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Munhoz AC, Riva P, Simões D, Curi R, Carpinelli AR. Control of Insulin Secretion by Production of Reactive Oxygen Species: Study Performed in Pancreatic Islets from Fed and 48-Hour Fasted Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158166. [PMID: 27362938 PMCID: PMC4928816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and NADPH oxidase are important sources of reactive oxygen species in particular the superoxide radical (ROS) in pancreatic islets. These molecules derived from molecular oxygen are involved in pancreatic β-cells signaling and control of insulin secretion. We examined the involvement of ROS produced through NADPH oxidase in the leucine- and/or glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets from fed or 48-hour fasted rats. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in isolated islets was evaluated at low (2.8 mM) or high (16.7 mM) glucose concentrations in the presence or absence of leucine (20 mM) and/or NADPH oxidase inhibitors (VAS2870–20 μM or diphenylene iodonium—DPI—5 μM). ROS production was determined in islets treated with dihydroethidium (DHE) or MitoSOX Red reagent for 20 min and dispersed for fluorescence measurement by flow cytometry. NADPH content variation was examined in INS-1E cells (an insulin secreting cell line) after incubation in the presence of glucose (2.8 or 16.7 mM) and leucine (20 mM). At 2.8 mM glucose, VAS2870 and DPI reduced net ROS production (by 30%) and increased GSIS (by 70%) in a negative correlation manner (r = -0.93). At 16.7 mM glucose or 20 mM leucine, both NADPH oxidase inhibitors did not alter insulin secretion neither net ROS production. Pentose phosphate pathway inhibition by treatment with DHEA (75 μM) at low glucose led to an increase in net ROS production in pancreatic islets from fed rats (by 40%) and induced a marked increase (by 144%) in islets from 48-hour fasted rats. The NADPH/NADP+ ratio was increased when INS-1E cells were exposed to high glucose (by 4.3-fold) or leucine (by 3-fold). In conclusion, increased ROS production through NADPH oxidase prevents the occurrence of hypoglycemia in fasting conditions, however, in the presence of high glucose or high leucine levels, the increased production of NADPH and the consequent enhancement of the activity of the antioxidant defenses mitigate the excess of ROS production and allow the secretory process of insulin to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Munhoz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrícia Riva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simões
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelo Rafael Carpinelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hu M, Liu B. Resveratrol via activation of LKB1-AMPK signaling suppresses oxidative stress to prevent endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice. Clin Exp Hypertens 2016; 38:381-7. [PMID: 27149559 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1131288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol, a phytoalexin, is reported to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in vascular cells. Whether resveratrol via activation of AMPK improves endothelial dysfunction in diabetes remains unknown. Here, we reported that activation of AMPK is required for resveratrol-induced improvement of endothelial function in diabetic mice. METHODS AMPK phosphorylation and activity, productions of reactive oxygen species, endothelium-dependent/independent relaxation were determined in vitro or in vivo. RESULTS Exposure of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to resveratrol activates AMPK by increasing the thr172 phosphorylation and its activities in time/dose-dependent manner. Loss function of liver kinase B1 by siRNA or mutant abolished resveratrol-induced AMPK activation. Incubation of endothelial cells with high glucose (HG) markedly induced oxidative stress of HUVECs, which was abolished by resveratrol in AMPK-dependent manner. In isolated mice aortas, resveratrol, AICAR or apocynin improved endothelium-dependent relaxation impaired by HG. In animal studies, streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia dramatically increased oxidative stress and caused endothelial dysfunction, which were reversed by administration of resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AMPK activation is required for resveratrol to improve endothelial function in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Bo Liu
- b Department of Orthopaedics , The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
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Pérez-Guzmán D, Montesinos-Matías R, Arce-Cervantes O, Gómez-Quiroz LE, Loera O, Garza-López PM. Reactive oxygen species production, induced by atmospheric modification, alter conidial quality of Beauveria bassiana. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:453-60. [PMID: 27107399 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and conidial infectivity in Beauveria bassiana. METHODS AND RESULTS Beauveria bassiana Bb 882.5 was cultured in solid-state culture (SSC) using rice under three oxygen conditions (21%, or pulses at 16 and 26%). Hydrophobicity was determined using exclusion phase assay. Bioassays with larvae or adults of Tenebrio molitor allowed the measurements of infectivity parameters. A fluorometric method was used for ROS quantification (superoxide and total peroxides). NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity was determined by specific inhibition. Conidial hydrophobicity decreased by O2 pulses. Mortality of larvae was only achieved with conidia harvested from cultures under 21% O2 ; whereas for adult insects, the infectivity parameters deteriorated in conidia obtained after pulses at 16 and 26% O2 . At day 7, ROS production increased after 16 and 26% O2 treatments. NOX activity induced ROS production at early stages of the culture. CONCLUSION Modification of atmospheric oxygen increases ROS production, reducing conidial quality and infectivity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study in which conidial infectivity and ROS production in B. bassiana has been related, enhancing the knowledge of the effect of O2 pulses in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pérez-Guzmán
- División de Ingeniería Ambiental, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores del Oriente del Estado de México, La Paz, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - O Arce-Cervantes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - L E Gómez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México D.F, Mexico
| | - O Loera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México D.F, Mexico
| | - P M Garza-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Amino acids trigger down-regulation of superoxide via TORC pathway in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160061. [PMID: 26945025 PMCID: PMC4832317 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing incoming nutrients is an important and critical event for intestinal cells to sustain life of the whole organism. The TORC is a major protein complex involved in monitoring the nutritional status and is activated by elevated amino acid concentrations. An important feature of haematophagy is that huge amounts of blood are ingested in a single meal, which results in the release of large quantities of amino acids, together with the haemoglobin prosthetic group, haem, which decomposes hydroperoxides and propagates oxygen-derived free radicals. Our previous studies demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were diminished in the mitochondria and midgut of the Dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, immediately after a blood meal. We proposed that this mechanism serves to avoid oxidative damage that would otherwise be induced by haem following a blood meal. Studies also performed in mosquitoes have shown that blood or amino acids controls protein synthesis through TORC activation. It was already proposed, in different models, a link between ROS and TOR, however, little is known about TOR signalling in insect midgut nor about the involvement of ROS in this pathway. Here, we studied the effect of a blood meal on ROS production in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus We observed that blood meal amino acids decreased ROS levels in the R. prolixus midgut immediately after feeding, via lowering mitochondrial superoxide production and involving the amino acid-sensing TORC pathway.
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Beneficial Effects of Physical Exercise on Functional Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress in Rats with Aortic Stenosis-Induced Heart Failure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8695716. [PMID: 26904168 PMCID: PMC4745811 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8695716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective. We evaluated the influence of exercise on functional capacity, cardiac remodeling, and skeletal muscle oxidative stress, MAPK, and NF-κB pathway in rats with aortic stenosis- (AS-) induced heart failure (HF). Methods and Results. Eighteen weeks after AS induction, rats were assigned into sedentary control (C-Sed), exercised control (C-Ex), sedentary AS (AS-Sed), and exercised AS (AS-Ex) groups. Exercise was performed on treadmill for eight weeks. Statistical analyses were performed with Goodman and ANOVA or Mann-Whitney. HF features frequency and mortality did not differ between AS groups. Exercise improved functional capacity, assessed by maximal exercise test on treadmill, without changing echocardiographic parameters. Soleus cross-sectional areas did not differ between groups. Lipid hydroperoxide concentration was higher in AS-Sed than C-Sed and AS-Ex. Activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was changed in AS-Sed and restored in AS-Ex. NADPH oxidase activity and gene expression of its subunits did not differ between AS groups. Total ROS generation was lower in AS-Ex than C-Ex. Exercise modulated MAPK in AS-Ex and did not change NF-κB pathway proteins. Conclusion. Exercise improves functional capacity in rats with AS-induced HF regardless of echocardiographic parameter changes. In soleus, exercise reduces oxidative stress, preserves antioxidant enzyme activity, and modulates MAPK expression.
