51
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Modica S, Straub LG, Balaz M, Sun W, Varga L, Stefanicka P, Profant M, Simon E, Neubauer H, Ukropcova B, Ukropec J, Wolfrum C. Bmp4 Promotes a Brown to White-like Adipocyte Shift. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2243-2258. [PMID: 27524617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While Bmp4 has a well-established role in the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the adipogenic lineage, its role in brown adipocyte formation and activity is not well defined. Here, we show that Bmp4 has a dual function in adipogenesis by inducing adipocyte commitment while inhibiting the acquisition of a brown phenotype during terminal differentiation. Selective brown adipose tissue overexpression of Bmp4 in mice induces a shift from a brown to a white-like adipocyte phenotype. This effect is mediated by Smad signaling and might be in part due to suppression of lipolysis, via regulation of hormone sensitive lipase expression linked to reduced Ppar activity. Given that we observed a strong correlation between BMP4 levels and adipocyte size, as well as insulin sensitivity in humans, we propose that Bmp4 is an important factor in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/drug effects
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/drug effects
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/genetics
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/metabolism
- Rosiglitazone
- Signal Transduction
- Smad Proteins/genetics
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Sterol Esterase/genetics
- Sterol Esterase/metabolism
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Leon G Straub
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Varga
- Obesity section of Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Stefanicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Profant
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eric Simon
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Heike Neubauer
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Barbara Ukropcova
- Obesity section of Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Obesity section of Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.
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52
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis, for which hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society, and new therapeutic strategies are highly warranted. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is metabolically active in human adults. Although positron emission tomography-computed tomography using a glucose tracer is the golden standard to visualize and quantify the volume and activity of BAT, it has become clear that activated BAT combusts fatty acids rather than glucose. Here, we review the role of brown and beige adipocytes in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, with evidence derived from both animal and human studies. On the basis of mainly data from animal models, we propose a model in which activated brown adipocytes use their intracellular triglyceride stores to generate fatty acids for combustion. BAT rapidly replenishes these stores by internalizing primarily lipoprotein triglyceride-derived fatty acids, generated by lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides, rather than by holoparticle uptake. As a consequence, BAT activation leads to the generation of lipoprotein remnants that are subsequently cleared via the liver provided that an intact apoE-low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway is present. Through these mechanisms, BAT activation reduces plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and attenuates diet-induced atherosclerosis development. Initial studies suggest that BAT activation in humans may also reduce triglyceride and cholesterol levels, but potential antiatherogenic effects should be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerte Hoeke
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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53
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Pellegrinelli V, Carobbio S, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose tissue plasticity: how fat depots respond differently to pathophysiological cues. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1075-88. [PMID: 27039901 PMCID: PMC4861754 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) has key metabolic and endocrine functions and plays a role in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. WAT is characterised by its capacity to adapt and expand in response to surplus energy through processes of adipocyte hypertrophy and/or recruitment and proliferation of precursor cells in combination with vascular and extracellular matrix remodelling. However, in the context of sustained obesity, WAT undergoes fibro-inflammation, which compromises its functionality, contributing to increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of WAT represent potential therapeutic approaches, since dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by BAT/browning-mediated oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects. Better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms regulating adipocyte size, number and depot-dependent expansion has become a focus of interest over recent decades. Here, we summarise the mechanisms contributing to adipose tissue (AT) plasticity and function including characteristics and cellular complexity of the various adipose depots and we discuss recent insights into AT origins, identification of adipose precursors, pathophysiological regulation of adipogenesis and its relation to WAT/BAT expandability in obesity and its associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pellegrinelli
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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54
