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Saito S, Yisireyili M, Shimizu H, Ng HY, Niwa T. Indoxyl Sulfate Upregulates Prorenin Expression via Nuclear Factor-κB p65, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3, and Reactive Oxygen Species in Proximal Tubular Cells. J Ren Nutr 2015; 25:145-8. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Signaling pathways involved in renal oxidative injury: role of the vasoactive peptides and the renal dopaminergic system. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2014; 2014:731350. [PMID: 25436148 PMCID: PMC4243602 DOI: 10.1155/2014/731350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The physiological hydroelectrolytic balance and the redox steady state in the kidney are accomplished by an intricate interaction between signals from extrarenal and intrarenal sources and between antinatriuretic and natriuretic factors. Angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide and intrarenal dopamine play a pivotal role in this interactive network. The balance between endogenous antioxidant agents like the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide, by one side, and the prooxidant effect of the renin angiotensin system, by the other side, contributes to ensuring the normal function of the kidney. Different pathological scenarios, as nephrotic syndrome and hypertension, where renal sodium excretion is altered, are associated with an impaired interaction between two natriuretic systems as the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide that may be involved in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. The aim of this review is to update and comment the most recent evidences about the intracellular pathways involved in the relationship between endogenous antioxidant agents like the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide and the prooxidant effect of the renin angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation.
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Haruyama N, Fujisaki K, Yamato M, Eriguchi M, Noguchi H, Torisu K, Tsuruya K, Kitazono T. Improvement in spatial memory dysfunction by telmisartan through reduction of brain angiotensin II and oxidative stress in experimental uremic mice. Life Sci 2014; 113:55-9. [PMID: 25107329 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We previously reported that chronic uremia induces spatial working memory dysfunction in mice, and that it is attributed to cerebral oxidative stress. The source of oxidative stress was considered to be uremic toxins, but this remains unclear. In the present study, we examined whether the brain renin-angiotensin system was activated in the CKD mouse model, and whether it contributed to cognitive impairment. MAIN METHODS CKD was induced in 8-week-old male mice by 5/6 nephrectomy. Mice were divided into four groups: control mice administered tap water (Cont-V), control mice treated with 0.5mg/kg/day telmisartan, an angiotensin II (AII) receptor blocker, for 8 weeks (Cont-T), CKD mice administered tap water (CKD-V), and CKD mice treated with 0.5 mg/kg/day telmisartan for 8 weeks (CKD-T). After the treatment period, a radial arm water maze (RAWM) test was performed, and angiotensin II (AII) concentrations and markers of oxidative stress were measured in the brains of mice. KEY FINDINGS Errors in the RAWM test were more frequent in the CKD-V group than in the Cont-V group. In addition, errors in the CKD-T group were comparable to control mice. Tissue brain AII concentrations were greater in the CKD-V group compared with the other groups. Oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in the brain were also greater in the CKD-V group compared with the other groups. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that brain AII levels were exaggerated in CKD mice, and that this contributes to cognitive impairment through oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Haruyama
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Fujisaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamato
- Department of REDOX Medicinal Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eriguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideko Noguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tsuruya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Integrated Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Trojanowicz B, Ulrich C, Seibert E, Fiedler R, Girndt M. Uremic conditions drive human monocytes to pro-atherogenic differentiation via an angiotensin-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102137. [PMID: 25003524 PMCID: PMC4087008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Elevated expression levels of monocytic-ACE have been found in haemodialysis patients. They are not only epidemiologically linked with increased mortality and cardiovascular disease, but may also directly participate in the initial steps of atherosclerosis. To further address this question we tested the role of monocytic-ACE in promotion of atherosclerotic events in vitro under conditions mimicking those of chronic renal failure. Methods and Results Treatment of human primary monocytes or THP-1 cells with uremic serum as well as PMA-induced differentiation led to significantly up-regulated expression of ACE, further increased by additional treatment with LPS. Functionally, these monocytes revealed significantly increased adhesion and transmigration through endothelial monolayers. Overexpression of ACE in transfected monocytes or THP-1 cells led to development of more differentiated, macrophage-like phenotype with up-regulated expression of Arg1, MCSF, MCP-1 and CCR2. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFa and IL-6 were also noticeably up-regulated. ACE overexpression resulted in significantly increased adhesion and transmigration properties. Transcriptional screening of ACE-overexpressing monocytes revealed noticeably increased expression of Angiotensin II receptors and adhesion- as well as atherosclerosis-related ICAM-1 and VCAM1. Inhibition of monocyte ACE or AngII-receptor signalling led to decreased adhesion potential of ACE-overexpressing cells. Conclusions Taken together, these data demonstrate that uremia induced expression of monocytic-ACE mediates the development of highly pro-atherogenic cells via an AngII-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusz Trojanowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christof Ulrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Eric Seibert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Roman Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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Su Y, Qadri SM, Cayabyab FS, Wu L, Liu L. Regulation of methylglyoxal-elicited leukocyte recruitment