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Bronsart LL, Stokes C, Contag CH. Chemiluminescence Imaging of Superoxide Anion Detects Beta-Cell Function and Mass. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146601. [PMID: 26752052 PMCID: PMC4709142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide anion is produced during normal cellular respiration and plays key roles in cellular physiology with its dysregulation being associated with a variety of diseases. Superoxide anion is a short-lived molecule and, therefore, its homeostatic regulation and role in biology and disease requires dynamic quantification with fine temporal resolution. Here we validated coelenterazine as a reporter of intracellular superoxide anion concentration and used it as a dynamic measure both in vitro and in vivo. Chemiluminescence was dependent upon superoxide anion levels, including those produced during cellular respiration, and concentrations varied both kinetically and temporally in response to physiologically relevant fluctuations in glucose levels. In vivo imaging with coelenterazine revealed that beta cells of the pancreas have increased levels of superoxide anion, which acted as a measure of beta-cell function and mass and could predict the susceptibility of mice to diabetes mellitus. Glucose response and regulation are key elements of cellular physiology and organismal biology, and superoxide anion appears to play a fundamental and dynamic role in both of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Bronsart
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States of America
| | - Christian Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States of America
- Departments of Radiology, Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bakalova R, Georgieva E, Ivanova D, Zhelev Z, Aoki I, Saga T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Metabolic Activity, Accompanied by Overproduction of Superoxide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1922-9. [PMID: 26367059 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that a mitochondria-penetrating nitroxide probe (mito-TEMPO) allows detection of superoxide and visualization of mitochondrial dysfunction in living cells due to the effect of T1 shortening in MRI. Mitochondrial dysfunction was induced by treatment of cells with rotenone and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME/Rot). The MRI measurements were performed on 7T MRI. The 2-ME/Rot-treated cells were characterized by overproduction of superoxide, which was confirmed by a conventional dihydroethidium test. In the presence of mito-TEMPO, the intensity of MRI signal in 2-ME/Rot-treated cells was ∼30-40% higher, in comparison with that in untreated cells or culture media. In model (cell-free) systems, we observed that superoxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, increased the intensity of T1-weighted MRI signal of mito-TEMPO. Moreover, the superoxide restores the T1-weighted MRI contrast of mito-TEMPOH, a noncontrast (diamagnetic) analogue of mito-TEMPO. This was also confirmed by using EPR spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that superoxide radical is involved in the enhancement of T1-weighted MRI contrast in living cells, in the absence and presence of mito-TEMPO. This report gives a direction for discovering new opportunities for functional MRI, for detection of metabolic activity, accompanied by overproduction of superoxide, as well as by disturbance of the balance between superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, a very important approach to clarify the fine molecular mechanisms in the regulation of many pathologies. The visualization of mitochondrial activity in real-time can be crucial to clarify the molecular mechanism of the functional MRI in its commonly accepted definition, as a method for detection of neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Bakalova
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ekaterina Georgieva
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Donika Ivanova
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical
Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armejska Str., Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics & Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Sofia 1114, Bulgaria
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 up-regulation by PPAR-β/δ prevents lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:823-37. [PMID: 26253087 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids cause endothelial dysfunction involving increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) and reduced NO (nitric oxide) bioavailability. We show that in MAECs (mouse aortic endothelial cells), the PPARβ/δ (peroxisome- proliferator-activated receptor β/δ) agonist GW0742 prevented the decreased A23187-stimulated NO production, phosphorylation of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) at Ser1177 and increased intracellular ROS levels caused by exposure to palmitate in vitro. The impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine in mouse aorta induced by palmitate was restored by GW0742. In vivo, GW0742 treatment prevented the reduced aortic relaxation, phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177, and increased ROS production and NADPH oxidase in mice fed on a high-fat diet. The PPARβ/δ antagonist GSK0660 abolished all of these protective effects induced by GW0742. This agonist enhanced the expression of CPT (carnitine palmitoyltransferase)-1. The effects of GW0742 on acetylcholine- induced relaxation in aorta and on NO and ROS production in MAECs exposed to palmitate were abolished by the CPT-1 inhibitor etomoxir or by siRNA targeting CPT-1. GW0742 also inhibited the increase in DAG (diacylglycerol), PKCα/βII (protein kinase Cα/βII) activation, and phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr495 induced by palmitate in MAECs, which were abolished by etomoxir. In conclusion, PPARβ/δ activation restored the lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction by up-regulation of CPT-1, thus reducing DAG accumulation and the subsequent PKC-mediated ROS production and eNOS inhibition.
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Chalupsky K, Kračun D, Kanchev I, Bertram K, Görlach A. Folic Acid Promotes Recycling of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Protects Against Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension by Recoupling Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1076-91. [PMID: 26414244 PMCID: PMC4657514 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) has been implicated in the adaptive response to hypoxia. An imbalance between 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2) can result in eNOS uncoupling and the generation of superoxide instead of NO. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) can recycle BH2 to BH4, leading to eNOS recoupling. However, the role of DHFR and eNOS recoupling in the response to hypoxia is not well understood. We hypothesized that increasing the capacity to recycle BH4 from BH2 would improve NO bioavailability as well as pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) as indicators of pulmonary hypertension (PH) under hypoxic conditions. RESULTS In human pulmonary artery endothelial cells and murine pulmonary arteries exposed to hypoxia, eNOS was uncoupled as indicated by reduced superoxide production in the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Concomitantly, NO levels, BH4 availability, and expression of DHFR were diminished under hypoxia. Application of folic acid (FA) restored DHFR levels, NO bioavailability, and BH4 levels under hypoxia. Importantly, FA prevented the development of hypoxia-induced PVR, right ventricular pressure increase, and RVH. INNOVATION FA-induced upregulation of DHFR recouples eNOS under hypoxia by improving BH4 recycling, thus preventing hypoxia-induced PH. CONCLUSION FA might serve as a novel therapeutic option combating PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Chalupsky
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Damir Kračun
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivan Kanchev
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Bertram
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Assessment at the single-cell level identifies neuronal glutathione depletion as both a cause and effect of ischemia-reperfusion oxidative stress. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7143-52. [PMID: 25948264 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4826-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to neuronal death in brain ischemia-reperfusion. Tissue levels of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are depleted during ischemia-reperfusion, but it is unknown whether this depletion is a cause or an effect of oxidative stress, and whether it occurs in neurons or other cell types. We used immunohistochemical methods to evaluate glutathione, superoxide, and oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia. GSH levels in CA1 pyramidal neurons were normally high relative to surrounding neuropil, and exhibited a time-dependent decrease during the first few hours of reperfusion. Colabeling for superoxide in the neurons showed a concurrent increase in detectable superoxide over this interval. To identify cause-effect relationships between these changes, we independently manipulated superoxide production and GSH metabolism during reperfusion. Mice in which NADPH oxidase activity was blocked to prevent superoxide production showed preservation of neuronal GSH content, thus demonstrating that neuronal GSH depletion is result of oxidative stress. Conversely, mice in which neuronal GSH levels were maintained by N-acetyl cysteine treatment during reperfusion showed less neuronal superoxide signal, oxidative stress, and neuronal death. At 3 d following ischemia, GSH content in reactive astrocytes and microglia was increased in the hippocampal CA1 relative to surviving neurons. Results of these studies demonstrate that neuronal GSH depletion is both a result and a cause of neuronal oxidative stress after ischemia-reperfusion, and that postischemic restoration of neuronal GSH levels can be neuroprotective.
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Testosterone induces leucocyte migration by NADPH oxidase-driven ROS- and COX2-dependent mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:39-48. [PMID: 25700020 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby testosterone increases cardiovascular risk are not clarified. However, oxidative stress and inflammation seem to be determinants. Herein, we sought to determine whether exogenous testosterone, at physiological levels, induces leucocyte migration, a central feature in immune and inflammatory responses and the mediating mechanisms. We hypothesized that testosterone induces leucocyte migration via NADPH oxidase (NADPHox)-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent mechanisms. Sixteen-week-old Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal injection (5 ml) of either testosterone (10(-7) mol/l) or saline. Rats were pre-treated with 5 ml of sodium salicylate (SS, non-selective COX inhibitor, 1.25 × 10(-3) mol/l, 1 h prior to testosterone or saline), flutamide (androgen receptor antagonist, 10(-5) mol/l), apocynin (NADPHox inhibitor, 3 × 10(-4) mol/l), N-[2-Cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl]methanesulfonamide (NS398, COX2 inhibitor, 10(-4) mol/l) or saline, 4 h before testosterone or saline administration. Leucocyte migration was assessed 24 h after testosterone administration by intravital microscopy of the mesenteric bed. Serum levels of testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. NADPHox activity was assessed in membrane fractions of the mesenteric bed by dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence and in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) by HPLC. NADPHox subunits and VCAM (vascular cell adhesion molecule) expression were determined by immunoblotting. Testosterone administration did not change serum levels of endogenous testosterone, but increased venular leucocyte migration to the adventia, NADPHox activity and expression (P < 0.05). These effects were blocked by flutamide. SS inhibited testosterone-induced leucocyte migration (P<0.05). Apocynin and NS398 abolished testosterone-induced leucocyte migration and NADPHox activity (P<0.05). Testosterone induces leucocyte migration via NADPHox- and COX2-dependent mechanisms and may contribute to inflammatory processes and oxidative stress in the vasculature potentially increasing cardiovascular risk.