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Scheller EL, Cawthorn WP, Burr AA, Horowitz MC, MacDougald OA. Marrow Adipose Tissue: Trimming the Fat. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:392-403. [PMID: 27094502 PMCID: PMC4875855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a unique fat depot, located in the skeleton, that has the potential to contribute to both local and systemic metabolic processes. In this review we highlight several recent conceptual developments pertaining to the origin and function of MAT adipocytes; consider the relationship of MAT to beige, brown, and white adipose depots; explore MAT expansion and turnover in humans and rodents; and discuss future directions for MAT research in the context of endocrine function and metabolic disease. MAT has the potential to exert both local and systemic effects on metabolic homeostasis, skeletal remodeling, hematopoiesis, and the development of bone metastases. The diversity of these functions highlights the breadth of the potential impact of MAT on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Scheller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - William P Cawthorn
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aaron A Burr
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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55
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Zhou X, He L, Wan D, Yang H, Yao K, Wu G, Wu X, Yin Y. Methionine restriction on lipid metabolism and its possible mechanisms. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1533-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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56
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Ramseyer VD, Granneman JG. Adrenergic regulation of cellular plasticity in brown, beige/brite and white adipose tissues. Adipocyte 2016; 5:119-29. [PMID: 27386156 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1145846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of brown adipose tissue in adult humans along with the recognition of adipocyte heterogeneity and plasticity of white fat depots has renewed the interest in targeting adipose tissue for therapeutic benefit. Adrenergic activation is a well-established means of recruiting catabolic adipocyte phenotypes in brown and white adipose tissues. In this article, we review mechanisms of brown adipocyte recruitment by the sympathetic nervous system and by direct β-adrenergic receptor activation. We highlight the distinct modes of brown adipocyte recruitment in brown, beige/brite, and white adipose tissues, UCP1-independent thermogenesis, and potential non-thermogenic, metabolically beneficial effects of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa D. Ramseyer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James G. Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- John Dingell Vet Administration Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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57
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58
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Kooijman S, van den Heuvel JK, Rensen PCN. Neuronal Control of Brown Fat Activity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:657-668. [PMID: 26482876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation reduces body fat and metabolic disorders by the enhanced combustion of lipids and glucose into heat. The thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes is primarily driven by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and controlled by the brain. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding how cues, such as temperature, light, and proteins, modulate the activity of brown fat by acting on the various hypothalamic nuclei. Given that activated BAT has a high capacity to take up and burn fatty acids (FAs) and glucose, pharmacological stimulation of brown fat in humans by either targeting the hypothalamus or mimicking outflow of the sympathetic nervous system might help improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and also lower body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - José K van den Heuvel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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59
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Contreras G, Kabara E, Brester J, Neuder L, Kiupel M. Macrophage infiltration in the omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of dairy cows with displaced abomasum. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6176-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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60
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Patil YN, Dille KN, Burk DH, Cortez CC, Gettys TW. Cellular and molecular remodeling of inguinal adipose tissue mitochondria by dietary methionine restriction. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1235-47. [PMID: 26278039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) produces a coordinated series of biochemical and physiological responses that improve biomarkers of metabolic health, increase energy expenditure, limit fat accretion and improve overall insulin sensitivity. Inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) is a primary target and site of action where the diet initiates transcriptional programs linked to enhancing both synthesis and oxidation of lipid. Using a combination of ex vivo approaches to assess dietary effects on cell morphology and function, we report that dietary MR produced a fourfold increase in multilocular, UCP1-expressing cells within this depot in conjunction with significant increases in mitochondrial content, size and cristae density. Dietary MR increased expression of multiple enzymes within the citric acid cycle, as well as respiratory complexes I, II and III. The physiological significance of these responses, evaluated in isolated mitochondria by high-resolution respirometry, was a significant increase in respiratory capacity measured using multiple substrates. The morphological, transcriptional and biochemical remodeling of IWAT mitochondria enhances the synthetic and oxidative capacity of this tissue and collectively underlies its expanded role as a significant contributor to the overall increase in metabolic flexibility and uncoupled respiration produced by the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj N Patil
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Kelly N Dille
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - David H Burk
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Cory C Cortez
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808.