by endothelial SGK1/GSK3 signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2481-91. [PMID: 25003317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive levels of the glycolysis metabolite methylglyoxal (MG) elicit enhanced expression of adhesion molecules which foster leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. The signaling mechanisms involved remain elusive. To address this, we investigated the signal transduction of leukocyte- and endothelial-expressed phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) effector kinases glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) in the regulation of MG-elicited leukocyte recruitment. Using intravital microscopy of mouse cremasteric microvasculature, we demonstrate that GSK3 inhibitors lithium and SB216763 mitigate MG-elicited leukocyte recruitment and microvascular hyperpermeability. In SVEC4-10EE2 endothelial cells, but not in neutrophils, MG transiently activates GSK3 by reducing inhibitory phospho-GSK3α/β (Ser21/9) which parallels decrease of phospho-Akt at early time points (<30min). At later time points (≥1h), MG induces GSK3 deactivation which is dissipated by siRNA silencing of SGK. MG treatment potentiates endothelial SGK1 mRNA, total SGK1, phospho-SGK1 and phospho-NDRG1. The SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394 attenuates MG-elicited leukocyte recruitment. Pharmacological inhibition or silencing endothelial GSK3 or SGK attenuates MG-triggered nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity. Furthermore, silencing SGK blunts MG-triggered redox-sensitive phosphorylation of endothelial transcription factor CREB. Inhibition of SGK1 or GSK3 mitigates the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules P- and E-selectins and ICAM-1. Moreover, SGK1-dependent CREB activation participates in MG-elicited ICAM-1 upregulation. We conclude that temporal activation of endothelial SGK1 and GSK3 is decisive in MG-elicited upregulation of transcription factors, adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte-vascular endothelium interactions. This novel signaling pathway may link excessive MG levels in vivo to inflammation, thus, unraveling potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Syed M Qadri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Francisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Taguchi R, Tanaka S, Joe GH, Maseda H, Nomura N, Ohnishi J, Ishizuka S, Shimizu H, Miyazaki H. Mucin 3 is involved in intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis via N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C162-8. [PMID: 24848113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00271.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) are quorum-sensing molecules in bacteria that play important roles in regulating virulence gene expression in pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study compared responses between undifferentiated and differentiated Caco-2 cells to N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL). A low concentration of 3-oxo-C12-HSL (30 μM) is sufficient to reduce viability accompanied by apoptosis via the suppression of phosphorylation by Akt in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. The suppression of Akt phosphorylation appears specific in 3-oxo-C12-HSL, because other AHLs did not influence the phosphorylation status of Akt. The reduced viability induced by 3-oxo-C12-HSL was partially recovered by constitutively active Akt overexpression in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Since mucin is considered a vital component of the gut barrier, we investigated whether mucin protects cellular functions induced by 3-oxo-C12-HSL in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. The results showed that mucin protected undifferentiated Caco-2 cells from apoptosis induced by 3-oxo-C12-HSL. 3-Oxo-C12-HSL did not induce cell death in differentiated Caco-2 cells that expressed higher levels of mucin 3 (MUC3) than undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. In addition, 3-oxo-C12-HSL promoted cell death in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells transfected with MUC3 siRNA and reduced MUC3 expression in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Therefore, MUC3 might be responsible for the survival of undifferentiated intestinal epithelial cells in the presence of 3-oxo-C12-HSL through regulating Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, 3-oxo-C12-HSL might influence the survival of undifferentiated intestinal epithelial cells as well as interactions between these cells and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Taguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ga-Hyun Joe
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Maseda
- Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Junji Ohnishi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan;
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Vanholder R, Schepers E, Pletinck A, Nagler EV, Glorieux G. The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1897-907. [PMID: 24812165 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of publications supports a biologic effect of the protein-bound uremic retention solutes indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. However, the use of unrealistically high free concentrations of these compounds and/or inappropriately low albumin concentrations may blur the interpretation of these results. Here, we performed a systematic review, selecting only studies in which, depending on the albumin concentration, real or extrapolated free concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate remained in the uremic range. The 27 studies retrieved comprised in vitro and animal studies. A quality score was developed, giving 1 point for each of the following criteria: six or more experiments, confirmation by more than one experimental approach, neutralization of the biologic effect by counteractive reagents or antibodies, use of a real-life model, and use of dose-response analyses in vitro and/or animal studies. The overall average score was 3 of 5 points, with five studies scoring 5 of 5 points and six studies scoring 4 of 5 points, highlighting the superior quality of a substantial number of the retrieved studies. In the 11 highest scoring studies, most functional deteriorations were related to uremic cardiovascular disease and kidney damage. We conclude that our systematic approach allowed the retrieval of methodologically correct studies unbiased by erroneous conditions related to albumin binding. Our data seem to confirm the toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate and support their roles in vascular and renal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Schepers