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High-Dose Polymerized Hemoglobin Fails to Alleviate Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury due to Induction of Oxidative Damage in Coronary Artery. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:125106. [PMID: 26161234 PMCID: PMC4487275 DOI: 10.1155/2015/125106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unavoidable event for patients in cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study was designed to investigate whether glutaraldehyde-polymerized human placenta hemoglobin (PolyPHb), a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC), can protect heart against CPB-induced I/R injury or not and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods and Results. A standard dog CPB model with 2-hour cardiac arrest and 2-hour reperfusion was established. The results demonstrated that a low-dose PolyPHb (0.1%, w/v) provided a significant protection on the I/R heart, whereas the high-dose PolyPHb (3%, w/v) did not exhibit cardioprotective effect, as evidenced by the impaired cardiac function, decreased myocardial oxygen utilization, and elevated enzymes release and pathological changes. Further study indicated that exposure of isolated coronary arteries or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to a high-dose PolyPHb caused impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation, which was companied with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and elevated malonaldehyde (MDA) formation. Consistent with the increased oxidative stress, the NAD(P)H oxidase activity and subunits expression, including gp91phox, p47phox, p67phox, and Nox1, were greatly upregulated. Conclusion. The high-dose PolyPHb fails to protect heart from CPB-induced I/R injury, which was due to overproduction of NAD(P)H oxidase-induced ROS and resultant endothelial dysfunction.
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Burger D, Viñas JL, Akbari S, Dehak H, Knoll W, Gutsol A, Carter A, Touyz RM, Allan DS, Burns KD. Human endothelial colony-forming cells protect against acute kidney injury: role of exosomes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2309-23. [PMID: 26073035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The administration of certain progenitor cells is protective in experimental acute kidney injury (AKI), and mechanisms may involve the release of paracrine factors. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are endothelial precursor cells with a high proliferative capacity and pro-angiogenic potential. We examined the effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived ECFCs and their extracellular vesicles in a mouse model of ischemic AKI and in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. In mice with ischemic AKI, administration of ECFCs (i.v.) at the time of reperfusion significantly attenuated increases in plasma creatinine, tubular necrosis, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, without cell persistence in the kidneys. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, hypoxia/reoxygenation stimulated apoptosis. This effect was inhibited by incubation with conditioned medium or exosomes (40- to 100-nm diameter) derived from ECFCs, but not by microparticles (100- to 1000-nm diameter) or vesicle-depleted conditioned medium. Administration of exosomes (i.v.) directly to mice with ischemic AKI attenuated renal injury, as assessed by plasma creatinine, tubular necrosis, and apoptosis. Taken together, these studies indicate protective effects of human cord blood-derived ECFCs in experimental AKI and suggest that ECFC-derived exosomes may mediate the protective response via inhibition of endothelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jose L Viñas
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shareef Akbari
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hajira Dehak
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Knoll
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Gutsol
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Carter
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David S Allan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D Burns
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Pandey A, Khatoon R, Saini S, Vimal D, Patel DK, Narayan G, Chowdhuri DK. Efficacy of methuselah gene mutation toward tolerance of dichlorvos exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:54-65. [PMID: 25746179 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adverse reports on the exposure of organisms to dichlorvos (DDVP; an organophosphate insecticide) necessitate studies of organismal resistance/tolerance by way of pharmacological or genetic means. In the context of genetic modulation, a mutation in methuselah (mth; encodes a class II G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)) is reported to extend (~35%) the life span of Drosophila melanogaster and enhance their resistance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat exposure (short term, high level). A lack of studies on organismal tolerance of DDVP by genetic modulation prompted us to examine the protective efficacy of mth mutation in exposed Drosophila. Flies were exposed to 1.5 and 15.0 ng/ml DDVP for 12-48 h to examine oxidative stress endpoints and chemical resistance. After prolonged exposure of flies to DDVP, antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative stress, glutathione content, and locomotor performance were assayed at various days (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) of age. Flies with the mth mutation (mth(1)) showed improved chemical resistance and rescued redox impairment after acute DDVP exposure. Exposed mth(1) flies exhibited improved life span along with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and rescued oxidative perturbations and locomotor insufficiency up to middle age (~20 days) over similarly exposed w(1118) flies. However, at late (≥30 days) age, these benefits were undermined. Further, similarly exposed mth-knockdown flies showed effects similar to those observed in mth(1) flies. This study provides evidence of tolerance in organisms carrying a mth mutation against prolonged DDVP exposure and further warrants examination of similar class II GPCR signaling facets toward better organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pandey
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rehana Khatoon
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Saini
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Vimal
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India; Analytical Chemistry Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopeshwar Narayan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
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65
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Liu W, Wu H, Chen L, Wen Y, Kong X, Gao WQ. Park7 interacts with p47(phox) to direct NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production and protect against sepsis. Cell Res 2015; 25:691-706. [PMID: 26021615 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate inflammation responses contribute to mortality during sepsis. Through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase could modulate the inflammation responses. Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (Park7) has a cytoprotective role by eliminating ROS. However, whether Park7 could modulate inflammation responses and mortality in sepsis is unclear. Here, we show that, compared with wild-type mice, Park7(-/-) mice had significantly increased mortality and bacterial burdens in sepsis model along with markedly decreased systemic and local inflammation, and drastically impaired macrophage phagocytosis and bacterial killing abilities. Surprisingly, LPS and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate stimulation failed to induce ROS and proinflammatory cytokine production in Park7(-/-) macrophages and Park7-deficient RAW264.7 cells. Through its C-terminus, Park7 binds to p47(phox), a subunit of the NADPH oxidase, to promote NADPH oxidase-dependent production of ROS. Restoration of Park7 expression rescues ROS production and improves survival in LPS-induced sepsis. Together, our study shows that Park7 has a protective role against sepsis by controlling macrophage activation, NADPH oxidase activation and inflammation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yankai Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoni Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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66
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Zhang X, Gao F. Imaging mitochondrial reactive oxygen species with fluorescent probes: current applications and challenges. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:374-82. [PMID: 25789762 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1014813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key element in the regulation of several physiological functions and in the development or progression of multiple pathological events. A key task in the study of mitochondrial ROS is to establish reliable methods for measuring the ROS level in mitochondria with high selectivity, sensitivity, and spatiotemporal resolution. Over the last decade, imaging tools with fluorescent indicators from either small-molecule dyes or genetically encoded probes that can be targeted to mitochondria have been developed, which provide a powerful method to visualize and even quantify mitochondrial ROS level not only in live cells, but also in live animals. These innovative tools that have bestowed exciting new insights in mitochondrial ROS biology have been further promoted with the invention of new techniques in indicator design and fluorescent detection. However, these probes present some limitations in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and kinetics; failure to recognize these limitations often results in inappropriate interpretations of data. This review evaluates the recent advances in mitochondrial ROS imaging approaches with emphasis on their proper application and limitations, and highlights the future perspectives in the development of novel fluorescent probes for visualizing all species of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
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67
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Zuo L, Best TM, Roberts WJ, Diaz PT, Wagner PD. Characterization of reactive oxygen species in diaphragm. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:700-10. [PMID: 25330121 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exist as natural mediators of metabolism to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, ROS production may significantly increase in response to environmental stressors, resulting in extensive cellular damage. Although several potential sources of increased ROS have been proposed, exact mechanisms of their generation have not been completely elucidated. This is particularly true for diaphragmatic skeletal muscle, the key muscle used for respiration. Several experimental models have focused on detection of ROS generation in rodent diaphragm tissue under stressful conditions, including hypoxia, exercise, and heat, as well as ROS formation in single myofibres. Identification methods include direct detection of ROS with confocal or fluorescent microscopy and indirect detection of ROS through end product analysis. This article explores implications of ROS generation and oxidative stress, and also evaluates potential mechanisms of cellular ROS formation in diaphragmatic skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; The Ohio State University College of Medicine; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - T. M. Best
- Division of Sports Medicine; Department of Family Medicine Sports Health and Performance Institute; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - W. J. Roberts
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; The Ohio State University College of Medicine; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - P. T. Diaz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - P. D. Wagner
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA USA
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Abstract