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61
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Blevins JE, Baskin DG. Translational and therapeutic potential of oxytocin as an anti-obesity strategy: Insights from rodents, nonhuman primates and humans. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:438-49. [PMID: 26013577 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The fact that more than 78 million adults in the US are considered overweight or obese highlights the need to develop new, effective strategies to treat obesity and its associated complications, including type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. While the neurohypophyseal peptide oxytocin (OT) is well recognized for its peripheral effects to stimulate uterine contraction during parturition and milk ejection during lactation, release of OT within the brain is implicated in prosocial behaviors and in the regulation of energy balance. Previous findings indicate that chronic administration of OT decreases food intake and weight gain or elicits weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and rats. Furthermore, chronic systemic treatment with OT largely reproduces the effects of central administration to reduce weight gain in DIO and genetically obese rodents at doses that do not appear to result in tolerance. These findings have now been recently extended to more translational models of obesity showing that chronic subcutaneous or intranasal OT treatment is sufficient to elicit body weight loss in DIO nonhuman primates and pre-diabetic obese humans. This review assesses the potential use of OT as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of obesity in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans, and identifies potential mechanisms that mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Denis G Baskin
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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62
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Chabowska-Kita A, Trabczynska A, Korytko A, Kaczmarek MM, Kozak LP. Low ambient temperature during early postnatal development fails to cause a permanent induction of brown adipocytes. FASEB J 2015; 29:3238-52. [PMID: 25896784 PMCID: PMC4511198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The brown adipocyte phenotype (BAP) in white adipose tissue (WAT) is transiently induced in adult mammals in response to reduced ambient temperature. Since it is unknown whether a cold challenge can permanently induce brown adipocytes (BAs), we reared C57BL/6J (B6) and AxB8/PgJ (AxB8) mice at 17 or 29°C from birth to weaning, to assess the BAP in young and adult mice. Energy balance measurements showed that 17°C reduced fat mass in the preweaning mice by increasing energy expenditure and suppressed diet-induced obesity in adults. Microarray analysis of global gene expression of inguinal fat (ING) from 10-day-old (D) mice indicates that expression at 17°C vs. 29°C was not different. Between 10 and 21 days of age, the BAP was induced coincident with morphologic remodeling of ING and marked changes in expression of neural development genes (e.g., Akap 12 and Ngfr). Analyses of Ucp1 mRNA and protein showed that 17°C transiently increased the BAP in ING from 21D mice; however, BAs were unexpectedly present in mice reared at 29°C. The involution of the BAP in WAT occurred after weaning in mice reared at 23°C. Therefore, the capacity to stimulate thermogenically competent BAs in WAT is set by a temperature-independent, genetically controlled program between birth and weaning.—Chabowska-Kita, A., Trabczynska, A., Korytko, A., Kaczmarek, M. M., Kozak, L. P. Low ambient temperature during early postnatal development fails to cause a permanent induction of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Trabczynska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korytko
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika M Kaczmarek
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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63
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Sartini L, Frontini A. Potential novel therapeutic strategies from understanding adipocyte transdifferentiation mechanisms. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:143-152. [PMID: 30293508 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.983474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes are located in discrete anatomical locations in both small mammals and in humans. 'Brown-like' adipocytes, also known as brite (brown in white) or beige adipocytes are found interspersed among white adipocytes in several fat depots. From a functional point of view, the activity of brown and brite cells is similar, that is, heat production mediated by uncoupling protein 1. The morphology and expression of 'thermogenic' genes is also very similar in these two cell types. The origin of brite adipocytes is under intense investigation because enhancing their presence and activity has the potential to promote a healthy metabolic profile. Transdifferentiation mechanisms as well as de novo recruitment have been investigated. The characterization of the mechanisms involved in the recruitment and activation of brown/brite adipocytes in adult humans, could open the avenue for promising therapeutic strategies to curb metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Sartini
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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64
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Calorie restriction-mediated restoration of hypothalamic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation is not effective for lowering the body weight set point in IRS-2 knockout obese mice. Diabetol Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-015-0205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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