- Nephrology Section, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Evi V Nagler
- Nephrology Section, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Saito S, Shimizu H, Yisireyili M, Nishijima F, Enomoto A, Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate-induced activation of (pro)renin receptor is involved in expression of TGF-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin in proximal tubular cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1899-907. [PMID: 24601883 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is involved in the progression of chronic kidney disease. However, the role of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, in the activation of PRR is not clear. The present study aimed to clarify the role of indoxyl sulfate in activation of PRR, in relation to renal expression of fibrotic genes. Renal expression of PRR and renin/prorenin was up-regulated in chronic kidney disease rats compared with normal rats, whereas AST-120 suppressed these expression by reducing serum levels of indoxyl sulfate. Furthermore, administration of indoxyl sulfate to normotensive and hypertensive rats increased renal expression of PRR and renin/prorenin. Indoxyl sulfate induced expression of PRR and prorenin in cultured human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells). Indoxyl sulfate-induced PRR expression was inhibited by small interfering RNAs of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and nuclear factor-κB p65 in proximal tubular cells. N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, and diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, suppressed indoxyl sulfate-induced PRR expression in proximal tubular cells. N-acetylcysteine prevented indoxyl sulfate-induced phosphorylation of Stat3 in proximal tubular cells. PRR small interfering RNA inhibited indoxyl sulfate-induced expression of TGF-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin in proximal tubular cells. Taken together, indoxyl sulfate-induced up-regulation of prorenin expression and activation of PRR through production of reactive oxygen species and activation of Stat3 and nuclear factor-κB play an important role in the expression of TGF-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin in proximal tubular cells. Thus, indoxyl sulfate-induced activation of prorenin/PRR might be involved in renal fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Carbon/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Chelating Agents/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Hypertension, Renal/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Renal/metabolism
- Hypertension, Renal/pathology
- Indican/adverse effects
- Indican/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indican/blood
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Male
- Oxides/therapeutic use
- RNA Interference
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Dahl
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/chemically induced
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Prorenin Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Saito
- Departments of Advanced Medicine for Uremia (S.S., H.S., M.Y., T.N.) and Pathology (A.E.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; and Biomedical Research Laboratories (F.N.), Kureha Co, Tokyo 169-8503, Japan
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Wang Y, Jia J, Ao G, Hu L, Liu H, Xiao Y, Du H, Alkayed NJ, Liu CF, Cheng J. Hydrogen sulfide protects blood-brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2014; 129:827-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jia Jia
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Guizhen Ao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Huaping Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University; Portland Oregon USA
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
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Xia F, Wang C, Jin Y, Liu Q, Meng Q, Liu K, Sun H. Luteolin protects HUVECs from TNF-α-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via its effects on the Nox4/ROS-NF-κB and MAPK pathways. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:768-83. [PMID: 24621786 DOI: 10.5551/jat.23697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Inflammation and oxidative stress are now recognized to be two important contributing factors to the development of atherosclerosis(AS). NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4)-derived reactive oxygen species(ROS), NF-κB and MAPK play crucial roles in these processes. Luteolin, a flavone rich in many plants, can interrupt the molecular expression and inhibit the progression of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present study was designed to test whether luteolin inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) and identify some of the mechanisms underlying these effects. METHODS HUVECs were treated with luteolin in the presence/absence of TNF-α. The mechanism of luteolin against TNF-α-induced cell injury was evaluated using Western blotting, real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometry analyses. RESULTS Luteolin suppressed the TNF-α-activated ROS generation, as well as the Nox4, p22phox, and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Luteolin also enhanced the Bcl-2 and reduced caspase-3, -9 expression in the TNF-α-treated HUVECs. Finally, luteolin inhibited the TNF-α-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB and p38 in addition to ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The inhibitors and siRNA of Nox4 and NF-κB not only reduced ROS generation, p38, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, but also enhanced Bcl-2 expression. The inhibitor of p38 had the same effect on the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and Bcl-2, while the inhibitor of ERK1/2 increased the Bcl-2 expression rather than reducing the ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Luteolin attenuates TNF-α-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via its effects on the Nox4/ROS-NF-κB and MAPK pathways. These results suggest that luteolin may provide a beneficial effect in treating vascular diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University