The concept that excess superoxide production from mitochondria is the driving, initial cellular response underlying diabetes complications has been held for the past decade. However, results of antioxidant-based trials have been largely negative. In the present review, the data supporting mitochondrial superoxide as a driving force for diabetic kidney, nerve, heart, and retinal complications are reexamined, and a new concept for diabetes complications--mitochondrial hormesis--is presented. In this view, production of mitochondrial superoxide can be an indicator of healthy mitochondria and physiologic oxidative phosphorylation. Recent data suggest that in response to excess glucose exposure or nutrient stress, there is a reduction of mitochondrial superoxide, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial ATP generation in several target tissues of diabetes complications. Persistent reduction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex activity is associated with the release of oxidants from nonmitochondrial sources and release of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, and a manifestation of organ dysfunction. Restoration of mitochondrial function and superoxide production via activation of AMPK has now been associated with improvement in markers of renal, cardiovascular, and neuronal dysfunction with diabetes. With this Perspective, approaches that stimulate AMPK and PGC1α via exercise, caloric restriction, and medications result in stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity, restore physiologic mitochondrial superoxide production, and promote organ healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
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69
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Kangussu LM, Olivon VC, Arifa RDDN, Araújo N, Reis D, Assis MTDA, Soriani FM, de Souza DDG, Bendhack LM, Bonaventura D. Enhancement on reactive oxygen species and COX-1 mRNA levels modulate the vascular relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside in denuded mice aorta. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:150-63. [PMID: 25619310 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the modulation of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species in sodium nitroprusside relaxation in mice aorta. Sodium nitroprusside induced relaxation in endothelium-intact (e+) and endothelium-denuded (e-) aortas with greater potency in e+ than in e-. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor did not alter the sodium nitroprusside relaxation in both e+ and e- aortas. However, the superoxide anion scavenger abolished the difference in sodium nitroprusside potency between e+ and e-. Sodium nitroprusside reduced dihydroethidium-derived fluorescent products in both groups; however, the difference between intact and denuded mice aorta remains. The glutathione levels and basal antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase were reduced in e- aorta when compared with e+, and these values were not altered by sodium nitroprusside. Confirming these results, the levels of lipid peroxidation in e+ were significantly lower when compared to e-, and these values were not altered by sodium nitroprusside. The sodium nitroprusside potency in the presence of a nonselective COX inhibitor or the EP/DP prostaglandin receptor antagonist in endothelium denuded was similar to that in intact mice aorta. Based on these results, we performed the COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA level studies, and in denuded mice aorta, there was an upregulation in COX-1 mRNA levels. Taken together, our findings show that in the absence of endothelium, there is an enhancement of superoxide levels, leading to GSH consumption and higher levels of lipid peroxidation, showing an intense redox status. Furthermore, in denuded mice aorta, there was an upregulation of COX-1 mRNA expression, leading to vasoconstrictor prostanoids synthesis. The interaction of vasoconstrictor prostanoids with its receptors EP/DP negatively modulates the vascular relaxation induced by SNP in denuded mice aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Kangussu
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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70
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何 慧. Structures, Antioxidation Mechanism, and Antioxidation Test of the Common Natural Antioxidants in Plants. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.12677/biphy.2015.31004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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71
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In vivo imaging of reactive oxygen species in mouse brain by using [3H]hydromethidine as a potential radical trapping radiotracer. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1907-13. [PMID: 25227606 PMCID: PMC4269744 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To assess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by detecting the fluorescent oxidation product, hydroethidine has been used extensively. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of the hydroethidine derivative as a radiotracer to measure in vivo brain ROS production. [(3)H]-labeled N-methyl-2,3-diamino-6-phenyl-dihydrophenanthridine ([(3)H]Hydromethidine) was synthesized, and evaluated using in vitro radical-induced oxidization and in vivo brain ROS production model. In vitro studies have indicated that [(3)H]Hydromethidine is converted to oxidized products by a superoxide radical (O(2)(•)-) and a hydroxyl radical (OH(•)-) but not hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In vivo whole-body distribution study showed that [(3)H]Hydromethidine rapidly penetrated the brain and then was washed out in normal mice. Microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) into the brain was performed to produce ROS such as OH(•)- via Fenton reaction. A significant accumulation of radioactivity immediately after [(3)H]Hydromethidine injection was seen in the side of the brain treated with SNP (5 and 20 nmol) compared with that in the contralateral side. These results indicated that [(3)H]Hydromethidine freely penetrated into the brain where it was rapidly converted to oxidized forms, which were trapped there in response to the production of ROS. Thus, [(3)H]Hydromethidine should be useful as a radical trapping radiotracer in the brain.
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72
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Zhao L, Sun LN, Nie HB, Wang XL, Guan GJ. Berberine improves kidney function in diabetic mice via AMPK activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113398. [PMID: 25409232 PMCID: PMC4237447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Effective therapies to prevent the development of this disease are required. Berberine (BBR) has several preventive effects on diabetes and its complications. However, the molecular mechanism of BBR on kidney function in diabetes is not well defined. Here, we reported that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is required for BBR-induced improvement of kidney function in vivo. AMPK phosphorylation and activity, productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS), kidney function including serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine clearance (Ccr), and urinary protein excretion, morphology of glomerulus were determined in vitro or in vivo. Exposure of cultured human glomerulus mesangial cells (HGMCs) to BBR time- or dose-dependently activates AMPK by increasing the thr172 phosphorylation and its activities. Inhibition of LKB1 by siRNA or mutant abolished BBR-induced AMPK activation. Incubation of cells with high glucose (HG, 30 mM) markedly induced the oxidative stress of HGMCs, which were abolished by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside, AMPK gene overexpression or BBR. Importantly, the effects induced by BBR were bypassed by AMPK siRNA transfection in HG-treated HGMCs. In animal studies, streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia dramatically promoted glomerulosclerosis and impaired kidney function by increasing serum BUN, urinary protein excretion, and decreasing Ccr, as well as increased oxidative stress. Administration of BBR remarkably improved kidney function in wildtype mice but not in AMPKα2-deficient mice. We conclude that AMPK activation is required for BBR to improve kidney function in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Nephrology Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Nephrology Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Bin Nie
- Nephrology Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Ling Wang
- Nephrology Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guang-Ju Guan
- Nephrology Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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73
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Ceravolo GS, Montezano AC, Jordão MT, Akamine EH, Costa TJ, Takano AP, Fernandes DC, Barreto-Chaves ML, Laurindo FR, Tostes RC, Fortes ZB, Chopard RP, Touyz RM, Carvalho MHC. An interaction of renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems contributes to vascular hypertrophy in angiotensin II-induced hypertension: in vivo and in vitro studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111117. [PMID: 25369284 PMCID: PMC4219703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems interact at multiple levels. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the B1 kinin receptor (B1R) contributes to vascular hypertrophy in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension, through a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation. Male Wistar rats were infused with vehicle (control rats), 400 ng/Kg/min ANG II (ANG II rats) or 400 ng/Kg/min ANG II plus B1 receptor antagonist, 350 ng/Kg/min des-Arg(9)-Leu(8)-bradykinin (ANGII+DAL rats), via osmotic mini-pumps (14 days) or received ANG II plus losartan (10 mg/Kg, 14 days, gavage - ANG II+LOS rats). After 14 days, ANG II rats exhibited increased systolic arterial pressure [(mmHg) 184 ± 5.9 vs 115 ± 2.3], aortic hypertrophy; increased ROS generation [2-hydroxyethidium/dihydroethidium (EOH/DHE): 21.8 ± 2.7 vs 6.0 ± 1.8] and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (% of control: 218.3 ± 29.4 vs 100 ± 0.25]. B1R expression was increased in aortas from ANG II and ANG II+DAL rats than in aortas from the ANG II+LOS and control groups. B1R antagonism reduced aorta hypertrophy, prevented ROS generation (EOH/DHE: 9.17 ± 3.1) and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (137 ± 20.7%) in ANG II rats. Cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) stimulated with low concentrations (0.1 nM) of ANG II plus B1R agonist exhibited increased ROS generation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen expression and [H3]leucine incorporation. At this concentration, neither ANG II nor the B1R agonist produced any effects when tested individually. The ANG II/B1R agonist synergism was inhibited by losartan (AT1 blocker, 10 µM), B1R antagonist (10 µM) and Tiron (superoxide anion scavenger, 10 mM). These data suggest that B1R activation contributes to ANG II-induced aortic hypertrophy. This is associated with activation of redox-regulated ERK1/2 pathway that controls aortic smooth muscle cells growth. Our findings highlight an important cross-talk between the DABK and ANG II in the vascular system and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in vascular remodeling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela S. Ceravolo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria T. Jordão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences III, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana H. Akamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago J. Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Takano
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences III, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise C. Fernandes
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L. Barreto-Chaves
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences III, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R. Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zuleica B. Fortes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato P. Chopard
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences III, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Kidney Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Helena C. Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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74
