated microbial communities play fundamental roles in host nutrition, development, and immunity. The factors that shape host-microbiome interactions are poorly understood, yet essential for understanding the evolution and ecology of these symbioses. Plant roots assemble two distinct microbial compartments from surrounding soil: the rhizosphere (microbes surrounding roots) and the endosphere (microbes within roots). Root-associated microbes were key for the evolution of land plants and underlie fundamental ecosystem processes. However, it is largely unknown how plant evolution has shaped root microbial communities, and in turn, how these microbes affect plant ecology, such as the ability to mitigate biotic and abiotic stressors. Here we show that variation among 30 angiosperm species, which have diverged for up to 140 million years, affects root bacterial diversity and composition. Greater similarity in root microbiomes between hosts leads to negative effects on plant performance through soil feedback, with specific microbial taxa in the endosphere and rhizosphere potentially affecting competitive interactions among plant species. Drought also shifts the composition of root microbiomes, most notably by increasing the relative abundance of the Actinobacteria. However, this drought response varies across host plant species, and host-specific changes in the relative abundance of endosphere Streptomyces are associated with host drought tolerance. Our results emphasize the causes of variation in root microbiomes and their ecological importance for plant performance in response to biotic and abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada;
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Julia Copeland
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Pauline W Wang
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Peter M Kotanen
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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56
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Wininger K, Rank N. Evolutionary dynamics of interactions between plants and their enemies: comparison of herbivorous insects and pathogens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1408:46-60. [PMID: 29125186 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants colonized land over 400 million years ago. Shortly thereafter, organisms began to consume terrestrial plant tissue as a nutritional resource. Most plant enemies are plant pathogens or herbivores, and they impose natural selection for plants to evolve defenses. These traits generate selection pressures on enemies. Coevolution between terrestrial plants and their enemies is an important element of the evolutionary history of both groups. However, coevolutionary studies of plant-pathogen interactions have tended to focus on different research topics than plant-herbivore interactions. Specifically, studies of plant-pathogen interactions often adopt a "gene-for-gene" conceptual framework. In contrast, studies of plants and herbivores often investigate escalation or elaboration of plant defense and herbivore adaptations to overcome it. The main exceptions to the general pattern are studies that focus on small, sessile herbivores that share many features with plant pathogens, studies that incorporate both herbivores and pathogens into a single investigation, and studies that test aspects of Thompson's geographic mosaic theory for coevolution. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Wininger
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
| | - Nathan Rank
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
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57
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Fountain-Jones NM, Pearse WD, Escobar LE, Alba-Casals A, Carver S, Davies TJ, Kraberger S, Papeş M, Vandegrift K, Worsley-Tonks K, Craft ME. Towards an eco-phylogenetic framework for infectious disease ecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:950-970. [PMID: 29114986 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patterns and drivers of infectious disease dynamics across multiple scales is a fundamental challenge for modern science. There is growing awareness that it is necessary to incorporate multi-host and/or multi-parasite interactions to understand and predict current and future disease threats better, and new tools are needed to help address this task. Eco-phylogenetics (phylogenetic community ecology) provides one avenue for exploring multi-host multi-parasite systems, yet the incorporation of eco-phylogenetic concepts and methods into studies of host pathogen dynamics has lagged behind. Eco-phylogenetics is a transformative approach that uses evolutionary history to infer present-day dynamics. Here, we present an eco-phylogenetic framework to reveal insights into parasite communities and infectious disease dynamics across spatial and temporal scales. We illustrate how eco-phylogenetic methods can help untangle the mechanisms of host-parasite dynamics from individual (e.g. co-infection) to landscape scales (e.g. parasite/host community structure). An improved ecological understanding of multi-host and multi-pathogen dynamics across scales will increase our ability to predict disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William D Pearse
- Ecology Center and Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, U.S.A
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A.,Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A
| | - Ana Alba-Casals
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | | | - Simona Kraberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
| | - Monica Papeş
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, U.S.A
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Katherine Worsley-Tonks
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
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58
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Wilschut RA, Silva JCP, Garbeva P, van der Putten WH. Belowground Plant-Herbivore Interactions Vary among Climate-Driven Range-Expanding Plant Species with Different Degrees of Novel Chemistry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1861. [PMID: 29118781 PMCID: PMC5660973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies report plant range expansions to higher latitudes and altitudes in response to global warming. However, consequences for interactions with other species in the novel ranges are poorly understood. Here, we examine how range-expanding plant species interact with root-feeding nematodes from the new range. Root-feeding nematodes are ubiquitous belowground herbivores that may impact the structure and composition of natural vegetation. Because of their ecological novelty, we hypothesized that range-expanding plant species will be less suitable hosts for root-feeding nematodes than native congeneric plant species. In greenhouse and lab trials we compared nematode preference and performance of two root-feeding nematode species between range-expanding plant species and their congeneric natives. In order to understand differences in nematode preferences, we compared root volatile profiles of all range-expanders and congeneric natives. Nematode preferences and performances differed substantially among the pairs of range-expanders and natives. The range-expander that had the most unique volatile profile compared to its related native was unattractive and a poor host for nematodes. Other range-expanding plant species that differed less in root chemistry from native congeners, also differed less in nematode attraction and performance. We conclude that the three climate-driven range-expanding plant species studied varied considerably in their chemical novelty compared to their congeneric natives, and therefore affected native root-feeding nematodes in species-specific ways. Our data suggest that through variation in chemical novelty, range-expanding plant species may vary in their impacts on belowground herbivores in the new range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A. Wilschut
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Julio C. P. Silva
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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