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Ng HY, Yisireyili M, Saito S, Lee CT, Adelibieke Y, Nishijima F, Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate downregulates expression of Mas receptor via OAT3/AhR/Stat3 pathway in proximal tubular cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91517. [PMID: 24614509 PMCID: PMC3948887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Angiotensin converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7)/Mas receptor axis counteracts the deleterious actions of Ang II. ACE2 exerts its actions by cleaving Ang II into Ang-(1–7) which activates Mas receptor. This study aimed to determine if the expression of Mas receptor is altered in the kidneys of CKD rats, and if indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, affects the expression of Mas receptor in rat kidneys and cultured human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells). The expression of Mas receptor was examined in the kidneys of CKD and AST-120-treated CKD rats using immunohistochemistry. Further, the effects of IS on Mas receptor expression in the kidneys of normotensive and hypertensive rats were examined. The effects of IS on the expression of Mas receptor and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in HK-2 cells were examined using immunoblotting. CKD rats showed reduced renal expression of Mas receptor, while AST-120 restored its expression. Administration of IS downregulated Mas receptor expression in the kidneys of normotensive and hypertensive rats. IS downregulated Mas receptor expression in HK-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) inhibited IS-induced downregulation of Mas receptor and phosphorylated eNOS. N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, also inhibited IS-induced downregulation of Mas receptor and phosphorylated eNOS. Ang-(1–7) attenuated IS-induced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression. Conclusion Mas receptor expression is reduced in the kidneys of CKD rats. IS downregulates renal expression of Mas receptor via OAT3/AhR/Stat3 pathway in proximal tubular cells. IS-induced downregulation of Mas receptor might be involved in upregulation of TGF-β1 in proximal tubular cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Angiotensins/pharmacology
- Animals
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indican/administration & dosage
- Indican/pharmacology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats, Inbred Dahl
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Maimaiti Yisireyili
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yelixiati Adelibieke
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Toshimitsu Niwa
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Sirich TL, Meyer TW, Gondouin B, Brunet P, Niwa T. Protein-bound molecules: a large family with a bad character. Semin Nephrol 2014; 34:106-17. [PMID: 24780467 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many small solutes excreted by the kidney are bound to plasma proteins, chiefly albumin, in the circulation. The combination of protein binding and tubular secretion allows the kidney to reduce the free, unbound concentrations of such solutes to lower levels than could be obtained by tubular secretion alone. Protein-bound solutes accumulate in the plasma when the kidneys fail, and the free, unbound levels of these solutes increase more than their total plasma levels owing to competition for binding sites on plasma proteins. Given the efficiency by which the kidney can clear protein-bound solutes, it is tempting to speculate that some compounds in this class are important uremic toxins. Studies to date have focused largely on two specific protein-bound solutes: indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. The largest body of evidence suggests that both of these compounds contribute to cardiovascular disease, and that indoxyl sulfate contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease. Other protein-bound solutes have been investigated to a much lesser extent, and could in the future prove to be even more important uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Sirich
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Timothy W Meyer
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
| | - Bertrand Gondouin
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR_S 1076, Marseille, France; Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Brunet
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM UMR_S 1076, Marseille, France; Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Toshimitsu Niwa
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Wang WJ, Cheng MH, Sun MF, Hsu SF, Weng CS. Indoxyl sulfate induces renin release and apoptosis of kidney mesangial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:637-43. [PMID: 25056788 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare
| | - Mei-Hua Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare
| | - Mao-Feng Sun
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Department of Acupuncture, China Medical University Hospital
| | - Sheng-Feng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Department of Acupuncture, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei Branch
| | - Ching-Sung Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein-bound uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate cannot be removed efficiently by hemodialysis. These protein-bound uremic toxins have emerged as important risk factors for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD). AREAS COVERED Indoxyl sulfate shows toxic effects on a variety of cells such as renal proximal tubular cells, glomerular mesangial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, monocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This review overviews the cellular toxicity of indoxyl sulfate, its molecular mechanism and its role in the progression of CKD and CVD. Further, this review summarizes the clinical effects of AST-120 and the other strategies to reduce serum levels of indoxyl sulfate. EXPERT OPINION Protein-bound uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate have emerged as target molecules for therapeutic intervention of not only CKD but also CVD. An oral sorbent AST-120 reduces serum level of indoxyl sulfate by adsorbing indole in the intestine. The modulation of intestinal bacteria by prebiotics/probiotics might be effective in reducing the production of indole in the intestine followed by reduced serum levels of indoxyl sulfate. An alternative approach might be antagonist which can counteract indoxyl sulfate-induced cellular effects and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Niwa
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia , 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550 , Japan +81 52 744 1980 ; +81 52 744 1954 ;
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Yisireyili M, Shimizu H, Saito S, Enomoto A, Nishijima F, Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate promotes cardiac fibrosis with enhanced oxidative stress in hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2013; 92:1180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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