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Rizzi E, Guimaraes DA, Ceron CS, Prado CM, Pinheiro LC, Martins-Oliveira A, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. β1-Adrenergic blockers exert antioxidant effects, reduce matrix metalloproteinase activity, and improve renovascular hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:308-17. [PMID: 24933619 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension induces left-ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by mechanisms involving oxidative stress and unbalanced cardiac matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. We hypothesized that β1-adrenergic receptor blockers with antioxidant properties (nebivolol) could reverse hypertension-induced LVH more effectively than conventional β1-blockers (metoprolol) when used at doses that exert similar antihypertensive effects. Two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertension was induced in male Wistar rats. Six weeks after surgery, hypertensive and sham rats were treated with nebivolol (10 mg kg(-1)day(-1)) or metoprolol (20 mg kg(-1)day(-1)) for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was monitored weekly by tail-cuff plethysmography. LV structural changes and fibrosis were studied in hematoxylin/eosin- and picrosirius-stained sections, respectively. Cardiac MMP levels and activity were determined by in situ zymography, gel zymography, and immunofluorescence. Dihydroethidium and lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence assays were used to assess cardiac reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Nitrotyrosine levels were determined in LV samples by immunohistochemistry and green fluorescence and were evaluated using the ImageJ software. Cardiac protein kinase B/Akt (AKT) phosphorylation state was assessed by Western blot. Both β-blockers exerted similar antihypertensive effects and attenuated hypertension-induced cardiac remodeling. Both drugs reduced myocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposition in 2K1C rats. These effects were associated with lower cardiac ROS and nitrotyrosine levels and attenuation of hypertension-induced increases in cardiac MMP-2 levels and in situ gelatinolytic activity after treatment with both β-blockers. Whereas hypertension increased AKT phosphorylation, no effects were found with β-blockers. In conclusion, we found evidence that two β1-blockers with different properties attenuate hypertension-induced LV hypertrophy and cardiac collagen deposition in association with significant cardiac antioxidant effects and MMP-2 downregulation, thus suggesting a critical role for β1-adrenergic receptors in mediating those effects. Nebivolol is not superior to metoprolol, at least with respect to their capacity to reverse hypertension-induced LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Rizzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle A Guimaraes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla S Ceron
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele M Prado
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alisson Martins-Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Gerlach
- Department of Morphology, Estomatology, and Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose E Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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75
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Puente BN, Kimura W, Muralidhar SA, Moon J, Amatruda JF, Phelps KL, Grinsfelder D, Rothermel BA, Chen R, Garcia JA, Santos CX, Thet S, Mori E, Kinter MT, Rindler PM, Zacchigna S, Mukherjee S, Chen DJ, Mahmoud AI, Giacca M, Rabinovitch PS, Aroumougame A, Shah AM, Szweda LI, Sadek HA. The oxygen-rich postnatal environment induces cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest through DNA damage response. Cell 2014; 157:565-79. [PMID: 24766806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart has a remarkable regenerative capacity for a short period of time after birth, after which the majority of cardiomyocytes permanently exit cell cycle. We sought to determine the primary postnatal event that results in cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest. We hypothesized that transition to the oxygen-rich postnatal environment is the upstream signal that results in cell-cycle arrest of cardiomyocytes. Here, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative DNA damage, and DNA damage response (DDR) markers significantly increase in the heart during the first postnatal week. Intriguingly, postnatal hypoxemia, ROS scavenging, or inhibition of DDR all prolong the postnatal proliferative window of cardiomyocytes, whereas hyperoxemia and ROS generators shorten it. These findings uncover a protective mechanism that mediates cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest in exchange for utilization of oxygen-dependent aerobic metabolism. Reduction of mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress should be an important component of cardiomyocyte proliferation-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao N Puente
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wataru Kimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shalini A Muralidhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jesung Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kate L Phelps
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David Grinsfelder
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph A Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Celio X Santos
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, James Black Centre, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - SuWannee Thet
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael T Kinter
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Paul M Rindler
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Shibani Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David J Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ahmed I Mahmoud
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Asaithamby Aroumougame
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luke I Szweda
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Ribeiro-Pereira C, Moraes JA, Souza MDJ, Laurindo FR, Arruda MA, Barja-Fidalgo C. Redox modulation of FAK controls melanoma survival--role of NOX4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99481. [PMID: 24911159 PMCID: PMC4050056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase are essential for melanoma proliferation and survival. However, the mechanisms by which NADPH oxidase regulates these effects are still unclear. In this work, we investigate the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in the signaling events that coordinate melanoma cell survival. Using the highly metastatic human melanoma cell line MV3, we observed that pharmacological NADPH oxidase inhibition reduced melanoma viability and induced dramatic cellular shape changes. These effects were accompanied by actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, diminished FAKY397 phosphorylation, and decrease of FAK-actin and FAK-cSrc association, indicating disassembly of focal adhesion processes, a phenomenon that often results in anoikis. Accordingly, NADPH oxidase inhibition also enhanced hypodiploid DNA content, and caspase-3 activation, suggesting activation of the apoptotic machinery. NOX4 is likely to be involved in these effects, since silencing of NOX4 significantly inhibited basal ROS production, reduced FAKY397 phosphorylation and decreased tumor cell viability. Altogether, the results suggest that intracellular ROS generated by the NADPH oxidase, most likely NOX4, transmits cell survival signals on melanoma cells through the FAK pathway, maintaining adhesion contacts and cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Ribeiro-Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Alfredo Moraes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariele de Jesus Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco R. Laurindo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Arruda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Vice-Diretoria de Ensino, Pesquisa e Inovação, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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77
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Redox signal regulation via nNOS phosphorylation at Ser847 in PC12 cells and rat cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem J 2014; 459:251-63. [PMID: 24499461 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is considered a main mechanism modulating nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) function to reduce NO production. In the present study, the effects of nNOS phosphorylation on redox signalling, including that of NO, ROS (reactive oxygen species), and 8-nitro-cGMP (8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate), a downstream messenger of redox signalling, were investigated. In vitro experiments revealed that a phosphorylation-mimic mutant of nNOS (Ser847 replaced with aspartic acid, 847D) increased uncoupling to produce a superoxide. In addition, nicotine, which triggers an influx of Ca2+, induced more ROS and 8-nitro-cGMP production in 847D-expressing PC12 cells than WT (wild-type)-expressing cells. Additionally, nicotine-induced phosphorylation of nNOS at Ser847 and increased ROS and 8-nitro-cGMP production in rat CGNs (cerebellar granule neurons). In CGNs, the NOS (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and superoxide dismutase completely inhibited ROS and 8-nitro-cGMP production, whereas the CaMK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor KN93 mildly reduced this effect. Nicotine induced HO-1 (haem oxygenase 1) expression in CGNs and showed cytoprotective effects against apoptosis. Moreover, 8-nitro-cGMP treatment showed identical effects that were attenuated by KN93 pre-treatment. The present paper provides the first substantial corroboration for the biological effects of nNOS phosphorylation at Ser847 on redox signalling, including ROS and intracellular 8-nitro-cGMP generation in neurons, which possibly play roles in neuroprotection.
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Time-dependent effects of training on cardiovascular control in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role for brain oxidative stress and inflammation and baroreflex sensitivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94927. [PMID: 24788542 PMCID: PMC4006803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Baroreflex dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation, important hallmarks of hypertension, are attenuated by exercise training. In this study, we investigated the relationships and time-course changes of cardiovascular parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-oxidant profiles within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Basal values and variability of arterial pressure and heart rate and baroreflex sensitivity were measured in trained (T, low-intensity treadmill training) and sedentary (S) SHR at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8. Paraventricular nucleus was used to determine reactive oxygen species (dihydroethidium oxidation products, HPLC), NADPH oxidase subunits and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (Real time PCR), p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 expression (Western blotting), NF-κB content (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) and cytokines immunofluorescence. SHR-S vs. WKY-S (Wistar Kyoto rats as time control) showed increased mean arterial pressure (172±3 mmHg), pressure variability and heart rate (358±7 b/min), decreased baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability, increased p47phox and reactive oxygen species production, elevated NF-κB activity and increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression within the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Two weeks of training reversed all hypothalamic changes, reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and normalized baroreflex sensitivity (4.04±0.31 vs. 2.31±0.19 b/min/mmHg in SHR-S). These responses were followed by increased vagal component of heart rate variability (1.9-fold) and resting bradycardia (−13%) at the 4th week, and, by reduced vasomotor component of pressure variability (−28%) and decreased mean arterial pressure (−7%) only at the 8th week of training. Our findings indicate that independent of the high pressure levels in SHR, training promptly restores baroreflex function by disrupting the positive feedback between high oxidative stress and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. These early adaptive responses precede the occurrence of training-induced resting bradycardia and blood pressure fall.
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79
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Fan LM, Li JM. Evaluation of methods of detecting cell reactive oxygen species production for drug screening and cell cycle studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:40-7. [PMID: 24721421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.03.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is essential to normal cell function. However, excessive ROS production causes oxidative damage and cell death. Many pharmacological compounds exert their effects on cell cycle progression by changing intracellular redox state and in many cases cause oxidative damage leading to drug cytotoxicity. Appropriate measurement of intracellular ROS levels during cell cycle progression is therefore crucial in understanding redox-regulation of cell function and drug toxicity and for the development of new drugs. However, due to the extremely short half-life of ROS, measuring the changes in intracellular ROS levels during a particular phase of cell cycle for drug intervention can be challenging. In this article, we have provided updated information on the rationale, the applications, the advantages and limitations of common methods for screening drug effects on intracellular ROS production linked to cell cycle study. Our aim is to facilitate biomedical scientists and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry in choosing or developing specific experimental regimens to suit their research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampson M Fan
- John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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80
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Fletcher NM, Abuanzeh S, Saed MG, Diamond MP, Abu-Soud HM, Saed GM. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Expression Is Differentially Regulated to Favor a Pro-oxidant State That Contributes to Postoperative Adhesion Development. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1050-1059. [PMID: 24516041 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114522524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that superoxide (O2•-) contributes to the development of postoperative adhesions. In this study, we determined whether O2•- generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is differentially expressed in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts and tissues. The NOX isoforms were measured utilizing Western blot, immunohistochemistry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression and activity of NOX were found to be significantly higher in adhesion tissues and cells than that in normal peritoneal tissues and cells (P < .05). Levels of NOX2, NOX4, NOX activating protein 1, DUOX1, p47phox, and p22phox messenger RNA increased in adhesion fibroblasts when compared to normal peritoneal and increased in response to hypoxia in normal peritoneal fibroblasts. Thus, adhesion fibroblasts are characterized by a unique NOX expression profile, which maintains a pro-oxidant state that may be responsible for the persistence of the adhesion phenotype. Decreasing the activity of NOX by targeting these isoforms may be beneficial for future therapeutic interventions of postoperative adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Fletcher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - S Abuanzeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M G Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M P Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H M Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ghassan M Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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81
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Dikalov SI, Harrison DG. Methods for detection of mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:372-82. [PMID: 22978713 PMCID: PMC3887411 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Different ROS, such as superoxide (O2(•-)), hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), stimulate distinct cell-signaling pathways and lead to diverse outcomes depending on their amount and subcellular localization. A variety of methods have been developed for ROS detection; however, many of these methods are not specific, do not allow subcellular localization, and can produce artifacts. In this review, we will critically analyze ROS detection and present advantages and the shortcomings of several available methods. RECENT ADVANCES In the past decade, a number of new fluorescent probes, electron-spin resonance approaches, and immunoassays have been developed. These new state-of-the-art methods provide improved selectivity and subcellular resolution for ROS detection. CRITICAL ISSUES Although new methods for HPLC superoxide detection, application of fluorescent boronate-containing probes, use of cell-targeted hydroxylamine spin probes, and immunospin trapping have been available for several years, there has been lack of translation of these into biomedical research, limiting their widespread use. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional studies to translate these new technologies from the test tube to physiological applications are needed and could lead to a wider application of these approaches to study mitochondrial and cellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
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82
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Fischer B, Heffeter P, Kryeziu K, Gille L, Meier SM, Berger W, Kowol CR, Keppler BK. Poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles of the lead anticancer ruthenium compound KP1019 and its surfactant-mediated activation. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:1096-104. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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83
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Cardioprotective mechanism of S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine via S-nitrosated betadrenoceptor-2 in the LDLr−/− mice. Nitric Oxide 2014; 36:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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84
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Fan C, Chen J, Wang Y, Wong YS, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Cao W, Chen T. Selenocystine potentiates cancer cell apoptosis induced by 5-fluorouracil by triggering reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage and inactivation of the ERK pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:305-316. [PMID: 23837948 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy as a first-line treatment is quite limited, because of its inefficiency and clinical resistance to it. The search for chemosensitizers that could augment its efficiency and overcome the drug resistance to 5-FU has kindled great interest among scientists. Selenocystine (SeC), a naturally occurring selenoamino acid, displayed broad-spectrum anticancer activity in our previous studies. This study demonstrates that SeC acts as an effective enhancer of 5-FU-induced apoptosis in A375 human melanoma cells through induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis with the involvement of DNA damage-mediated p53 phosphorylation and ERK inactivation. Pretreatment of the cells with SeC significantly enhanced 5-FU-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) by regulating the expression levels of Bcl-2 family proteins. SeC and 5-FU in combination also triggered cell oxidative stress through regulation of the intracellular redox system and led to DNA damage and inactivation of ERK and AKT. Moreover, inhibitors of ERK and AKT effectively enhanced the apoptotic cell death induced by the combined treatment. However, pretreatment of the cells with glutathione reversed the apoptosis induced by SeC and 5-FU and recovered the expression of ERK and AKT inactivation, which revealed the important role of reactive oxygen species in cell apoptosis and regulation of ERK and AKT pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that a strategy of using SeC and 5-FU in combination could be a highly efficient way to achieve anticancer synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cundong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yum-Shing Wong
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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85
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Lee DY, Wauquier F, Eid AA, Roman LJ, Ghosh-Choudhury G, Khazim K, Block K, Gorin Y. Nox4 NADPH oxidase mediates peroxynitrite-dependent uncoupling of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and fibronectin expression in response to angiotensin II: role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28668-86. [PMID: 23940049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) leads to extracellular matrix accumulation. Here, we demonstrate that, in MCs, Ang II induces endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased production of NO. Ang II promotes a rapid increase in 3-nitrotyrosine formation, and uric acid attenuates Ang II-induced decrease in NO bioavailability, demonstrating that peroxynitrite mediates the effects of Ang II on eNOS dysfunction. Ang II rapidly up-regulates Nox4 protein. Inhibition of Nox4 abolishes the increase in ROS and peroxynitrite generation as well as eNOS uncoupling triggered by Ang II, indicating that Nox4 is upstream of eNOS. This pathway contributes to Ang II-mediated fibronectin accumulation in MCs. Ang II also elicits an increase in mitochondrial abundance of Nox4 protein, and the oxidase contributes to ROS production in mitochondria. Overexpression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents the stimulatory effects of Ang II on mitochondrial ROS production, loss of NO availability, and MC fibronectin accumulation, whereas manganese superoxide dismutase depletion increases mitochondrial ROS, NO deficiency, and fibronectin synthesis basally and in cells exposed to Ang II. This work provides the first evidence that uncoupled eNOS is responsible for Ang II-induced MC fibronectin accumulation and identifies Nox4 and mitochondrial ROS as mediators of eNOS dysfunction. These data shed light on molecular processes underlying the oxidative signaling cascade engaged by Ang II and identify potential targets for intervention to prevent renal fibrosis.
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86
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Wang X, Fang H, Huang Z, Shang W, Hou T, Cheng A, Cheng H. Imaging ROS signaling in cells and animals. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:917-27. [PMID: 23873151 PMCID: PMC3730091 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as essential cellular messengers, redox regulators, and, when in excess, oxidative stressors that are widely implicated in pathologies of cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding such complexity of the ROS signaling is critically hinged on the ability to visualize and quantify local, compartmental, and global ROS dynamics at high selectivity, sensitivity, and spatiotemporal resolution. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in ROS imaging at levels of intact cells, whole organs or tissues, and even live organisms. In particular, major advances include the development of novel synthetic or genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based ROS indicators, the use of protein indicator-expressing animal models, and the advent of in vivo imaging technology. Innovative ROS imaging has led to important discoveries in ROS signaling—for example, mitochondrial superoxide flashes as elemental ROS signaling events and hydrogen peroxide transients for wound healing. This review aims at providing an update of the current status in ROS imaging, while identifying areas of insufficient knowledge and highlighting emerging research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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87
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Karolin J, Geddes CD. Metal-enhanced fluorescence based excitation volumetric effect of plasmon-enhanced singlet oxygen and super oxide generation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15740-5. [PMID: 23873175 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50950h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we show that the Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) Excitation Volumetric Effect (EVE), has a profound effect on the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2(-)*), when sensitizers are placed in close proximity to plasmon supporting nanoparticulate substrates. In particular, when the singlet oxygen sensitizer rose bengal is placed on a SiFs surface, i.e. on a silver island film, the (1)O2 response to power is non-linear, and at 100 mW excitation power (535 nm) it is about 5 times higher, as compared to glass control samples, measured with the commercially available (1)O2 probe Sensor Green™. We also report a similar power dependence of superoxide generation for acridine on SiFs surfaces, but using the dihydroethidium O2(-)* probe (DHE). Our findings are consistent with our previously postulated Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) and EVE models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Karolin
- Institute of Fluorescence and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Columbus Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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88
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Somasuntharam I, Boopathy AV, Khan RS, Martinez MD, Brown ME, Murthy N, Davis ME. Delivery of Nox2-NADPH oxidase siRNA with polyketal nanoparticles for improving cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7790-8. [PMID: 23856052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of heart failure (HF), the leading cause of death in the developed world. Oxidative stress due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling leading to HF. NADPH oxidase with Nox2 as the catalytic subunit is a major source for cardiac ROS production. Nox2-NADPH expression is significantly increased in the infarcted myocardium, primarily in neutrophils, macrophages and myocytes. Moreover, mice lacking the Nox2 gene are protected from ischemic injury, implicating Nox2 as a potential therapeutic target. RNAi-mediated gene silencing holds great promise as a therapeutic owing to its high specificity and potency. However, in vivo delivery hurdles have limited its effective clinical use. Here, we demonstrate acid-degradable polyketal particles as delivery vehicles for Nox2-siRNA to the post-MI heart. In vitro, Nox2-siRNA particles are effectively taken up by macrophages and significantly knockdown Nox2 expression and activity. Following in vivo intramyocardial injection in experimental mice models of MI, Nox2-siRNA particles prevent upregulation of Nox2 and significantly recovered cardiac function. This study highlights the potential of polyketals as siRNA delivery vehicles to the MI heart and represents a viable therapeutic approach for targeting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inthirai Somasuntharam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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89
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Sestrin 2 and AMPK connect hyperglycemia to Nox4-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and matrix protein expression. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3439-60. [PMID: 23816887 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00217-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial matrix accumulation is an early feature of glomerular pathology in diabetes. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in hyperglycemia-induced glomerular injury. Here, we demonstrate that, in glomerular mesangial cells (MCs), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is uncoupled upon exposure to high glucose (HG), with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased production of nitric oxide. Peroxynitrite mediates the effects of HG on eNOS dysfunction. HG upregulates Nox4 protein, and inhibition of Nox4 abrogates the increase in ROS and peroxynitrite generation, as well as the eNOS uncoupling triggered by HG, demonstrating that Nox4 functions upstream from eNOS. Importantly, this pathway contributes to HG-induced MC fibronectin accumulation. Nox4-mediated eNOS dysfunction was confirmed in glomeruli of a rat model of type 1 diabetes. Sestrin 2-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation attenuates HG-induced MC fibronectin synthesis through blockade of Nox4-dependent ROS and peroxynitrite generation, with subsequent eNOS uncoupling. We also find that HG negatively regulates sestrin 2 and AMPK, thereby promoting Nox4-mediated eNOS dysfunction and increased fibronectin. These data identify a protective function for sestrin 2/AMPK and potential targets for intervention to prevent fibrotic injury in diabetes.
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90
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Schiavone S, Jaquet V, Trabace L, Krause KH. Severe life stress and oxidative stress in the brain: from animal models to human pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1475-90. [PMID: 22746161 PMCID: PMC3603496 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Severe life stress (SLS), as opposed to trivial everyday stress, is defined as a serious psychosocial event with the potential of causing an impacting psychological traumatism. RECENT ADVANCES Numerous studies have attempted to understand how the central nervous system (CNS) responds to SLS. This response includes a variety of morphological and neurochemical modifications; among them, oxidative stress is almost invariably observed. Oxidative stress is defined as disequilibrium between oxidant generation and the antioxidant response. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we discuss how SLS leads to oxidative stress in the CNS, and how the latter impacts pathophysiological outcomes. We also critically discuss experimental methods that measure oxidative stress in the CNS. The review covers animal models and human observations. Animal models of SLS include sleep deprivation, maternal separation, and social isolation in rodents, and the establishment of hierarchy in non-human primates. In humans, SLS, which is caused by traumatic events such as child abuse, war, and divorce, is also accompanied by oxidative stress in the CNS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The outcome of SLS in humans ranges from resilience, over post-traumatic stress disorder, to development of chronic mental disorders. Defining the sources of oxidative stress in SLS might in the long run provide new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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91
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Jarajapu YP, Bhatwadekar AD, Caballero S, Hazra S, Shenoy V, Medina R, Kent D, Stitt AW, Thut C, Finney EM, Raizada MK, Grant MB. Activation of the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis enhances the reparative function of dysfunctional diabetic endothelial progenitors. Diabetes 2013; 62:1258-69. [PMID: 23230080 PMCID: PMC3609564 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that activation of the protective arm of the renin angiotensin system, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor axis, corrects the vasoreparative dysfunction typically seen in the CD34(+) cells isolated from diabetic individuals. Peripheral blood CD34(+) cells from patients with diabetes were compared with those of nondiabetic controls. Ang-(1-7) restored impaired migration and nitric oxide bioavailability/cGMP in response to stromal cell-derived factor and resulted in a decrease in NADPH oxidase activity. The survival and proliferation of CD34(+) cells from diabetic individuals were enhanced by Ang-(1-7) in a Mas/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent manner. ACE2 expression was lower, and ACE2 activators xanthenone and diminazine aceturate were less effective in inducing the migration in cells from patients with diabetes compared with controls. Ang-(1-7) overexpression by lentiviral gene modification restored both the in vitro vasoreparative functions of diabetic cells and the in vivo homing efficiency to areas of ischemia. A cohort of patients who remained free of microvascular complications despite having a history of longstanding inadequate glycemic control had higher expression of ACE2/Mas mRNA than patients with diabetes with microvascular complications matched for age, sex, and glycemic control. Thus, ACE2/Ang-(1-7)\Mas pathway activation corrects existing diabetes-induced CD34(+) cell dysfunction and also confers protection from development of this dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagna P.R. Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ashay D. Bhatwadekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sergio Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sugata Hazra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Reinhold Medina
- Center for Vision Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, Ireland
| | | | - Alan W. Stitt
- Center for Vision Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Catherine Thut
- Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva M. Finney
- Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Mohan K. Raizada,
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Mohan K. Raizada,
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92
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Ceravolo GS, Filgueira FP, Costa TJ, Lobato NS, Chignalia AZ, Araujo PX, Tostes RC, Dantas AP, Fortes ZB, Carvalho MHC. Conjugated equine estrogen treatment corrected the exacerbated aorta oxidative stress in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Steroids 2013; 78:341-6. [PMID: 23261957 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women has been linked to the decrease in plasma estrogen levels. Preparation of conjugate equine estrogens (CEE) is one of the most routinely used hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. However, studies on the vascular effects of CEE are still sparse and the mechanism of action is not completely elucidated. In this context, we have determined the effects of CEE in the vascular oxidative stress observed in ovariectomyzed (OVX) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Mechanisms by which CEE interferes with redox-sensitive pathways and endothelial function were also determined. RESULTS Aortas from OVX rats exhibited increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADPH oxidase activity and reduced catalase protein expression, compared to aortas from sham SHR. Endothelium-intact aortic rings from OVX were hyperreactive to NE when compared to Sham aortas. This hyperreactivity was corrected by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and endothelium removal. Treatment of OVX-SHR with CEE reduced vascular ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activity, enhanced SOD and catalase expression and also corrected the NE-hyperreactivity in aortic rings from OVX-SHR. CONCLUSION Our study indicates a potential benefit of CEE therapy through a mechanism that involves reduction in oxidative stress, improving endothelial function in OVX hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela S Ceravolo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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93
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Edwards DH, Li Y, Ellinsworth DC, Griffith TM. The effect of inorganic arsenic on endothelium-dependent relaxation: role of NADPH oxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Toxicology 2013; 306:50-8. [PMID: 23384446 PMCID: PMC3639371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic ingestion predisposes to vascular disease, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study we have analyzed the effects of short-term arsenite exposure on vascular function and endothelium-dependent relaxation. Endothelium-dependent relaxations, nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-type, were studied in rabbit iliac artery and aortic rings using the G protein-coupled receptor agonist acetylcholine (ACh) and by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), which promotes store-operated Ca(2+) entry by inhibiting the endothelial SERCA pump. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the endothelium of rabbit aortic valve leaflets and endothelium-denuded RIA and aortic rings was assessed by imaging of dihydroethidium. In the iliac artery, exposure to 100 μM arsenite for 30 min potentiated EDHF-type relaxations evoked by both CPA and ACh. Potentiation was prevented by catalase, the catalase/superoxide dismutase mimetic manganese porphyrin and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. By contrast in aortic rings, that exhibited negligible EDHF-type responses, endothelium-dependent NO-mediated relaxations evoked by CPA and ACh were unaffected by arsenite. Arsenite induced apocynin-sensitive increases in ROS production in the aortic valve endothelium, but not in the media and adventitia of the iliac artery and aorta. Our results suggest that arsenite can potentiate EDHF-type relaxations via a mechanism that is dependent on hydrogen peroxide, thus demonstrating that dismutation of the superoxide anion generated by NADPH oxidase can potentially offset loss of NO bioavailability under conditions of reduced eNOS activity. By contrast, selective increases in endothelial ROS production following exposure to arsenite failed to modify relaxations mediated by endogenous NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Edwards
- Ionic Cell Signalling Group, Wales Heart Research Institute, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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94
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Clavijo-Cornejo D, Enriquez-Cortina C, López-Reyes A, Domínguez-Pérez M, Nuño N, Domínguez-Meraz M, Bucio L, Souza V, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Gómez-Quiroz LE. Biphasic regulation of the NADPH oxidase by HGF/c-Met signaling pathway in primary mouse hepatocytes. Biochimie 2013; 95:1177-84. [PMID: 23333744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling is emerging as an essential mechanism in the regulation of biological activities of the cell. The HGF/c-Met signaling pathway has been implicated as a key regulator of the cellular redox homeostasis and oxidative stress. We previously demonstrated that genetic deletion of c-Met in hepatocytes disrupts redox homeostasis by a mechanism involving NADPH oxidase. Here, we were focused to address the mechanism of NADPH oxidase regulation by HGF/c-Met signaling in primary mouse hepatocytes and its relevance. HGF induced a biphasic mechanism of NADPH oxidase regulation. The first phase employed the rapid increase in production of ROS as signaling effectors to activate the Nrf2-mediated protective response resulting in up-regulation of the antioxidant proteins, such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. The second phase operated under a prolonged HGF exposure, caused a suppression of the NADPH oxidase components, including NOX2, NOX4, p22 and p67, and was able to abrogate the TGFβ-induced ROS production and improve cell viability. In conclusion, HGF/c-Met induces a Nrf2-mediated protective response by a double mechanism driven by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Clavijo-Cornejo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina S-351, 09340 Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico; PhD program on Experimental Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico
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95
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Näpänkangas JP, Liimatta EV, Joensuu P, Bergmann U, Ylitalo K, Hassinen IE. Superoxide production during ischemia–reperfusion in the perfused rat heart: A comparison of two methods of measurement. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:906-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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96
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Nazarewicz RR, Bikineyeva A, Dikalov SI. Rapid and specific measurements of superoxide using fluorescence spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23190737 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112468765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide plays a key role in many pathological processes; however, detection of superoxide by one of the most common methods using dihydroethidium (DHE) may be unspecific because of overlapping fluorescence of the superoxide-specific product, 2-OH-ethidium (2OH-E), and the unspecific oxidation product, ethidium. Here, we show a new optimized fluorescence spectroscopy protocol that allows rapid and specific detection of superoxide in cell-free systems and intact cells using DHE. We defined new optimized fluorescent settings to measure the superoxide-specific product and minimize the interference of unspecific DHE oxidation products. Using this protocol, we studied real-time superoxide production by xanthine oxidase- and menadione-treated cultured cells. Specificity of the plate reader-based superoxide measurements was confirmed by the inhibition of fluorescence with superoxide dismutase and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. We show that limitations of the HPLC-based analysis can be overcome by the optimized fluorescence spectroscopy.
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97
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Maghzal GJ, Krause KH, Stocker R, Jaquet V. Detection of reactive oxygen species derived from the family of NOX NADPH oxidases. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1903-18. [PMID: 22982596 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-•))-generating enzymes. They form a family of seven members, each with a specific tissue distribution. They function as electron transport chains across membranes, using NADPH as electron donor to reduce molecular oxygen to O(2)(-•). NOX have multiple biological functions, ranging from host defense to inflammation and cellular signaling. Measuring NOX activity is crucial in understanding the roles of these enzymes in physiology and pathology. Many of the methods used to measure NOX activity are based on the detection of small molecules that react with NOX-generated O(2)(-•) or its direct dismutation product hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to form fluorescent, luminescent, or colored products. Initial techniques were developed to measure the activity of the phagocyte isoform NOX2 during the oxidative burst of stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which generate large quantities of O(2)(-•). However, other members of the NOX family generate much less O(2)(-•) and hence H(2)O(2), and their activity is difficult to distinguish from other sources of these reactive species. In addition, O(2)(-•) and H(2)O(2) are reactive molecules and most probes are prone to artifacts and therefore should be used with appropriate controls and the data carefully interpreted. This review gives an overview of current methods used to measure NOX activity and NOX-derived O(2)(-•) and H(2)O(2) in cells, tissues, isolated systems, and living organisms, describing the advantages and caveats of many established methods with emphasis on more recent technologies and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan J Maghzal
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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98
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Liu C, Wu J, Zou MH. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase alleviates high-glucose-induced dysfunction of brain microvascular endothelial cell tight-junction dynamics. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1213-21. [PMID: 22796592 PMCID: PMC3437014 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, formed by specialized brain endothelial cells that are interconnected by tight junctions, strictly regulates paracellular permeability to maintain an optimal extracellular environment for brain homeostasis. Diabetes is known to compromise the blood-brain barrier, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying disruption of the blood-brain barrier in diabetes and to determine whether activation of AMP-activated protein kinase prevents diabetes-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Exposure of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to high glucose (25 mmol/L D-glucose), but not to high osmotic conditions (20 mmol/L L-glucose plus 5 mmol/L D-glucose), for 2h to 1 week significantly increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in parallel with lowered expression levels of zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-5, three proteins that are essential to maintaining endothelial cell tight junctions. In addition, high glucose significantly increased the generation of superoxide anions. Adenoviral overexpression of superoxide dismutase or catalase significantly attenuated the high-glucose-induced reduction of endothelial cell tight-junction proteins. Furthermore, administration of apocynin reversed the effects of high glucose on endothelial cell tight-junction proteins. Finally, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase with 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside or adenoviral overexpression of constitutively active AMP-activated protein kinase mutants abolished both the induction of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide anions and the tight-junction protein degradation induced by high glucose. We conclude that high glucose increases blood-brain barrier dysfunction in diabetes through induction of superoxide anions and that the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase protects the integrity of the blood-brain barrier by suppressing the induction of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Xianning University, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
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99
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Analysis of kinetics of dihydroethidium fluorescence with superoxide using xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine assay. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:327-37. [PMID: 22965641 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O(2) (-)) is an important reactive oxygen species (ROS), and has an essential role in physiology and pathophysiology. An accurate detection of O(2) (-) is needed to better understand numerous vascular pathologies. In this study, we performed a mechanistic study by using the xanthine oxidase (XOD)/hypoxanthine (HX) assay for O(2) (-) generation and a O(2) (-) sensitive fluorescent dye dihydroethidium (DHE) for O(2) (-) measurement. To quantify O(2) (-) and DHE interactions, we measured fluorescence using a microplate reader. We conducted a detailed reaction kinetic analysis for DHE-O(2) (-) interaction to understand the effect of O(2) (-) self-dismutation and to quantify DHE-O(2) (-) reaction rate. Fluorescence of DHE and 2-hydroethidium (EOH), a product of DHE and O(2) (-) interaction, were dependent on reaction conditions. Kinetic analysis resulted in a reaction rate constant of 2.169 ± 0.059 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) for DHE-O(2) (-) reaction that is ~100× slower than the reported value of 2.6 ± 0.6 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). In addition, the O(2) (-) self-dismutation has significant effect on DHE-O(2) (-) interaction. A slower reaction rate of DHE with O(2) (-) is more reasonable for O(2) (-) measurements. In this manner, the DHE is not competing with superoxide dismutase and NO for O(2) (-). Results suggest that an accurate measurement of O(2) (-) production rate may be difficult due to competitive interference for many factors; however O(2) (-) concentration may be quantified.
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100
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Fazeli G, Stopper H, Schinzel R, Ni CW, Jo H, Schupp N. Angiotensin II induces DNA damage via AT1 receptor and NADPH oxidase isoform Nox4. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:673-81. [PMID: 22844079 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies revealed increased renal cancer incidences and higher cancer mortalities in hypertensive individuals. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro, in renal cells, and ex vivo, in the isolated perfused mouse kidney, we could show DNA-damaging potential of angiotensin II (Ang II). Here, the pathway involved in the genotoxicity of Ang II was investigated. In kidney cell lines with properties of proximal tubulus cells, an activation of NADPH oxidase and the production of ROS, resulting in the formation of DNA strand breaks and micronuclei induction, was observed. This DNA damage was mediated by the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), together with the G protein G ( α-q/11 ) . Subsequently, phospholipase C (PLC) was activated and intracellular calcium increased. Both calcium stores of the endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular calcium were involved in the genotoxicity of Ang II. Downstream, a role for protein kinase C (PKC) could be detected, because its inhibition hindered Ang II from damaging the cells. Although PKC was activated, no involvement of its known target, the NADPH oxidase isoform containing the Nox2 subunit, could be found, as tested by small-interfering RNA down-regulation. Responsible for the DNA-damaging activity of Ang II was the NADPH oxidase isoform containing the Nox4 subunit. In summary, in kidney cells the DNA-damaging activity of Ang II depends on an AT1R-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase via PLC, PKC and calcium signalling, with the NADPH subunit Nox4 playing a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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